User:Nicholas Mergen/sandbox

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Wiki Assignment 4

Wiki Assignment 4

1. One problem I found with the article stub is that it doesn’t have a lot of examples or research studies describing face superiority. Only one is mentioned in the first section, and then there’s a brief paragraph on its use in criminology. I think there could be a lot more research presented on it in both sections, as well as the visual/memory processes behind the phenomena.

2. References

1) Martelli, M., Majaj, N. J., & Pelli, D. G. (2011). Are faces processed like words? A diagnostic test for recognition by parts. Journal of Vision, 1-13. Retrieved February 18, 2018, from http://www.psych.nyu.edu/pelli/docs/wordsAndFaces62.pdf

2) Švegar, D., Kardum, I., & Polič, M. (2013). Happy Face Superiority Effect in Change Detection Paradigm. Psihologijske teme, Vol. 22, 1-21. Retrieved February 18, 2018, from https://hrcak.srce.hr/108512.

3. Questions/comments

1) The talk page on the article suggested using images/figures to help explain facial superiority and I think this would be a great idea to further demonstrate its effects.

2) I also think there’s room to expand on what’s mentioned in the criminology section on identifying individuals in line-ups and reliability of eye-witness testimonies.

These are both good ideas! J.R. Council (talk) 05:13, 7 March 2018 (UTC)

Erikalosik (talk) 00:07, 19 February 2018 (UTC)

Wiki Assignment 4

1. A problem that I see is that there is no explanation on how this process actually happens within the brain, which could be an excellent source of information.

If there is any neuropsych research on this, it should be covered. J.R. Council (talk) 05:13, 7 March 2018 (UTC)

1. References
   1. Hansen, C. H., & Hansen, R. D. (1988). Finding the face in the crowd: An anger superiority effect. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 54(6), 917-924. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.917 , from https://ezproxy.lib.ndsu.nodak.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pdh&AN=1988-32617-001&site=ehost-live&scope=site
   2. Miyazawa, S., & Iwasaki, S. (2010). Do happy faces capture attention? The happiness superiority effect in attentional blink. Emotion, 10(5), 712-716. doi:10.1037/a0019348 , from https://ezproxy.lib.ndsu.nodak.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pdh&AN=2010-22093-011&site=ehost-live&scope=site
2. Questions/comments
   1. I think my references are interesting topics to explore, but I'm not sure they're worthwhile for the article in general.

The second one looks interesting. J.R. Council (talk) 05:13, 7 March 2018 (UTC)

1. 1. I'd like to explore the physical processes of the effect, but I wasn't able to find references that explain it well. Hopefully this isn't actually the case and it was more of a research failure on my part.

You'll be suprised at what you find when you dig deeper. J.R. Council (talk) 05:13, 7 March 2018 (UTC)

AshesMcRaven (talk) 02:36, 22 February 2018 (UTC)

Wiki assigment 4

1. There are a couple problems I see when reading the article. The first one is there is very little content on the original article, and only gives an overview on the definition and the problem with it in criminology. There are also no visuals. While watching a couple youtube videos about the face superiority it really laid out the idea clearly on how swapping mouths/noses/eyes can distort what we think we see.
2. References
   1. Van Santen, J. P., & Jonides, J. (1978). A replication of the face-superiority effect. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 12(5), 378-380.
   2. Tomonaga M, Itakura S, Matsuzawa T, Superiority of Conspecific Faces and Reduced Inversion Effect in Face Perception by a Chimpanzee. Folia Primatol 1993;61:110-114
3. Questions/comments
   1. I think faces and how our brains process facial information is super cool, to help explain how our brains have trouble with some information I thought about maybe mentioning the thatcher effect and adding a link to the current thatcher article.

Not familiar with the thatcher effect. If it relates to the topic you should mention it. J.R. Council (talk) 05:13, 7 March 2018 (UTC)

1. 1. The article also already has a topic on criminology and I think using I using images/visuals to show how swiping mouths and noses on people can mess with our perception on who we think we see.

