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User:Cyclonebiskit/1964

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User:Cyclonebiskit/1964
Surface weather analysis of the storm system at 1:00 a.m. CDT on May 6.
Tornado outbreak
Maximum ratingF5 tornado
DurationMay 3–8, 1964
Highest winds80 mph (130 km/h) near Superior, Wisconsin (thunderstorm winds, measured)
Largest hail4.5 in (11 cm) west of Clark, South Dakota, on May 5.[1]
Overall effects
Fatalities13 fatalities
Injuriesinjuries
Areas affectedGreat Plains and Midwestern United
Part of the tornado outbreaks of 1964

A prolonged tornado outbreak affected areas of the Great Plains and Midwestern United States from May 3–8, 1964. This included one of only five E/F5 tornadoes ever documented in Nebraska.

Meteorological synopsis and forecasts

[edit]

On May 3, 1964, a 29.29 inHg (992 mbar) area of low pressure was centered over southeastern Montana with an occluded front stretching east and south from North Dakota to the border of Oklahoma and Kansas. The United States Weather Bureau (later renamed the National Weather Service) advised of possible tornadoes in eastern South Dakota, northwest Iowa, southwestern Minnesota, and far northeastern Nebraska on May 4.[2] At least two tornadoes were reported in South Dakota that morning;[3] however, the NCEI database does not list any in the state that day.[4] On May 5, the US Weather Bureau warned of possible tornadoes across central Kansas northward through Nebraska and into southeastern South Dakota.[5]

Outbreak summary

[edit]
Daily statistics of tornadoes during the tornado outbreak of May 3–8, 1964[4][note 1]
Date Total Fujita scale rating[note 2] Deaths Injuries Damage[note 3]
 F?   F0   F1   F2   F3   F4   F5 
May 3 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 —
May 4 8 0 0 2 6 0 0 0 0 5–7 >$805,000
May 5 29 0 5 8 11 4 0 1 2 94–102
May 6 5 0 1 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 >$60,000
May 7 0 2
May 8 0
Total 8 2 0 2 6 99–109 >$805,000

Confirmed tornadoes

[edit]

Prior to 1990, there is a likely undercount of tornadoes, particularly E/F0–1, with reports of weaker tornadoes becoming more common as population increased. A sharp increase in the annual average E/F0–1 count by approximately 200 tornadoes was noted upon the implementation of Doppler Radar in 1990–1991.[7] 1974 marked the first year where significant tornado (E/F2+) counts became homogenous with contemporary values, attributed to the consistent implementation of Fujita Scale assessments.[8] Numerous discrepancies on the details of tornadoes in this outbreak exist between sources. The total count of tornadoes and ratings differs from various agencies accordingly. The list below documents information from the most contemporary official sources alongside assessments from tornado historian Thomas Grazulis.

