BOSNA I HERCEGOVINA BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

FEDERACIJA BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE FEDERATION OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

TUZLANSKI KANTON TUZLA CANTON
PEDAGOŠKI ZAVOD PEDAGOGICAL INSTITUTE
TUZLANSKOG KANTONA OF TUZLA CANTON
TUZLA TUZLA

KATALOG ODABRANIH
TESTOVA IZ ENGLESKOG JEZIKA
ZA OSNOVNE ŠKOLE
-PRIPREMA ZA TAKMIČENJE-

septembar 2017. godine

Autori:
Emir Jahić, OŠ „Tušanj” Tuzla
Davor Tarade, OŠ „Kreka “ Tuzla
Mirela Ahmetović, OŠ „Slavinovići “ Tuzla
Aida Čamdžić, OŠ „Hasan Kikić” Gračanica
Ilda Muminović, OŠ „ Dr. Safvet-beg Bašagić” Gradačac
Admira Šukilović, OŠ „Novi Grad” Tuzla
Goran Smajlović, OŠ „Sjenjak“ Tuzla
Dženan Mukić, OŠ „Đurđevik” Živinice
Selma Fehrić, OŠ „Gračanica“ Živinice
Lejla Mujkić, OŠ „Novi grad“ Tuzla
Alma Hadžiselimović, OŠ „Tušanj“ Tuzla
Indira Kičić, OŠ „Tušanj“ Tuzla
Igor Hudić , OŠ „Pazar“ Tuzla
Asja Ninić, OŠ „Jala “ Tuzla
Azra Smajić, OŠ „Brčanska Malta“ Tuzla
Alma Šišić, OŠ „Hasan Kikić“ Gračanica
Adnana Suljkanović, OŠ „ Dr. Safvet-beg Bašagić” Gradačac
Nina Petric, OŠ „Solina“ Tuzla
Arijana Mulabećirović, OŠ „Slavinovići“ Tuzla

1
Contents
Present simple vs present continuous .................................................................................................... 3

Past simple .............................................................................................................................................. 5

Past continuous ....................................................................................................................................... 6

Present perfect simple ............................................................................................................................ 8

Present perfect continuous ................................................................................................................... 10

Past perfect simple ................................................................................................................................ 10

"used to " and "would".......................................................................................................................... 11

Future time ............................................................................................................................................ 11

Time clauses .......................................................................................................................................... 13

Conditionals ........................................................................................................................................... 14

Reported speech ................................................................................................................................... 16

Phrasal and prepositional verbs ............................................................................................................ 19

Hypothetical situations ......................................................................................................................... 20

Modal verbs ........................................................................................................................................... 21

Nouns .................................................................................................................................................... 24

Articles ................................................................................................................................................... 26

Pronouns and determiners.................................................................................................................... 29

Adjectives and adverbs.......................................................................................................................... 32

Relative clauses ..................................................................................................................................... 39

Prepositions ........................................................................................................................................... 39

Correlative conjunctions ....................................................................................................................... 41

Word formation..................................................................................................................................... 42

Contrast ................................................................................................................................................. 47

Use of English ........................................................................................................................................ 47

Passive ................................................................................................................................................... 57

Reading and comprehension ................................................................................................................. 59

Vocabulary ............................................................................................................................................. 99

Vocabulary - grade 7.............................................................................................................................. 99

Vocabulary - grade 8............................................................................................................................ 108

Vocabulary - grade 9............................................................................................................................ 116

2
Present simple vs present continuous
Grade 7
1) He usually _______ a shower before breakfast. (have)
2) How often __________ you _______tennis? (play)
3) I _____________ the correct answer. (not know)
4) Mr.Turner _____________ his teeth three times a day. (clean)
5) I____ (not do) my homework. I_____ (play) a computer game at the moment.
6) Look! The people ______________(dance) in the street. Who (play)_________the music?
7) We can't go out now. It___________ (rain).
8) What ______ you _________ (cook)? I___________(make) some spaghetti.
9) _______ it often _______ in winter? (snow)
10) The earth _________ around the sun. (travel)
11) Monkeys _________ bananas. (eat)
12) She ___________ (not work) on a new project these days.
13) At present, many students ____________ (study) for the test
14) What subjects ___________(you /learn) this year?
15) My grandmother __________(stay) in my room this week so, I_________(sleep) in the living
room.
16) I ______(wear) my new shoes today, but they are not very comfortable.
17) She is a teacher, but this summer she ____________(work) at a seafood restaurant.
18) Why ___________(he/work) today? It is Sunday.
19) There's a good match on TV but my mum___________(not watch) it. She _________ (not
like) football.
20) She ______________(study) to become a doctor.
21) I______________(read) „Adventures of Huckleberry Finn“. I have to write a book report next
week.
22) ________Thomas _______ (have) a shower for 30 minutes in his bathroom every afternoon?
23) We __________ for work at 7:30 AM every morning.
24) I____ always____________________(make) that mistake.
25) Susan often ____________ (meet) with her friends after school.
26) At present, I_______________ (have) a time of my life.
27) Cats ____________ (not like) swimming, or getting wet at all.
28) The Olympic Games _____________(take place) every four years.
29)

