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Urochloa

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Signalgrass
Urochloa mosambicensis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Subfamily: Panicoideae
Supertribe: Panicodae
Tribe: Paniceae
Subtribe: Melinidinae
Genus: Urochloa
P.Beauv.[1][2]
Type species
Urochloa panicoides
Synonyms[3]
  • Brachiaria (Trin.) Griseb. in C.F.von Ledebour, Fl. Ross. 4: 469 (1853)
  • Leucophrys Rendle in W.P.Hiern, Cat. Afr. Pl. 2: 193 (1899)
  • Pseudobrachiaria Launert in Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 8: 158 (1970)

Urochloa, commonly known as signalgrass,[4][5][6][7] is a genus of plants in the grass family, native to tropical and subtropical regions of Eurasia, Africa, Australia, the Americas, and various islands.[8][9][10][11]

Several species of the genus Urochloa are cultivated as forage and some species of were probably first introduced unintentionally to the Americas in the colonial period, from slave ships. Urochloa eminii was introduced to Brazil in 1952. Urochloa is the most widely used tropical grass in Central and South America, with about 40 million hectares planted in Brazil alone.[12]

Biology

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This genus was described in 1812. It is similar to the genus Panicum, and some authors believe Panicum is ancestral to it.[12] A phylogenetic analysis concluded that species of the former genus Brachiaria formed a monophyletic group with those of Urochloa, along with the genera Eriochloa and Melinis, and that further molecular and morphological work is needed to establish clear relationships.[13]

Urochloa species are annual or perennial grasses, most lacking rhizomes. The inflorescence is a branching panicle, and the plant reaches about a meter in height.[14] The plants are bisexual[14] and the flowers are fleshy, with 3 anthers.[15] Some species have a prominent vein in the center of the leaf.[14] Brachiaria are C4 species and can tolerate drier conditions and more light exposure than some other plants.[14]

Ecology and conservation

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Cultivated Brachiaria

Urochloa species can grow in many environments, from swamps to shady forest to semidesert, but generally do best in savannas and other open tropical ecosystems such as in East Africa.[13] In Angola, Urochloa brizantha grows on termite mounds and in the ecotone between grassland and woodland habitat.[16] In the Kora National Reserve in Kenya, Urochloa species dominate the ground layer along with those of the genus Aristida.[17] In India, the native Urochloa ramosa is an important food source for the Eurasian collared dove and Urochloa species are forage for other local herbivores.[18]

In North America, the native Urochloa platyphylla (broadleaf signalgrass), grows after heavy rains and then reproduces prodigiously and quickly, sometimes becoming a weed.[19]

Wide expanses of the tropics, especially the Neotropics, have been converted to pastures of Urochloa species to support livestock. In Brazil, 80 million hectares of native habitat have been planted with African grasses, mostly Urochloa.[20]

Introduced species such as Urochloa grasses can degrade habitat and compete with native species. In Northern Australia, the exotic Urochloa eminii competes with the native tree Alphitonia petriei by inhibiting the growth of seedlings, slowing the conversion of abandoned pastureland to natural forest.[21] In the Paragominas area of Brazil, however, native forest outcompetes cultivated stands of Urochloa and other exotic forage grasses, and ranchers struggle to maintain pasture cover.[22] Native species may also utilize exotic Urochloa as a food resource, such as the rock cavy, a native rodent of the caatinga.[23]

Cultivation

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Brachiaria cultivation in Colombia

Urochloa is the single most important genus of forage grass for pastures in the tropics.[23] Urochloa cultivars can grow in infertile and acidic soils.[23] Brazil is the leading user and producer of Urochloa seeds in the Americas.[23]

Mexico has put effort into improving its trade in Urochloa cultivars, and the grass is thought to have made a positive impact on its milk and beef industries.[24] Central American countries have also increased seed sales and area planted in the grass.[24] The annual growth rate of seed sales in 2009 was 32% in Mexico, 62% in Honduras, 45% in Nicaragua, 39% in Costa Rica, and 54% in Panama. The area planted with Urochloa during this period was about 6.5% of the total surface of permanent grasses in Mexico, 12.5% in Honduras, 1% in Nicaragua, 18.7% in Costa Rica, and 0.1% in Panama.[24]

Agricultural pests of Urochloa include spittlebugs,[25] leafcutter ants, and mound-building termites.[15]

Other insect pests include:[26]

Species

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As of 2024, more than a hundred species have been accepted in the genus Urochloa:[3]

Formerly included

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Numerous species once considered members of Urochloa but are now regarded as better suited to other genera,[27] such as Alloteropsis, Ixophorus, Oplismenus, Panicum, and Rupichloa.