Color/symbol key
Color / symbol Description
† Data from Grazulis 1990/1993
Data from a local National Weather Service office
※ Data from the 1964 Storm Data publication
‡ Data from the NCEI database
♯ Maximum width of tornado
± Tornado was rated below F2 intensity by Grazulis but a specific rating is unavailable.
List of confirmed tornadoes in the tornado outbreak of May 3–8, 1964[note 1]
F# Location County / Parish State Start Coord.[note 4] Date Time (UTC) Path length Width[note 5]
F? SE of Waubay Day South Dakota — May 3 ~09:00 — —
The Sioux Falls Argus-Leader reported that a tornado caused minor damage to a farmstead; a fence was thrown into a power pole, causing a power outage.[3] A machine shed was also thrown 40 ft (12 m).[11]
F? WSW of Newark Marshall South Dakota — May 3 — — —
The Sioux Falls Argus-Leader reported that a tornado occurred well to the northeast of Aberdeen; no damage occurred.[3]
F2 NW of Whittier to Waubeek to E of Central City Linn Iowa 42°07′N 91°28′W / 42.12°N 91.47°W / 42.12; -91.47 (Whittier (May 4, F2)) May 4 23:30† 10 mi (16 km)† 200 yd (180 m)†
This tornado destroyed several barns and severely damaged one home with one wall completely collapsing. Several livestock were killed and one person was injured.[12] Damage reached $300,000.[13] The NCEI database lists the tornado's path as being 2.3 mi (3.7 km).[14]
F2 SE of Melrose to SSE of Black River Falls Jackson Wisconsin 44°07′N 90°57′W / 44.12°N 90.95°W / 44.12; -90.95 (Melrose (May 4, F2)) May 4 23:40† 9 mi (14 km)† 200 yd (180 m)†
This tornado leveled large barns and destroyed trailers.[15][16] Damage on one farm reached $40,000–50,000. On another farm, one home was leveled off its foundation.[16] An area of trees was completely destroyed along a hillside. Grazulis lists two injuries while the Storm Data Publication lists one.[13]: 41 [15] The NCEI database lists the tornado's path as being 2.3 mi (3.7 km).[14]
F1 NW of St. Germain Vilas Wisconsin 45°55′N 89°31′W / 45.92°N 89.52°W / 45.92; -89.52 (St. Germain (May 4, F1)) May 4 00:10‡ 2.2 mi (3.5 km)‡ 125 yd (114 m)※
This tornado moved along a skipping path just northwest of St. Germain. It crossed Big Saint Germain Lake, pulling water 200 ft (61 m) into the air. Four resorts and forests were damaged along its path.[13]: 53 
F2 N of Rossville (IA) to Lynxville (WI) to E of Rising Sun (WI) Alamakee (IA), Crawford (WI) Iowa, Wisconsin 42°07′N 91°28′W / 42.12°N 91.47°W / 42.12; -91.47 (Rossville (May 4, F2)) May 4 00:10† 21 mi (34 km)† 200 yd (180 m)†
Eight farms were impacted near Harpers Ferry, Iowa, with losses totaling $100,000. At one farm, 51 pigs and 1 cow were killed.[15][17] In Wisconsin, three people were injured by flying glass.[15] One person held held on to a power pole before being being thrown by the tornado; he escaped uninjured.[16] Barns and grain silos were destroyed, a school had its roof torn off, one trailer was destroyed, and a home was lifted and dropped back down.[15] Damage in Crawford County was estimated in the hundreds of thousands of dollars. The Storm Data Publication lists two injuries in Wisconsin.[13]: 53 
F2 S of Hopkinton Delaware Iowa 42°20′N 91°15′W / 42.33°N 91.25°W / 42.33; -91.25 (Hopkinton (May 4, F2)) May 4 00:15† 5 mi (8.0 km)† 200 yd (180 m)†