Grade 8
1) It's eight o'clock now. Anna ______________(eat) her breakfast .
2) The bus _________ now ____________(turn) left into Queens Street.
3) What _____ you _______ (do)? I_______________ (listen) to you.
4) Why ___________ (you smell) the milk? Is it sour?
5) My father __________ (make) excuses when I feel like going to the cinema.
6) Scientists ____________(work) on a vaccine against cancer these days.
7) We ____________(look for) new members for our football group before the new season starts.
3
 8) Why_________(you eat) only fruit and vegetables these days? Are you on a diet?
9) Anna ____________(cook) today. I think she _____________(make) something completely
new- curry.
10) I'd hate to live in London because it _______ (rain) all the time.
11) Time ____________(pass) quickly.
12) Plants __________ (grow) in soil.
13) People _________ (speak) English all over the world.
14) Snakes __________ (change) their skins regularly.
15) I____________ (learn) to dance this summer.
16) I___________(stay) with my family in Paris this holiday. I want to see a new place this year.
17) What sort of things ___________(your brother learn) this week?
18) We ____________(train) every day this week to prepare for our next match.
19) What ________________(you work) on at the moment?
20) I feel a bit lost. I've just finished a really good novel and now I__________(not read) anything.
21) Elisabeth _______ (currently write) a children's book titled ‘I Am the World.’
22) ____________still__________(you/work) in London?
23) She ________________________( constantly complain) about everything!
24) John _____________________(always ask) stupid questions! That’s really annoying.
25) My boss _____________________________ (continually criticise) me! I hate it.
26) She _________________ (always come) to the office late.
27) I_______________ (not meet) Katie tomorrow evening.
28) He _______________ (fly) to Rome in September
29) On Monday morning I___________(take) my grandma for a walk regularly.
30) ______you________ (leave) this morning?
31) What time___________(you/leave) tomorrow?
32) Today, an international company ___________(use) that building for a conference.
33) ________dogs ________ (bark) at strangers?
34) I ____________ (think) about visiting Jane this afternoon.
35) The police _______________ (still look) for fingerprints.
36) I ____________ (see) that the situation is out of control.

Grade 9
1) I_____________(learn) French because I need it for my new job.
2) Why _____ (you look) at me like that?
3) I have to go. Everybody ______________ (wait) for me.
4) I___________(not wear) a coat as it isn't cold.
5) What_______________(baby/do)? He ___________(tear up) a $5 note.
6) I bet I know what ______________(you/think ) about. It's that math test.
7) I______________(read) a play by Shakespeare.
8) He __________(teach) French and Greek this summer.
9) Well, for this holiday I__________ (save) more money.
10) People ______(get) more and more interested in animal communication these days.
11) This summer I___________(share) a room in the hotel with another person.
12) I_________(have) a lot of problems with my computer because of a programme I installed
recently.
13) I _____________(stay) with my brother because my flat is being painted.
14) My parents _____________ (look after) my dog while I'm away.
15) This week our tours ___________(take) a little longer.
16) Why______you_______(not write) your blog this week?
17) Why ________(you)___________(learn) a sign language now?
18) I speak German and French but Ann________________.
19) (he /always/wear) ______________a hat?

4
 20) Mr. and Mrs Maddox usually _______________ at the weekend. They buy everything they
need.
21) They____________ (work) hard to earn money for their school trip next month.
22) Because I__________________(fall in love with) with a girl who can't hear.
23) I_____________(revise) for my exams to graduate my college soon.
24) Scientists from different universities ______________(work) on Dr Doolittle project to
understand animal communication.
25) Fuel prices ____________(rise) constantly because of strong demand.
26) You _____(always) ______________(lose) the keys
27) I______________(mind) my own business.
28) Money ____________ on trees. (not grow)
29) The earth ____________ (travel) around the sun in approximately 365 days.
30) I_____________(get) married in June
31) We ___________(not/go) to the theatre tonight because we haven't got the tickets.
32) I______________(meet) my friends after work.
33) ______you______(fly) back on Saturday?
34) What ______________(you do) tonight? I_____________(meet) a designer.
35) What did she put in this food? It _________ (taste) awful.

