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過

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 过
過 U+904E, 過
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-904E
← 遍
[U+904D] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 遏 →
[U+904F]

Translingual

[edit]
Stroke order
Japanese 過
Simplified 过
Traditional 過

Alternative forms

[edit]

Note that the box in the upper part of 咼 differs in simplified Chinese – in simplified Chinese fonts it is on the left, while in Japanese and traditional Chinese it is on the right (as seen in the Kangxi dictionary).

Han character

[edit]

過 (Kangxi radical 162, 辵+8 in Chinese, 辵+9 in Japanese, 11 strokes in Chinese, 12 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 卜月月口 (YBBR), four-corner 37302, composition ⿺辶咼)

Derived characters

[edit]

References

[edit]
  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1261, character 22
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 39002
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1753, character 6
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3849, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+904E

Chinese

[edit]
trad. 過
simp. 过
alternative forms 𬨨

Glyph origin

[edit]
Characters in the same phonetic series (冎) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
碢 *l'oːl
腡 *ɡ·roːl, *kʷroːl
過 *kloːl, *kloːls
渦 *kloːl, *qloːl
鍋 *kloːl
楇 *kloːl, *ɡloːls
瘑 *kloːl
緺 *koːl, *kroːl, *kʷroːl
堝 *kloːl
濄 *kloːl, *qloːl
鐹 *kloːlʔ, *kloːls
薖 *kʰloːl
簻 *kʰloːl, *kr'oːl
禍 *ɡloːlʔ
窩 *qloːl
萵 *qloːl
檛 *kr'oːl
膼 *kr'oːl
蝸 *kroːl, *kʷroːl
媧 *kroːl, *kʷroːl
騧 *kroːl, *kʷroːl
冎 *kroːlʔ
剮 *kroːlʔ
諣 *qʰroːls, *qʰʷroːls
歄 *kʷroːl
咼 *kʰʷroːl
喎 *kʰʷroːl

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kloːl, *kloːls) : semantic 辵 (“walk”) + phonetic 咼 (OC *kʰʷroːl).

Etymology 1

[edit]

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-ka-j (“to go, to stride”) (STEDT). Related to 跨 (OC *kʰʷraː, *kʰʷraːʔ, *kʰʷraːs, *kʰʷaːs, “to pass over”) and 騎 (OC *ɡral, *ɡrals, “to ride”).

Pronunciation

[edit]
Note:
  • guo - verbal or adjectival complement indicating occurrence or completion;
  • guō - used in certain colloquial words;
  • gè - colloquial (“fault”).
Note:
  • guo1 - limited;
  • guo - verbal or adjectival complement indicating occurrence or completion.
Note:
  • kè/kèr/kòe - vernacular;
  • kòa - vernacular (limited, e.g. 罪過);
  • kò/kò͘ - literary;
  • ko͘/ko - literary;
  • koa - vernacular.
Rime
Character 過 過
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Initial (聲) 見 (28) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 戈 (95) 戈 (95)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Closed Closed
Division (等) I I
Fanqie 古禾切 古卧切
Baxter kwa kwaH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kuɑ/ /kuɑH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kuɑ/ /kuɑH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kuɑ/ /kuɑH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kwa/ /kwaH/
Li
Rong 		/kuɑ/ /kuɑH/
Wang
Li 		/kuɑ/ /kuɑH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/kuɑ/ /kuɑH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		guō guò
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		gwo1 gwo3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 過 過 過
Reading # 1/3 2/3 3/3
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		guō guō guò
Middle
Chinese 		‹ kwa › ‹ kwa › ‹ kwaH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*Cə.kʷˁaj/ /*kʷˁaj/ /*kʷˁaj-s/
English tough, fibrous (vegetables) to pass to pass; transgress

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 過 過
Reading # 1/2 2/2
No. 4362 4371
Phonetic
component 		冎 冎
Rime
group 		歌 歌
Rime
subdivision 		3 3
Corresponding
MC rime 		戈
Old
Chinese 		/*kloːl/ /*kloːls/

Definitions

[edit]