Six farms saw the destruction of barns and two people were injured.[15][13]: 41  A hatchery suffered $5,000 in damage with its chicken house destroyed and main building having its roof lifted and placed back down.[17]
F2† NW of Anamosa† Jones† Iowa† — May 4† 01:00† 5 mi (8.0 km)† 200 yd (180 m)†
A widely observed tornado impacted seven farms,[17] with damage reaching $300,000. One person was injured.[15][13]: 41  Near Monticello, several farms were severely impacted with multiple barns, grain silos, grain elevators, outbuildings, and sheds damaged or destroyed. Two brooder houses were leveled, killing 525 chicks. An unspecified number of hogs, sows, and cattle were killed. Twelve lines operated by Northwestern Bell Telephone Company lost service and eighty Iowa Electric Light and Power Company lost power.[17] This tornado is not listed in the NCEI database.[4]
F2 S of Hustler Juneau Wisconsin 43°51′N 90°17′W / 43.85°N 90.28°W / 43.85; -90.28 (Hustler (May 4, F2)) May 4 02:15† 6 mi (9.7 km)† 100 yd (91 m)†
A dozen small structures were damaged and one home had its roof torn off.[15] A wooded area was also impacted.[13]: 53 
F1 W of Necedah Juneau Wisconsin 44°02′N 90°09′W / 44.03°N 90.15°W / 44.03; -90.15 (Necedah (May 4, F1)) May 4 02:30‡ 1 mi (1.6 km)‡ 25 yd (23 m)※
A brief tornado touched down two or three times.[13]: 53 
F1 SW of St. Croix Reservation Barron Wisconsin 45°34′N 92°08′W / 45.57°N 92.13°W / 45.57; -92.13 (St. Croix Reservation (May 5, F1)) May 5 20:15‡ 0.3 mi (0.48 km)‡ 100 yd (91 m)‡
Details on this tornado are unspecified.[13]: 53 [18]
F2 NW of Odin Barton, Russell Kansas 38°34′N 98°36′W / 38.57°N 98.60°W / 38.57; -98.60 (Odin (May 5, F2)) May 5 20:50 8 mi (13 km)† 1,320 yd (1,210 m)‡
A barn was destroyed and homes were damaged.[15][19]
F3† Wolbach to between Tilden and Meadow Grove Howard†, Greeley, Boone, Antelope, Madison, Pierce† Nebraska 41°24′N 98°23′W / 41.40°N 98.38°W / 41.40; -98.38 (Wolbach (May 5, F3)) May 5 20:55† 65 mi (105 km)† —
This was likely a family of tornadoes that moved along a long, intermittent path.[20] The tornado moved directly through the small town of Wolbach (pop. 328),[21] damaging roughly 70 percent of the community.[15] Eleven or twelve people were injured in the town.[21] Numerous structures were damaged or destroyed elsewhere along the tornado's path.[15] The NCEI database lists this as a F4 tornado;[22] however, Thomas Grazulis rated the worst damage in Wolbach as being of limited F3 intensity.[15]
F0 NE of Grenville Day South Dakota 45°30′N 97°18′W / 45.50°N 97.30°W / 45.50; -97.30 (Grenville (May 5, F0)) May 5 21:00 — 33 yd (30 m)‡
Details on this tornado are unspecified.[23]
F2 E of Dannebrog to St. Edward to NE of Newman Grove Howard, Nance, Boone, Platte†, Madison Nebraska 41°07′N 98°33′W / 41.12°N 98.55°W / 41.12; -98.55 (St. Edward (May 5, F2)) May 5 21:20† 70 mi (110 km)† —
This was likely a family of tornadoes that moved along a long, intermittent path. Its path paralleled the F3 Wolbach tornado's about 12 to 15 mi (19 to 24 km) to the southeast. Many barns and outbuildings were damaged or destroyed. Grazulis lists one injury while the NCEI database lists seven.[15][24] The tornado moved directly through the town of St. Edward causing F2 damage to the community.[15]
