Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/Hr̥tás

This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥-tós, from *h₂er- (“to fit; fix; put together”) +‎ *-tós (deverbal adjective suffix); literally “that which is put together/in order”.

Noun

*Hr̥tás m

1. truth

   Antonym: *dʰráwgʰas

2. order, law
3. rectitude

Declension

masculine a-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*Hr̥tás	*Hr̥tā́	*Hr̥tā́, -ā́s(as)
vocative	*Hr̥ta	*Hr̥tā́	*Hr̥tā́, -ā́s(as)
accusative	*Hr̥tám	*Hr̥tā́	*Hr̥tā́ns
instrumental	*Hr̥tā́	*Hr̥táybʰyaH, -ā́bʰyām	*Hr̥tā́yš
ablative	*Hr̥tā́t	*Hr̥táybʰyaH, -ā́bʰyām	*Hr̥táybʰyas
dative	*Hr̥tā́y	*Hr̥táybʰyaH, -ā́bʰyām	*Hr̥táybʰyas
genitive	*Hr̥tásya	*Hr̥táyās	*Hr̥tā́na(H)m
locative	*Hr̥táy	*Hr̥táyaw	*Hr̥táyšu

Derived terms

• *Hr̥táHbʰaHnúš
  • Proto-Iranian: *Hr̥tábaHnúš (“the glory of Arta, the righteous glory; the Arta's light”) (c.f. for ending part: Avestan 𐬠𐬁𐬥𐬎 (bānu, “the ray of light”))
    • Old Persian: *R̥tabānuš
      • Middle Persian: (/⁠Ardawān ~ Ardaβān⁠/)

        Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫡𐫅𐫂𐫀𐫗 (ʾrdβʾn)

        Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭠𐭥𐭲𐭥𐭠𐭭 (ʾrtwʾn)

        Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾrtbʾn')

        • Classical Persian: اردوان (Ardawān)
      • → Akkadian: 𒀜𒅈𒁀𒉡𒍑 (/⁠Atarbanuš⁠/)
      • → Ancient Greek: Ἀρτάβανος (Artábanos), Ἀρταβάνης (Artabánēs)
        • → Latin: Artabanus
      • → Imperial Aramaic script: 𐡏𐡓𐡕𐡁𐡍𐡅 (ʿrtbnw)
      • → Elamite: 𒅕𒋼𒁀𒉡𒆜 (/⁠Irtabanuš⁠/)
      • → Lydian: 𐤠𐤭𐤯𐤠𐤡𐤵𐤫𐤠 (artapãna)
      • → Sogdian: (/⁠Ardawān ~ Arteβān⁠/)

        Sogdian script: [script needed] (ʾrδβʾn)

        Syriac script: ܐܪܬܝܒܐܢ (ʾrtyβʾn)

      • → Parthian: (/⁠Ardawān ~ Ardaβān⁠/)

        Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫡𐫅𐫇𐫀𐫗 (ʾrdwʾn)

        Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭀𐭓𐭕𐭁𐭍𐭅 (ʾrtbnw)

        • → Old Armenian: Արտաւան (Artawan), Արտաբան (Artaban)
          • Armenian: Արտավան (Artavan)
• *Hr̥táHtaHtiš
  • Proto-Iranian: *Hr̥tátaHtiš
    • Avestan: 𐬀𐬭𐬱𐬙𐬁𐬝 (arštāt̰, “rectitude, justice; name of an angel”)
      • → Parthian: 𐭀𐭓𐭔𐭕𐭕 (ʾrštt /⁠Arštāt ~ Arštād ~ Arštāδ⁠/, “the goddess Rectitude; 26th day of Persian calendar”)
      • → Middle Persian: (/⁠A(r)štād⁠/, “the goddess Rectitude; 26th day of Persian calendar”)

        Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫢𐫤𐫀𐫅 (ʾštʾd)

        Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭠𐭥𐭱𐭲𐭠𐭲 (ʾrštʾt)

        Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾštʾt')

        • Persian: اشتاد (aštâd)
    • Middle Persian: (/⁠ardā(y)⁠/) (>*artatāt > *ardāt > *ardād > *ardāy)

      Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫡𐫅𐫀𐫏 (ʾrdʾy)

      Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭠𐭫𐭲𐭠𐭣𐭩 (ʾltʾdy)

      Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾltʾy)

      Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮀𐮊𐮑𐮀𐮈 (ʾltʾy), 𐮀𐮊𐮑𐮀𐮃𐮈 (ʾltʾdy)

• *Hr̥táHwāns
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥táHwāns
    • Sanskrit: ऋतावन् (ṛtā́van)
  • Proto-Iranian: *Hr̥táHwāh (see there for further descendants)

Descendants

• Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥tás
  • Sanskrit: ऋत (ṛtá, “right, proper; law”) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Iranian: *Hr̥táh
  • Avestan:
    • Old Avestan: 𐬀𐬴𐬀 (aṣ̌a~arta) (← substantivized *Hŕ̥tam), -𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬀 (-ar^əta)
      • → English: asha
    • Younger Avestan: -𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬀 (-ər^əta)
  • Parthian: 𐫀𐫡𐫤 (ʾrt /⁠art⁠/, “aether, air”)
  • Old Persian: 𐎠𐎼𐎫 (a-r-t /⁠arta⁠/)
    • Middle Persian: (/⁠ard⁠/, “Ard, a goddess; 25th day of Persian calendar”)

      Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫏𐫡𐫅 (ʾyrd)

      Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭠𐭫𐭲𐭩 (ʾlty)

      Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾlt')

      • Persian: ارد (ard)