Past simple

Grade 7
1) Jill _________ to Ottawa several times in 1990. (go)
2) Why ________ school yesterday? (not/be)
3) When she was younger she ________ English at primary school in Sarajevo. (teach)
4) From 2000 until 2003, he ________ in a small house near school. (live)
5) When I opened the door, I _______ my friend. (see)
6) We went to the cinema but we ___________ the film. ( not /enjoy)
7) I called Peter and then I _______ out. (go)
8) Peter ___________ the door and the angry policeman ________ the room. (open /
enter)

Grade 8
1) 1 A: I lived in Milan when I was younger. B: Really? How long _____you ____
there? (live)
2) 2 The picture was too low, so we _______ it a little. (raise)
3) 3 'What time ______Lisa_______?' 'About an hour ago.' (phone)
4) 4 Mozart ___________ more than 600 pieces of music. (write)
5) I _____________well last night and I ____________very tired in the morning. (not
sleep / be)
6)
7) We ___________ to have lunch, so we _________ to the cafe on the corner. (want
/go)
8) When I arrived home I ________ down on the sofa and _______ the TV. (sit / turn on)
9) When Frank ______ the policeman, he _____the pen back. (see / put)
5
 Grade 9
1) 'How______ the accident_______?' I don't know. I didn't see it.' (happen)
2) To make sure we ________ plenty of time to eat breakfast and get ready on the first
day of the school, I________ everybody up early – so early that it was still dark. (have
/ wake)
3) My grandmother, who died five years ago, never ______________ abroad. (go)
4) Have you seen my watch? I ___________it on my desk last night. (lay)
5) Harry _______ and we _______ him the news. (wake up / tell)
6) A few days ago dad _________ his car in front of a No Parking sign and ________
into the shop. When he _______ out ten minutes later the car was no longer there.
(park / rush / come)
7) When I _________ him I _______ the road to avoid the meeting. (see / cross)
8) The thieves _____out of the bank, ____ into their car and _____down the street.
(run/jump/drive)

Past continuous

Grade 7
1) At five o'clock yesterday afternoon, 75-year old Jack Menzis ________ the road on his
way home from shopping when a car knocked him over. (cross)
2) Which bus ______you______ for this morning? (wait)
3) Tom wasn't reading a book last night at 7 o'clock. He _________ the dog. (feed)
4) I ________ until midnight last night. (read)
5) While we ________, some other boys ________ football in the park. (study /play)
6) While John was playing the piano, his sister _________ her homework. (do)
7) While I _____ in one room, my older sister ______ a party in the other room.
(sleep/have)
8) What _____you _____ while I __________? (do /read)
9) While she was crossing the street, the car ________ her. (hit)
10) _______it _______ when you went out? (rain)
11) While I was working in the garden, I __________ my back. (hurt)
12) We ___________ our homework when Peter arrived. (do)

Grade 8
1) Sandy is watching television in the living room. At this time yesterday, she________
television. That's all she ever does! (watch)
2) ______it still ________when you came home? (snow)

6
 3) Who _____ you ______ to all evening? I tried to call you ten times and the line was
busy. (talk)
4) "What _____you ______between 5 and 7 yesterday afternoon? " (do)
" I _________ in the Red Lion Pub with a lot of other people." (sit)
5) What _____James______ while his wife _______ the house? (do / clean)
6) While I __________for my English test yesterday, my brother _________fun with his
friends. (study / have)
7) While the children _________ for school, their mother _________ sandwiches for
them. (get ready / make)
8) When I walked into the busy office, the secretary ________ on the phone with a
customer, several clerks _________ at their desks, and two managers ______ were
methods to customer service. (talk / work / discuss)
Sentences emphasising the distinction between the use of past simple and past
continuous. (Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in
brackets)
9) Ena ________ while she ________ a book. (fall asleep / read)
10) Mr. Carlson___________ to another man when I __________ him today. (talk / see)
11) _____ you ________ television when I phoned you? (watch)
12) I __________ breakfast when the phone ______. (have / ring)

Grade 9
1) A minor earthquake occurred at 2:07 A.M on January 3. Most of the people in the
village ________ at the time and didn't even know it had occurred until the next
morning. (sleep)
2) Whenever she saw Bill, he ________ the same book. (write)
3) We arrived in Cannes at 2.30. The sun ________, people __________ on the beach
and big yachts __________ near the harbour. (shine /sunbath / sail)