F1 Tilden Antelope Nebraska 42°03′N 97°50′W / 42.05°N 97.83°W / 42.05; -97.83 (Tilden (May 5, F1)) May 5 21:20 — 33 yd (30 m)‡
Details on this tornado are unspecified.[25]
F1 WSW of Irene Yankton South Dakota 43°03′N 97°18′W / 43.05°N 97.30°W / 43.05; -97.30 (Irene (May 5, F1)) May 5 22:00 — 33 yd (30 m)‡
Details on this tornado are unspecified.[26]
F1 SW of Webster Day South Dakota 45°17′N 97°34′W / 45.28°N 97.57°W / 45.28; -97.57 (Webster (May 5, F1)) May 5 22:00 — 33 yd (30 m)‡
Details on this tornado are unspecified.[27]
F2 SE of Rosholt Roberts South Dakota 45°48′N 96°52′W / 45.80°N 96.87°W / 45.80; -96.87 (Rosholt (May 5, F2)) May 5 22:20 5 mi (8.0 km)† 100 yd (91 m)†
A two-story home was moved from its foundation and many barns were completely destroyed.[15]
F5 NW of Harvard to W of Bradshaw to S of Bellwood Clay, Hamilton, York, Polk, Butler† Nebraska 40°36′N 98°16′W / 40.60°N 98.27°W / 40.60; -98.27 (Bradshaw (May 5, F5)) May 5 22:45† 70 mi (110 km)† 800 yd (730 m)†
2 deaths – See section on this tornado – Approximately 50 people were injured.
F0 E of Mission Hill Yankton South Dakota 42°55′N 97°16′W / 42.92°N 97.27°W / 42.92; -97.27 (Mission Hill (May 5, F0)) May 5 23:00 — 33 yd (30 m)‡
Details on this tornado are unspecified.[28]
F0 NW of Pratt Pratt Kansas 37°41′N 98°46′W / 37.68°N 98.77°W / 37.68; -98.77 (Pratt (May 5, F0)) May 5 23:15 — 33 yd (30 m)‡
Details on this tornado are unspecified.[29]
F0 NE of Freedom Woods Oklahoma 36°48′N 99°00′W / 36.80°N 99.00°W / 36.80; -99.00 (Freedom (May 5, F0)) May 5 23:20 — 33 yd (30 m)‡
A brief tornado touched down without causing damage.[13]: 48 [30]
F2± Sawyer Pratt Kansas 37°30′N 98°41′W / 37.50°N 98.68°W / 37.50; -98.68 (Sawyer (May 5, F2±)) May 5 23:30 — 33 yd (30 m)‡
Details on this tornado are unspecified.[31] This tornado was not listed in Grazulis's Significant Tornadoes book.[32]
F3 Fairmount (ND) to SW of Doran (MN) Richland (ND), Wilkin (MN) North Dakota, Minnesota 46°03′N 96°36′W / 46.05°N 96.60°W / 46.05; -96.60 (Fairmount (May 5, F3)) May 5 23:30 21 mi (34 km)† 400 yd (370 m)†
Six homes and two churches were destroyed and twenty homes were severely in North Dakota. Several barns were destroyed in Minnesota. Eleven people were injured.[15]
F0 W of Alva Woods Oklahoma 36°48′N 98°48′W / 36.80°N 98.80°W / 36.80; -98.80 (Alva (May 5, F0)) May 5 23:20 — 33 yd (30 m)‡
A brief tornado downed power poles.[13]: 48 [33]
F2† Sioux City to E of Merrill to Germantown Woodbury, Plymouth, Cherokee, O'Brien Iowa 42°31′N 96°25′W / 42.52°N 96.42°W / 42.52; -96.42 (Sioux City (May 5, F2)) May 5 00:00 75 mi (121 km)† 300 yd (270 m)†
This was likely a family of tornadoes. The tornado touched down in northern Sioux City, inflicting F1 damage and injuring three people. Roughly 60 farms sustained damaged along the storm's long path, including barns being destroyed. The most severe damage occurred near Hinton were barns were leveled and a home had its roof torn off. Four people were injured near Paulina and Germantown.[15] The NCEI database lists this as a F3 tornado;[34] however, Grazulis rated it as a F2 tornado.[15]
F3† Lake Lida Otter Tail Minnesota 46°36′N 95°59′W / 46.60°N 95.98°W / 46.60; -95.98 (Lake Lida (May 5, F3)) May 5 00:45 3 mi (4.8 km)† 800 yd (730 m)†