If you can include images, that's great. Be sure to read up on permissible images to use in Wikipedia. J.R. Council (talk) 05:13, 7 March 2018 (UTC) Nicholas Mergen (talk) 15:18, 22 February 2018 (UTC)

Wikipedia Assignment 5

Wikipedia Assignment 5

To Do List

1. Generate and find more references for our research Nicholas Mergen (talk) 16:58, 20 March 2018 (UTC) Nicholas Mergen
2. Look through the references already cited on the article Nicholas Mergen (talk) 16:58, 20 March 2018 (UTC) Nicholas Mergen
3. include mentions of pareidolia which is how humans make out faces out of none human objects like a house with its windows and doors, a pice of toast with Jesus' face on it, and many other examples. Nicholas Mergen (talk) 16:58, 20 March 2018 (UTC) Nicholas Mergen

4. Include mentions of the thatcher effect which is where its difficult to recognize facial features when the face is upside down. Nicholas Mergen (talk) 16:58, 20 March 2018 (UTC) Nicholas Mergen 5. Look up what legal criminal photo line up requirements might be. Nicholas Mergen (talk) 16:58, 20 March 2018 (UTC) Nicholas Mergen 6. Sexual differences in women and men

Nick - this would be easier to follow if you used proper formatting. I put in #s to make a number list for the first few items above. Click on Help at the top of the text box for help formatting J.R. Council (talk) 20:22, 28 March 2018 (UTC)

References

V Bruce, M Burton, E Hanna, P Healey, OMason, A Coombes, R Fright, A LinneySex discrimination: How do we tell the difference between male and female faces? Perception, 22 (1993), pp. 131-152 Nicholas Mergen (talk) 02:51, 21 March 2018 (UTC)Nicholas Mergen

Nicholas Mergen (talk) 02:45, 21 March 2018 (UTC)Nicholas Mergen

Nicholas Mergen (talk) 16:58, 20 March 2018 (UTC)Nick Mergen

Nicholas Mergen (talk) 16:58, 20 March 2018 (UTC) Nick Mergen

Define what face superiority is within the lead, explain how faces are recognized as a whole unlike words, provide visual charts and picutres, use other key concepts like the different types of face superiority and why distorted/tilted/upside down faces are hard to process, explain the ties to the thatcher effect and pareidolia effects, explain how criminal lineups are used and talk about memory under stressful situation on faces, conclusion.

Wiki Assignment 5

To do

1. Generate and find more references for our research
2. Look through the references already cited on the article 
3. Include mentions of pareidolia which is how humans make out faces out of none human objects like a house with its windows and doors, a piece of toast with Jesus' face on it, and many other examples. 
4. Include mentions of the thatcher effect which is where it’s difficult to recognize facial features when the face is upside down. 
5. Look up what legal criminal photo line-up requirements might be.
6. Give more accurate/informative/detailed definition of face superiority
7. Find useable images/diagrams/visual aids to help explain and demonstrate face superiority
8. Research additional research articles/studies that have focused on face superiority to help define and explain it in a research setting

Outline

Define face superiority

• Give explanation and examples of what it is

• Research when, why, and how often it occurs

• Brief overview of neuroscience behind face superiority (visual system)

• Cite studies testing/proving face superiority effect

• Include visual aids

Talk about limitations to face superiority effect

• sexual differences in men and women

• Thatcher Effect/Pareidolia

• Why we process faces as wholes vs. pieces

• Why we can’t process inverted, tilted, distorted, upside-down, etc., faces

• Include visual aids

Talk about importance in criminology

• Line-ups

• Eye-witness testimony

• Problems with facial superiority in criminology

• Include visual aids

• Discuss importance of facial superiority effect in psychology overall

Additional References

1. Tomonaga, M. (2007). Visual search for orientation of faces by a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes): Face-specific upright superiority and the role of facial configural properties. Primates, 48(1), 1-12. doi:10.1007/s10329-006-0011-4

2. George, N., Jemel, B., Fiori, N., & Renault, B. (2000). Holistic and part-based face representations: Evidence from the memory span of the 'face superiority effect.'. Current Psychology Letters: Behaviour, Brain & Cognition, 189-106.

