View source for Module:place/shared-data

local export = {}
--[=[
This module contains data shared between [[Module:place/data]] and [[Module:category tree/topic cat/data/Places]].
You must load this module using require(), not using mw.loadData().
]=]

local m_table = require("Module:table")
local topic_cat_utilities_module = "Module:category tree/topic cat/utilities"

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--                              Placetype Tables                                 --
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-- Recognized political and misc. subdivisions. The key is the plural subdivision and the value is the equivalent
-- description, with links. A value of true means to use the default linking algorithm in link_label() in
-- [[Module:category tree/topic cat]]. A value of "w" is similar but links to Wikipedia.
export.political_subdivisions = {
	["administrative atolls"] = true,
	["administrative regions"] = true,
	["areas"] = true,
	["arrondissements"] = true,
	["atolls"] = true,
	["autonomous communities"] = "w",
	["autonomous islands"] = true,
	["autonomous oblasts"] = true,
	["autonomous okrugs"] = true,
	["autonomous regions"] = true,
	["autonomous republics"] = "w",
	["boroughs"] = true,
	["borough seats"] = true,
	["cantons"] = true,
	["census divisions"] = "w",
	["cercles"] = true,
	["civil parishes"] = true,
	["collectivities"] = true,
	["communes"] = true,
	["communities"] = true,
	["constituencies"] = true,
	["constituent countries"] = true,
	["council areas"] = true,
	["counties"] = true,
	["county boroughs"] = true,
	["county seats"] = true,
	["countries"] = true,
	["delegations"] = true,
	["departments"] = true,
	["dependent territories"] = "w",
	["districts"] = true,
	["districts and autonomous regions"] = "[[district]]s and [[autonomous region]]s",
	["divisions"] = true,
	["emirates"] = true,
	["entities"] = true,
	["ethnographic regions"] = true,
	["federal cities"] = true,
	["federal territories"] = true,
	["gewogs"] = true,
	["governorates"] = true,
	["krais"] = true,
	["local councils"] = "w",
	["local government areas"] = "w",
	["metropolitan cities"] = true,
	["mukims"] = true,
	["municipal districts"] = "w",
	["municipalities"] = true,
	["oblasts"] = true,
	["parishes"] = true,
	["parish seats"] = true,
	["prefectures"] = true,
	["provinces"] = true,
	["quarters"] = true,
	["raions"] = true,
	["regencies"] = true,
	["regional county municipalities"] = "w",
	["regional districts"] = "w",
	["regional municipalities"] = "w",
	["regions"] = true,
	["regional units"] = true,
	["republics"] = true,
	["rural municipalities"] = "w",
	["self-administered divisions"] = "w",
	["self-administered zones"] = "w",
	["special administrative regions"] = "[[w:Special administrative regions of China|special administrative regions]]",
	["special municipality"] = "[[w:Special municipality (Taiwan)|special municipality]]",
	["special wards"] = true,
	["states"] = true,
	["subdistricts"] = true,
	["subprefectures"] = true,
	["subregions"] = true,
	["territorial authorities"] = "w",
	["territories"] = true,
	["traditional counties"] = "w",
	["unincorporated areas"] = "w",
	["union territories"] = true,
	["voivodeships"] = true,
	["zones"] = true,
}

-- Place types for which categories can be constructed for all the places listed below other than cities. The key should
-- be the plural place type and the value should be the description.
export.generic_place_types = {
	["cities"] = "cities",
	["ghost towns"] = "[[ghost town]]s",
	["towns"] = "towns",
	["communes"] = "[[commune]]s",
	["villages"] = "villages, hamlets, and other small communities and settlements",
	["neighborhoods"] = "[[neighborhood]]s, [[district]]s and other subportions of cities",
	["neighbourhoods"] = "[[neighbourhood]]s, [[district]]s and other subportions of cities",
	["suburbs"] = "[[suburb]]s",
	["rivers"] = "rivers",
	["census-designated places"] = "[[census-designated place]]s",
	["unincorporated communities"] = "[[w:unincorporated community|unincorporated communities]]",
	["places"] = "places of all sorts",
}

-- Place types for which categories can be constructed for cities listed below.
-- The key should be the plural place type and the value should be the description.
export.generic_place_types_for_cities = {
	["neighborhoods"] = "[[neighborhood]]s, [[district]]s and other subportions of cities",
	["neighbourhoods"] = "[[neighbourhood]]s, [[district]]s and other subportions of cities",
	["suburbs"] = "[[suburb]]s",
	["places"] = "places of all sorts",
}

export.placetype_to_capital_cat = {
	["autonomous community"] = "autonomous community capitals",
	["canton"] = "cantonal capitals",
	["country"] = "national capitals",
	["department"] = "departmental capitals",
	["district"] = "district capitals",
	["emirate"] = "emirate capitals",
	["prefecture"] = "prefectural capitals",
	["province"] = "provincial capitals",
	["region"] = "regional capitals",
	["republic"] = "republic capitals",
	["state"] = "state capitals",
	["territory"] = "territorial capitals",
	["voivodeship"] = "voivodeship capitals",
}

export.capital_cat_to_placetype = {}
for placetype, capital_cat in pairs(export.placetype_to_capital_cat) do
	export.capital_cat_to_placetype[capital_cat] = placetype
end

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--                              Placename Tables                                 --
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--[=[
Each of the following tables specifies a group of polities with common properties (e.g. the states of the US). Each
table is associated with a polity "group" (an entry in `export.polities`), which contains handlers specifying how to
process the data tables and also a pointer to the relevant table. The data is used as follows:

1. To generate the text of the bare topical categories directly associated with each polity, such as
   [[:Category:Netherlands]], [[:Category:Alabama, USA]] or [[:Category:Amazonas, Brazil]], and per-language
   variants such as [[:Category:de:Netherlands]], [[:Category:es:Alabama, USA]] or [[:Category:pt:Amazonas, Brazil]].
   These categories (and all placename categories) are found in the ''topic cat subsystem'' of the category system;
   see [[Module:category tree/topic cat/data]] for more information.
2. To generate the text of topical categories for cities/towns/rivers/etc. in a given polity, e.g.
   [[:Category:Cities in Alabama, USA]] for cities in Alabama, and per-language variants such as
   [[:Category:fr:Cities in Alabama, USA]] for French terms for cities in Alabama.
3. To generate the text of topical categories for political subdivisions of a given polity, e.g.
   [[:Category:Provinces of the Netherlands]], [[:Category:Counties of Alabama]] or
   [[:Category:Municipalities of Amazonas, Brazil]], along with per-language variants such as
   [[:Category:de:Provinces of the Netherlands]], [[:Category:es:Counties of Alabama]] or
   [[:Category:pt:Municipalities of Amazonas, Brazil]].
4. To add pages to all the above types of categories when a call to {{place}} on that page
   references the polity, such as by a template call {{place|en|city|state/Alabama}} (which will
   add the page to [[:Category:en:Cities in Alabama, USA]]).

Uses #1, #2 and #3 are controlled by [[Module:category tree/topic cat/data/Places]].
Use #4 is controlled by [[Module:place/data]].

The keys of each table are the polity names in the form they will appear in a category like
[[:Category:de:Provinces of the Netherlands]] or [[:Category:fr:Cities in Alabama, USA]] (hence, they should include
prefixes such as "the" and suffixes such as ", USA"). Transforming these keys to the form that appears in the bare
topical category (e.g. [[:Category:de:Netherlands]]), in category parents and/or in descriptions can be done using the
`bare_label_setter` and `value_transformer` keys (see `export.polities` below).
	 
The value of an item in each table is itself a table. This table contains properties describing the polity in question.
Note that before being used (e.g. to generate the contents of a category page like [[:Category:en:Cities in Ireland]]
or [[:Category:de:Provinces of the Netherlands]] of to specify how to add the relevant categories to a page with a call
to {{place}}), the table is passed through the associated polity group's `value_transformer` function (see
`export.polities`). That function generally augments the property table with additional properties that are common to
the group or derivable from group-specific properties. The following are the properties most commonly specified
(additional properties are sometimes attached to entries in specific groups):

- `divtype`: String specifying the type of polity or subpolity (e.g. "country", "state", province"). This can also be a
  table of such types; in this case, the first listed type is the canonical type that will be used in descriptions, but
  the polity will be recognized (e.g. in {{place}} arguments) when tagged with any of the specified types. This value
  overrides the group-level `default_divtype` value, and only needs to be specified if it disagrees with that value.

- `poldiv`: List of recognized political subdivisions; e.g. for the Netherlands, a specification of the form
  'poldiv = {"provinces", "municipalities"}' will allow categories such as [[:Category:de:Provinces of the Netherlands]]
  and [[:Category:pt:Municipalities of the Netherlands]] to be created. These categories have a primary parent
  [[:Category:LANGCODE:Political subdivisions]] (i.e. this is the parent that appears in the breadcrumbs at the top of
  the category page), and have the containing polity, if any (see `containing_polity` below) as an additional parent.
  Any political subdivision that appears here must also be listed in the `political_subdivisions` list, which tells how
  to convert the pluralized political subdivision into the equivalent linked description. (If not listed, an error
  occurs.)

- `miscdiv`: List of recognized historical/popular subdivisions; e.g. for Ireland, a specification of the form
  'miscdiv = {"provinces"}' will allow categories such as [[:Category:pl:Provinces of Ireland]] to be created. These
  categories differ from political subdivision categories in that their primary parent is the country name rather than
  [[:Category:LANGCODE:Political subdivisions]].

- `is_city`: If 'true', don't recognize or generate categories such as [[:Category:en:Cities in Monaco]] (specifically,
  for place types in `generic_place_types` but not in `generic_place_types_for_cities`).

- `is_former_place`: If 'true', don't recognize or generate categories such as
  [[:Category:fr:Rivers in the Soviet Union]] (specifically, for any place type in `generic_place_types` other than
  "places"). NOTE: This key may be added automatically by the `value_transformer` function.
  
- `keydesc`: String directly specifying a description of the polity, for use in generating the contents of category
  pages related to the polity. descriptions. This property is only rarely present, and is normally generated
  automatically by the `value_transformer` function from the key and (for subpolities) the value of `divtype`.

- `parents`: List of parents of the bare topical category. For example, if 'parents = {"Europe", "Asia"}' is specified
  for "Turkey", bare topical categories such as [[:Category:en:Turkey]] will have parent categories
  [[:Category:en:Europe]] and [[:Category:en:Asia]]. The first listed category is used for the primary parent (i.e. this
  is the parent that appears in the breadcrumbs at the top of the category page). In this case, for example, "Europe"
  (not "Asia") is used as the breadcrumb. This property only needs to be specified for top-level polities (countries and
  such), not for subpolities (states, provinces, etc.), which use the value of `containing_polity` (see below) as the
  parent.

- `bare_category_desc`: String specifying the description used in the bare topical category. If not given, a default
  description is constructed by the `bare_label_setter` function.

- `containing_polity`: This property does not need to be specified explicitly. It is automatically added by the
  `value_transformer` function for subpolities, and left off for top-level polities. It specifies the larger polity in
  which the subpolity is contained, and is used to construct the primary parent of 'Cities in ...', 'Rivers in ...' and
  similar categories. For example, the subpolity Guangdong (a province of China) will have "China" as the
  `containing_polity`, so that a category of the form [[:Category:en:Cities in Guangdong]] will have its primary parent
  (i.e. the parent that appears in the breadcrumbs at the top of the category page) as [[:Category:en:Cities in China]].
  If `containing_polity` is omitted, as in top-level polities, the primary parent will simply be e.g.
  [[:Category:en:Cities]] (or "Towns", "Rivers", etc. as appropriate).
]=]