An intense tornado moved across the length of Lake Lida, destroying 13 cottages; 1 cottage was thrown into the lake resulting in 8 injuries. Farm buildings "disappeared". Thirteen or fourteen people were injured in all.[15][35] The NCEI database lists this as a F2 tornado;[35] however, Grazulis rated it as a F3 tornado.[15]
F1 SE of Alva Woods Oklahoma 36°45′N 98°36′W / 36.75°N 98.60°W / 36.75; -98.60 (Alva (May 5, F1)) May 5 00:45 — 33 yd (30 m)‡
A brief tornado destroyed the walls of an older home and tossed a swing set.[13]: 48 [36]
F2† S of Greenwald Stearns Minnesota 45°35′N 94°47′W / 45.58°N 94.78°W / 45.58; -94.78 (Greenwald (May 5, F2)) May 5 02:00 3 mi (4.8 km)† 300 yd (270 m)†
This tornado destroyed barns and tore roofs from homes at nine farms.[15] The NCEI database lists this as a F3 tornado;[37] however, Grazulis rated it as a F2 tornado.[15]
F3† WNW of Herreid (SD) to S of Streeter (ND) Campbell (SD), Campbell (ND), McIntosh (ND), Logan (ND) South Dakota, North Dakota 45°55′N 100°06′W / 45.92°N 100.10°W / 45.92; -100.10 (Herreid (May 5, F3)) May 5 02:05† 55 mi (89 km)† 880 yd (800 m)‡
This was likely a family of tornadoes. Asphalt was scoured from a portion of Highway 10 north of Herreid. Northeast of Hague, North Dakota, two barns were completely destroyed killing 12 cattle.[15] The NCEI database lists this as a F2 tornado;[38] however, Grazulis rated it as a F3 tornado based on damage from one home between Hague and Wishek.[15]
F2† SW of St. John to N of Sylvia Stafford, Reno Kansas 37°54′N 98°48′W / 37.90°N 98.80°W / 37.90; -98.80 (St. John (May 5, F2)) May 5 02:10 17 mi (27 km)† 880 yd (800 m)‡
This tornado destroyed many farm buildings and killed 17 cattle.[15] The NCEI database lists this as a F3 tornado;[39] however, Grazulis rated it as a F2 tornado.[15]
F2† S of Medicine Lodge to S of Rago Barber, Harper Kansas 37°05′N 98°35′W / 37.08°N 98.58°W / 37.08; -98.58 (Medicine Lodge (May 5, F2)) May 5 02:45 20 mi (32 km)† 400 yd (370 m)†
Several farms saw total destruction of their buildings.[15] The NCEI database lists this as a F3 tornado that traveled 33 mi (53 km);[40] however, Grazulis rated it as a F2 tornado with a significantly shorter path.[15]
F2 SW of Cheyenne Roger Mills Oklahoma 37°05′N 98°35′W / 37.08°N 98.58°W / 37.08; -98.58 (Cheyenne (May 5, F2)) May 5 03:00 3 mi (4.8 km)† 400 yd (370 m)†
A newly built home was shifted from its foundation and severely damaged while an older home had its roof and porch torn off. Four vehicles and two other homes and their windows blown out.[15]
F2 NW of Harmon to SW of Leedey Roger Mills Oklahoma 35°42′N 99°33′W / 35.70°N 99.55°W / 35.70; -99.55 (Cheyenne (May 5, F2)) May 5 04:00 10 mi (16 km)† 400 yd (370 m)†
Eight farms saw the damage or destruction of buildings; one home had its roof partially torn off, ceiling cave in, and walls buckle.[15]
F1 SW of Grove Gove Kansas 38°57′N 100°30′W / 38.95°N 100.50°W / 38.95; -100.50 (Gove (May 5, F1)) May 5 04:50 — 33 yd (30 m)‡
The NCEI database lists one injury related to this tornado.[41]
F2± W of Healy Scott, Lane Kansas 38°33′N 100°44′W / 38.55°N 100.73°W / 38.55; -100.73 (Sawyer (May 5, F2±)) May 5 04:50 7.6 mi (12.2 km)‡ 33 yd (30 m)‡