3. Van Santen, J. P., & Jonides, J. (1978). A replication of the face-superiority effect. Bulletin Of The Psychonomic Society, 12(5), 378-380. doi:10.3758/BF03329713

4. Waters, A. M., & Lipp, O. V. (2008). Visual search for emotional faces in children. Cognition & Emotion, 22(7), 1306-1326. doi:10.1080/02699930701755530

5. Rouw, R., & De Gelder, B. (2002). Impaired face recognition does not preclude intact whole face perception. Visual Cognition, 9(6), 689-718. doi:10.1080/13506280143000223

Erikalosik (talk) 02:02, 21 March 2018 (UTC)

Erika - see my comments to Nick, above in italics. J.R. Council (talk) 20:25, 28 March 2018 (UTC)

Wiki Assignment 5

To-Do List:

Generate / describe more information about secondary face superiority effects, including

• Anger Superiority effect
• Threat Superiority effect
• Happiness superiority effect
• Research and possible inclusion of face recognition
• Understand if there is a difference between face superiority effect and other superiority effects, and properly distinguish / differentiate for the reader.

Outline: (this is just an idea of what the categories might look like for the article.)

Face Superiority Effect

In criminology

In Psychology

• Anger Superiority Effect

• Threat Superiority Effect

• Happiness Superiority Effect

• Face Recognition

In Neuroscience

Neuropsychology of Face Superiority Effect

Limitations / Criticism

References to add:

Fox, E., & Damjanovic, L. (2006). The eyes are sufficient to produce a threat superiority effect. Emotion, 6(3), 534-539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.6.3.534

Tanaka, J.W. & Sengco, J.A. Memory & Cognition (1997) Features and their configuration in face recognition 25: 583. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03211301

AshesMcRaven (talk) 20:30, 21 March 2018 (UTC)

Dr. Council's comments on Assignment 5

Nice job you guys! You should combine outlines to make the article easier to organize and generate. Some comments:

1. Nick and Erika need to learn some simple formatting. Click Help at the top of the text box or see Wikipedia Resources in Bb.
2. I don't see where any of you have taken responsibilities for specific tasks.
3. I don't see an outline from Nick. J.R. Council (talk) 20:30, 28 March 2018 (UTC)

Wiki Assignment 6

Wiki Assignment 6

Lead Section: Erikalosik (talk) 17:18, 25 March 2018 (UTC)

In psychology, the face superiority effect refers to the phenomena of how all individuals perceive and encode other human faces in memory. Rather than perceiving and encoding single features of a face (nose, eyes, mouth, etc.), we perceive and encode a human face as one holistic unified element.

This phenomenon aids our visual system in the recognition of thousands of faces, a task that would be difficult if it were necessary to recognize sets of individual features and characteristics. However, this effect is limited to perceiving upright faces and does not occur when a face is at an unusual angle, such as when faces are upside-down or contorted in phenomena like the Thatcher effect and Pareidolia.

These limitations were first demonstrated by Shephard and then confirmed by a follow-up study in 1967, where pairs of facial images were presented to participants that were either both upright, both inverted, or one of each. The participants were then shown fifteen pairs of photographs and asked to decide which one they had seen. Overall, the participants remembered the upright faces at a higher rate than the inverted faces. Similar studies have been done in reference to the Thatcher Effect, which presents a distorted image upside-down, which individuals typically can’t detect until they are presented the same image right-side-up, and are then able to see the obvious contortions.

Outside of the neuroscience and psychology fields, face superiority also plays a vital role in criminology, specifically in identifying perpetrators in visual line-ups and the validity of eye-witness testimonies.

Erikalosik (talk) 17:18, 25 March 2018 (UTC)

Comments AshesMcRaven (talk) 20:41, 27 March 2018 (UTC)

• Very clear an concise, stands on its own and explains everything mentioned really well

• Great info added and added links

• It looks great and could easily be a jumping off point for the full intro section!