export.countries = {
	["Afghanistan"] = {parents = {"Asia"}, poldiv = {"provinces", "districts"}, miscdiv = {"regions"}},
	["Albania"] = {parents = {"Europe"}, poldiv = {"counties", "municipalities"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Algeria"] = {parents = {"Africa"}, poldiv = {"provinces", "communes", "districts", "municipalities"}},
	["Andorra"] = {parents = {"Europe"}, poldiv = {"parishes"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Angola"] = {parents = {"Africa"}, poldiv = {"provinces", "municipalities"}},
	["Antigua and Barbuda"] = {parents = {"North America"}, poldiv = {"provinces"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Argentina"] = {parents = {"South America"}, poldiv = {"provinces", "departments", "municipalities"}},
	["Armenia"] = {parents = {"Europe", "Asia"}, poldiv = {"provinces", "districts"}, british_spelling = true},
	-- Both a country and continent
	["Australia"] = {parents = {"Earth", "Oceania"}, poldiv = {"states", "territories", "local government areas"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Austria"] = {parents = {"Europe"}, poldiv = {"states", "districts", "municipalities"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Azerbaijan"] = {parents = {"Europe", "Asia"}, poldiv = {"districts", "municipalities"}, british_spelling = true},
	["the Bahamas"] = {parents = {"North America"}, poldiv = {"districts"}, british_spelling = true, wp = "The Bahamas"},
	["Bahrain"] = {parents = {"Asia"}, poldiv = {"governorates"}},
	["Bangladesh"] = {parents = {"Asia"}, poldiv = {"divisions", "districts", "municipalities"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Barbados"] = {parents = {"North America"}, poldiv = {"parishes"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Belarus"] = {parents = {"Europe"}, poldiv = {"regions", "districts"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Belgium"] = {parents = {"Europe"}, poldiv = {"regions", "provinces", "municipalities"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Belize"] = {parents = {"Central America"}, poldiv = {"districts"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Benin"] = {parents = {"Africa"}, poldiv = {"departments", "communes"}},
	["Bhutan"] = {parents = {"Asia"}, poldiv = {"districts", "gewogs"}},
	["Bolivia"] = {parents = {"South America"}, poldiv = {"provinces", "departments", "municipalities"}},
	["Bosnia and Herzegovina"] = {parents = {"Europe"}, poldiv = {"entities", "cantons", "municipalities"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Botswana"] = {parents = {"Africa"}, poldiv = {"districts", "subdistricts"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Brazil"] = {parents = {"South America"}, poldiv = {"states", "municipalities"}, miscdiv = {"regions"}},
	["Brunei"] = {parents = {"Asia"}, poldiv = {"districts", "mukims"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Bulgaria"] = {parents = {"Europe"}, poldiv = {"provinces", "municipalities"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Burkina Faso"] = {parents = {"Africa"}, poldiv = {"regions", "departments", "provinces"}},
	["Burundi"] = {parents = {"Africa"}, poldiv = {"provinces", "communes"}},
	["Cambodia"] = {parents = {"Asia"}, poldiv = {"provinces", "districts"}},
	["Cameroon"] = {parents = {"Africa"}, poldiv = {"regions", "departments"}},
	["Canada"] = {parents = {"North America"}, poldiv = {"provinces", "territories", "counties", "districts", "municipalities"},
		miscdiv = {"regions", "census divisions"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Cape Verde"] = {parents = {"Africa"}, poldiv = {"municipalities", "parishes"}},
	["the Central African Republic"] = {parents = {"Africa"}, poldiv = {"prefectures", "subprefectures"}},
	["Chad"] = {parents = {"Africa"}, poldiv = {"regions", "departments"}},
	["Chile"] = {parents = {"South America"}, poldiv = {"regions", "provinces", "communes"}},
	["China"] = {parents = {"Asia"}, poldiv = {"provinces", "autonomous regions",
		"special administrative regions", "prefectures", "counties", "districts", "municipalities"},
		miscdiv = {"regions"}},
	["Colombia"] = {parents = {"South America"}, poldiv = {"departments", "municipalities"}},
	["the Comoros"] = {parents = {"Africa"}, poldiv = {"autonomous islands"}},
	["Costa Rica"] = {parents = {"Central America"}, poldiv = {"provinces", "cantons"}},
	["Croatia"] = {parents = {"Europe"}, poldiv = {"counties", "municipalities"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Cuba"] = {parents = {"North America"}, poldiv = {"provinces", "municipalities"}},
	["Cyprus"] = {parents = {"Europe", "Asia"}, poldiv = {"districts"}, british_spelling = true},
	["the Czech Republic"] = {parents = {"Europe"}, poldiv = {"regions", "districts", "municipalities"}, british_spelling = true},
	["the Democratic Republic of the Congo"] = {parents = {"Africa"}, poldiv = {"provinces", "territories"}},
	["Denmark"] = {parents = {"Europe"}, poldiv = {"regions", "municipalities", "dependent territories"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Djibouti"] = {parents = {"Africa"}, poldiv = {"regions", "districts"}},
	["Dominica"] = {parents = {"North America"}, poldiv = {"parishes"}, british_spelling = true},
	["the Dominican Republic"] = {parents = {"North America"}, poldiv = {"provinces", "municipalities"},
		keydesc = "the [[Dominican Republic]], the country that shares the [[Caribbean]] island of [[Hispaniola]] with [[Haiti]]"},
	["East Timor"] = {parents = {"Asia"}, poldiv = {"municipalities"}},
	["Ecuador"] = {parents = {"South America"}, poldiv = {"provinces", "cantons"}},
	["Egypt"] = {parents = {"Africa"}, poldiv = {"governorates", "regions"}},
	["El Salvador"] = {parents = {"Central America"}, poldiv = {"departments", "municipalities"}},
	["Equatorial Guinea"] = {parents = {"Africa"}, poldiv = {"provinces"}},
	["Eritrea"] = {parents = {"Africa"}, poldiv = {"regions", "subregions"}},
	["Estonia"] = {parents = {"Europe"}, poldiv = {"counties", "municipalities"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Eswatini"] = {parents = {"Africa"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Ethiopia"] = {parents = {"Africa"}, poldiv = {"regions", "zones"}},
	["the Federated States of Micronesia"] = {parents = {"Micronesia"}, poldiv = {"states"}},
	["Fiji"] = {parents = {"Melanesia"}, poldiv = {"divisions", "provinces"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Finland"] = {parents = {"Europe"}, poldiv = {"regions", "municipalities"}, british_spelling = true},
	["France"] = {parents = {"Europe"}, poldiv = {"administrative regions", "departments", "collectivities", "communes", "municipalities",
		"dependent territories", "territories"}, miscdiv = {"provinces", "regions"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Gabon"] = {parents = {"Africa"}, poldiv = {"provinces", "departments"}},
	["the Gambia"] = {parents = {"Africa"}, poldiv = {"divisions", "districts"}, british_spelling = true, wp = "The Gambia"},
	["Georgia"] = {parents = {"Europe", "Asia"}, poldiv = {"regions", "districts"}, keydesc = "the country of [[Georgia]], in [[Eurasia]]", british_spelling = true},
	["Germany"] = {parents = {"Europe"}, poldiv = {"states", "municipalities", "districts"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Ghana"] = {parents = {"Africa"}, poldiv = {"regions", "districts"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Greece"] = {parents = {"Europe"}, poldiv = {"regional units", "municipalities"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Grenada"] = {parents = {"North America"}, poldiv = {"parishes"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Guatemala"] = {parents = {"Central America"}, poldiv = {"departments", "municipalities"}},
	["Guinea"] = {parents = {"Africa"}, poldiv = {"regions", "prefectures"}},
	["Guinea-Bissau"] = {parents = {"Africa"}, poldiv = {"regions"}},
	["Guyana"] = {parents = {"South America"}, poldiv = {"regions"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Haiti"] = {parents = {"North America"}, poldiv = {"departments", "arrondissements"}},
	["Honduras"] = {parents = {"Central America"}, poldiv = {"departments", "municipalities"}},
	["Hungary"] = {parents = {"Europe"}, poldiv = {"counties", "districts"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Iceland"] = {parents = {"Europe"}, poldiv = {"regions", "municipalities", "counties"}, british_spelling = true},
	["India"] = {parents = {"Asia"}, poldiv = {"states", "union territories", "divisions", "districts", "municipalities"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Indonesia"] = {parents = {"Asia"}, poldiv = {"regencies", "provinces"}},
	["Iran"] = {parents = {"Asia"}, poldiv = {"provinces", "counties"}},
	["Iraq"] = {parents = {"Asia"}, poldiv = {"governorates", "districts"}},
	["Ireland"] = {parents = {"Europe", "British Isles"}, poldiv = {"counties", "districts"}, miscdiv = {"provinces"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Israel"] = {parents = {"Asia"}, poldiv = {"districts"}},
	["Italy"] = {parents = {"Europe"}, poldiv = {"administrative regions", "provinces", "metropolitan cities", "municipalities"}, miscdiv = {"regions"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Ivory Coast"] = {parents = {"Africa"}, poldiv = {"districts", "regions"}},
	["Jamaica"] = {parents = {"North America"}, poldiv = {"parishes"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Japan"] = {parents = {"Asia"}, poldiv = {"prefectures", "subprefectures", "municipalities"}},
	["Jordan"] = {parents = {"Asia"}, poldiv = {"governorates"}},
	["Kazakhstan"] = {parents = {"Asia", "Europe"}, poldiv = {"regions", "districts"}},
	["Kenya"] = {parents = {"Africa"}, poldiv = {"counties"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Kiribati"] = {parents = {"Micronesia"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Kosovo"] = {parents = {"Europe"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Kuwait"] = {parents = {"Asia"}, poldiv = {"governorates", "areas"}},
	["Kyrgyzstan"] = {parents = {"Asia"}, poldiv = {"regions", "districts"}},
	["Laos"] = {parents = {"Asia"}, poldiv = {"provinces", "districts"}},
	["Latvia"] = {parents = {"Europe"}, poldiv = {"municipalities"}, miscdiv = {"regions"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Lebanon"] = {parents = {"Asia"}, poldiv = {"governorates", "districts"}},
	["Lesotho"] = {parents = {"Africa"}, poldiv = {"districts"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Liberia"] = {parents = {"Africa"}, poldiv = {"counties", "districts"}},
	["Libya"] = {parents = {"Africa"}, poldiv = {"districts", "municipalities"}},
	["Liechtenstein"] = {parents = {"Europe"}, poldiv = {"municipalities"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Lithuania"] = {parents = {"Europe"}, poldiv = {"counties", "municipalities"},
		miscdiv = {"ethnographic regions"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Luxembourg"] = {parents = {"Europe"}, poldiv = {"cantons"}, miscdiv = {"districts"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Madagascar"] = {parents = {"Africa"}, poldiv = {"regions", "districts"}},
	["Malawi"] = {parents = {"Africa"}, poldiv = {"regions", "districts"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Malaysia"] = {parents = {"Asia"}, poldiv = {"states", "federal territories", "districts"}, british_spelling = true},
	["the Maldives"] = {parents = {"Asia"}, poldiv = {"provinces", "administrative atolls"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Mali"] = {parents = {"Africa"}, poldiv = {"regions", "cercles"}},
	["Malta"] = {parents = {"Europe"}, poldiv = {"regions", "local councils"}, british_spelling = true},
	["the Marshall Islands"] = {parents = {"Micronesia"}, poldiv = {"municipalities"}},
	["Mauritania"] = {parents = {"Africa"}, poldiv = {"regions", "departments"}},
	["Mauritius"] = {parents = {"Africa"}, poldiv = {"districts"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Mexico"] = {parents = {"North America", "Central America"}, poldiv = {"states", "municipalities"}},
	["Moldova"] = {parents = {"Europe"}, poldiv = {"districts", "municipalities"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Monaco"] = {divtype = {"city-state", "country"}, parents = {"Europe"}, is_city = true, british_spelling = true},
	["Mongolia"] = {parents = {"Asia"}, poldiv = {"provinces", "districts"}},
	["Montenegro"] = {parents = {"Europe"}, poldiv = {"municipalities"}},
	["Morocco"] = {parents = {"Africa"}, poldiv = {"regions", "prefectures", "provinces"}},
	["Mozambique"] = {parents = {"Africa"}, poldiv = {"provinces", "districts"}},
	["Myanmar"] = {parents = {"Asia"}, poldiv = {"regions", "states", "union territories", "self-administered zones", "self-administered divisions", "districts"}},
	["Namibia"] = {parents = {"Africa"}, poldiv = {"regions", "constituencies"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Nauru"] = {parents = {"Micronesia"}, poldiv = {"districts"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Nepal"] = {parents = {"Asia"}, poldiv = {"provinces", "districts"}},
	["the Netherlands"] = {divtype = {"constituent country", "country"}, parents = {"Europe"}, poldiv = {"provinces", "municipalities", "dependent territories"}, british_spelling = true},
	["New Zealand"] = {parents = {"Polynesia"}, poldiv = {"regions", "dependent territories", "territorial authorities"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Nicaragua"] = {parents = {"Central America"}, poldiv = {"departments", "municipalities"}},
	["Niger"] = {parents = {"Africa"}, poldiv = {"regions", "departments"}},
	["Nigeria"] = {parents = {"Africa"}, poldiv = {"states", "local government areas"}, british_spelling = true},
	["North Korea"] = {parents = {"Asia", "Korea"}, poldiv = {"provinces", "counties"}},
	["North Macedonia"] = {parents = {"Europe"}, poldiv = {"municipalities"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Norway"] = {parents = {"Europe"}, poldiv = {"counties", "municipalities", "dependent territories"},
		miscdiv = {"districts", "unincorporated areas"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Oman"] = {parents = {"Asia"}, poldiv = {"governorates", "provinces"}},
	["Pakistan"] = {parents = {"Asia"}, poldiv = {"provinces", "districts"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Palestine"] = {parents = {"Asia"}, poldiv = {"governorates"}},
	["Palau"] = {parents = {"Micronesia"}, poldiv = {"states"}},
	["Panama"] = {parents = {"Central America"}, poldiv = {"provinces", "districts"}},
	["Papua New Guinea"] = {parents = {"Melanesia"}, poldiv = {"provinces", "districts"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Paraguay"] = {parents = {"South America"}, poldiv = {"departments", "districts"}},
	["Peru"] = {parents = {"South America"}, poldiv = {"regions", "provinces", "districts"}},
	["the Philippines"] = {parents = {"Asia"}, poldiv = {"regions", "provinces", "districts", "municipalities"}},
	["Poland"] = {poldiv = {"voivodeships", "counties"}, parents = {"Europe"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Portugal"] = {parents = {"Europe"}, poldiv = {"districts and autonomous regions", "provinces", "municipalities"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Qatar"] = {parents = {"Asia"}, poldiv = {"municipalities", "zones"}},
	["the Republic of the Congo"] = {parents = {"Africa"}, poldiv = {"departments", "districts"}},
	["Romania"] = {parents = {"Europe"}, poldiv = {"regions", "counties", "communes"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Russia"] = {parents = {"Europe", "Asia"}, poldiv = {"republics", "autonomous oblasts", "autonomous okrugs", "oblasts", "krais", "federal cities", "districts"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Rwanda"] = {parents = {"Africa"}, poldiv = {"provinces", "districts"}},
	["Saint Kitts and Nevis"] = {parents = {"North America"}, poldiv = {"parishes"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Saint Lucia"] = {parents = {"North America"}, poldiv = {"quarters"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Saint Vincent and the Grenadines"] = {parents = {"North America"}, poldiv = {"parishes"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Samoa"] = {parents = {"Polynesia"}, poldiv = {"districts"}, british_spelling = true},
	["San Marino"] = {parents = {"Europe"}, poldiv = {"municipalities"}, british_spelling = true},
	["São Tomé and Príncipe"] = {parents = {"Africa"}, poldiv = {"districts"}},
	["Saudi Arabia"] = {parents = {"Asia"}, poldiv = {"provinces", "governorates"}},
	["Senegal"] = {parents = {"Africa"}, poldiv = {"regions", "departments"}},
	["Serbia"] = {parents = {"Europe"}, poldiv = {"districts", "municipalities"}}, 
	["Seychelles"] = {parents = {"Africa"}, poldiv = {"districts"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Sierra Leone"] = {parents = {"Africa"}, poldiv = {"provinces", "districts"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Singapore"] = {parents = {"Asia"}, poldiv = {"districts"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Slovakia"] = {parents = {"Europe"}, poldiv = {"regions", "districts"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Slovenia"] = {parents = {"Europe"}, poldiv = {"municipalities"}, british_spelling = true},
	-- Note: the official name does not include "the" at the beginning, but it sounds strange in
	-- English to leave it out and it's commonly included, so we include it.
	["the Solomon Islands"] = {parents = {"Melanesia"}, poldiv = {"provinces"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Somalia"] = {parents = {"Africa"}, poldiv = {"regions", "districts"}},
	["South Africa"] = {parents = {"Africa"}, poldiv = {"provinces", "districts"}, british_spelling = true},
	["South Korea"] = {parents = {"Asia", "Korea"}, poldiv = {"provinces", "counties", "districts"}},
	["South Sudan"] = {parents = {"Africa"}, poldiv = {"regions", "states", "counties"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Spain"] = {parents = {"Europe"}, poldiv = {"autonomous communities", "provinces", "municipalities"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Sri Lanka"] = {parents = {"Asia"}, poldiv = {"provinces", "districts"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Sudan"] = {parents = {"Africa"}, poldiv = {"states", "districts"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Suriname"] = {parents = {"South America"}, poldiv = {"districts"}},
	["Sweden"] = {parents = {"Europe"}, poldiv = {"provinces", "counties", "municipalities"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Switzerland"] = {parents = {"Europe"}, poldiv = {"cantons", "municipalities", "districts"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Syria"] = {parents = {"Asia"}, poldiv = {"governorates", "districts"}},
	["Taiwan"] = {parents = {"Asia"}, poldiv = {"counties", "districts"}},
	["Tajikistan"] = {parents = {"Asia"}, poldiv = {"provinces"}, miscdiv = {"regions", "districts"}},
	["Tanzania"] = {parents = {"Africa"}, poldiv = {"provinces", "districts"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Thailand"] = {parents = {"Asia"}, poldiv = {"provinces", "districts", "subdistricts"}},
	["Togo"] = {parents = {"Africa"}, poldiv = {"provinces", "prefectures"}},
	["Tonga"] = {parents = {"Polynesia"}, poldiv = {"divisions"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Trinidad and Tobago"] = {parents = {"North America"}, poldiv = {"regions", "municipalities"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Tunisia"] = {parents = {"Africa"}, poldiv = {"governorates", "delegations"}},
	["Turkey"] = {parents = {"Europe", "Asia"}, poldiv = {"provinces", "districts"}},
	["Turkmenistan"] = {parents = {"Asia"}, poldiv = {"regions", "districts"}},
	["Tuvalu"] = {parents = {"Polynesia"}, poldiv = {"atolls"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Uganda"] = {parents = {"Africa"}, poldiv = {"districts", "counties"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Ukraine"] = {parents = {"Europe"}, poldiv = {"oblasts", "municipalities", "raions"}, british_spelling = true},
	["the United Arab Emirates"] = {parents = {"Asia"}, poldiv = {"emirates"}},
	["the United Kingdom"] = {parents = {"Europe", "British Isles"},
		poldiv = {"countries", "territories", "dependent territories"},
		keydesc = "the [[United Kingdom]] of Great Britain and Northern Ireland", british_spelling = true},
	["the United States"] = {parents = {"North America"},
		poldiv = {"counties", "county seats", "states", "territories", "dependent territories",
			"municipalities", -- these exist politically at least in Colorado and Connecticut
		}, miscdiv = {"regions"}},
	["Uruguay"] = {parents = {"South America"}, poldiv = {"departments", "municipalities"}},
	["Uzbekistan"] = {parents = {"Asia"}, poldiv = {"regions", "districts"}},
	["Vanuatu"] = {parents = {"Melanesia"}, poldiv = {"provinces"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Vatican City"] = {divtype = {"city-state", "country"}, parents = {"Europe", "Rome"}, is_city = true, british_spelling = true},
	["Venezuela"] = {parents = {"South America"}, poldiv = {"states", "municipalities"}},
	["Vietnam"] = {parents = {"Asia"}, poldiv = {"provinces", "districts", "municipalities"}},
	["Western Sahara"] = {divtype = {"territory"}, parents = {"Africa"}},
	["Yemen"] = {parents = {"Asia"}, poldiv = {"governorates", "districts"}},
	["Zambia"] = {parents = {"Africa"}, poldiv = {"provinces", "districts"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Zimbabwe"] = {parents = {"Africa"}, poldiv = {"provinces", "districts"}, british_spelling = true},
}