4) ______the car really _______ strange noises all the way home? (make)
5) They _______ dinner, ________ their plans, and _______ a good time. (eat/ discuss/
have)
6) The weather was bad as I_________ in a queue for the cinema - It ______ heavily and
a cold wind_________ . (stand / rain / blow)
7) Sorry, I _________ to you while you _________. (not listen / talk)
8) _______you________ while Kevin ___________ the new policy? (listen / explain)
Sentences emphasising the distinction between the use of past simple and past
continuous. (Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in
brackets)
9) Yesterday when I __________ home from school, a man _________ out on the road.
Luckily I _________ very fast, so I managed to stop in time and ________ him. (cycle
/ step / not go / hit)
10) Why did you disagree with me at the meeting? ______ you _______ to make me look
incompetent? (try)
7
 11) The Titanic _______ the Atlantic when it __________ an iceberg. (cross / strike)
12) When ______you ______ that the train ________ into the opposite direction? (realise /
go)

Present perfect simple

Grade 7
1) He ____________ that film. (see)
2) Someone _____________ my CD player. (steal)
3) We ________________ to many countries. (travel)
4) ______ you _________ a grizzly bear? (see)
5) I____________my keys, so I can't get into my house. (lose)
6) She___________her leg. That's why she can't play today! (hurt)
7) They will be late because the ____________ the bus. (miss)
8) We _______________ a new car. (buy)
9) She ____________ in London for three years. (live)
10) I ____________ here for 6 months. (work)
11) She _____________ here since 6 p.m. (be)
12) He ______________ a cold for a week. (have)
13) I ______________ to Indonesia. (be)
14) She __________ sushi before. (not/eat)
15) _______ you ever _______ Big Ben? (see)
16) My brother _________ his favourite singer. (meet)

Grade 8
Complete the sentences with the correct present perfect simple form of the verbs in brackets
1) I __________ my leg and now I can’t walk. ( break )
2) We _________ the new sci-fi film. ( not see )
3) Sally and Emma __________ some money in the street. (find)
4) 4.Peter __________ his ankle and it is still bad. (injure)
5) _________ you ________ your driving test? ( pass )
6) I ________ her several times. ( meet )
7) Mark and Dave are good friends. They __________ each other for long time. (know)
8) _________ Lina _________ the new Spiderman film? ( see)
8
 9) I ___________ sky diving. (try)
10) Bill __________ a new house. (buy)
11) The bus _______ down. (break)
12) Susan __________ two pieces of cake. (eat)
13) I'm not hungry. I ____________ a whole steak. (eat)
14) The doctor _____________ a book about disease prevention. (write)
15) The florist _____________ the flowers for the wedding. They are beautiful. (arrange)
16) We __________________ your invitation! (receive)
17) Mike ___________ ill for a long time. (be)
18) That boy _____________face for sometime. (wash)
19) _________ you _________ my boyfriend Bob lately? (see)
20) Poor old Henry _________________ a holiday since the year before last. (have)
21) How many countries ________ you ______ to? (be)
22) I'm ready to go. ______ you _______ getting ready? (finish)
23) Susie isn't here. She __________ to the shops for some bread. (go)
24) You have a great suntan, Sally. ______ you _______ on holiday? (be)

Grade 9
1) My friend is a writer . He _________ many books. ( write )
2) Kathy travels a lot. She __________ many countries. ( visit)
3) I knew when I saw her that she was the most beautiful woman I __________ . ( ever see)
4) Jane is my friend. We __________ each other for years. ( know)
5) “ ___________ you ____________ your homework? “ “ Yes, I have. “ (do)
6) I __________ to Madrid three times. ( be )
7) His sister __________ in a theatre all her life and she enjoys it. ( play)
8) I’m ready now. I __________ my work. ( finish )
9) I____________3km to get to work. (ride)
10) We _______________ all of our chores. (finish)
11) I ___________the teacher that I will be absent next week. (tell)
12) She ___________many jobs. (have)
13) Why is the newspaper in the bin? _________ dad ________ it? (read)
14) They are here. They _____________ to Paris. (not/go)
15) She looks rather pale. _______ she _______ anything to eat today? (eat)
16) How _______ she _________ this fantastic cake? (make)
17) I____________ any free time for a month. (have)
18) Since last year, the streets _______________ more crowded. (become)
19) He __________ me for 7 years now, but he still _____________ me to marry him. (court/ask)
20) Jack __________to Switzerland for a holiday; I _____ never _______ there. (be/go)
21) How many of these questions ______you _______ to get right so far? (manage)
22) He's an awful driver. He ________ four accidents in the last three months. (have)
23) _______ you _______ your new job? (start)
24) Ouch! I ____________ my finger with that terrible knife again! (cut)

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH THE APPROPRIATE TIME ADVERBIALS: just, yet, already,
since, for, ever, never!