Details on this tornado are unspecified.[42] This tornado was not listed in Grazulis's Significant Tornadoes book.[32]
F1 Seiling Dewey Oklahoma 36°09′N 98°56′W / 36.15°N 98.93°W / 36.15; -98.93 (Seiling (May 5, F1)) May 5 05:15 1 mi (1.6 km)※ 300–500 yd (270–460 m)※
This short-lived tornado damaged six farms. Three garages, two steel granaries, a grain silo, a hay shed, and brooder house were destroyed.[13]: 48 [43]
F1 E of Jefferson Grant Oklahoma 36°43′N 97°47′W / 36.72°N 97.78°W / 36.72; -97.78 (Jefferson (May 5, F1)) May 5 05:45 3.3 mi (5.3 km)‡ 83 yd (76 m)‡
Details on this tornado are unspecified.[44]
F2 NNE of Nash Grant Oklahoma 36°45′N 98°01′W / 36.75°N 98.02°W / 36.75; -98.02 (Nash (May 6, F2)) May 6 06:10 3.5 mi (5.6 km)† 33 yd (30 m)‡
A large barn was lofted at least 50 ft (15 m) into the air and trees were thrown over a home. Several outbuildings and a machine shed were demolished with debris strewn more than 0.5 mi (0.80 km) away.[15]
F0 NE of Fort Cobb Caddo Oklahoma 35°06′N 98°27′W / 35.10°N 98.45°W / 35.10; -98.45 (Nash (May 6, F0)) May 6 07:00 7 mi (11 km)※ 300 yd (270 m)※
A tornado moved along a skipping path, leaving minor damage to one home, a barn, and crops.[13]: 48 
F1 ESE of Craig Burt Nebraska 41°47′N 96°21′W / 41.78°N 96.35°W / 41.78; -96.35 (Craig (May 6, F1)) May 6 11:30 0.3 mi (0.48 km)‡ 33 yd (30 m)‡
Details on this tornado are unspecified.[45]
F2± NE of Prague Saunders Nebraska 41°19′N 96°48′W / 41.32°N 96.80°W / 41.32; -96.80 (Craig (May 6, F1)) May 6 11:50 3.5 mi (5.6 km)† 33 yd (30 m)‡
Details on this tornado are unspecified.[46] This tornado was not listed in Grazulis's Significant Tornadoes book.[32]
F2 NW of Sundell Alger Michigan 41°19′N 96°48′W / 41.32°N 96.80°W / 41.32; -96.80 (Sundell (May 6, F2)) May 6 00:00 1 mi (1.6 km)† 33 yd (30 m)‡
A brief tornado completely destroyed two barns, killing 25 cattle, and a fallen tree damaged a home. Total damage reached $60,000.[13]: 43 [15]
F2± N of Meadow Valley Juneau Wisconsin 44°14′N 90°13′W / 44.23°N 90.22°W / 44.23; -90.22 (Meadow Valley (May 7, F2±)) May 7 20:50 4 mi (6.4 km)※ 30 yd (27 m)※
A few buildings were destroyed on a farm. One person was injured.[47]: 53 [48] This tornado was not listed in Grazulis's Significant Tornadoes book.[32]
F1 NW of Rotan Fisher Texas 32°51′N 100°29′W / 32.85°N 100.48°W / 32.85; -100.48 (Rotan (May 7, F1)) May 7 20:50–21:05 2 mi (3.2 km)※ 250 yd (230 m)※
A shed was destroyed with debris thrown up to 0.25 mi (0.40 km) away. It moved along a skipping path to the northeast and destroyed an unoccupied home and a windmill before dissipating.[13]: 51 [49]
F2± N of Boone Boone Iowa 42°06′N 93°54′W / 42.10°N 93.90°W / 42.10; -93.90 (Boone (May 7, F2±)) May 7 22:00 — 67 yd (61 m)‡
[50] This tornado was not listed in Grazulis's Significant Tornadoes book.[32]
F3 E of Hazelton Buchanan Iowa 42°36′N 91°54′W / 42.60°N 91.90°W / 42.60; -91.90 (Hazelton (May 7, F3)) May 7 23:10 3 mi (4.8 km)† 200 yd (180 m)†
One home was almost totally leveled and another had its roof torn off and demolished.[15]
F2± SE of Oelwein Fayette Iowa 42°40′N 91°53′W / 42.67°N 91.88°W / 42.67; -91.88 (Oelwein (May 7, F2±)) May 7 22:00 2 mi (3.2 km)‡ 250 yd (230 m)‡
[51] This tornado was not listed in Grazulis's Significant Tornadoes book.[32]