export.pseudo_countries = {
	-- British Overseas Territory
	["Akrotiri and Dhekelia"] = {divtype = {"overseas territory", "territory"}, parents = {"Cyprus", "Europe", "United Kingdom"}, british_spelling = true},
	-- unincorporated territory of the United States
	["American Samoa"] = {divtype = {"unincorporated territory", "overseas territory", "territory"}, parents = {"Polynesia", "United States"}},
	["United States Minor Outlying Islands"] = {divtype = {"unincorporated territory", "overseas territory", "territory"}, parents = {"Islands", "Micronesia", "Polynesia", "United States"}},
	-- British Overseas Territory
	["Anguilla"] = {divtype = {"overseas territory", "territory"}, parents = {"North America", "United Kingdom"}, british_spelling = true},
	-- de-facto independent state, internationally recognized as part of Georgia
	["Abkhazia"] = {divtype = {"unrecognized state", "country"}, parents = {"Georgia", "Europe", "Asia"},
		poldiv = {"districts"},
		keydesc = "the de-facto independent state of [[Abkhazia]], internationally recognized as part of the country of [[Georgia]]"},
	-- de-facto independent state of Armenian ethnicity, internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan
	-- (also known as Nagorno-Karabakh)
	-- NOTE: Formerly listed Armenia as a parent; this seems politically non-neutral
	-- so I've taken it out.
	["Artsakh"] = {divtype = {"unrecognized state", "country"}, parents = {"Azerbaijan", "Europe", "Asia"},
		keydesc = "the de-facto independent state of [[Artsakh]], internationally recognized as part of [[Azerbaijan]]", british_spelling = true},
	-- British Overseas Territory
	["Ascension Island"] = {divtype = {"overseas territory", "territory"}, parents = {"United Kingdom", "Atlantic Ocean"}, british_spelling = true},
	-- constituent country of the Netherlands
	["Aruba"] = {divtype = {"constituent country", "country"}, parents = {"Netherlands", "North America"}},
	-- British Overseas Territory
	["Bermuda"] = {divtype = {"overseas territory", "territory"}, parents = {"United Kingdom", "North America"}, british_spelling = true},
	-- British Overseas Territory
	["the British Indian Ocean Territory"] = {divtype = {"overseas territory", "territory"}, parents = {"United Kingdom", "North America"}, british_spelling = true},
	-- British Overseas Territory
	["the British Virgin Islands"] = {divtype = {"overseas territory", "territory"}, parents = {"United Kingdom", "North America"}, british_spelling = true},
	-- British Overseas Territory
	["the Cayman Islands"] = {divtype = {"overseas territory", "territory"}, parents = {"United Kingdom", "North America"}, british_spelling = true},
	-- Australian external territory
	["Christmas Island"] = {divtype = {"external territory", "territory"}, parents = {"Australia", "Asia"}, british_spelling = true},
	-- Australian external territory; also called the Keeling Islands or (officially) the Cocos (Keeling) Islands
	["the Cocos Islands"] = {divtype = {"external territory", "territory"}, parents = {"Australia", "Asia"}, british_spelling = true,
		wp = "Cocos (Keeling) Islands" },
	-- self-governing but in free association with New Zealand
	["the Cook Islands"] = {divtype = {"country"}, parents = {"Polynesia", "New Zealand"}, british_spelling = true},
	-- constituent country of the Netherlands
	["Curaçao"] = {divtype = {"constituent country", "country"}, parents = {"Netherlands", "North America"}},
	-- special territory of Chile
	["Easter Island"] = {divtype = {"special territory", "territory"}, parents = {"Chile", "Polynesia"}},
	-- British Overseas Territory
	["the Falkland Islands"] = {divtype = {"overseas territory", "territory"}, parents = {"United Kingdom", "South America"}, british_spelling = true},
	-- autonomous territory of Denmark
	["the Faroe Islands"] = {divtype = {"autonomous territory", "territory"}, parents = {"Denmark", "Europe"}},
	-- overseas department of France
	["French Guiana"] = {divtype = {"overseas department", "department"}, parents = {"France", "South America"}},
	-- overseas collectivity of France
	["French Polynesia"] = {divtype = {"overseas collectivity", "collectivity"}, parents = {"France", "Polynesia"}},
	-- British Overseas Territory
	["Gibraltar"] = {divtype = {"overseas territory", "territory"}, parents = {"United Kingdom", "North America"}, british_spelling = true},
	-- autonomous territory of Denmark
	["Greenland"] = {divtype = {"autonomous territory", "territory"}, parents = {"Denmark", "North America"}, poldiv = {"municipalities"}},
	-- overseas department of France
	["Guadeloupe"] = {divtype = {"overseas department", "department"}, parents = {"France", "North America"}},
	-- unincorporated territory of the United States
	["Guam"] = {divtype = {"unincorporated territory", "overseas territory", "territory"}, parents = {"United States", "Micronesia"}},
	-- self-governing British Crown dependency; technically called the Bailiwick of Guernsey
	["Guernsey"] = {divtype = {"crown dependency", "dependency", "dependent territory", "bailiwick", "territory"}, parents = {"British Isles", "Europe"}, british_spelling = true},
	-- special administrative region of China
	["Hong Kong"] = {divtype = "special administrative region", parents = {"China"}},
	-- self-governing British Crown dependency
	["the Isle of Man"] = {divtype = {"crown dependency", "dependency", "dependent territory", "territory"}, parents = {"British Isles", "Europe"}, british_spelling = true},
	-- self-governing British Crown dependency; technically called the Bailiwick of Jersey
	["Jersey"] = {divtype = {"crown dependency", "dependency", "dependent territory", "bailiwick", "territory"}, parents = {"British Isles", "Europe"}, british_spelling = true},
	-- special administrative region of China
	["Macau"] = {divtype = "special administrative region", parents = {"China"}},
	-- overseas department of France
	["Martinique"] = {divtype = {"overseas department", "department"}, parents = {"France", "North America"}},
	-- British Overseas Territory
	["Montserrat"] = {divtype = {"overseas territory", "territory"}, parents = {"United Kingdom", "North America"}, british_spelling = true},
	-- special collectivity of France
	["New Caledonia"] = {divtype = {"special collectivity", "collectivity"}, parents = {"France", "Melanesia"}},
	-- self-governing but in free association with New Zealand
	["Niue"] = {divtype = {"country"}, parents = {"Polynesia", "New Zealand"}, british_spelling = true},
	-- Australian external territory
	["Norfolk Island"] = {divtype = {"external territory", "territory"}, parents = {"Australia", "Polynesia"}, british_spelling = true},
	-- commonwealth, unincorporated territory of the United States
	["the Northern Mariana Islands"] = {divtype = {"commonwealth", "unincorporated territory", "overseas territory", "territory"}, parents = {"United States", "Micronesia"}},
	-- British Overseas Territory
	["the Pitcairn Islands"] = {divtype = {"overseas territory", "territory"}, parents = {"United Kingdom", "Polynesia"}, british_spelling = true},
	-- commonwealth of the United States
	["Puerto Rico"] = {divtype = {"commonwealth", "overseas territory", "territory"}, parents = {"United States", "North America"}, poldiv = {"municipalities"}},
	-- overseas collectivity of France
	["Saint Barthélemy"] = {divtype = {"overseas collectivity", "collectivity"}, parents = {"France", "North America"}},
	-- British Overseas Territory
	["Saint Helena"] = {divtype = {"overseas territory", "territory"}, parents = {"United Kingdom", "Atlantic Ocean"}, british_spelling = true},
	-- overseas collectivity of France
	["Saint Martin"] = {divtype = {"overseas collectivity", "collectivity"}, parents = {"France", "North America"}},
	-- overseas collectivity of France
	["Saint Pierre and Miquelon"] = {divtype = {"overseas collectivity", "collectivity"}, parents = {"France", "North America"}},
	-- de-facto independent state, internationally recognized as part of Georgia
	["South Ossetia"] = {divtype = {"unrecognized state", "country"}, parents = {"Georgia", "Europe", "Asia"},
		keydesc = "the de-facto independent state of [[South Ossetia]], internationally recognized as part of the country of [[Georgia]]", british_spelling = true},
	-- constituent country of the Netherlands
	["Sint Maarten"] = {divtype = {"constituent country", "country"}, parents = {"Netherlands", "North America"}},
	-- British Overseas Territory
	["South Georgia"] = {divtype = {"overseas territory", "territory"}, parents = {"United Kingdom", "Atlantic Ocean"}, british_spelling = true},
	-- British Overseas Territory
	["the South Sandwich Islands"] = {divtype = {"overseas territory", "territory"}, parents = {"United Kingdom", "Atlantic Ocean"}, british_spelling = true,
		wp = true, wpcat = "South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands"
	},
	-- dependent territory of New Zealnd
	["Tokelau"] = {divtype = {"dependent territory", "territory"}, parents = {"New Zealand", "Polynesia"}, british_spelling = true},
	-- de-facto independent state, internationally recognized as part of Moldova
	["Transnistria"] = {divtype = {"unrecognized state", "country"}, parents = {"Moldova", "Europe"},
		keydesc = "the de-facto independent state of [[Transnistria]], internationally recognized as part of [[Moldova]]", british_spelling = true},
	-- British Overseas Territory
	["Tristan da Cunha"] = {divtype = {"overseas territory", "territory"}, parents = {"United Kingdom", "Atlantic Ocean"}, british_spelling = true},
	-- British Overseas Territory
	["the Turks and Caicos Islands"] = {divtype = {"overseas territory", "territory"}, parents = {"United Kingdom", "North America"}, british_spelling = true},
	-- unincorporated territory of the United States
	["the United States Virgin Islands"] = {divtype = {"unincorporated territory", "overseas territory", "territory"}, parents = {"United States", "North America"}},
	-- unincorporated territory of the United States
	["Wake Island"] = {divtype = {"unincorporated territory", "overseas territory", "territory"}, parents = {"United States", "North America"}},
	-- overseas collectivity of France
	["Wallis and Futuna"] = {divtype = {"overseas collectivity", "collectivity"}, parents = {"France", "Polynesia"}},
}

export.former_countries = {
	["Czechoslovakia"] = {parents = {"Europe"}, british_spelling = true},
	["East Germany"] = {parents = {"Europe", "Germany"}, british_spelling = true},
	["North Vietnam"] = {parents = {"Asia", "Vietnam"}},
	["Persia"] = {parents = {"Asia"}, poldiv = {"provinces"}},
	["the Roman Empire"] = {divtype = {"empire", "country"}, parents = {"Europe", "Africa", "Asia", "Rome"}, poldiv = {"provinces"}},
	["South Vietnam"] = {parents = {"Asia", "Vietnam"}},
	["the Soviet Union"] = {parents = {"Europe", "Asia"}, poldiv = {"republics", "autonomous republics"}, british_spelling = true},
	["West Germany"] = {parents = {"Europe", "Germany"}, british_spelling = true},
	["Yugoslavia"] = {parents = {"Europe"}, poldiv = {"districts"},
		keydesc = "the former [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]] (1918-1943) or the former [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] (1943-1992)", british_spelling = true},
}

export.australian_states_and_territories = {
	["the Australian Capital Territory"] = {divtype = "territory"},
	["New South Wales"] = {},
	["the Northern Territory"] = {divtype = "territory"},
	["Queensland"] = {},
	["South Australia"] = {},
	["Tasmania"] = {},
	["Victoria"] = {},
	["Western Australia"] = {},
}

export.austrian_states = {
	["Vienna"] = {},
	["Lower Austria"] = {},
	["Upper Austria"] = {},
	["Styria"] = {},
	["Tyrol"] = {},
	["Carinthia"] = {},
	["Salzburg"] = {},
	["Vorarlberg"] = {},
	["Burgenland"] = {},
}

export.bangladeshi_divisions = {
	["Barisal Division"] = {},
	["Chittagong Division"] = {},
	["Dhaka Division"] = {},
	["Khulna Division"] = {},
	["Mymensingh Division"] = {},
	["Rajshahi Division"] = {},
	["Rangpur Division"] = {},
	["Sylhet Division"] = {},
}

export.brazilian_states = {
	["Acre, Brazil"] = {},
	["Alagoas, Brazil"] = {},
	["Amapá, Brazil"] = {},
	["Amazonas, Brazil"] = {},
	["Bahia, Brazil"] = {},
	["Ceará, Brazil"] = {},
	["Distrito Federal, Brazil"] = {},
	["Espírito Santo, Brazil"] = {},
	["Goiás, Brazil"] = {},
	["Maranhão, Brazil"] = {},
	["Mato Grosso, Brazil"] = {},
	["Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil"] = {},
	["Minas Gerais, Brazil"] = {},
	["Pará, Brazil"] = {},
	["Paraíba, Brazil"] = {},
	["Paraná, Brazil"] = {},
	["Pernambuco, Brazil"] = {},
	["Piauí, Brazil"] = {},
	["Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"] = {},
	["Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil"] = {},
	["Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil"] = {},
	["Rondônia, Brazil"] = {},
	["Roraima, Brazil"] = {},
	["Santa Catarina, Brazil"] = {},
	["São Paulo, Brazil"] = {},
	["Sergipe, Brazil"] = {},
	["Tocantins, Brazil"] = {},
}

local rural_municipalities = {"rural municipalities", parent="rural municipalities"}
local canadian_counties = {"counties", parent="counties of Canada"}
export.canadian_provinces_and_territories = {
	["Alberta"] = {poldiv = {"municipal districts"}},
	["British Columbia"] = {poldiv = {"regional districts", "regional municipalities"}},
	["Manitoba"] = {poldiv = {rural_municipalities}},
	["New Brunswick"] = {poldiv = {canadian_counties}},
	["Newfoundland and Labrador"] = {},
	["the Northwest Territories"] = {divtype = "territory"},
	["Nova Scotia"] = {poldiv = {canadian_counties, "regional municipalities"}},
	["Nunavut"] = {divtype = "territory"},
	["Ontario"] = {poldiv = {canadian_counties, "regional municipalities"}},
	["Prince Edward Island"] = {poldiv = {canadian_counties, rural_municipalities}},
	["Saskatchewan"] = {poldiv = {rural_municipalities}},
	["Quebec"] = {poldiv = {canadian_counties, "regional county municipalities"}},
	["Yukon"] = {divtype = "territory"},
}

-- table of Chinese provinces and autonomous regions; interpolated into the main 'places' table, but also needed separately
export.chinese_provinces_and_autonomous_regions = {
	["Anhui"] = {},
	["Fujian"] = {},
	["Gansu"] = {},
	["Guangdong"] = {},
	["Guangxi"] = {divtype = "autonomous region"},
	["Guizhou"] = {},
	["Hainan"] = {},
	["Hebei"] = {},
	["Heilongjiang"] = {},
	["Henan"] = {},
	["Hubei"] = {},
	["Hunan"] = {},
	["Inner Mongolia"] = {divtype = "autonomous region"},
	["Jiangsu"] = {},
	["Jiangxi"] = {},
	["Jilin"] = {},
	["Liaoning"] = {},
	["Ningxia"] = {divtype = "autonomous region"},
	["Qinghai"] = {},
	["Shaanxi"] = {},
	["Shandong"] = {},
	["Shanxi"] = {},
	["Sichuan"] = {},
	["Tibet"] = {divtype = "autonomous region"},
	["Xinjiang"] = {divtype = "autonomous region"},
	["Yunnan"] = {},
	["Zhejiang"] = {},
}

export.finnish_regions = {
	["Lapland, Finland"] = {},
	["North Ostrobothnia, Finland"] = {},
	["Kainuu, Finland"] = {},
	["North Karelia, Finland"] = {},
	["Northern Savonia, Finland"] = {},
	["Southern Savonia, Finland"] = {},
	["South Karelia, Finland"] = {},
	["Central Finland, Finland"] = {},
	["South Ostrobothnia, Finland"] = {},
	["Ostrobothnia, Finland"] = {},
	["Central Ostrobothnia, Finland"] = {},
	["Pirkanmaa, Finland"] = {},
	["Satakunta, Finland"] = {},
	["Päijänne Tavastia, Finland"] = {},
	["Tavastia Proper, Finland"] = {},
	["Kymenlaakso, Finland"] = {},
	["Uusimaa, Finland"] = {},
	["Southwest Finland, Finland"] = {},
	["the Åland Islands, Finland"] = {},
}

export.french_administrative_regions = {
	["Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes"] = {},
	["Bourgogne-Franche-Comté"] = {},
	["Brittany"] = {},
	["Centre-Val de Loire"] = {},
	["Corsica"] = {},
	["French Guiana"] = {},
	["Grand Est"] = {},
	["Guadeloupe"] = {},
	["Hauts-de-France"] = {},
	["Île-de-France"] = {},
	["Martinique"] = {},
	["Mayotte"] = {},
	["Normandy"] = {},
	["Nouvelle-Aquitaine"] = {},
	["Occitanie"] = {},
	["Pays de la Loire"] = {},
	["Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur"] = {},
	["Réunion"] = {},
}

export.german_states = {
	["Baden-Württemberg"] = {},
	["Bavaria"] = {},
	-- Berlin, Bremen and Hamburg are effectively city-states and don't have districts ([[Kreise]]), so override
	-- the default_poldiv setting.
	["Berlin"] = {poldiv = {}},
	["Brandenburg"] = {},
	["Bremen"] = {poldiv = {}},
	["Hamburg"] = {poldiv = {}},
	["Hesse"] = {},
	["Lower Saxony"] = {},
	["Mecklenburg-Vorpommern"] = {},
	["North Rhine-Westphalia"] = {},
	["Rhineland-Palatinate"] = {},
	["Saarland"] = {},
	["Saxony"] = {},
	["Saxony-Anhalt"] = {},
	["Schleswig-Holstein"] = {},
	["Thuringia"] = {},
}

-- Indian states and union territories. Only some of them are divided into
-- divisions.
export.indian_states_and_union_territories = {
	["Andaman and Nicobar Islands"] = {divtype = "union territory"},
	["Andhra Pradesh"] = {},
	["Arunachal Pradesh"] = {poldiv = {"divisions"}},
	["Assam"] = {poldiv = {"divisions"}},
	["Bihar"] = {poldiv = {"divisions"}},
	["Chandigarh"] = {divtype = "union territory"},
	["Chhattisgarh"] = {poldiv = {"divisions"}},
	["Dadra and Nagar Haveli"] = {divtype = "union territory"},
	["Daman and Diu"] = {divtype = "union territory"},
	["Delhi"] = {divtype = "union territory", poldiv = {"divisions"}},
	["Goa"] = {},
	["Gujarat"] = {},
	["Haryana"] = {poldiv = {"divisions"}},
	["Himachal Pradesh"] = {poldiv = {"divisions"}},
	["Jammu and Kashmir"] = {divtype = "union territory", poldiv = {"divisions"}},
	["Jharkhand"] = {poldiv = {"divisions"}},
	["Karnataka"] = {poldiv = {"divisions"}},
	["Kerala"] = {},
	["Ladakh"] = {divtype = "union territory", poldiv = {"divisions"}},
	["Lakshadweep"] = {divtype = "union territory"},
	["Madhya Pradesh"] = {poldiv = {"divisions"}},
	["Maharashtra"] = {poldiv = {"divisions"}},
	["Manipur"] = {},
	["Meghalaya"] = {poldiv = {"divisions"}},
	["Mizoram"] = {},
	["Nagaland"] = {poldiv = {"divisions"}},
	["Odisha"] = {poldiv = {"divisions"}},
	["Puducherry"] = {divtype = "union territory"},
	["Punjab"] = {poldiv = {"divisions"}},
	["Rajasthan"] = {poldiv = {"divisions"}},
	["Sikkim"] = {},
	["Tamil Nadu"] = {},
	["Telangana"] = {},
	["Tripura"] = {},
	["Uttar Pradesh"] = {poldiv = {"divisions"}},
	["Uttarakhand"] = {poldiv = {"divisions"}},
	["West Bengal"] = {poldiv = {"divisions"}},
}

export.indonesian_provinces = {
	["Aceh"] = {},
	["Bali"] = {},
	["Bangka Belitung Islands"] = {},
	["Banten"] = {},
	["Bengkulu"] = {},
	["Central Java"] = {},
	["Central Kalimantan"] = {},
	["Central Papua"] = {},
	["Central Sulawesi"] = {},
	["East Java"] = {},
	["East Kalimantan"] = {},
	["East Nusa Tenggara"] = {},
	["Gorontalo"] = {},
	["Highland Papua"] = {},
	["Special Capital Region of Jakarta"] = {},
	["Jambi"] = {},
	["Lampung"] = {},
	["Maluku"] = {},
	["North Kalimantan"] = {},
	["North Maluku"] = {},
	["North Sulawesi"] = {},
	["North Papua"] = {},
	["North Sumatra"] = {},
	["Papua"] = {},
	["Riau"] = {},
	["Riau Islands"] = {},
	["Southeast Sulawesi"] = {},
	["South Kalimantan"] = {},
	["South Papua"] = {},
	["South Sulawesi"] = {},
	["South Sumatra"] = {},
	["Southwest Papua"] = {},
	["West Java"] = {},
	["West Kalimantan"] = {},
	["West Nusa Tenggara"] = {},
	["West Papua"] = {},
	["West Sulawesi"] = {},
	["West Sumatra"] = {},
	["Special Region of Yogyakarta"] = {},
}

export.irish_counties = {
	["County Carlow, Ireland"] = {},
	["County Cavan, Ireland"] = {},
	["County Clare, Ireland"] = {},
	["County Cork, Ireland"] = {},
	["County Donegal, Ireland"] = {},
	["County Dublin, Ireland"] = {},
	["County Galway, Ireland"] = {},
	["County Kerry, Ireland"] = {},
	["County Kildare, Ireland"] = {},
	["County Kilkenny, Ireland"] = {},
	["County Laois, Ireland"] = {},
	["County Leitrim, Ireland"] = {},
	["County Limerick, Ireland"] = {},
	["County Longford, Ireland"] = {},
	["County Louth, Ireland"] = {},
	["County Mayo, Ireland"] = {},
	["County Meath, Ireland"] = {},
	["County Monaghan, Ireland"] = {},
	["County Offaly, Ireland"] = {},
	["County Roscommon, Ireland"] = {},
	["County Sligo, Ireland"] = {},
	["County Tipperary, Ireland"] = {},
	["County Waterford, Ireland"] = {},
	["County Westmeath, Ireland"] = {},
	["County Wexford, Ireland"] = {},
	["County Wicklow, Ireland"] = {},
}

export.italian_administrative_regions = {
	["Abruzzo"] = {},
	["Aosta Valley"] = {divtype = {"autonomous region", "administrative region", "region"}},
	["Apulia"] = {},
	["Basilicata"] = {},
	["Calabria"] = {},
	["Campania"] = {},
	["Emilia-Romagna"] = {},
	["Friuli-Venezia Giulia"] = {divtype = {"autonomous region", "administrative region", "region"}},
	["Lazio"] = {},
	["Liguria"] = {},
	["Lombardy"] = {},
	["Marche"] = {},
	["Molise"] = {},
	["Piedmont"] = {},
	["Sardinia"] = {divtype = {"autonomous region", "administrative region", "region"}},
	["Sicily"] = {divtype = {"autonomous region", "administrative region", "region"}},
	["Trentino-Alto Adige"] = {divtype = {"autonomous region", "administrative region", "region"}},
	["Tuscany"] = {},
	["Umbria"] = {},
	["Veneto"] = {},
}