References

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  1. ^ "Genus: Urochloa P. Beauv". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 1999-03-09. Retrieved 2014-10-08.
  2. ^ P.Beauv. Ess. Agrostogr.: 52 (1812)
  3. ^ a b "Urochloa P.Beauv. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science'". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
  4. ^ Flora of Pakistan
  5. ^ Urochloa. USDA PLANTS.
  6. ^ Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 523 尾稃草属 wei fu cao shu Urochloa P. Beauvois, Ess. Agrostogr. 52. 1812.
  7. ^ Atlas of Living Australia
  8. ^ Palisot de Beauvois, Ambroise Marie François Joseph. 1812. Essai d'une Nouvelle Agrostographie 52-53 descriptions in Latin, commentary in French
  9. ^ Palisot de Beauvois, Ambroise Marie François Joseph. 1812. Essai d'une Nouvelle Agrostographie plate XI (11), figure I (1) line drawings of flower parts of Urochloa panicoides
  10. ^ Urochloa. Grass Manual. Flora of North America.
  11. ^ Watson, L. and M. J. Dallwitz. Urochloa. The Grass Genera of the World. DELTA – DEscription Language for TAxonomy.
  12. ^ a b Kumble, Vrinda (1996). Brachiaria: Biology, Agronomy, and Improvement. CIAT.
  13. ^ a b Torres González, A.M.; Morton, C.M. (2005). "Molecular and morphological phylogenetic analysis of Brachiaria and Urochloa (Poaceae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 37 (1): 36–44. Bibcode:2005MolPE..37...36T. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.06.003. PMID 16039145.
  14. ^ a b c d Watson, L. and M. J. Dallwitz. (2008). Brachiaria. Archived January 15, 2013, at the Wayback Machine The Grass Genera of the World. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
  15. ^ a b Clayton, W. D., et al. (2002 onwards). Brachiaria. GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora.
  16. ^ Estes, R. D. and R. K. Estes. (1974). The biology and conservation of the giant sable antelope, Hippotragus niger variani Thomas, 1916. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 126, 73-104.
  17. ^ Alibhai, S. K.; Key, G. (2009). "A preliminary investigation of small mammal biology in the Kora National Reserve, Kenya". Journal of Tropical Ecology. 1 (4): 321–7. doi:10.1017/S0266467400000407. JSTOR 2559449. S2CID 86618426.
  18. ^ Rana, B. D. (1975). "Breeding Biology of the Indian Ring Dove in the Rajasthan Desert". The Auk. 92 (2): 322–32. doi:10.2307/4084560. JSTOR 4084560.
  19. ^ Burke, Ian C.; Thomas, Walter E.; Spears, Janet F.; Wilcut, John W. (2003). "Influence of environmental factors on broadleaf signalgrass (Brachiaria platyphylla) germination". Weed Science. 51 (5): 683–9. doi:10.1614/0043-1745(2003)051[0683:IOEFOB]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 4046547. S2CID 83551440.
  20. ^ Boddey, R.M.; MacEdo, R.; Tarré, R.M.; Ferreira, E.; De Oliveira, O.C.; De p. Rezende, C.; Cantarutti, R.B.; Pereira, J.M.; Alves, B.J.R.; Urquiaga, S. (2004). "Nitrogen cycling in Brachiaria pastures: The key to understanding the process of pasture decline". Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 103 (2): 389–403. Bibcode:2004AgEE..103..389B. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2003.12.010.
  21. ^ Sun, Dan; Dickson, Geoff R. (1996). "The Competition Effect of Brachiaria decumbens on the Early Growth of Direct-Seeded Trees of Alphitonia petriei in Tropical North Australia". Biotropica. 28 (2): 272–6. Bibcode:1996Biotr..28..272S. doi:10.2307/2389082. JSTOR 2389082.
  22. ^ Nepstad, D. C.; Uhl, C.; Serrao, E.A.S. (1991). "Recuperation of a degraded Amazonian landscape: Forest recovery and agricultural restoration". Ambio. 20 (6): 248–55.
  23. ^ a b c d Singh, R. J. (ed.). "Forage Crops". Genetic Resources, Chromosome Engineering, and Crop Improvement. Florida: CRC Press. p. 209.
  24. ^ a b c Holmann, F., et al. (2004). Impact of the adoption of Brachiaria grasses: Central America and Mexico. Livestock Research for Rural Development 16, Art. #98.
  25. ^ McGregor, John T.; Smith, Roy J.; Talbert, Ronald E. (1988). "Broadleaf Signalgrass (Brachiaria platyphylla) Duration of Interference in Rice (Oryza sativa)". Weed Science. 36 (6): 747–50. doi:10.1017/S0043174500075767. JSTOR 4044781. S2CID 182717787.
  26. ^ Kalaisekar, A (2017). Insect pests of millets: systematics, bionomics, and management. London: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-12-804243-4. OCLC 967265246.
  27. ^ Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
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Media related to Urochloa at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Urochloa at Wikispecies

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