Comments Nicholas Mergen (talk) 17:42, 3 April 2018 (UTC)Nicholas Mergen

• Really like how there are three paragraphs that explains what our topic is and will be discussing, Stands on its own

• I think we should use the three paragraph format for our lead section. The original only has two but doesn't really talk about much

• Links from the original lead section should stay which I forgot to do and we could add more like you did

Dr. Council's comments: I like this. The first two paragraphs could be combined to make a very nice lead. The third section can go in the main body of the text. Adding the links is a nice touch. be sure to include reference citations. J.R. Council (talk) 19:56, 6 April 2018 (UTC)

Lead section Nicholas Mergen (talk) 01:54, 26 March 2018 (UTC) Nicholas Mergen

In psychology, face superiority is the phenomena on how human faces are encoded and perceive. Instead of encoding the face separately, we as humans actually encode features of the face like the eyes, mouth, ears, etc. as a unified whole. This effect is limited to the perception of upright faces. Different processing happens when we see faces at different angels or if they are inverted. This is another phenomenon called the Thatcher effect which is where it’s difficult to detect local features on upside down faces. Humans also accidentally process other parts of nature as whole faces from a familiar pattern where its actually nonexistent. This is called Pareidolia. Face lineup are used in current criminology methods but there are limitations which was first demonstrated by Shephard which was a follow up study to confirm his original findings. It presented paired images of faces to participants. The faces were either both upright, both inverted, or mixed. Then the participants were shown fifteen pairs of photographs and asked to decide which one they had seen. The participants remembered the upright faces more than the inverted faces. The part of the brain which fires/lights up is the fusiform gyrus. Nicholas Mergen (talk) 01:54, 26 March 2018 (UTC) Nicholas Mergen

Comments/Erikalosik (talk) 15:21, 26 March 2018 (UTC)

• In regards to the wiki manual of style for lead sections, this lead can stand on its own, and provides a brief overview of what the article will be about.

• It defines the topic, establishes some context, summarizes the most important points, and briefly describes controversies/limitations.

• There could be more of an explanation as to why the topic is notable/important– this could be done by simply including why perceiving and encoding faces as wholes is important for memory (for example, it's easier and simpler to encode/remember the whole face than to have to distinguish one person's eye from another person's, and so on)

• Lastly, it seems to end rather abruptly, so you could add a smoother transition from the end of the lead into the first section of the actual article

• Otherwise it looks good!

Comments AshesMcRaven (talk) 20:41, 27 March 2018 (UTC)

• Stands on its own without unnecessary information or a lack of information

• Emphasis on importance is a present

• Overall looks good!

Dr. Council's comments: This is a bit long and detailed for the lead. I think you should just define the phenomenon and discuss Pareidolia and face lineup study in the main body of the text. J.R. Council (talk) 21:05, 6 April 2018 (UTC)

Lead Section AshesMcRaven (talk) 20:41, 27 March 2018 (UTC)

In psychology, the face superiority effect refers to the phenomena of how human faces are perceived and encoded in memory. Rather than perceiving and encoding individual features of a face (nose, eyes etc.), we perceive and encode a human face as a "holistic" unified whole. This phenomenon aids our visual system in the recognition of thousands of faces, a task that would be difficult if it were necessary to recognize a set of individual features and characteristics. This effect is limited to the perception of upright faces and does not occur when face is in an unusual angle. First demonstrated by Shephard, a follow-up 1967 study confirmed his results. It presented paired images of faces to participants. The faces were either both upright, both inverted, or mixed. Then the participants were shown fifteen pairs of photographs and asked to decide which one they had seen. The participants remembered the upright faces more than the inverted faces. There are other superiority effects that can be seen in humans, including Anger Superiority Effect, Threat Superiority Effect, and Happiness Superiority Effect. All three include reading facial expressions to gauge an individual’s intentions and mood, and are not separate from the face superiority effects main function.