-- table of Japanese prefectures; interpolated into the main 'places' table, but also needed separately
export.japanese_prefectures = {
	["Aichi Prefecture"] = {},
	["Akita Prefecture"] = {},
	["Aomori Prefecture"] = {},
	["Chiba Prefecture"] = {},
	["Ehime Prefecture"] = {},
	["Fukui Prefecture"] = {},
	["Fukuoka Prefecture"] = {},
	["Fukushima Prefecture"] = {},
	["Gifu Prefecture"] = {},
	["Gunma Prefecture"] = {},
	["Hiroshima Prefecture"] = {},
	["Hokkaido"] = {poldiv = {{"subprefectures", parent="subprefectures of Japan"}}}, -- just "Hokkaido" not "Hokkaido Prefecture"
	["Hyōgo Prefecture"] = {},
	["Ibaraki Prefecture"] = {},
	["Ishikawa Prefecture"] = {},
	["Iwate Prefecture"] = {},
	["Kagawa Prefecture"] = {},
	["Kagoshima Prefecture"] = {},
	["Kanagawa Prefecture"] = {},
	["Kōchi Prefecture"] = {},
	["Kumamoto Prefecture"] = {},
	["Kyoto Prefecture"] = {},
	["Mie Prefecture"] = {},
	["Miyagi Prefecture"] = {},
	["Miyazaki Prefecture"] = {},
	["Nagano Prefecture"] = {},
	["Nagasaki Prefecture"] = {},
	["Nara Prefecture"] = {},
	["Niigata Prefecture"] = {},
	["Ōita Prefecture"] = {},
	["Okayama Prefecture"] = {},
	["Okinawa Prefecture"] = {},
	["Osaka Prefecture"] = {},
	["Saga Prefecture"] = {},
	["Saitama Prefecture"] = {},
	["Shiga Prefecture"] = {},
	["Shimane Prefecture"] = {},
	["Shizuoka Prefecture"] = {},
	["Tochigi Prefecture"] = {},
	["Tokushima Prefecture"] = {},
	["Tokyo"] = {keydesc = "[[Tokyo]] Metropolis", poldiv = {"special wards", {"subprefectures", parent="subprefectures of Japan"}}}, -- just "Tokyo" not "Tokyo Prefecture" or "Tokyo Metropolis"
	["Tottori Prefecture"] = {},
	["Toyama Prefecture"] = {},
	["Wakayama Prefecture"] = {},
	["Yamagata Prefecture"] = {},
	["Yamaguchi Prefecture"] = {},
	["Yamanashi Prefecture"] = {},
}

local function japanese_placename_to_key(placename)
	if placename == "Hokkaido" or placename == "Tokyo" then
		return placename
	end
	return placename .. " Prefecture"
end

export.north_korean_provinces = {
	["Chagang Province"] = {},
	["North Hamgyong Province"] = {},
	["South Hamgyong Province"] = {},
	["North Hwanghae Province"] = {},
	["South Hwanghae Province"] = {},
	["Kangwon Province"] = {},
	["North Pyongan Province"] = {},
	["South Pyongan Province"] = {},
	["Ryanggang Province"] = {},
}

export.south_korean_provinces = {
	["North Chungcheong Province"] = {},
	["South Chungcheong Province"] = {},
	["Gangwon Province"] = {},
	["Gyeonggi Province"] = {},
	["North Gyeongsang Province"] = {},
	["South Gyeongsang Province"] = {},
	["North Jeolla Province"] = {},
	["South Jeolla Province"] = {},
	["Jeju Province"] = {},
}

export.laotian_provinces = {
	["Attapeu province, Laos"] = {},
	["Bokeo province, Laos"] = {},
	["Bolikhamxai province, Laos"] = {},
	["Champasak province, Laos"] = {},
	["Houaphanh province, Laos"] = {},
	["Khammouane province, Laos"] = {},
	["Luang Namtha province, Laos"] = {},
	["Luang Prabang province, Laos"] = {},
	["Oudomxay province, Laos"] = {},
	["Phongsaly province, Laos"] = {},
	["Salavan province, Laos"] = {},
	["Savannakhet province, Laos"] = {},
	["Vientiane province, Laos"] = {},
	["Vientiane Prefecture, Laos"] = {divtype = "prefecture"},
	["Sainyabuli province, Laos"] = {},
	["Sekong province, Laos"] = {},
	["Xaisomboun province, Laos"] = {},
	["Xiangkhouang province, Laos"] = {},
}

local function laos_key_to_placename(key)
	key = key:gsub(", Laos$", "")
	local bare_key = key:gsub(" province$", "")
	if key == bare_key then
		return key
	else
		return {key, bare_key}
	end
end

local function laos_placename_to_key(placename)
	if placename == "Vientiane Prefecture" then
		return placename .. ", Laos"
	end
	return placename .. " province, Laos"
end

export.malaysian_states = {
	["Johor"] = {},
	["Kedah"] = {},
	["Kelantan"] = {},
	["Malacca"] = {},
	["Negeri Sembilan"] = {},
	["Pahang"] = {},
	["Penang"] = {},
	["Perak"] = {},
	["Perlis"] = {},
	["Sabah"] = {},
	["Sarawak"] = {},
	["Selangor"] = {},
	["Terengganu"] = {},
}

export.maltese_regions = {
	["Eastern Region, Malta"] = {},
	["Gozo Region, Malta"] = {},
	["Northern Region, Malta"] = {},
	["Port Region, Malta"] = {},
	["Southern Region, Malta"] = {},
	["Western Region, Malta"] = {},
}

export.mexican_states = {
	["Aguascalientes"] = {},
	["Baja California"] = {},
	["Baja California Sur"] = {},
	["Campeche"] = {},
	["Chiapas"] = {},
	["Mexico City"] = {},
	["Chihuahua"] = {},
	["Coahuila"] = {},
	["Colima"] = {},
	["Durango"] = {},
	["Guanajuato"] = {},
	["Guerrero"] = {},
	["Hidalgo"] = {},
	["Jalisco"] = {},
	["the State of Mexico"] = {},
	["Michoacán"] = {},
	["Morelos"] = {},
	["Nayarit"] = {},
	["Nuevo León"] = {},
	["Oaxaca"] = {},
	["Puebla"] = {},
	["Querétaro"] = {},
	["Quintana Roo"] = {},
	["San Luis Potosí"] = {},
	["Sinaloa"] = {},
	["Sonora"] = {},
	["Tabasco"] = {},
	["Tamaulipas"] = {},
	["Tlaxcala"] = {},
	["Veracruz"] = {},
	["Yucatán"] = {},
	["Zacatecas"] = {},
}
		
export.moroccan_regions = {
	["Tangier-Tetouan-Al Hoceima"] = {},
	["Oriental"] = {},
	["Fez-Meknes"] = {},
	["Rabat-Sale-Kenitra"] = {},
	["Beni Mellal-Khenifra"] = {},
	["Casablanca-Settat"] = {},
	["Marrakesh-Safi"] = {},
	["Draa-Tafilalet"] = {},
	["Souss-Massa"] = {},
	["Guelmim-Oued Noun"] = {},
	["Laayoune-Sakia El Hamra"] = {},
	["Dakhla-Oued Ed-Dahab"] = {},
}

export.netherlands_provinces = {
	["Drenthe, Netherlands"] = {},
	["Flevoland, Netherlands"] = {},
	["Friesland, Netherlands"] = {},
	["Gelderland, Netherlands"] = {},
	["Groningen, Netherlands"] = {},
	["Limburg, Netherlands"] = {},
	["North Brabant, Netherlands"] = {},
	["North Holland, Netherlands"] = {},
	["Overijssel, Netherlands"] = {},
	["South Holland, Netherlands"] = {},
	["Utrecht, Netherlands"] = {},
	["Zeeland, Netherlands"] = {},
}

export.nigerian_states= {
	["Abia State, Nigeria"] = {},
	["Adamawa State, Nigeria"] = {},
	["Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria"] = {},
	["Anambra State, Nigeria"] = {},
	["Bauchi State, Nigeria"] = {},
	["Bayelsa State, Nigeria"] = {},
	["Benue State, Nigeria"] = {},
	["Borno State, Nigeria"] = {},
	["Cross River State, Nigeria"] = {},
	["Delta State, Nigeria"] = {},
	["Ebonyi State, Nigeria"] = {},
	["Edo State, Nigeria"] = {},
	["Ekiti State, Nigeria"] = {},
	["Enugu State, Nigeria"] = {},
	["Gombe State, Nigeria"] = {},
	["Imo State, Nigeria"] = {},
	["Jigawa State, Nigeria"] = {},
	["Kaduna State, Nigeria"] = {},
	["Kano State, Nigeria"] = {},
    ["Katsina State, Nigeria"] = {},
	["Kebbi State, Nigeria"] = {},
	["Kogi State, Nigeria"] = {},
	["Kwara State, Nigeria"] = {},
	["Lagos State, Nigeria"] = {},
	["Nasarawa State, Nigeria"] = {},
	["Niger State, Nigeria"] = {},
	["Ogun State, Nigeria"] = {},
	["Ondo State, Nigeria"] = {},
	["Osun State, Nigeria"] = {},
	["Oyo State, Nigeria"] = {},
	["Plateau State, Nigeria"] = {},
	["Rivers State"] = {},
	["Sokoto State, Nigeria"] = {},
	["Taraba State, Nigeria"] = {},
	["Yobe State, Nigeria"] = {},
	["Zamfara State, Nigeria"] = {},
}

local function nigeria_placename_to_key(placename)
	if placename == "Rivers State" then
		return placename
	end
	return placename .. " State, Nigeria"
end

export.norwegian_counties = {
	["Østfold"] = {},
	["Akershus"] = {},
	["Oslo"] = {},
	["Hedmark"] = {},
	["Oppland"] = {},
	["Buskerud"] = {},
	["Vestfold"] = {},
	["Telemark"] = {},
	["Aust-Agder"] = {},
	["Vest-Agder"] = {},
	["Rogaland"] = {},
	["Hordaland"] = {},
	["Sogn og Fjordane"] = {},
	["Møre og Romsdal"] = {},
	["Nordland"] = {},
	["Troms"] = {},
	["Finnmark"] = {},
	["Trøndelag"] = {},
}

export.philippine_provinces = {
	["Abra, Philippines"] = {},
	["Agusan del Norte, Philippines"] = {},
	["Agusan del Sur, Philippines"] = {},
	["Aklan, Philippines"] = {},
	["Albay, Philippines"] = {},
	["Antique, Philippines"] = {},
	["Apayao, Philippines"] = {},
	["Aurora, Philippines"] = {},
	["Basilan, Philippines"] = {},
	["Bataan, Philippines"] = {},
	["Batanes, Philippines"] = {},
	["Batangas, Philippines"] = {},
	["Benguet, Philippines"] = {},
	["Biliran, Philippines"] = {},
	["Bohol, Philippines"] = {},
	["Bukidnon, Philippines"] = {},
	["Bulacan, Philippines"] = {},
	["Cagayan, Philippines"] = {},
	["Camarines Norte, Philippines"] = {},
	["Camarines Sur, Philippines"] = {},
	["Camiguin, Philippines"] = {},
	["Capiz, Philippines"] = {},
	["Catanduanes, Philippines"] = {},
	["Cavite, Philippines"] = {},
	["Cebu, Philippines"] = {},
	["Cotabato, Philippines"] = {},
	["Davao de Oro, Philippines"] = {},
	["Davao del Norte, Philippines"] = {},
	["Davao del Sur, Philippines"] = {},
	["Davao Occidental, Philippines"] = {},
	["Davao Oriental, Philippines"] = {},
	["Dinagat Islands, Philippines"] = {},
	["Eastern Samar, Philippines"] = {},
	["Guimaras, Philippines"] = {},
	["Ifugao, Philippines"] = {},
	["Ilocos Norte, Philippines"] = {},
	["Ilocos Sur, Philippines"] = {},
	["Iloilo, Philippines"] = {},
	["Isabela, Philippines"] = {},
	["Kalinga, Philippines"] = {},
	["La Union, Philippines"] = {},
	["Laguna, Philippines"] = {},
	["Lanao del Norte, Philippines"] = {},
	["Lanao del Sur, Philippines"] = {},
	["Leyte, Philippines"] = {},
	["Maguindanao del Norte, Philippines"] = {},
    ["Maguindanao del Sur, Philippines"] = {},
	["Marinduque, Philippines"] = {},
	["Masbate, Philippines"] = {},
	["Misamis Occidental, Philippines"] = {},
	["Misamis Oriental, Philippines"] = {},
	["Mountain Province, Philippines"] = {},
	["Negros Occidental, Philippines"] = {},
	["Negros Oriental, Philippines"] = {},
	["Northern Samar, Philippines"] = {},
	["Nueva Ecija, Philippines"] = {},
	["Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines"] = {},
	["Occidental Mindoro, Philippines"] = {},
	["Oriental Mindoro, Philippines"] = {},
	["Palawan, Philippines"] = {},
	["Pampanga, Philippines"] = {},
	["Pangasinan, Philippines"] = {},
	["Quezon, Philippines"] = {},
	["Quirino, Philippines"] = {},
	["Rizal, Philippines"] = {},
	["Romblon, Philippines"] = {},
	["Samar, Philippines"] = {},
	["Sarangani, Philippines"] = {},
	["Siquijor, Philippines"] = {},
	["Sorsogon, Philippines"] = {},
	["South Cotabato, Philippines"] = {},
	["Southern Leyte, Philippines"] = {},
	["Sultan Kudarat, Philippines"] = {},
	["Sulu, Philippines"] = {},
	["Surigao del Norte, Philippines"] = {},
	["Surigao del Sur, Philippines"] = {},
	["Tarlac, Philippines"] = {},
	["Tawi-Tawi, Philippines"] = {},
	["Zambales, Philippines"] = {},
	["Zamboanga del Norte, Philippines"] = {},
	["Zamboanga del Sur, Philippines"] = {},
	["Zamboanga Sibugay, Philippines"] = {},
	--not a province but treated as a n
	["Metro Manila, Philippines"] = {divtype="region"},
}

export.russian_federal_subjects = {
	-- autonomous oblasts
	["the Jewish Autonomous Oblast"] = {divtype = {"autonomous oblast", "oblast"}},
	-- autonomous okrugs
	["Chukotka Autonomous Okrug"] = {divtype = "autonomous okrug"},
	["Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug"] = {divtype = "autonomous okrug"},
	["Nenets Autonomous Okrug"] = {divtype = "autonomous okrug"},
	["Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug"] = {divtype = "autonomous okrug"},
	-- krais
	["Altai Krai"] = {divtype = "krai"},
	["Kamchatka Krai"] = {divtype = "krai"},
	["Khabarovsk Krai"] = {divtype = "krai"},
	["Krasnodar Krai"] = {divtype = "krai"},
	["Krasnoyarsk Krai"] = {divtype = "krai"},
	["Perm Krai"] = {divtype = "krai"},
	["Primorsky Krai"] = {divtype = "krai"},
	["Stavropol Krai"] = {divtype = "krai"},
	["Zabaykalsky Krai"] = {divtype = "krai"},
	-- oblasts
	["Amur Oblast"] = {},
	["Arkhangelsk Oblast"] = {},
	["Astrakhan Oblast"] = {},
	["Belgorod Oblast"] = {},
	["Bryansk Oblast"] = {},
	["Chelyabinsk Oblast"] = {},
	["Irkutsk Oblast"] = {},
	["Ivanovo Oblast"] = {},
	["Kaliningrad Oblast"] = {},
	["Kaluga Oblast"] = {},
	["Kemerovo Oblast"] = {},
	["Kirov Oblast"] = {},
	["Kostroma Oblast"] = {},
	["Kurgan Oblast"] = {},
	["Kursk Oblast"] = {},
	["Leningrad Oblast"] = {},
	["Lipetsk Oblast"] = {},
	["Magadan Oblast"] = {},
	["Moscow Oblast"] = {},
	["Murmansk Oblast"] = {},
	["Nizhny Novgorod Oblast"] = {},
	["Novgorod Oblast"] = {},
	["Novosibirsk Oblast"] = {},
	["Omsk Oblast"] = {},
	["Orenburg Oblast"] = {},
	["Oryol Oblast"] = {},
	["Penza Oblast"] = {},
	["Pskov Oblast"] = {},
	["Rostov Oblast"] = {},
	["Ryazan Oblast"] = {},
	["Sakhalin Oblast"] = {},
	["Samara Oblast"] = {},
	["Saratov Oblast"] = {},
	["Smolensk Oblast"] = {},
	["Sverdlovsk Oblast"] = {},
	["Tambov Oblast"] = {},
	["Tomsk Oblast"] = {},
	["Tula Oblast"] = {},
	["Tver Oblast"] = {},
	["Tyumen Oblast"] = {},
	["Ulyanovsk Oblast"] = {},
	["Vladimir Oblast"] = {},
	["Volgograd Oblast"] = {},
	["Vologda Oblast"] = {},
	["Voronezh Oblast"] = {},
	["Yaroslavl Oblast"] = {},
	-- republics
	["the Republic of Adygea"] = {divtype = "republic"},
	["the Republic of Bashkortostan"] = {divtype = "republic"},
	["the Republic of Buryatia"] = {divtype = "republic"},
	["the Republic of Dagestan"] = {divtype = "republic"},
	["the Republic of Ingushetia"] = {divtype = "republic"},
	["the Republic of Kalmykia"] = {divtype = "republic"},
	["the Republic of Karelia"] = {divtype = "republic"},
	["the Republic of Khakassia"] = {divtype = "republic"},
	["the Republic of Mordovia"] = {divtype = "republic"},
	["the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania"] = {divtype = "republic"},
	["the Republic of Tatarstan"] = {divtype = "republic"},
	["the Altai Republic"] = {divtype = "republic"},
	["the Chechen Republic"] = {divtype = "republic"},
	["the Chuvash Republic"] = {divtype = "republic"},
	["the Kabardino-Balkar Republic"] = {divtype = "republic"},
	["the Karachay-Cherkess Republic"] = {divtype = "republic"},
	["the Komi Republic"] = {divtype = "republic"},
	["the Mari El Republic"] = {divtype = "republic"},
	["the Sakha Republic"] = {divtype = "republic"},
	["the Tuva Republic"] = {divtype = "republic"},
	["the Udmurt Republic"] = {divtype = "republic"},
	-- Not sure what to do about this one from a neutrality perspective
	-- ["the Republic of Crimea"] = {divtype = "republic"},
	-- There are also federal cities (not included because they're cities):
	-- Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Sevastopol (not sure what to do about the
	-- last one if we were to include federal cities, see "Republic of Crimea"
	-- above)
}