Hastings–Harvard–Bradshaw–Bellwood, Nebraska

[edit]
Hastings–Harvard–Bradshaw–Bellwood, Nebraska
Extreme damage at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Walter Troester from the tornado
Meteorological history
FormedMay 5, 1964, 5:45 p.m. CDT (UTC−05:00)
F5 tornado
on the Fujita scale
Highest winds> 261 mph (420 km/h)
Overall effects
Fatalities4
Injuries50
Damage> $3 million ($29,470,000 in 2024 USD)
(in Hamilton County only)
Main article: 1964 Central Nebraska tornado

This was likely a family of tornadoes. Two people were killed northwest of Bradshaw. The NCEI database starts this tornado's track in Adams County; however, Grazulis assessed its formation to be in Clay County.[52]

Possible tornadoes

[edit]

On May 3, the Sioux Falls Argus-Leader reported of tornadoes across South Dakota. In eastern Phillip, "swirling twisting winds" severely damaged a lumber farm and toppled the screen of an outdoor theater. A trailer was flipped on its side and power poles were downed. West of Kadoka, a barn was lofted onto Highway 16. In Hayes, signs were downed.[3]

Non-tornadic effects

[edit]

Strong winds, heavy rain, and large hail caused significant damage in areas from Duluth, Minnesota, to Superior, Wisconsin, on May 5 with losses reaching $100,000. Winds at the Fraser Nelson Shipyard in Superior gusted to 80 mph (130 km/h). A 1,600,000 lb (730,000 kg) tank was knocked over and demolished at the city's port. Damage to planes and hangars was estimated at $20,000 at Richard I. Bong Airport. Heavy rain caused sewers to overflow.[16]

Aftermath

[edit]