過

  1. to cross; to pass; to go across; to pass through
    坐這艘船過河很安全。 [MSC, trad.]
    坐这艘船过河很安全。 [MSC, simp.]
    Zuò zhè sōu chuán guò hé hěn ānquán. [Pinyin]
    It is safe to cross the river in this boat.
    請您趕快過安檢，現在已經登機了。 [MSC, trad.]
    请您赶快过安检，现在已经登机了。 [MSC, simp.]
    Qǐng nín gǎnkuài guò ānjiǎn, xiànzài yǐjīng dēngjī le. [Pinyin]
    Please hurry up to pass the security check, it's already boarding time.
    過了百貨公司便向右拐。 [MSC, trad.]
    过了百货公司便向右拐。 [MSC, simp.]
    Guò le bǎihuò gōngsī biàn xiàng yòu guǎi. [Pinyin]
    Turn to the right after passing the department store.
  2. (of time) to pass by; to pass
    時間過得很快。／时间过得很快。  ―  Shíjiān guò de hěn kuài.  ―  Time flies quickly.
    過了許多年我們才偶然相逢。 [MSC, trad.]
    过了许多年我们才偶然相逢。 [MSC, simp.]
    Guò le xǔduō nián wǒmen cái ǒurán xiāngféng. [Pinyin]
    Many years were to pass before we crossed our paths again.
  3. to spend time; to live
    過著艱苦的生活 [MSC, trad.]
    过着艰苦的生活 [MSC, simp.]
    guò zhe jiānkǔ de shēnghuó [Pinyin]
    to live a hard life.
    佢打算返澳洲過暑假。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    佢打算返澳洲过暑假。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    keoi5 daa2 syun3 faan1 ou3 zau1 gwo3 syu2 gaa3. [Jyutping]
    He is planning to spend his summer holiday in Hong Kong.
  4. to transfer; to move to
    我過咗三千蚊落你戶口度。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    我过咗三千蚊落你户口度。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    ngo5 gwo3 zo2 saam1 cin1 man1 lok6 nei5 wu6 hau2 dou6. [Jyutping]
    I transferred three thousand dollars into your account.
  5. to cause to go through
    過秤／过秤  ―  guòchèng  ―  to weigh
    把煮好的麵過一下涼水 [MSC, trad.]
    把煮好的面过一下凉水 [MSC, simp.]
    bǎ zhǔ hǎo de miàn guò yī xià liáng shuǐ [Pinyin]
    Put the boiled noodles through cold water.
  6. to go over; to look at carefully; to go through
    我們把這篇稿子再過一遍。 [MSC, trad.]
    我们把这篇稿子再过一遍。 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒmen bǎ zhè piān gǎozi zài guò yībiàn. [Pinyin]
    Let's go over the draft once again.
  7. to exceed; to surpass; to be over
    過期／过期  ―  guòqī  ―  overdue
    年過六十／年过六十  ―  nián guò liùshí  ―  to be over 60 years of age
  8. excessive; undue; overboard
    把話說得太過了／把话说得太过了  ―  bǎ huà shuō de tài guò le  ―  [He] said way too much.
  9. to pass an exam
  10. verbal complement
    1. indicating passing by; over; by
      我成日都會行過呢間士多。 [Cantonese, trad.]
      我成日都会行过呢间士多。 [Cantonese, simp.]
      ngo5 seng4 jat6 dou1 wui5 haang4 gwo3 ni1 gaan1 si6 do1. [Jyutping]
      I always walk by this corner store.
    2. indicating a change in direction; over; away
    3. indicating an excess in degree or amount; past; through; by
      坐過站了！／坐过站了！  ―  Zuò guò zhàn le!  ―  I rode past my station!
      我今天早上睡過了。 [MSC, trad.]
      我今天早上睡过了。 [MSC, simp.]
      Wǒ jīntiān zǎoshàng shuì guò le. [Pinyin]
      I overslept this morning.
      他父親恐怕活不過今晚。 [MSC, trad.]
      他父亲恐怕活不过今晚。 [MSC, simp.]
      Tā fùqīn kǒngpà huó bù guò jīnwǎn. [Pinyin]
      I'm afraid his father may not make it past this evening.