local function russian_placename_to_key(placename)
	-- We allow the user to say e.g. "obl/Samara" and "rep/Tatarstan" in place of
	-- "obl/Samara Oblast" and "rep/Republic of Tatarstan".
	if export.russian_federal_subjects[placename] or export.russian_federal_subjects["the " .. placename] then
		return placename
	end
	for _, suffix in ipairs({"Autonomous Okrug", "Krai", "Oblast"}) do
		local suffixed_placename = placename .. " " .. suffix
		if export.russian_federal_subjects[suffixed_placename] then
			return suffixed_placename
		end
	end
	local republic_placename = "Republic of " .. placename
	if export.russian_federal_subjects["the " .. republic_placename] then
		return republic_placename
	end
	local republic_placename = placename .. " Republic"
	if export.russian_federal_subjects["the " .. republic_placename] then
		return republic_placename
	end
	return placename
end

export.spanish_autonomous_communities = {
	["Andalusia"] = {},
	["Aragon"] = {},
	["Asturias"] = {},
	["the Balearic Islands"] = {},
	["the Basque Country"] = {},
	["the Canary Islands"] = {},
	["Cantabria"] = {},
	["Castile and León"] = {},
	["Castilla-La Mancha"] = {},
	["Catalonia"] = {},
	["the Community of Madrid"] = {},
	["Extremadura"] = {},
	["Galicia"] = {},
	["La Rioja"] = {},
	["Murcia"] = {},
	["Navarre"] = {},
	["Valencia"] = {},
}

export.taiwanese_counties = {
	["Changhua County"] = {},
	["Chiayi County"] = {},
	["Hsinchu County"] = {},
	["Hualien County"] = {},
	["Kinmen County"] = {},
	["Lienchiang County"] = {},
	["Miaoli County"] = {},
	["Nantou County"] = {},
	["Penghu County"] = {},
	["Pingtung County"] = {},
	["Taitung County"] = {},
	["Yilan County"] = {},
	["Yunlin County"] = {},
}

export.thai_provinces = {
	["Amnat Charoen province"] = {},
	["Ang Thong province"] = {},
	["Bueng Kan province"] = {},
	["Buriram province"] = {},
	["Chachoengsao province"] = {},
	["Chai Nat province"] = {},
	["Chaiyaphum province"] = {},
	["Chanthaburi province"] = {},
	["Chiang Mai province"] = {},
	["Chiang Rai province"] = {},
	["Chonburi province"] = {},
	["Chumphon province"] = {},
	["Kalasin province"] = {},
	["Kamphaeng Phet province"] = {},
	["Kanchanaburi province"] = {},
	["Khon Kaen province"] = {},
	["Krabi province"] = {},
	["Lampang province"] = {},
	["Lamphun province"] = {},
	["Loei province"] = {},
	["Lopburi province"] = {},
	["Mae Hong Son province"] = {},
	["Maha Sarakham province"] = {},
	["Mukdahan province"] = {},
	["Nakhon Nayok province"] = {},
	["Nakhon Pathom province"] = {},
	["Nakhon Phanom province"] = {},
	["Nakhon Ratchasima province"] = {},
	["Nakhon Sawon province"] = {},
	["Nakhon Si Thammarat province"] = {},
	["Nan province"] = {},
	["Narathiwat province"] = {},
	["Nong Bua Lamphu province"] = {},
	["Nong Khai province"] = {},
	["Nonthaburi province"] = {},
	["Pathum Thani province"] = {},
	["Pattani province"] = {},
	["Phang Nga province"] = {},
	["Phatthalung province"] = {},
	["Phayao province"] = {},
	["Phetchabun province"] = {},
	["Phetchaburi province"] = {},
	["Phichit province"] = {},
	["Phitsanulok province"] = {},
	["Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya province"] = {},
	["Phrae province"] = {},
	["Phuket province"] = {},
	["Prachinburi province"] = {},
	["Prachuap Khiri Khan province"] = {},
	["Ranong province"] = {},
	["Ratchaburi province"] = {},
	["Rayong province"] = {},
	["Roi Et province"] = {},
	["Sa Kaeo province"] = {},
	["Sakon Nakhon province"] = {},
	["Samut Prakan province"] = {},
	["Samut Sakhon province"] = {},
	["Samut Songkhram province"] = {},
	["Saraburi province"] = {},
	["Satun province"] = {},
	["Sing Buri province"] = {},
	["Sisaket province"] = {},
	["Songkhla province"] = {},
	["Sukhothai province"] = {},
	["Suphan Buri province"] = {},
	["Surat Thani province"] = {},
	["Surin province"] = {},
	["Tak province"] = {},
	["Trang province"] = {},
	["Trat province"] = {},
	["Ubon Ratchathani province"] = {},
	["Udon Thani province"] = {},
	["Uthai Thani province"] = {},
	["Uttaradit province"] = {},
	["Yala province"] = {},
	["Yasothon province"] = {},
}

export.uk_constituent_countries = {
	["England"] = {poldiv = {"regions", "counties", "districts", "civil parishes"}},
	["Northern Ireland"] = {divtype = "province", parents = {"United Kingdom", "Ireland"},
		poldiv = {"districts"}, miscdiv = {"traditional counties"}},
	["Scotland"] = {poldiv = {"council areas"}, miscdiv = {"regions", "districts", "traditional counties"}},
	["Wales"] = {poldiv = {"counties", "county boroughs", "communities"}},
}

-- table of US states; interpolated into the main 'places' table, but also needed separately
export.us_states = {
	["Alabama, USA"] = {},
	["Alaska, USA"] = {poldiv = {
		{"boroughs", parent="counties of the United States"},
		{"borough seats", parent="county seats of the United States"},
	}},
	["Arizona, USA"] = {},
	["Arkansas, USA"] = {},
	["California, USA"] = {},
	["Colorado, USA"] = {},
	["Connecticut, USA"] = {},
	["Delaware, USA"] = {},
	["Florida, USA"] = {},
	["Georgia, USA"] = {},
	["Hawaii, USA"] = {parents = {"United States", "Polynesia"}},
	["Idaho, USA"] = {},
	["Illinois, USA"] = {},
	["Indiana, USA"] = {},
	["Iowa, USA"] = {},
	["Kansas, USA"] = {},
	["Kentucky, USA"] = {},
	["Louisiana, USA"] = {poldiv = {
		{"parishes", parent="counties of the United States"},
		{"parish seats", parent="county seats of the United States"},
	}},
	["Maine, USA"] = {},
	["Maryland, USA"] = {},
	["Massachusetts, USA"] = {},
	["Michigan, USA"] = {},
	["Minnesota, USA"] = {},
	["Mississippi, USA"] = {},
	["Missouri, USA"] = {},
	["Montana, USA"] = {},
	["Nebraska, USA"] = {},
	["Nevada, USA"] = {},
	["New Hampshire, USA"] = {},
	["New Jersey, USA"] = {},
	["New Mexico, USA"] = {},
	["New York, USA"] = {},
	["North Carolina, USA"] = {},
	["North Dakota, USA"] = {},
	["Ohio, USA"] = {},
	["Oklahoma, USA"] = {},
	["Oregon, USA"] = {},
	["Pennsylvania, USA"] = {},
	["Rhode Island, USA"] = {},
	["South Carolina, USA"] = {},
	["South Dakota, USA"] = {},
	["Tennessee, USA"] = {},
	["Texas, USA"] = {},
	["Utah, USA"] = {},
	["Vermont, USA"] = {},
	["Virginia, USA"] = {},
	["Washington, USA"] = {},
	["West Virginia, USA"] = {},
	["Wisconsin, USA"] = {},
	["Wyoming, USA"] = {},
}

export.english_counties = {
	-- ["Avon, England"] = {}, -- no longer
	["Bedfordshire, England"] = {},
	["Berkshire, England"] = {},
	-- ["Brighton and Hove, England"] = {}, -- city
	-- ["Bristol, England"] = {}, -- city
	["Buckinghamshire, England"] = {},
	["Cambridgeshire, England"] = {},
	-- ["Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely, England"] = {}, -- no longer
	["Cheshire, England"] = {},
	-- ["Cleveland, England"] = {}, -- no longer
	["Cornwall, England"] = {},
	-- ["Cumberland, England"] = {}, -- no longer
	["Cumbria, England"] = {},
	["Derbyshire, England"] = {},
	["Devon, England"] = {},
	["Dorset, England"] = {},
	["County Durham, England"] = {},
	-- ["East Suffolk, England"] = {}, -- no longer
	["East Sussex, England"] = {},
	["Essex, England"] = {},
	["Gloucestershire, England"] = {},
	["Greater London, England"] = {},
	["Greater Manchester, England"] = {},
	["Hampshire, England"] = {},
	-- ["Hereford and Worcester, England"] = {}, -- no longer
	["Herefordshire, England"] = {}, 
	["Hertfordshire, England"] = {},
	-- ["Humberside, England"] = {}, -- no longer
	-- ["Huntingdon and Peterborough, England"] = {}, -- no longer
	-- ["Huntingdonshire, England"] = {}, -- no longer
	-- ["the Isle of Ely, England"] = {}, -- no longer
	["the Isle of Wight, England"] = {},
	["Kent, England"] = {},
	["Lancashire, England"] = {},
	["Leicestershire, England"] = {},
	["Lincolnshire, England"] = {},
	-- ["the County of London, England"] = {}, -- no longer
	["Merseyside, England"] = {},
	-- ["Middlesex, England"] = {}, -- no longer
	["Norfolk, England"] = {},
	["Northamptonshire, England"] = {},
	["Northumberland, England"] = {},
	-- ["North Humberside, England"] = {}, -- no longer
	["North Yorkshire, England"] = {},
	["Nottinghamshire, England"] = {},
	["Oxfordshire, England"] = {},
	-- ["the Soke of Peterborough, England"] = {}, -- no longer
	["Rutland, England"] = {},
	["Shropshire, England"] = {},
	["Somerset, England"] = {},
	["South Humberside, England"] = {},
	["South Yorkshire, England"] = {},
	["Staffordshire, England"] = {},
	["Suffolk, England"] = {},
	["Surrey, England"] = {},
	-- ["Sussex, England"] = {}, -- no longer
	["Tyne and Wear, England"] = {},
	["Warwickshire, England"] = {},
	["the West Midlands, England"] = {},
	-- ["Westmorland, England"] = {}, -- no longer
	-- ["West Suffolk, England"] = {}, -- no longer
	["West Sussex, England"] = {},
	["West Yorkshire, England"] = {},
	["Wiltshire, England"] = {},
	["Worcestershire, England"] = {},
	-- ["Yorkshire, England"] = {}, -- no longer
	["the East Riding of Yorkshire, England"] = {},
	-- ["the North Riding of Yorkshire, England"] = {}, -- no longer
	-- ["the West Riding of Yorkshire, England"] = {}, -- no longer
}

export.northern_irish_counties = {
	["County Antrim, Northern Ireland"] = {},
	["County Armagh, Northern Ireland"] = {},
	["the City of Belfast, Northern Ireland"] = {is_city = true},
	["County Down, Northern Ireland"] = {},
	["County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland"] = {},
	["County Londonderry, Northern Ireland"] = {},
	["the City of Derry, Northern Ireland"] = {is_city = true},
	["County Tyrone, Northern Ireland"] = {},
}

export.romanian_counties = {
	["Alba County, Romania"] = {},
	["Arad County, Romania"] = {},
	["Argeș County, Romania"] = {},
	["Bacău County, Romania"] = {},
	["Bihor County, Romania"] = {},
	["Bistrița-Năsăud County, Romania"] = {},
	["Botoșani County, Romania"] = {},
	["Brașov County, Romania"] = {},
	["Brăila County, Romania"] = {},
	["Buzău County, Romania"] = {},
	["Caraș-Severin County, Romania"] = {},
	["Cluj County, Romania"] = {},
	["Constanța County, Romania"] = {},
	["Covasna County, Romania"] = {},
	["Călărași County, Romania"] = {},
	["Dolj County, Romania"] = {},
	["Dâmbovița County, Romania"] = {},
	["Galați County, Romania"] = {},
	["Giurgiu County, Romania"] = {},
	["Gorj County, Romania"] = {},
	["Harghita County, Romania"] = {},
	["Hunedoara County, Romania"] = {},
	["Ialomița County, Romania"] = {},
	["Iași County, Romania"] = {},
	["Ilfov County, Romania"] = {},
	["Maramureș County, Romania"] = {},
	["Mehedinți County, Romania"] = {},
	["Mureș County, Romania"] = {},
	["Neamț County, Romania"] = {},
	["Olt County, Romania"] = {},
	["Prahova County, Romania"] = {},
	["Satu Mare County, Romania"] = {},
	["Sibiu County, Romania"] = {},
	["Suceava County, Romania"] = {},
	["Sălaj County, Romania"] = {},
	["Teleorman County, Romania"] = {},
	["Timiș County, Romania"] = {},
	["Tulcea County, Romania"] = {},
	["Vaslui County, Romania"] = {},
	["Vrancea County, Romania"] = {},
	["Vâlcea County, Romania"] = {},
}

export.saudi_arabian_provinces = {
	["Riyadh Province, Saudi Arabia"] = {},
	["Mecca Province, Saudi Arabia"] = {},
	["Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia"] = {},
	["Medina Province, Saudi Arabia"] = {},
	["Aseer Province, Saudi Arabia"] = {},
	["Jazan Province, Saudi Arabia"] = {},
	["Qassim Province, Saudi Arabia"] = {},
	["Tabuk Province, Saudi Arabia"] = {},
	["Hail Province, Saudi Arabia"] = {},
	["Al-Jouf Province, Saudi Arabia"] = {},
	["Najran Province, Saudi Arabia"] = {},
	["Northern Borders Province, Saudi Arabia"] = {},
	["Al-Bahah Province, Saudi Arabia"] = {},
}

export.lebanese_governorates = {
	["Akkar Governorate, Lebanon"] = {},
	["Baalbek-Hermel Governorate, Lebanon"] = {},
	["Beirut Governorate, Lebanon"] = {},
	["Beqaa Governorate, Lebanon"] = {},
	["Keserwan-Jbeil Governorate, Lebanon"] = {},
	["Mount Lebanon Governorate, Lebanon"] = {},
	["Nabatieh Governorate, Lebanon"] = {},
	["North Governorate, Lebanon"] = {},
	["South Governorate, Lebanon"] = {},
}

export.scottish_council_areas = {
	["the City of Glasgow, Scotland"] = {},
	["the City of Edinburgh, Scotland"] = {},
	["Fife, Scotland"] = {},
	["North Lanarkshire, Scotland"] = {},
	["South Lanarkshire, Scotland"] = {},
	["Aberdeenshire, Scotland"] = {},
	["Highland, Scotland"] = {},
	["the City of Aberdeen, Scotland"] = {},
	["West Lothian, Scotland"] = {},
	["Renfrewshire, Scotland"] = {},
	["Falkirk, Scotland"] = {},
	["Perth and Kinross, Scotland"] = {},
	["Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland"] = {},
	["the City of Dundee, Scotland"] = {},
	["North Ayrshire, Scotland"] = {},
	["East Ayrshire, Scotland"] = {},
	["Angus, Scotland"] = {},
	["the Scottish Borders, Scotland"] = {},
	["South Ayrshire, Scotland"] = {},
	["East Dunbartonshire, Scotland"] = {},
	["East Lothian, Scotland"] = {},
	["Moray, Scotland"] = {},
	["East Renfrewshire, Scotland"] = {},
	["Stirling, Scotland"] = {},
	["Midlothian, Scotland"] = {},
	["West Dunbartonshire, Scotland"] = {},
	["Argyll and Bute, Scotland"] = {},
	["Inverclyde, Scotland"] = {},
	["Clackmannanshire, Scotland"] = {},
	["Na h-Eileanan Siar, Scotland"] = {},
	["the Shetland Islands, Scotland"] = {},
	["the Orkney Islands, Scotland"] = {},
}

export.welsh_principal_areas = {
	["Blaenau Gwent, Wales"] = {},
	["Bridgend, Wales"] = {},
	["Caerphilly, Wales"] = {},
	-- ["Cardiff, Wales"] = {divtype = "city"},
	["Carmarthenshire, Wales"] = {divtype = "county"},
	["Ceredigion, Wales"] = {divtype = "county"},
	["Conwy, Wales"] = {},
	["Denbighshire, Wales"] = {divtype = "county"},
	["Flintshire, Wales"] = {divtype = "county"},
	["Gwynedd, Wales"] = {divtype = "county"},
	["the Isle of Anglesey, Wales"] = {divtype = "county"},
	["Merthyr Tydfil, Wales"] = {},
	["Monmouthshire, Wales"] = {divtype = "county"},
	["Neath Port Talbot, Wales"] = {},
	-- ["Newport, Wales"] = {divtype = "city"},
	["Pembrokeshire, Wales"] = {divtype = "county"},
	["Powys, Wales"] = {divtype = "county"},
	["Rhondda Cynon Taf, Wales"] = {},
	-- ["Swansea, Wales"] = {divtype = "city"},
	["Torfaen, Wales"] = {},
	["the Vale of Glamorgan, Wales"] = {},
	["Wrexham, Wales"] = {},
}