Comments

Erikalosik (talk) 01:19, 28 March 2018 (UTC)

• Stands alone on its own as a good summary/intro of facial superiority

• It defines the topic and introduces the basics of face superiority as well as leads into the rest of the article with additional information

• It also mentions the importance of face superiority and why it's relevant

• It's very similar to the original lead, so I would suggest embellishing it a little more besides adding the additional superiority effects

• Other than that it looks good

Erikalosik (talk) 01:19, 28 March 2018 (UTC)

Comments Nicholas Mergen (talk) 17:42, 3 April 2018 (UTC)Nicholas Mergen

• Stands on own and explains what Face superiority is

• I like how you incorporated the different types of superiority effects

• The original looks very similar, and should maybe add some of our objectives we want to cover in the lead so its easier to bring them up in text later on in the article.

Dr. Council's comments: My comments to Erika and Nick apply here as well. Starting with Shephard study, the remainder is good information but should go in main body of text. J.R. Council (talk) 21:12, 6 April 2018 (UTC)

Wikipedia Assignment 7

Wiki Assignment 7

Lead Section Erikalosik (talk) 04:05, 8 April 2018 (UTC)

Discussed and worked on over email Nicholas Mergen (talk) 15:43, 9 April 2018 (UTC)Nicholas Mergen

If Elijah contributed anything at all, let me know.J.R. Council (talk) 20:08, 10 April 2018 (UTC)

Discussed and worked on over email AshesMcRaven (talk) 22:12, 29 April 2018 (UTC)

In psychology, the face superiority effect refers to the phenomena of how all individuals perceive and encode other human faces in memory. Rather than perceiving and encoding single features of a face (nose, eyes, mouth, etc.), we perceive and encode a human face as one holistic unified element . This phenomenon aids our visual system in the recognition of thousands of faces, a task that would be difficult if it were necessary to recognize sets of individual features and characteristics. However, this effect is limited to perceiving upright faces and does not occur when a face is at an unusual angle, such as when faces are upside-down or contorted in phenomena like the Thatcher effect and Pareidolia.

Dr. Council's comments on group lead:

Excellent job! And excellent beginning to your article. It is succinct, well-written, and interesting. People will want to read more after they see this. I have no suggestions for improvement — just keep up the good work! J.R. Council (talk) 20:11, 10 April 2018 (UTC)

Ready to go. J.R. Council (talk) 22:10, 11 April 2018 (UTC)

Wiki Assignment 8

Wiki Assignment 8

Erikalosik (talk) 02:29, 18 April 2018 (UTC)

In psychology, the face superiority effect refers to the phenomena of how all individuals perceive and encode other human faces in memory. Rather than perceiving and encoding single features of a face (nose, eyes, mouth, etc.), we perceive and encode a human face as one holistic unified element. This phenomenon aids our visual system in the recognition of thousands of faces, a task that would be difficult if it were necessary to recognize sets of individual features and characteristics. However, this effect is limited to perceiving upright faces and does not occur when a face is at an unusual angle, such as when faces are upside-down or contorted in phenomena like the Thatcher effect and Pareidolia.

Early history

In 1879, Galton’s research was some of the first to indicate that the face is “the sum of a multitude of small details, which are viewed in such rapid succession that we seem to perceive them all at a single glance.” This innate “holistic” perception is one of the main factors that differentiates face recognition from object recognition. To test this and further face superiority research in general, Tanaka and Farah conducted a study where they assessed individuals’ ability to recognize facial features holistically. Participants were given an allotment of time to study several faces and then were tested on their ability to recognize one feature of the face. As the researchers predicted, participants were better able to recognize the feature when it was presented with the whole face, rather than when it was presented in isolation.

Other studies confirming the holistic processing theory involve the inversion condition, similar to the Thatcher Effect, where inverted, distorted, or disoriented faces are not as easily recognized. Yin’s 1969 research demonstrated this and supported his hypothesis which stated that familiar faces would not be recognized if the face is presented at an inverted state. While most objects in general are difficult to recognize when inverted, Yin exhibited that inverted faces caused a particular impairment in recognition. Similarly, the Thatcher Effect presents a face that is both distorted and upside-down, which individuals typically can’t detect until they are presented the same image right-side-up, and are then able to see the obvious contortions.