    4. indicating superiority; better than
      你打得過他嗎？／你打得过他吗？  ―  Nǐ dǎ de guò tā ma?  ―  Do you play better than him?
    5. (Cantonese) indicating that an event is worthwhile
      呢間茶樓啲點心又貴又唔係特別好食，真係食唔過。 [Cantonese, trad.]
      呢间茶楼啲点心又贵又唔系特别好食，真系食唔过。 [Cantonese, simp.]
      ni1 gaan1 caa4 lau4 di1 dim2 sam1 jau6 gwai3 jau6 m4 hai6 dak6 bit6 hou2 sik6, zan1 hai6 sik6 m4 gwo3. [Jyutping]
      The dim sum at this restaurant is quite expensive and not particularly tasty, so it's not worth eating.
  11. (chiefly literary or Cantonese) adjectival complement indicating an excess in degree or amount; more ... than
    佢高過我。／佢高过我。 [Guangzhou Cantonese]  ―  keoi5 gou1 gwo3 ngo5. [Jyutping]  ―  He/she is taller than me.
    佢梗係叻過我啦。 [Guangzhou Cantonese, trad.]
    佢梗系叻过我啦。 [Guangzhou Cantonese, simp.]
    keoi5 gang2 hai6 lek1 gwo3 ngo5 laa1. [Jyutping]
    He/she is definitely smarter than me.
  12. particle indicating that an event or state has occurred already; ever; already
    你去過中國嗎？／你去过中国吗？  ―  Nǐ qù guo Zhōngguó ma?  ―  Have you (ever) been to China?
    你有冇去過香港啊？ [Cantonese, trad.]
    你有冇去过香港啊？ [Cantonese, simp.]
    nei5 jau5 mou5 heoi3 gwo3 hoeng1 gong2 aa3? [Jyutping]
    Have you ever been to Hong Kong?
    你見過我個女朋友未呀？ [Cantonese, trad.]
    你见过我个女朋友未呀？ [Cantonese, simp.]
    nei5 gin3 gwo3 ngo5 go3 neoi5 pang4 jau5 mei6 aa3? [Jyutping]
    Have you seen my girlfriend yet?
  13. (Cantonese, Gan) particle indicating repetition of an event; again
    我作文揀錯咗題目，要從頭寫過。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    我作文拣错咗题目，要从头写过。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    ngo5 zok3 man4-2 gaan2 co3 zo2 tai4 muk6, jiu3 cung4 tau4 se2 gwo3. [Jyutping]
    I picked the wrong topic for the essay, so I have to write it all over again.
  14. too; excessively
    他們抱怨工資過低。 [MSC, trad.]
    他们抱怨工资过低。 [MSC, simp.]
    Tāmen bàoyuàn gōngzī guò dī. [Pinyin]
    They complained that the wages were too low.
  15. fault; blemish; mistake
    將功補過／将功补过  ―  jiānggōngbǔguò  ―  to make up for one's mistakes with good deeds
    吾過矣！／吾过矣！ [Classical Chinese]  ―  Wú guò yǐ! [Pinyin]  ―  I am/was wrong! / I have erred!
  16. (Cantonese, chiefly university slang) to pass
    勁過／劲过 [Cantonese]  ―  ging3 gwo3 [Jyutping]  ―  to superpass
    過三爆四／过三爆四 [Cantonese]  ―  gwo3 saam1 baau3 sei3 [Jyutping]  ―  to achieve a GPA of 3 or above
  17. (literary) to pay a visit; to visit; to call on
  18. (euphemistic) to die; to pass away
  19. (Cantonese, dated) used to indicates the target or recipient of an action: to
    畀件衫過我。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    畀件衫过我。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    bei2 gin6 saam1 gwo3 ngo5. [Jyutping]
    Give me the shirt.
  20. (Cantonese) This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
    佢有幾靚仔啊？睇過！？ [Cantonese, trad.]
    佢有几靓仔啊？睇过！？ [Cantonese, simp.]
    keoi5 jau5 gei2 leng3 zai2 aa1? tai2 gwo3!? [Jyutping]
    How handsome can he be? Let me have a look!?
  21. Classifier for occurrences: time