export.new_york_boroughs = {
	["Bronx"] = true,
	["Brooklyn"] = true,
	["Manhattan"] = true,
	["Queens"] = true,
	["Staten Island"] = true,
}

export.cities = {
	{
		default_divtype = "state",
		containing_polities = {"Australia", divtype="country"},
		data = {
			["Adelaide"] = {"South Australia"},
			["Brisbane"] = {"Queensland"},
			["Canberra"] = {"the Australian Capital Territory", divtype="territory"},
			["Melbourne"] = {"Victoria"},
			["Newcastle, New South Wales"] = {"New South Wales"},
			["Newcastle"] = {alias_of="Newcastle, New South Wales"},
			["Perth"] = {"Western Australia"},
			["Sydney"] = {"New South Wales"},
		},
	},
	{
		default_divtype = "state",
		containing_polities = {"Brazil", divtype="country"},
		data = {
			-- This only lists cities, not metro areas, over 1,000,000 inhabitants.
			["São Paulo"] = {"São Paulo"},
			["Rio de Janeiro"] = {"Rio de Janeiro"},
			["Brasília"] = {"Distrito Federal"},
			["Brasilia"] = {alias_of="Brasília"},
			["Salvador"] = {"Bahia", wp="%c, %d", commonscat="%c (%d)"},
			["Fortaleza"] = {"Ceará"},
			["Belo Horizonte"] = {"Minas Gerais"},
			["Manaus"] = {"Amazonas"},
			["Curitiba"] = {"Paraná"},
			["Recife"] = {"Pernambuco"},
			["Goiânia"] = {"Goiás"},
			["Goiania"] = {alias_of="Goiânia"},
			["Belém"] = {"Pará"},
			["Belem"] = {alias_of="Belém"},
			["Porto Alegre"] = {"Rio Grande do Sul"},
			["Guarulhos"] = {"São Paulo"},
			["Campinas"] = {"São Paulo"},
		},
	},
	{
		default_divtype = "province",
		containing_polities = {"Canada", divtype="country"},
		data = {
			["Toronto"] = {"Ontario"},
			["Montreal"] = {"Quebec"},
			["Vancouver"] = {"British Columbia"},
			["Calgary"] = {"Alberta"},
			["Edmonton"] = {"Alberta"},
			["Ottawa"] = {"Ontario"},
			["Winnipeg"] = {"Manitoba"},
			["Quebec City"] = {"Quebec"},
			["Hamilton"] = {"Ontario", wp="%c, %d"},
			["Kitchener"] = {"Ontario", wp="%c, %d"},
		},
	},
	{
		default_divtype = "province",
		containing_polities = {"China", divtype="country"},
		data = {
			-- This only lists the top 50. Per [[w:List of cities in China by population]], there
			-- are 102 cities over 1,000,000 inhabitants, not to mention metro areas. Our coverage
			-- of China is fairly sparse; when it increases, add to this list.
			["Shanghai"] = {},
			["Beijing"] = {},
			["Guangzhou"] = {"Guangdong"},
			["Shenzhen"] = {"Guangdong"},
			["Tianjin"] = {},
			["Wuhan"] = {"Hubei"},
			["Dongguan"] = {"Guangdong"},
			["Chengdu"] = {"Sichuan"},
			["Foshan"] = {"Guangdong"},
			["Chongqing"] = {},
			["Nanjing"] = {"Jiangsu"},
			["Shenyang"] = {"Liaoning"},
			["Hangzhou"] = {"Zhejiang"},
			["Xi'an"] = {"Shaanxi"},
			["Harbin"] = {"Heilongjiang"},
			["Suzhou"] = {"Jiangsu"},
			["Qingdao"] = {"Shandong"},
			["Dalian"] = {"Liaoning"},
			["Zhengzhou"] = {"Henan"},
			["Shantou"] = {"Guangdong"},
			["Jinan"] = {"Shandong"},
			["Changchun"] = {"Jilin"},
			["Kunming"] = {"Yunnan"},
			["Changsha"] = {"Hunan"},
			["Taiyuan"] = {"Shanxi"},
			["Xiamen"] = {"Fujian"},
			["Hefei"] = {"Anhui"},
			["Shijiazhuang"] = {"Hebei"},
			["Ürümqi"] = {"Xinjiang", divtype="autonomous region"},
			["Urumqi"] = {alias_of="Ürümqi"},
			["Fuzhou"] = {"Fujian"},
			["Wuxi"] = {"Jiangsu"},
			["Zhongshan"] = {"Guangdong"},
			["Wenzhou"] = {"Zhejiang"},
			["Nanning"] = {"Guangxi", divtype="autonomous region"},
			["Nanchang"] = {"Jiangxi"},
			["Ningbo"] = {"Zhejiang"},
			["Guiyang"] = {"Guizhou"},
			["Lanzhou"] = {"Gansu"},
			["Zibo"] = {"Shandong"},
			["Changzhou"] = {"Jiangsu"},
			["Xuzhou"] = {"Jiangsu"},
			["Tangshan"] = {"Hebei"},
			["Baotou"] = {"Inner Mongolia", divtype="autonomous region"},
			["Huizhou"] = {"Guangdong"},
			["Yantai"] = {"Shandong"},
			["Shaoxing"] = {"Zhejiang"},
			["Liuzhou"] = {"Guangxi", divtype="autonomous region"},
			["Nantong"] = {"Jiangsu"},
			["Luoyang"] = {"Henan"},
			["Yangzhou"] = {"Jiangsu"},
		},
	},
	{
		default_divtype = "administrative region",
		containing_polities = {"France", divtype="country"},
		data = {
			["Paris"] = {"Île-de-France"},
			["Lyon"] = {"Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes"},
			["Lyons"] = {alias_of="Lyon"},
			["Marseille"] = {"Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur"},
			["Marseilles"] = {alias_of="Marseille"},
			["Toulouse"] = {"Occitanie"},
			["Lille"] = {"Hauts-de-France"},
			["Bordeaux"] = {"Nouvelle-Aquitaine"},
			["Nice"] = {"Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur"},
			["Nantes"] = {"Pays de la Loire"},
			["Strasbourg"] = {"Grand Est"},
			["Rennes"] = {"Brittany"},
		},
	},
	{
		default_divtype = "state",
		containing_polities = {"Germany", divtype="country"},
		data = {
			["Berlin"] = {},
			["Dortmund"] = {"North Rhine-Westphalia"},
			["Essen"] = {"North Rhine-Westphalia"},
			["Duisberg"] = {"North Rhine-Westphalia"},
			["Hamburg"] = {},
			["Munich"] = {"Bavaria"},
			["Stuttgart"] = {"Baden-Württemberg"},
			["Frankfurt"] = {"Hesse"},
			["Cologne"] = {"North Rhine-Westphalia"},
			["Düsseldorf"] = {"North Rhine-Westphalia"},
			["Dusseldorf"] = {alias_of="Düsseldorf"},
			["Nuremberg"] = {"Bavaria"},
			["Bremen"] = {},
		},
	},
	{
		default_divtype = "state",
		containing_polities = {"India", divtype="country"},
		data = {
			-- This only lists the top 20. Per [[w:List of cities in India by population]], there
			-- are 46 cities over 1,000,000 inhabitants, not to mention metro areas. Our coverage
			-- of India is fairly sparse; when it increases, add to this list.
			["Mumbai"] = {"Maharashtra"},
			["Delhi"] = {},
			["Bangalore"] = {"Karnataka"},
			["Hyderabad"] = {"Telangana"},
			["Ahmedabad"] = {"Gujarat"},
			["Chennai"] = {"Tamil Nadu"},
			["Kolkata"] = {"West Bengal"},
			["Surat"] = {"Gujarat"},
			["Pune"] = {"Maharashtra"},
			["Jaipur"] = {"Rajasthan"},
			["Lucknow"] = {"Uttar Pradesh"},
			["Kanpur"] = {"Uttar Pradesh"},
			["Nagpur"] = {"Maharashtra"},
			["Indore"] = {"Madhya Pradesh"},
			["Thane"] = {"Maharashtra"},
			["Bhopal"] = {"Madhya Pradesh"},
			["Visakhapatnam"] = {"Andhra Pradesh"},
			["Pimpri-Chinchwad"] = {"Maharashtra"},
			["Patna"] = {"Bihar"},
			["Vadodara"] = {"Gujarat"},
		},
	},
	{
		default_divtype = "prefecture",
		containing_polities = {"Japan", divtype="country"},
		data = {
			-- Population figures from [[w:List of cities in Japan]]. Metro areas from
			-- [[w:List of metropolitan areas in Japan]].
			["Tokyo"] = {}, -- no single figure given for Tokyo as a whole.
			["Yokohama"] = {"Kanagawa"}, -- 3,697,894
			["Osaka"] = {"Osaka"}, -- 2,668,586
			["Nagoya"] = {"Aichi"}, -- 2,283,289
			-- FIXME, Hokkaido is handled specially.
			["Sapporo"] = {}, -- {"Hokkaido"}, -- 1,918,096
			["Fukuoka"] = {"Fukuoka"}, -- 1,581,527
			["Kobe"] = {"Hyōgo"}, -- 1,530,847
			["Kyoto"] = {"Kyoto"}, -- 1,474,570
			["Kawasaki"] = {"Kanagawa", wp="%c, %d"}, -- 1,373,630
			["Saitama"] = {"Saitama", wp="%c (city)", commonscat="%c, %d"}, -- 1,192,418
			["Hiroshima"] = {"Hiroshima"}, -- 1,163,806
			["Sendai"] = {"Miyagi"}, -- 1,029,552
			-- the remaining cities are considered "central cities" in a 1,000,000+ metro area
			-- (sometimes there is more than one central city in the area).
			["Kitakyushu"] = {"Fukuoka"}, -- 986,998
			["Chiba"] = {"Chiba", wp="%c (city)", commonscat="%c, %d"}, -- 938,695
			["Sakai"] = {"Osaka"}, -- 835,333
			["Niigata"] = {"Niigata", wp="%c (city)", commonscat="%c, %d"}, -- 813,053
			["Hamamatsu"] = {"Shizuoka"}, -- 811,431
			["Shizuoka"] = {"Shizuoka", wp="%c (city)", commonscat="%c, %d"}, -- 710,944
			["Sagamihara"] = {"Kanagawa"}, -- 706,342
			["Okayama"] = {"Okayama"}, -- 701,293
			["Kumamoto"] = {"Kumamoto"}, -- 670,348
			["Kagoshima"] = {"Kagoshima"}, -- 605,196
			-- skipped 6 cities (Funabashi, Hachiōji, Kawaguchi, Himeji, Matsuyama, Higashiōsaka)
			-- with population in the range 509k - 587k because not central cities in any
			-- 1,000,000+ metro area.
			["Utsunomiya"] = {"Tochigi"}, -- 507,833
		},
	},
	{
		default_divtype = "province",
		containing_polities = {"South Korea", divtype="country"},
		data = { 
            -- all cities listed are not associated with any province.
            ["Seoul"] = {},
			["Busan"] = {},
			["Incheon"] = {},
			["Daegu"] = {},
			["Daejeon"] = {},
			["Gwangju"] = {},
			["Ulsan"] = {},
		},
	},
	{
		default_divtype = "province",
		containing_polities = {"the Philippines", divtype="country"},
		data = { 
             --some cities listed independent from any province. province listed is for geographical purposes only.
             --skipped some cities in Metro Manila (Taguig, Pasig) which don't have districts.
             --other cities outside Metro Manila skipped as not central city in their urban area.
            ["Quezon City"] = {"Metro Manila", divtype = "region"},
			["Manila"] = {"Metro Manila", divtype = "region"},
			["Davao City"] = {"Davao del Sur"},
			["Caloocan"] = {"Metro Manila", divtype = "region"},
			["Zamboanga City"] = {"Zamboanga del Sur"},
			["Cebu City"] = {"Cebu"},
			["Antipolo"] = {"Rizal"},
			["Cagayan de Oro"] = {"Misamis Oriental"},
			["Dasmariñas"] = {"Cavite"},
			["General Santos"] = {"South Cotabato"},
			["San Jose del Monte"] = {"Bulacan"},
			["Bacolod"] = {"Negros Occidental"},
			["Calamba"] = {"Laguna"},
			["Angeles"] = {"Pampanga"},
			["Iloilo City"] = {"Iloilo"},
		},
	},
	{
		default_divtype = "oblast",
		containing_polities = {"Russia", divtype="country"},
		data = {
			-- This only lists cities, not metro areas, over 1,000,000 inhabitants.
			["Moscow"] = {},
			["Saint Petersburg"] = {},
			["Novosibirsk"] = {"Novosibirsk Oblast"},
			["Yekaterinburg"] = {"Sverdlovsk Oblast"},
			["Nizhny Novgorod"] = {"Nizhny Novgorod Oblast"},
			["Kazan"] = {"the Republic of Tatarstan", divtype="republic"},
			["Chelyabinsk"] = {"Chelyabinsk Oblast"},
			["Omsk"] = {"Omsk Oblast"},
			["Samara"] = {"Samara Oblast"},
			["Ufa"] = {"the Republic of Bashkortostan", divtype="republic"},
			["Rostov-on-Don"] = {"Rostov Oblast"},
			["Rostov-na-Donu"] = {alias_of="Rostov-on-Don"},
			["Krasnoyarsk"] = {"Krasnoyarsk Krai", divtype="krai"},
			["Voronezh"] = {"Voronezh Oblast"},
			["Perm"] = {"Perm Krai", divtype="krai", wp="Perm, Russia"},
			["Volgograd"] = {"Volgograd Oblast"},
			["Krasnodar"] = {"Krasnodar Krai", divtype="krai"},
		},
	},
	{
		default_divtype = "autonomous community",
		containing_polities = {"Spain", divtype="country"},
		data = {
			["Madrid"] = {"the Community of Madrid"},
			["Barcelona"] = {"Catalonia"},
			-- this causes recursion errors.
			-- ["Valencia"] = {"Valencia"},
			["Seville"] = {"Andalusia"},
			["Bilbao"] = {"the Basque Country"},
		},
	},
	{
		default_divtype = "county",
		containing_polities = {"Taiwan", divtype="country"},
		data = { 
            ["New Taipei"] = {},
			["Taichung"] = {},
			["Kaohsiung"] = {wp="%c, Taiwan"},
			["Taipei"] = {},
			["Taoyuan"] = {},
			["Tainan"] = {},
			["Chiayi"] = {},
			["Hsinchu"] = {},
			["Keelung"] = {},
		},
	},
	{
		default_divtype = "county",
		containing_polities = {"the United Kingdom", divtype="country"},
		data = {
			["London"] = {{"Greater London"}, {"England", divtype="constituent country"}},
			["Manchester"] = {{"Greater Manchester"}, {"England", divtype="constituent country"}},
			["Birmingham"] = {{"the West Midlands"}, {"England", divtype="constituent country"}},
			["Liverpool"] = {{"Merseyside"}, {"England", divtype="constituent country"}},
			["Glasgow"] = {{"the City of Glasgow", divtype="council area"}, {"Scotland", divtype="constituent country"}},
			["Leeds"] = {{"West Yorkshire"}, {"England", divtype="constituent country"}},
			["Newcastle upon Tyne"] = {{"Tyne and Wear"}, {"England", divtype="constituent country"}},
			["Newcastle"] = {alias_of="Newcastle upon Tyne"},
			["Bristol"] = {{"England", divtype="constituent country"}},
			["Cardiff"] = {{"Wales", divtype="constituent country"}},
			["Portsmouth"] = {{"Hampshire"}, {"England", divtype="constituent country"}},
			["Edinburgh"] = {{"the City of Edinburgh", divtype="council area"}, {"Scotland", divtype="constituent country"}},
			-- under 1,000,000 people but principal areas of Wales; requested by [[User:Donnanz]]
			["Swansea"] = {{"Wales", divtype="constituent country"}},
			["Newport"] = {{"Wales", divtype="constituent country"}, wp="Newport, Wales"},
		},
	},
	-- cities in the US
	{
		default_divtype = "state",
		containing_polities = {"the United States", divtype="country"},
		wp = "%c, %d",
		data = {
			-- top 50 CSA's by population, with the top and sometimes 2nd or 3rd city listed
			["New York City"] = {"New York", wp="%c"},
			["Newark"] = {"New Jersey"},
			["Los Angeles"] = {"California", wp="%c"},
			["Long Beach"] = {"California"},
			["Riverside"] = {"California"},
			["Chicago"] = {"Illinois", wp="%c"},
			["Washington, D.C."] = {wp="%c"},
			["Baltimore"] = {"Maryland", wp="%c"},
			["San Jose"] = {"California"},
			["San Francisco"] = {"California", wp="%c"},
			["Oakland"] = {"California"},
			["Boston"] = {"Massachusetts", wp="%c"},
			["Providence"] = {"Rhode Island"},
			["Dallas"] = {"Texas", wp="%c", commonscat="%c, %d"},
			["Fort Worth"] = {"Texas"},
			["Philadelphia"] = {"Pennsylvania", wp="%c"},
			["Houston"] = {"Texas", wp="%c"},
			["Miami"] = {"Florida", wp="%c", commonscat="%c, %d"},
			["Atlanta"] = {"Georgia", wp="%c"},
			["Detroit"] = {"Michigan", wp="%c"},
			["Phoenix"] = {"Arizona", wp="%c", commonscat="%c, %d"},
			["Mesa"] = {"Arizona"},
			["Seattle"] = {"Washington", wp="%c"},
			["Orlando"] = {"Florida"},
			["Minneapolis"] = {"Minnesota", wp="%c"},
			["Cleveland"] = {"Ohio", wp="%c", commonscat="%c, %d"},
			["Denver"] = {"Colorado", wp="%c", commonscat="%c, %d"},
			["San Diego"] = {"California", wp="%c", commonscat="%c, %d"},
			["Portland"] = {"Oregon"},
			["Tampa"] = {"Florida"},
			["St. Louis"] = {"Missouri", wp="%c", commonscat="%c, %d"},
			["Charlotte"] = {"North Carolina"},
			["Sacramento"] = {"California"},
			["Pittsburgh"] = {"Pennsylvania", wp="%c"},
			["Salt Lake City"] = {"Utah", wp="%c"},
			["San Antonio"] = {"Texas", wp="%c", commonscat="%c, %d"},
			["Columbus"] = {"Ohio"},
			["Kansas City"] = {"Missouri", wp="%c metropolitan area", commonscat="%c, %d"},
			["Indianapolis"] = {"Indiana", wp="%c"},
			["Las Vegas"] = {"Nevada", wp="%c"},
			["Cincinnati"] = {"Ohio", wp="%c", commonscat="%c, %d"},
			["Austin"] = {"Texas"},
			["Milwaukee"] = {"Wisconsin", wp="%c", commonscat="%c, %d"},
			["Raleigh"] = {"North Carolina"},
			["Nashville"] = {"Tennessee"},
			["Virginia Beach"] = {"Virginia"},
			["Norfolk"] = {"Virginia"},
			["Greensboro"] = {"North Carolina"},
			["Winston-Salem"] = {"North Carolina"},
			["Jacksonville"] = {"Florida"},
			["New Orleans"] = {"Louisiana", wp="%c"},
			["Louisville"] = {"Kentucky"},
			["Greenville"] = {"South Carolina"},
			["Hartford"] = {"Connecticut"},
			["Oklahoma City"] = {"Oklahoma", wp="%c"},
			["Grand Rapids"] = {"Michigan"},
			["Memphis"] = {"Tennessee"},
			["Birmingham"] = {"Alabama"},
			["Fresno"] = {"California"},
			["Richmond"] = {"Virginia"},
			["Harrisburg"] = {"Pennsylvania"},
			-- any major city of top 50 MSA's that's missed by previous
			["Buffalo"] = {"New York"},
			-- any of the top 50 city by city population that's missed by previous
			["El Paso"] = {"Texas"},
			["Albuquerque"] = {"New Mexico"},
			["Tucson"] = {"Arizona"},
			["Colorado Springs"] = {"Colorado"},
			["Omaha"] = {"Nebraska"},
			["Tulsa"] = {"Oklahoma"},
			-- skip Arlington, Texas; too obscure and likely to be interpreted as Arlington, Virginia
		}
	},
	{
		default_divtype = "country",
		containing_polities = {},
		data = {
			["Yerevan"] = {"Armenia"},
			["Vienna"] = {"Austria"},
			["Minsk"] = {"Belarus"},
			["Brussels"] = {"Belgium"},
			["Antwerp"] = {"Belgium"},
			["Sofia"] = {"Bulgaria"},
			["Zagreb"] = {"Croatia"},
			["Prague"] = {"the Czech Republic"},
			["Olomouc"] = {"the Czech Republic"},
			["Copenhagen"] = {"Denmark"},
			["Helsinki"] = {{"Uusimaa", divtype="region"}, {"Finland"}},
			["Athens"] = {"Greece"},
			["Thessaloniki"] = {"Greece"},
			["Budapest"] = {"Hungary"},
			-- FIXME, per Wikipedia "County Dublin" is now the "Dublin Region"
			["Dublin"] = {{"Dublin", divtype="county"}, {"Ireland"}},
			["Venice"] = {{"Veneto", divtype="administrative region"}, {"Italy"}},
			["Rome"] = {{"Lazio", divtype="administrative region"}, {"Italy"}},
			["Milan"] = {{"Lombardy", divtype="administrative region"}, {"Italy"}},
			["Naples"] = {{"Campania", divtype="administrative region"}, {"Italy"}},
			["Turin"] = {{"Piedmont", divtype="administrative region"}, {"Italy"}},
			["Riga"] = {"Latvia"},
			["Amsterdam"] = {"the Netherlands"},
			["Rotterdam"] = {"the Netherlands"},
			["The Hague"] = {"the Netherlands"},
			["Oslo"] = {"Norway"},
			["Warsaw"] = {"Poland"},
			["Katowice"] = {"Poland"},
			["Kraków"] = {"Poland"},
			["Krakow"] = {alias_of="Kraków"},
			["Gdańsk"] = {"Poland"},
			["Gdansk"] = {alias_of="Gdańsk"},
			["Poznań"] = {"Poland"},
			["Poznan"] = {alias_of="Poznań"},
			["Łódź"] = {"Poland"},
			["Lodz"] = {alias_of="Łódź"},
			["Lisbon"] = {"Portugal"},
			["Porto"] = {"Portugal"},
			["Bucharest"] = {"Romania"},
			["Belgrade"] = {"Serbia"},
			["Stockholm"] = {"Sweden"},
			["Zürich"] = {"Switzerland"},
			["Zurich"] = {alias_of="Zürich"},
			["Istanbul"] = {"Turkey"},
			["Kyiv"] = {"Ukraine"},
			["Kiev"] = {alias_of="Kyiv"},
			["Kharkiv"] = {"Ukraine"},
			["Odessa"] = {"Ukraine", wp="Odesa"},
			["Odesa"] = {alias_of="Odessa"},
		},
	},
}