Following the tornado in Linn County, Iowa, the American Red Cross sent volunteers to assist residents.[17]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b All dates are based Central Standard Time as listed by the National Centers for Environmental Information; however, all times are in Coordinated Universal Time for consistency. Cite error: The named reference "Date/Time" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  2. ^ The Fujita Scale (F-scale) was used to rate tornado damage from its introduction in the late-1970s through February 1, 2007, when it was succeeded by the Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF-scale). Tornado ratings were retroactively applied to events prior to the formal adoption of the F-scale by the National Weather Service.[6]
  3. ^ The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Storm Data publication does not list exact damage totals for every event, instead giving damage categories. As such, damage for individual tornadoes is not comprehensive.
  4. ^ All starting coordinates are based on the NCEI database and may not reflect contemporary analyses
  5. ^ The listed width values are primarily the average/mean width of the tornadoes, with those having known maximum widths denoted by ♯. From 1952 to 1994, reports largely list mean width whereas contemporary years list maximum width.[9] Values provided by Grazulis are the average width, with estimates being rounded down (i.e. 0.5 mi (0.80 km) is rounded down from 880 yards to 800 yards.[10]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Various National Weather Service Forecast Offices. "[United States Hail Events for May 3–8, 1964]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved July 16, 2023.
  2. ^ "Snow Hits Rockies; Southeast Storm Moves to Sea off Carolina". Miami Herald. May 4, 1964. p. 1. Retrieved July 16, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  3. ^ a b c d "S.D. Weekend Wet, Windy And Wild". Sioux Falls Argus-Leader. Associated Press. May 4, 1964. p. 1. Retrieved July 16, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  4. ^ a b c Various National Weather Service Forecast Offices. "[United States Tornado Events for May 3–8, 1964]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved July 16, 2023.
  5. ^ "Tornado Forecasts Issued". Lincoln Evening Journal. May 5, 1964. p. 1. Retrieved July 16, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  6. ^ Edwards et al. 2013, p. 641–642.
  7. ^ Agee and Childs 2014, p. 1496.
  8. ^ Agee and Childs 2014, p. 1497, 1503.
  9. ^ Agee and Childs 2014, p. 1494.
  10. ^ Grazulis 1990, p. ix.
  11. ^ "Possible Twister Damages Farm Near Waubay". Sioux Falls Argus-Leader. Associated Press. May 4, 1964. p. 3. Retrieved July 16, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  12. ^ Grazulis 1990, p. 447.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Storm Data (PDF) (Report). Vol. 6. National Centers for Environmental Information. 1964. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 16, 2023. Retrieved July 16, 2023.
  14. ^ a b [Iowa Event Report: F2 Tornado] (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved July 15, 2023.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Grazulis 1990, p. 448.
  16. ^ a b c d "Violent Weather Has Left Path of Damage". Portage Daily Register. United Press International. May 5, 1964 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  17. ^ a b c d e "Jones and Linn Areas Windswept". The Cedar Rapids Gazette. May 5, 1964 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  18. ^ [Wisconsin Event Report: F1 Tornado] (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved July 15, 2023.
  19. ^ [Kansas Event Report: F2 Tornado] (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved July 16, 2023.
  20. ^ Grazlus 1990, p. 448.
  21. ^ a b "Two Killed and Many Hurt In Nebraska Tornadoes". The New York Times. Associated Press. May 4, 1964. Retrieved July 16, 2023.
  22. ^ NCEI Database references for the Wolbach, Nebraska, tornado:
  23. ^ [South Dakota Event Report: F0 Tornado] (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved July 16, 2023.
  24. ^ NCEI Database references for the St. Edward, Nebraska, tornado:
  25. ^ [Nebraska Event Report: F1 Tornado] (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved July 16, 2023.
  26. ^ [South Dakota Event Report: F1 Tornado] (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved July 16, 2023.
  27. ^ [South Dakota Event Report: F1 Tornado] (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved July 16, 2023.
  28. ^ [South Dakota Event Report: F0 Tornado] (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved July 16, 2023.
  29. ^ [Kansas Event Report: F0 Tornado] (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved July 16, 2023.
  30. ^ [Oklahoma Event Report: F0 Tornado] (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved July 16, 2023.
  31. ^ [Kansas Event Report: F2 Tornado] (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved July 16, 2023.
  32. ^ a b c d e f Grazulis 1990, pp. 447–449.
  33. ^ [Oklahoma Event Report: F0 Tornado] (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved July 16, 2023.
  34. ^ NCEI Database references for the St. Edward, Nebraska, tornado:
  35. ^ a b [Minnesota Event Report: F2 Tornado] (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved July 16, 2023.
  36. ^ [Oklahoma Event Report: F1 Tornado] (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved July 16, 2023.
  37. ^ [Minnesota Event Report: F3 Tornado] (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved July 16, 2023.
  38. ^ NCEI Database references for the Herreid, South Dakota – Streeter, North Dakota, tornado:
  39. ^ [Kansas Event Report: F3 Tornado] (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved July 16, 2023.
  40. ^ [Kansas Event Report: F3 Tornado] (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved July 16, 2023.
  41. ^ [Kansas Event Report: F1 Tornado] (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved July 16, 2023.
  42. ^ [Kansas Event Report: F2 Tornado] (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved July 16, 2023.
  43. ^ [Oklahoma Event Report: F1 Tornado] (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
  44. ^ [Oklahoma Event Report: F1 Tornado] (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
  45. ^ [Nebraska Event Report: F1 Tornado] (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
  46. ^ [Nebraska Event Report: F2 Tornado] (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
  47. ^ Cite error: The named reference StormEvents was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  48. ^ [Wisconsin Event Report: F2 Tornado] (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
  49. ^ [Texas Event Report: F1 Tornado] (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
  50. ^ [Iowa Event Report: F2 Tornado] (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
  51. ^ [Iowa Event Report: F2 Tornado] (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
  52. ^ Multiple sources:

Sources

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