Synonyms

[edit]
Dialectal synonyms of 太 (“too; excessively”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 太, 過於
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 太, 忒
Taiwan 太
Malaysia 太
Singapore 太
Jilu Mandarin Tianjin 太, 忒
Jinan 太, 忒
Central Plains Mandarin Wanrong 太
Xi'an 太
Xuzhou 忒
Donghai 太
Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) 太
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 太
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 太
Wuhan 太, 忒
Guiyang 太
Guilin 太
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 太
Yangzhou 太
Baoying 太
Taizhou 太
Zhenjiang 太
Yancheng 太
Hefei 太
Cantonese Guangzhou 太, 得滯 >, 過頭 >
Hong Kong 太, 太過, 得滯 >, 過頭 >, 過龍 >
Taishan 得滯 >
Dongguan 得滯 >
Yangjiang 得滯 >
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 太
Singapore (Guangfu) 太
Gan Nanchang 太
Lichuan 太
Pingxiang 太
Hakka Meixian 忒
Dongguan (Qingxi) 太, 過頭 >
Wuhua (Huacheng) 忒
Heyuan (Bendihua) 太
Wengyuan 太
Liannan 太
Jiexi 忒
Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan) 太, 忒
Changting 忒
Wuping 忒
Wuping (Yanqian) 忒
Liancheng 忒
Ninghua 忒
Yudu 太
Ningdu 太, 忒
Tonggu (Sandu) 忒
Ganzhou (Panlong) 太
Dayu 太
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 忒
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 忒
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 忒
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 忒
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 忒
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 忒
Hong Kong 太, 過頭 >
Yangxi (Tangkou) 太
Yangchun (Sanjia) 太
Xinyi (Sihe) 太
Xinyi (Qianpai) 太
Gaozhou (Xindong) 太
Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai) 太
Huazhou (Xin'an) 忒
Lianjiang (Shijiao) 忒
Lianjiang (Qingping) 太
Mengshan (Xihe) 太
Luchuan 太
Senai (Huiyang) 過頭 >
Kuching (Hepo) 過頭
Huizhou Jixi 太
Jin Taiyuan 太
Northern Min Jian'ou 忒
Jian'ou (Dikou) 忒
Songxi 忒
Zhenghe 忒
Zhenghe (Zhenqian) 忒
Jianyang 忒
Wuyishan 忒
Pucheng (Shibei) 忒
Eastern Min Fuzhou 過, 恰
Fuzhou (Changle) 恰
Lianjiang 恰
Fuqing 恰
Pingtan 恰
Yongtai 恰
Minqing 恰
Gutian 恰
Pingnan 恰
Luoyuan 恰
Fu'an 恰
Ningde 恰
Xiapu 恰
Zherong 恰
Shouning 恰
Zhouning 恰
Fuding 恰
Southern Min Xiamen 傷, 傷過
Xiamen (Tong'an) 傷
Quanzhou 傷, 傷過
Jinjiang 傷, 太
Nan'an 傷
Shishi 傷
Hui'an 傷
Anxi 傷
Yongchun 傷
Dehua 傷
Zhangzhou 傷, 傷過
Zhangzhou (Longhai) 傷
Zhangzhou (Changtai) 傷
Hua'an 傷
Nanjing 傷
Pinghe 傷
Zhangpu 傷
Yunxiao 傷
Zhao'an 傷
Dongshan 傷
Taipei 傷
New Taipei (Sanxia) 傷
Kaohsiung 傷
Yilan 傷
Changhua (Lukang) 傷
Taichung 傷
Tainan 傷
Hsinchu 傷
Kinmen 傷
Penghu (Magong) 傷
Penang (Hokkien) 傷, 太
Singapore (Hokkien) 傷, 傷過, 過, 佮
Manila (Hokkien) 傷, 傷過
Longyan 蓋
Zhangping 傷
Chaozhou 佮
Shantou 佮, 過
Jieyang 佮, 過
Bangkok (Teochew) 佮
Johor Bahru (Teochew) 佮
Singapore (Teochew) 佮, 過
Puxian Min Putian 傷
Xianyou 傷
Central Min Yong'an 太
Sanming (Sanyuan) 忒
Sanming (Shaxian) 太
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 太, 過頭 >
Wu Shanghai 忒, 過於, 忒煞, 忒以 dated
Shanghai (Chongming) 忒
Suzhou 忒
Changshu 脫
Nantong (Haimen) 忒
Danyang 太
Nanjing (Gaochun) 太
Hangzhou 忒
Ningbo 忒
Wenzhou 忒
Jinhua 太, 忒
Xiang Changsha 太
Shuangfeng 太, 忒
Note > - after adjective or adverb
  • (to pay a visit):