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--                              Helper functions                                 --
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-- Format a description that can have the special value of 'true' or 'nil' (use link_label() in
-- [[Module:category tree/topic cat]]) or "w" (use link_label(..., "wikify")). Any other value is returned as-is.
function export.format_description(desc, label)
	-- TODO: this function is the reason a bunch of place terms are linked by every category. link_label uses mw.title.new,
	-- which counts as a link. format_description is then called by [[Module:category tree/topic cat/data/Places]].
	-- this is not ideal.
	if desc == nil then
		desc = true
	end
	if desc == true then
		desc = require(topic_cat_utilities_module).link_label(label)
	elseif desc == "w" then
		desc = require(topic_cat_utilities_module).link_label(label, nil, "wikify")
	end
	return desc
end

function export.construct_bare_and_linked_version(key)
	local bare_key = key:match("^the (.*)$")
	local linked_key
	if bare_key then
		linked_key = "the [[" .. bare_key .. "]]"
	else
		linked_key = "[[" .. key .. "]]"
		bare_key = key
	end
	return bare_key, linked_key
end

local function simple_polity_bare_label_setter()
	return function(labels, group, key, value)
		local bare_key, linked_key = export.construct_bare_and_linked_version(key)
		local keydesc = value.keydesc or linked_key
		-- wp= defaults to true (Wikipedia article matches bare key = label)
		local wp = value.wp
		if wp == nil then
			wp = true
		end
		-- wpcat= defaults to wp= (if Wikipedia article has its own name, Wikipedia category and Commons category generally follow)
		local wpcat = value.wpcat
		if wpcat == nil then
			wpcat = wp
		end
		-- commonscat= defaults to wpcat= (if Wikipedia category has its own name, Commons category generally follows)
		local commonscat = value.commonscat
		if commonscat == nil then
			commonscat = wpcat
		end
		labels[bare_key] = {
			type = "topic",
			description = value.bare_category_desc or "{{{langname}}} terms related to the people, culture, or territory of " .. keydesc .. ".",
			parents = value.parents,
			wp = wp,
			wpcat = wpcat,
			commonscat = commonscat,
		}
	end
end

local function subpolity_keydesc(key, value, containing_polity, default_divtype)
	local divtype = value.divtype or default_divtype
	divtype = type(divtype) == "table" and divtype[1] or divtype
	divtype = require("Module:string utilities").add_indefinite_article(divtype)
	local bare_key, linked_key = export.construct_bare_and_linked_version(key)
	local bare_containing_polity, linked_containing_polity = export.construct_bare_and_linked_version(containing_polity)
	return value.keydesc or linked_key .. ", " .. divtype .. " of " .. linked_containing_polity
end

function export.call_key_to_placename(group, key)
	local placename = key
	if group.key_to_placename then
		placename = group.key_to_placename(key)
		if type(placename) == "table" then
			placename = placename[1]
		end
	end
	return placename
end

-- Return whether `list_or_element` (a list of strings, or a single string) "contains" `item` (a string). If
-- `list_or_element` is a list, this returns true if `item` is in the list; otherwise it returns true if `item`
-- equals `list_or_element`.
local function list_or_element_contains(list_or_element, item)
	if type(list_or_element) == "table" then
		return m_table.contains(list_or_element, item)
	else
		return list_or_element == item
	end
end

local function subpolity_bare_label_setter(containing_polity)
	return function(labels, group, key, value)
		local placename = export.call_key_to_placename(group, key)
		local keydesc = subpolity_keydesc(placename, value, containing_polity, group.default_divtype)
		local bare_key, linked_key = export.construct_bare_and_linked_version(key)
		local bare_containing_polity, linked_containing_polity = export.construct_bare_and_linked_version(containing_polity)
		labels[bare_key] = {
			type = "topic",
			description = value.bare_category_desc or "{{{langname}}} terms related to the people, culture, or territory of " .. keydesc .. ".",
			parents = value.parents or {bare_containing_polity},
		}
	end
end

local function subpolity_value_transformer(containing_polity)
	local containing_polity_type = "country"
	if type(containing_polity) == "table" then
		containing_polity_type, containing_polity = containing_polity[1], containing_polity[2]
	end
	return function(group, key, value)
		local placename = export.call_key_to_placename(group, key)
		value.keydesc = subpolity_keydesc(placename, value, containing_polity, group.default_divtype)
		value.containing_polity = containing_polity
		value.containing_polity_type = containing_polity_type
		value.poldiv = value.poldiv or group.default_poldiv
		value.british_spelling = value.british_spelling or group.british_spelling
		value.no_containing_polity_cat = value.no_containing_polity_cat or group.no_containing_polity_cat
		return value
	end
end

-- See the documentation for `place_cat_handler` above the definition of `export.polities` below.
function export.default_place_cat_handler(group, placetypes, placename)
	if group.placename_to_key then
		placename = group.placename_to_key(placename)
	end
	local spec = group.data[placename]
	local article = ""
	local bare_placename = placename
	if not spec then
		placename = "the " .. placename
		spec = group.data[placename]
	end
	if not spec then
		return nil
	end
	local divtype = spec.divtype or group.default_divtype
	if type(divtype) == "table" then
		for _, dt in ipairs(divtype) do
			if list_or_element_contains(placetypes, dt) then
				return placename, bare_placename
			end
		end
		return nil
	elseif list_or_element_contains(placetypes, divtype) then
		return placename, bare_placename
	else
		return nil
	end
end

-- This is typically used to define key_to_placename. It generates a function that chops off
-- part of a string using the regex TO_CHOP. To chop at the end, add $ at the end of the regex;
-- to chop at the beginning, add ^ at the beginning. It is normally used for subpolities (e.g.
-- states of the US or counties of England) when the placename of the polity as found in
-- categories includes the larger containing polity in it (e.g. "Georgia, USA" or
-- "Hampshire, England"). Typical usage is like this:
--
-- ...
-- key_to_placename = chop(", England$"),
-- ...
local function chop(to_chop)
	return function(key) return key:gsub(to_chop, "") end
end

-- This is typically used to define placename_to_key. It generates a function that appends a
-- string to the end of a given string. It does the opposite operation of chop() and is used
-- along with that function. It is normally used for subpolities (e.g. states of the US or
-- counties of England) when the placename of the polity as found in categories includes the
-- larger containing polity in it (e.g. "Georgia, USA" or "Hampshire, England"). Typical usage
-- is like this:
--
-- ...
-- placename_to_key = append(", England"),
-- ...
local function append(to_append)
	return function(placename) return placename .. to_append end
end

local function construct_russian_federal_subject_keydesc(linked_key, divtype)
	if divtype == "oblast" then
		-- Hack: Oblasts generally don't have entries under "Foo Oblast"
		-- but just under "Foo", so fix the linked key appropriately;
		-- doesn't apply to the Jewish Autonomous Oblast
		linked_key = linked_key:gsub(" Oblast%]%]", "%]%] Oblast")
	end
	return linked_key .. ", a federal subject ([[" .. divtype .. "]]) of [[Russia]]"
end

local function northern_ireland_key_to_placename(key)
	key = key:gsub(", Northern Ireland$", "")
	local bare_key = key:gsub("^County ", "")
	if key == bare_key then
		return key
	else
		return {key, bare_key}
	end
end

local function northern_ireland_placename_to_key(placename)
	if not placename:find("^County ") and not placename:find("^City ") then
		placename = "County " .. placename
	end
	return placename .. ", Northern Ireland"
end

local function ireland_key_to_placename(key)
	key = key:gsub(", Ireland$", "")
	local bare_key = key:gsub("^County ", "")
	if key == bare_key then
		return key
	else
		return {key, bare_key}
	end
end

local function ireland_placename_to_key(placename)
	if not placename:find("^County ") and not placename:find("^City ") then
		placename = "County " .. placename
	end
	return placename .. ", Ireland"
end

function export.get_city_containing_polities(group, key, value)
	local containing_polities = group.containing_polities
	if type(containing_polities[1]) == "string" then
		containing_polities = {containing_polities}
	elseif value[1] then
		containing_polities = m_table.shallowcopy(containing_polities)
	end
	local this_containing_polities = value
	if type(value[1]) == "string" then
		this_containing_polities = {this_containing_polities}
	end
	for n, polity in ipairs(this_containing_polities) do
		table.insert(containing_polities, n, polity)
	end
	return containing_polities
end

-- Given a containing polity of a city, possibly with preceding "the" removed,
-- find the group and key in 'export.polities'.
function export.city_containing_polity_to_group_and_key(polity)
	for _, polity_group in ipairs(export.polities) do
		local key_polity = polity
		if polity_group.placename_to_key then
			key_polity = polity_group.placename_to_key(key_polity)
		end
		if polity_group.data[key_polity] then
			return polity_group, key_polity
		end
		key_polity = "the " .. key_polity
		if polity_group.data[key_polity] then
			return polity_group, key_polity
		end
	end
	return nil
end

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--                                  Polities                                     --
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--[=[

The following table specifies the known polities and their properties, where a polity is either a top-level political
division (e.g. a country) or a subpolity (political subdivision of a top-level polity). Polities are gathered into
''groups'', each of which contains several items (places) that are handled similarly. Each group contains a list of all
the places contained in that group along with their properties, as well as group-specific handlers that specify common
properties of all items in the group. These items are used to construct the category description objects (i.e. the
objects that describe how to format the display of a category page, as documented in
[[Module:category tree/topic cat/data/documentation]]) for the following types of categories:

1. A bare topical category, e.g. [[:Category:en:Netherlands]]. Category description objects for these are created by the
   `bare_label_setter` handler of a given group. (The term "label" is used here because the category system internally
   refers to the category name, without any language prefix, as a "label", and the corresponding per-label category
   description objects are stored in the `labels` table in a `topic cat` submodule, notably
   [[Module:category tree/topic cat/data/Places]].)
2. Normally, several categories of the form [[:Category:fr:Cities in the Netherlands]],
   [[:Category:es:Rivers in New Mexico, USA]], etc., for the place types listed above in `generic_place_types`.
   There is a top-level handler that will automatically create category description objects for such categories. It can
   be disabled for all place types in `generic_place_types` that aren't in `generic_place_types_for_cities` by
   specifying `is_city = true` in the data for a given item. (This is used for city-states such as Monaco and
   Vatican City.) It can also be disabled for all place types in `generic_place_types` other than "places" by specifying
   `is_former_place = true` in the data for a given item. (The group below for former countries and empires has a
   handler that specifies `is_former_place = true` for all items in the group. The reason for this is that former states
   such as Persia, East Germany, the Soviet Union and the Roman Empire should have their cities, towns, rivers and such
   listed under the current entities occupying the same area.)
3. Optionally, one or more categories of the form [[:Category:de:Provinces of the Netherlands]],
   [[:Category:pt:Counties of Wales]], etc. These are for political subdivisions, and for historic/popular subdivisions
   that have no current political significance (e.g. [[:Category:nl:Provinces of Ireland]],
   [[:Category:zh:Regions of the United States]]). These are controlled by the `poldiv` (for political subdivisions) and
   `miscdiv` (for historic/popular subdivisions) keys in the data for a given item.

NOTE: Second-level political subdivisions (e.g. counties of states of the US) could be handled here but normally aren't.
Instead, there are special handlers below for US counties and Brazilian and Philippine municipalities, and
manually-created labels for certain other countries (e.g. Canadian counties). The reason for this is that all political
and historic/popular subdivisions handled here have a category like [[:Category:en:Political subdivisions]] as their
primary parent, whereas we often want a different primary parent for second-level political subdivisions, such as
[[:Category:en:Counties of the United States]] for US counties. FIXME: We should allow the parents to be specified for
political subdivisions. This will probably necessitate another type of group-specific handler, similar to
`value_transformer` and `bare_label_setter` (see below).

NOTE: Some of the above categories are added automatically to pages that use the {{place}} template with the appropriate
values. Currently, whether or not such categories are added is controlled by [[Module:place/data]], which is independent
of the data here but in many ways duplicates it. FIXME: The two should be merged.

NOTE: There is also some duplication in [[Module:category tree/topic cat/data/Earth]], particularly for continents and
supranational regions (e.g. "the British Isles"). FIXME: Consolidate the data there into here.

Each group consists of a table with the following keys:

* `data`: This is a table listing the polities in the group. The keys are polities in the form that they appear in a
  category like [[:Category:de:Provinces of the Netherlands]] or [[:Category:fr:Cities in Alabama, USA]] (hence, they
  should include prefixes such as "the" and suffixes such as ", USA"). The value of a key is a property table. Its
  format is described above under "Placename Tables". Note that the property table is transformed using the group's
  `value_transformer` handler before being used.

* `value_transformer`: This function is used to transform the value of an item in `data` (an object containing
  properties of a place; see above) to the final form used by the handlers in
  [[Module:category tree/topic cat/data/Places]] that handle city-type and political-subdivision-type categories. It is
  passed three arguments (the group and the key and value of the data item). Its normal purpose is to add extra
  properties to the data item value, such as `containing_polity` (see above) and `keydesc` (the appropriate description
  of the place, which often includes the type of division and the country).  Some groups (in particular, the one for
  former polities, such as Persia and the Roman Empire) also add `is_former_place = true`. The reason these extra
  properties are added by a function like this instead of included directly is that they are typically the same or
  similar for all items in a group, and including them directly would be duplicative. Note that there is a
  preconstructed function subpolity_bare_label_setter() (for subpolities of top-level polities) to help.