Neuroscience behind face superiority

Evidence from neurophysiology studies with humans and monkeys also support face superiority. Neuroimaging and electrophysiological studies in humans shows the effects of holistic face recognition. In particular, when humans are shown normal upright faces, neuroimaging displays higher brain activity and response rates in the middle fusiform gyrus (MFG), and the inferior occipital gyrus (IOG) than when shown scrambled or inverted faces. Additionally, experiments computing event-related scalp potentials (ERPs) reveal higher brain responses 180ms after presenting the normal face, than in inverted/scrambled conditions.

Additionally, research from Riesenhuber, Jarudi, Gilad, & Sinha, 2004; K. Tanaka, Saito, Fukada, & Moriya, 1991; and K. Tanaka, 1996 also supports face superiority, where they demonstrate that face parts and wholes are similar to other hierarchical visual processes, in that the stimulation of simple features leads to the stimulation of complex features. This “feed-forward” theory states that the part-face information precedes and leads into the whole-face perception. However, the reverse model of this hierarchy states that the perception of the whole face leads to the perception of the parts.

Prosopagnosia face blindness

Prosopagnosia is a "selective impairment in the ability to recognize individual faces due to brain damage of the visual cortex." Essentially, this neurological deficit impairs an individuals ability to recognize faces, even faces of those who should be familiar, such as family members. This is the result of damage to the visual cortex. In terms of the holistic view, the inability to recognize faces stems from a failure to integrate the individual face parts into a whole. A study done by Busigny, Joubert, Felician, Ceccaldi, & Rossion (2010) looked at a prosopagnosia patient, GG, in reference to unimpaired control participants in matching/recognition tasks. Participants were either asked to study a whole face and select a part from the studied face presented in isolation, or study an isolated part and then select the same part when presented in a whole face. The researchers hypothesized that holistic interference would be demonstrated in the "part-to-whole" and "whole-to-part" conditions relative to the "part-to-part" and "whole-to-whole" conditions. These results were confirmed in the control participants, however, patient GG performed equally well in both conditions. The researchers suggest this is due to her recognition of face parts is unaffected by surrounding facial features in encoding or retrieving it from memory. Similar studies have also been conducted to show that prosopagnosia results from an individual's inability to form a holistic facial representation.

(Made small sentence edits for the sake of clarity. AshesMcRaven (talk) 01:11, 24 April 2018 (UTC))

Wiki Assignment 8

AshesMcRaven (talk) 01:11, 24 April 2018 (UTC)

Sequential lineup superiority effect

In criminology, the sequential lineup superiority effect refers to the process presented to eye-witnesses during criminal investigations that has to do with suspect "line ups". This can include the use of photographs of multiple individuals including a suspect (or absent of one), or a line up with living members in an effort to identify a suspect of a crime. It is used mainly to assist eye-witnesses more accurately decide on an individual within the line up who most represents the suspects description. The Sequential Lineup process includes a system that shows only one suspect (photograph or live person) at a time, and forcing a decision from the witness viewing the lineup. According to the research done by Steblay, Nancy K., Dysart, Jennifer E., and Wells, Gary L., there were fewer incidents of false identifications when the Sequential Lineup method was used.

Dr. Council's comments

Again, excellent work! I only have time for a quik scan now, but this looks really good. I'm sure it's ready to move to main article space, but let me get back to you this weekend. I will notify Ian from Wiki Ed that it's ready for approval J.R. Council (talk) 19:46, 20 April 2018 (UTC)+6

After reading carefully, I can see my initial impressions were correct. This is ready for prime-time - nice work! I am sending the link to Ian at Wiki Ed for his comments.

Since he didn't sign anywhere, I can't see that Nick has contributed. Please help me out.

J.R. Council (talk) 19:53, 25 April 2018 (UTC)