Usage notes

[edit]
  • The past experience particle 過 is negated with 沒／没 (méi), which is placed before the verb.
    我沒去過中國。／我没去过中国。  ―  Wǒ méi qù guò Zhōngguó.  ―  I have not been to China.
    • In Cantonese, 未 (mei6) is used instead of 沒 / 没.

Compounds

[edit]

Descendants

[edit]
Sino-Xenic (過):
  • → Japanese: 過(か) (ka)
  • → Korean: 과(過) (gwa)
  • → Vietnamese: quá (過, “too; to exceed”), qua (過, “to cross; through; across”)

Others:

  • → Proto-Hmong-Mien: *KʷajH (“to cross”)
  • → Proto-Tai: *kwaːᴮ (“to cross over”)
    • Lao: ກວ່າ (kuā, “than; more than”)
    • Shan: ၵႂႃႇ (kwàa, “go; work, run (as an engine)”)
    • Thai: กว่า (gwàa, “than; more than; over; go; overflow; pass”)

Etymology 2

[edit]

Pronunciation

[edit]
Rime
Character 過
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 戈 (95)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) I
Fanqie 古禾切
Baxter kwa
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kuɑ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kuɑ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kuɑ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kwa/
Li
Rong 		/kuɑ/
Wang
Li 		/kuɑ/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/kuɑ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		guō
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		gwo1
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 過
Reading # 1/2
No. 4362
Phonetic
component 		冎
Rime
group 		歌
Rime
subdivision 		3
Corresponding
MC rime 		戈
Old
Chinese 		/*kloːl/

Definitions

[edit]

過

  1. name of a creek
  2. name of an ancient state in modern Shandong
  3. a surname

Etymology 3

[edit]

Pronunciation

[edit]

Definitions

[edit]

過

  1. Alternative form of 輠 / 𰺍
  2. Alternative form of 禍 / 祸 (huò)

References

[edit]

Japanese

[edit]
Shinjitai 過
Kyūjitai
[1]
過󠄁
過+&#xE0101;?
(Adobe-Japan1)
過󠄃
過+&#xE0103;?
(Hanyo-Denshi)
(Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment.
See here for details.

Kanji

[edit]
過

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. mistake
  2. excess, too much

Readings

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]
Kanji in this term
過
か
Grade: 5
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 過 (MC kwa|kwaH).

Pronunciation

[edit]

Noun

[edit]

過(か) • (ka) ←くわ (kwa)?

  1. fault; error; mistake
  2. the past
  3. excess

Prefix

[edit]

過(か) • (ka-) ←くわ (kwa-)?

  1. (chemistry) super-, over-; per

References

[edit]
  1. ^ “過”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2024
  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

[edit]

Hanja

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過 (eumhun 지날 과 (jinal gwa))

  1. hanja form? of 과 (“last, past, have been, in time, later”)
  2. 허물 과; an error, a fault, a misstep, a slip, a mistake.
  3. 기름통 과; an oil cask, an oilcan.

過 (eumhun 재앙 화 (jaeang hwa))

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

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Han character

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過: Hán Nôm readings: qua, quá, góa/goá, quớ, quở

  1. chữ Hán form of qua (“to pass; to go over”).
    • 1910, Sơn Hậu Diễn Ca, sheet 1a
      䀡運𡗶㐌挌過頭。
      Xem vận trời đã gác qua đầu.
      Seeing that fate has been set over (my) head.
  2. chữ Hán form of quá (“too (much); over”).
    • circa 15th century, Nguyễn Trãi, Lê triều Nguyễn tướng công Gia huấn ca, Quan Văn Ðường tàng bản (1907), lines 7-8
      𠳒咹涅於朱坤, 拯𢧚多過多言𡭧芇。
      Lời ăn nết ở cho khôn, chẳng nên đa quá đa ngôn chút nào.
      Speak and act like a lady, but speak not too much lest you blunder.
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