* `bare_label_setter`: This function adds an entry in the `labels` table for
  [[Module:category tree/topic cat/data/Places]] for bare topical categories such as [[:Category:en:Netherlands]],
  [[:Category:fr:Alabama, USA]] or [[:Category:ru:Republic of Tatarstan]]. It is passed four arguments (the `labels`
  table, the group and the key and value of the data item). There are preconstructed functions to help here, such as
  simple_polity_bare_label_setter() (for top-level polities) and subpolity_bare_label_setter() (for subpolities of
  top-level polities). This function often makes use of the `parents` and/or `description` keys in the data item's
  value (see above).

* `place_cat_handler`: Used in conjunction with {{place}} to properly categorize placenames. It is passed three
  arguments: GROUP, the spec for a given group; PLACETYPES, the placetype of a place or a list of such placetypes;
  and PLACENAME, the corresponding placename as found in a holonym, i.e. without any preceding "the". If a place
  matching PLACENAME is found in GROUP, and the place's placetype is compatible with PLACETYPE, return two arguments:
  the form of PLACENAME to be used in categories that include a preceding article (usually "the"), and the bare form
  of PLACENAME, without a preceding article. Otherwise, return nil. Here, "compatible" means that any of the
  placetypes in PLACETYPES is equal to any of the known placetypes of PLACENAME. (Most placenames in most groups have
  a single associated placetype, but some have more than one, e.g. Wales, which is associated with both
  "constituent country" and "country", and will be recognized for categorization purposes if either placetype is used.)
  For example, given the placename "Bashkortostan", placetype "republic", and group data associated with Russian
  federal subjects, the first return value will be "the Republic of Bashkortostan" and the second return value will be
  "Republic of Bashkortostan". Note that the first value is always equal to the key in `group.data` that describes the
  placename. (Both return values are needed because some categories contain the article, e.g. [[:Category:Places in the
  Republic of Bashkortostan]], and some don't, in particular the bare topical category
  [[:Category:Republic of Bashkortostan]].) If omitted, the function default_place_cat_handler() is used.

* `default_divtype`: The default entity type for entities in this group, if not overidden at the entity level. See
  `divtype` above under "Placename Tables".
]=]

export.polities = {
	-- countries
	{
		bare_label_setter = simple_polity_bare_label_setter(),
		value_transformer = function(group, key, value)
			value.british_spelling = value.british_spelling or group.british_spelling
			return value
		end,
		default_divtype = "country",
		data = export.countries,
	},

	-- pseudo-countries: typically overseas territories or de-facto independent countries, which in both cases
	-- are not internationally recognized as sovereign nations but which we treat similarly to countries.
	{
		bare_label_setter = simple_polity_bare_label_setter(),
		value_transformer = function(group, key, value)
			value.british_spelling = value.british_spelling or group.british_spelling
			return value
		end,
		default_divtype = "country",
		data = export.pseudo_countries,
	},

	-- former countries and such; we don't create "Cities in ..." categories because they don't exist anymore
	{
		bare_label_setter = simple_polity_bare_label_setter(),
		value_transformer = function(group, key, value)
			value.british_spelling = value.british_spelling or group.british_spelling
			value.is_former_place = true
			return value
		end,
		default_divtype = "country",
		data = export.former_countries,
	},

	-- states and territories of Australia
	{
		bare_label_setter = subpolity_bare_label_setter("Australia"),
		value_transformer = subpolity_value_transformer("Australia"),
		default_divtype = "state",
		british_spelling = true,
		data = export.australian_states_and_territories,
	},

	-- states of Austria
	{
		bare_label_setter = subpolity_bare_label_setter("Austria"),
		value_transformer = subpolity_value_transformer("Austria"),
		default_divtype = "state",
		british_spelling = true,
		default_poldiv = {{"municipalities", parent="municipalities of Austria"}},
		data = export.austrian_states,
	},

	-- divisions of Bangladesh
	{
		key_to_placename = chop(" Division$"),
		placename_to_key = append(" Division"),
		bare_label_setter = subpolity_bare_label_setter("Bangladesh"),
		value_transformer = subpolity_value_transformer("Bangladesh"),
		default_divtype = "division",
		british_spelling = true,
		default_poldiv = {{"districts", parent="districts of Bangladesh"}},
		data = export.bangladeshi_divisions,
	},

	-- states of Brazil
	{
		key_to_placename = chop(", Brazil$"),
		placename_to_key = append(", Brazil"),
		bare_label_setter = subpolity_bare_label_setter("Brazil"),
		value_transformer = subpolity_value_transformer("Brazil"),
		default_divtype = "state",
		default_poldiv = {{"municipalities", parent="municipalities of Brazil"}},
		data = export.brazilian_states,
	},

	-- provinces and territories of Canada
	{
		bare_label_setter = subpolity_bare_label_setter("Canada"),
		value_transformer = subpolity_value_transformer("Canada"),
		default_divtype = "province",
		british_spelling = true,
		data = export.canadian_provinces_and_territories,
	},

	-- provinces and autonomous regions of China
	{
		bare_label_setter = subpolity_bare_label_setter("China"),
		value_transformer = subpolity_value_transformer("China"),
		default_divtype = "province",
		data = export.chinese_provinces_and_autonomous_regions,
	},

	-- regions of Finland
	{
		key_to_placename = chop(", Finland$"),
		placename_to_key = append(", Finland"),
		bare_label_setter = subpolity_bare_label_setter("Finland"),
		value_transformer = subpolity_value_transformer("Finland"),
		default_divtype = "region",
		default_poldiv = {{"municipalities", parent="municipalities of Finland"}},
		british_spelling = true,
		data = export.finnish_regions,
	},

	-- administrative regions of France
	{
		bare_label_setter = subpolity_bare_label_setter("France"),
		value_transformer = subpolity_value_transformer("France"),
		-- Canonically these are 'administrative regions' but also categorize if identified as a 'region'.
		default_divtype = {"administrative region", "region"},
		british_spelling = true,
		data = export.french_administrative_regions,
	},

	-- states of Germany
	{
		bare_label_setter = subpolity_bare_label_setter("Germany"),
		value_transformer = subpolity_value_transformer("Germany"),
		default_divtype = "state",
		default_poldiv = {{"districts", parent="districts of Germany"}},
		british_spelling = true,
		data = export.german_states,
	},

	-- states and union territories of India
	{
		bare_label_setter = subpolity_bare_label_setter("India"),
		value_transformer = subpolity_value_transformer("India"),
		default_divtype = "state",
		british_spelling = true,
		data = export.indian_states_and_union_territories,
	},

	-- provinces of Indonesia
	{
		bare_label_setter = subpolity_bare_label_setter("Indonesia"),
		value_transformer = subpolity_value_transformer("Indonesia"),
		default_divtype = "province",
		british_spelling = true,
		data = export.indonesian_provinces,
	},

	-- counties of Ireland
	{
		key_to_placename = ireland_key_to_placename,
		placename_to_key = ireland_placename_to_key,
		bare_label_setter = subpolity_bare_label_setter("Ireland"),
		value_transformer = subpolity_value_transformer("Ireland"),
		default_divtype = "county",
		british_spelling = true,
		data = export.irish_counties,
	},

	-- administrative regions of Italy
	{
		bare_label_setter = subpolity_bare_label_setter("Italy"),
		value_transformer = subpolity_value_transformer("Italy"),
		default_divtype = {"administrative region", "region"},
		british_spelling = true,
		data = export.italian_administrative_regions,
	},

	-- prefectures of Japan
	{
		key_to_placename = chop(" Prefecture$"),
		placename_to_key = japanese_placename_to_key,
		-- We can't use the normal subpolity_bare_label_setter() because we set a special parent
		-- (normally the parent would just be "Japan"). FIXME: Do we want this difference?
		-- Or do we want e.g. provinces in China to have a parent "Provinces of China" instead of
		-- just "China"?
		bare_label_setter = function(labels, group, key, value)
			labels[key] = {
				type = "topic",
				description = "{{{langname}}} terms related to [[" .. key:gsub(" Prefecture$", "") .. "]], a [[prefecture]] of [[Japan]].",
				parents = {"Prefectures of Japan"},
			}
		end,
		value_transformer = subpolity_value_transformer("Japan"),
		default_divtype = "prefecture",
		data = export.japanese_prefectures,
	},
	

	-- provinces of North Korea
	{
		key_to_placename = chop(" Province$"),
		placename_to_key = append(" Province"),
		bare_label_setter = subpolity_bare_label_setter("North Korea"),
		value_transformer = subpolity_value_transformer("North Korea"),
		default_divtype = "province",
		data = export.north_korean_provinces,
	},

	-- provinces of South Korea
	{
		key_to_placename = chop(" Province$"),
		placename_to_key = append(" Province"),
		bare_label_setter = subpolity_bare_label_setter("South Korea"),
		value_transformer = subpolity_value_transformer("South Korea"),
		default_divtype = "province",
		data = export.south_korean_provinces,
	},

	-- provinces of Laos
	{
		key_to_placename = laos_key_to_placename,
		placename_to_key = laos_placename_to_key,
		bare_label_setter = subpolity_bare_label_setter("Laos"),
		value_transformer = subpolity_value_transformer("Laos"),
		default_divtype = "province",
		data = export.laotian_provinces,
	},

	-- states of Malaysia
	{
		bare_label_setter = subpolity_bare_label_setter("Malaysia"),
		value_transformer = subpolity_value_transformer("Malaysia"),
		default_divtype = "state",
		data = export.malaysian_states,
	},

	-- regions of Malta
	{
		key_to_placename = chop(", Malta$"),
		placename_to_key = append(", Malta"),
		bare_label_setter = subpolity_bare_label_setter("Malta"),
		value_transformer = subpolity_value_transformer("Malta"),
		default_divtype = "region",
		british_spelling = true,
		-- The regions are too generic in name. For example, "Central Region" exists elsewhere, e.g. in South Africa.
		no_containing_polity_cat = true,
		data = export.maltese_regions,
	},


	-- Mexican states
	{
		bare_label_setter = subpolity_bare_label_setter("Mexico"),
		value_transformer = subpolity_value_transformer("Mexico"),
		default_divtype = "state",
		data = export.mexican_states,
	},

	-- regions of Morocco
	{
		bare_label_setter = subpolity_bare_label_setter("Morocco"),
		value_transformer = subpolity_value_transformer("Morocco"),
		default_divtype = "region",
		british_spelling = true,
		data = export.moroccan_regions,
	},

	-- provinces of the Netherlands
	{
		key_to_placename = chop(", Netherlands$"),
		placename_to_key = append(", Netherlands"),
		bare_label_setter = subpolity_bare_label_setter("the Netherlands"),
		value_transformer = subpolity_value_transformer("the Netherlands"),
		default_divtype = "province",
		default_poldiv = {{"municipalities", parent="municipalities of the Netherlands"}},
		british_spelling = true,
		data = export.netherlands_provinces,
	},

	-- states of Nigeria
	{
		key_to_placename = chop(" State, Nigeria$"),
		placename_to_key = nigeria_placename_to_key,
		bare_label_setter = subpolity_bare_label_setter("Nigeria"),
		value_transformer = subpolity_value_transformer("Nigeria"),
		default_divtype = "state",
		british_spelling = true,
		data = export.nigerian_states,
	},

	-- counties of Norway
	{
		bare_label_setter = subpolity_bare_label_setter("Norway"),
		value_transformer = subpolity_value_transformer("Norway"),
		default_divtype = "county",
		british_spelling = true,
		data = export.norwegian_counties,
	},

	-- provinces of the Philippines
	{
		key_to_placename = chop(", Philippines$"),
		placename_to_key = append(", Philippines"),
		bare_label_setter = subpolity_bare_label_setter("the Philippines"),
		value_transformer = subpolity_value_transformer("the Philippines"),
		default_divtype = "province",
		default_poldiv = {{"municipalities", parent="municipalities of the Philippines"}},
		data = export.philippine_provinces,
	},

	-- counties of Romania
	{
		key_to_placename = chop(" County, Romania$"),
		placename_to_key = append(" County, Romania"),
		bare_label_setter = subpolity_bare_label_setter("Romania"),
		value_transformer = subpolity_value_transformer("Romania"),
		default_divtype = "county",
		british_spelling = true,
		data = export.romanian_counties,
	},

	-- federal subjects of Russia
	{
		-- No current need for key_to_placename because it's only used in subpolity_bare_label_setter
		-- and subpolity_value_transformer, and we override both handlers.
		placename_to_key = russian_placename_to_key,
		bare_label_setter = function(labels, group, key, value)
			local divtype = value.divtype or group.default_divtype
			if type(divtype) == "table" then
				divtype = divtype[1]
			end
			local bare_key, linked_key = export.construct_bare_and_linked_version(key)
			labels[bare_key] = {
				type = "topic",
				description = "{{{langname}}} terms related to " .. construct_russian_federal_subject_keydesc(linked_key, divtype) .. ".",
				parents = {mw.getContentLanguage():ucfirst(divtype) .. "s of Russia"},
			}
		end,
		value_transformer = function(group, key, value)
			value.containing_polity = "Russia"
			local divtype = value.divtype or group.default_divtype
			if type(divtype) == "table" then
				divtype = divtype[1]
			end
			local bare_key, linked_key = export.construct_bare_and_linked_version(key)
			value.keydesc = construct_russian_federal_subject_keydesc(linked_key, divtype)
			return value
		end,
		default_divtype = "oblast",
		british_spelling = true,
		data = export.russian_federal_subjects,
	},

	-- provinces of Saudi Arabia
	{
		key_to_placename = chop(", Saudi Arabia$"),
		placename_to_key = append(", Saudi Arabia"),
		bare_label_setter = subpolity_bare_label_setter("Saudi Arabia"),
		value_transformer = subpolity_value_transformer("Saudi Arabia"),
		default_divtype = "province",
		-- The regions are too generic in name. For example, "Eastern Region" exists elsewhere.
		no_containing_polity_cat = true,
		data = export.saudi_arabian_provinces,
	},

	-- governorates of Lebanon
	{
		key_to_placename = chop(", Lebanon$"),
		placename_to_key = append(", Lebanon"),
		bare_label_setter = subpolity_bare_label_setter("Lebanon"),
		value_transformer = subpolity_value_transformer("Lebanon"),
		default_divtype = "governorate",
		-- The governorates are too generic in name. For example, "North Governorate" exists elsewhere.
		no_containing_polity_cat = true,
		data = export.lebanese_governorates,
	},

	-- autonomous communities of Spain
	{
		bare_label_setter = subpolity_bare_label_setter("Spain"),
		value_transformer = subpolity_value_transformer("Spain"),
		default_divtype = "autonomous community",
		british_spelling = true,
		data = export.spanish_autonomous_communities,
	},

	-- counties of Taiwan
	{
		key_to_placename = chop(" County$"),
		placename_to_key = append(" County"),
		bare_label_setter = subpolity_bare_label_setter("Taiwan"),
		value_transformer = subpolity_value_transformer("Taiwan"),
		default_divtype = "county",
		data = export.taiwanese_counties,
	},

	-- provinces of Thailand
	{
		key_to_placename = chop(" province$"),
		placename_to_key = append(" province"),
		--bare_label_setter = subpolity_bare_label_setter("Thailand"),
		bare_label_setter = function(labels, group, key, value)
			labels[key] = {
				type = "topic",
				description = "{{{langname}}} terms related to [[" .. key:gsub(" province$", "") .. "]], a [[province]] of [[Thailand]].",
				parents = {"Provinces of Thailand"},
			}
		end,
		value_transformer = subpolity_value_transformer("Thailand"),
		default_divtype = "province",
		data = export.thai_provinces,
	},


	-- states of the United States
	{
		key_to_placename = chop(", USA$"),
		placename_to_key = append(", USA"),
		bare_label_setter = subpolity_bare_label_setter("the United States"),
		value_transformer = subpolity_value_transformer("the United States"),
		default_divtype = "state",
		default_poldiv = {
			{"counties", parent="counties of the United States"},
			{"county seats", parent="county seats of the United States"},
		},
		data = export.us_states,
	},

	-- constituent countries and provinces of the United Kingdom
	{
		bare_label_setter = subpolity_bare_label_setter("the United Kingdom"),
		value_transformer = subpolity_value_transformer("the United Kingdom"),
		default_divtype = {"constituent country", "country"},
		british_spelling = true,
		-- Don't create categories like 'Category:en:Towns in the United Kingdom'
		-- or 'Category:en:Places in the United Kingdom'.
		no_containing_polity_cat = true,
		data = export.uk_constituent_countries,
	},

	-- counties of England
	{
		key_to_placename = chop(", England$"),
		placename_to_key = append(", England"),
		bare_label_setter = subpolity_bare_label_setter("England"),
		value_transformer = subpolity_value_transformer({"constituent country", "England"}),
		default_divtype = "county",
		default_poldiv = {{"districts", parent="districts of England"}},
		british_spelling = true,
		data = export.english_counties,
	},

	-- counties of Northern Ireland
	{
		key_to_placename = northern_ireland_key_to_placename,
		placename_to_key = northern_ireland_placename_to_key,
		bare_label_setter = subpolity_bare_label_setter("Northern Ireland"),
		value_transformer = subpolity_value_transformer({"constituent country", "Northern Ireland"}),
		default_divtype = "county",
		british_spelling = true,
		data = export.northern_irish_counties,
	},

	-- council areas of Scotland
	{
		key_to_placename = chop(", Scotland$"),
		placename_to_key = append(", Scotland"),
		bare_label_setter = subpolity_bare_label_setter("Scotland"),
		value_transformer = subpolity_value_transformer({"constituent country", "Scotland"}),
		default_divtype = "council area",
		british_spelling = true,
		data = export.scottish_council_areas,
	},

	-- principal areas (cities, counties and county boroughs) of Wales
	{
		key_to_placename = chop(", Wales$"),
		placename_to_key = append(", Wales"),
		bare_label_setter = subpolity_bare_label_setter("Wales"),
		value_transformer = subpolity_value_transformer({"constituent country", "Wales"}),
		default_divtype = "county borough",
		british_spelling = true,
		data = export.welsh_principal_areas,
	},

}

return export