9
 Grade 7
1) I've ________ had dinner.
2) Have Diane and Paul arrived ______?
3) They've __________ arrived.
4) I've been here _______ 1999.

Grade 8
1) You've __________ drunk three cups of coffee.
2) I've written ten letters ________ breakfast.
3) She hasn't bought a new hat _________ 9 months.
4) They've been very busy ________ the last week.
Grade 9
1) _________ you gave me your number I've phoned you 4 times and haven't found you at
home.
2) That boy hasn't washed his face ________ some time.
3) I have _______ seen that film.
4) Has she _______ worked in such a place?

Present perfect continuous

Grade 9
Complete the sentences with the correct present perfect continuous form of the verbs in
brackets
1) I’m tired. I ________ all day and I’m not done, yet. (work)
2) How long _____________ here? (you/wait)
3) I __________ this room. It will look good when it’s finished. (paint)
4) Your mother is still in the kitchen. She _________ all morning. (cook)
5) We _______ this garage ourselves and hope to finish it within the next two months. (build)
6) You ________ this book for ages. (read)
7) “ Look, her eyes are red. “ She ________ again. (cry)
8) Mark _________ his homework since 8.15. (do )
9) My feet are tired. I ________ here for hours. ( stand)
10) I’m learning English. I ________ English for s9 months. (learn)
11) Peter________ for that company for ten years now. (work)
12) You look dirty. What _________ all the time? (you/do)

Past perfect simple

Grade 9
Complete the sentences with the correct past simple or past perfect simple form of the
verbs in brackets
10
 1) The doctor ____________ (come) quickly, but the patient _________. ( already die)
2) They_________ (eat) everything by the time I ___________ (arrive) at the party.
3) __________ when the trouble started? (you/leave)
4) Jane ________ ( finish)her homework by the time her parents ________ (get) home.
5) George _________ asleep this morning because he_______ up late last night. (fall/stay)
6) He was late. When he ________ at the airport, the plane _________. (arrive/leave)
7) When I ________ my purse, someone _________ the money out of it. (find/take)
8) I couldn’t open the office door because someone _______(lock) it.
9) There was nobody at the office. Mr. Brown _________(tell) the staff to go home.
10) I had a pleasant surprise when I ________ (get) to my room, someone ________(put) some
flowers there for me.
11) They ___________ (not want) to see the film again because they _______ (see)it twice
already.
12) The teacher ___________ (not allow) her do the exam because when she arrived, the exam
________(start).

"used to " and "would"

Complete the sentences with the correct form of used to or would

Grade 8

1) I ________ smoke, but I don’t any more

2) Where ________ you _________ live
3) I ________ eat a large breakfast but I do now.
4) As he grew old, he _________ often __________ talk about his war experiences.
5) We _________ play tennis every day when we were young.
6) He __________ do a lot of exercise, but now he only goes swimming.
7) She __________ always tell us a story before we went to bed.
8) I ___________ watch cartoons every Saturday morning when I was very little. Now I rarely
watch TV.
Grade 9

1) I _________ watch television a lot but I don’t any more.

2) _________ to play football when you were younger? (you)
3) They _________ to like us but now they do. ( negative )
4) She _______ be an employee at the post office before she started her own business.
5) I ________ be a waiter, but now I’m a taxi-driver.
6) He ___________ like his job.
7) When I was a student, I __________ love sleeping late on the weekends.

Future time
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets (will +
infinitive, going to for future, present simple)
11
Grade 7
1) „ What would you like to drink? “ „ I ________( have ) some coffee, please.“
2) The weather is terrible. It __________ (rain) later.
3) Oh , I left the door open. I _______(go ) and shut it.
4) Where _______ you _______( live) next year?
5) If it is sunny on Sunday ,Susan _________(go) to the park.
6) ______ you ______( shut ) the door ,please?
7) We ____________________(have) dinner at a nice restaurant on Saturday.
8) It's her birthday next week. She ___________________ (have) a party.
9) Hurry up or we ________________ (miss) the bus.
10) The examination ____________(start) at 9.30. Don't be late.
11) What time ____________the film __________(begin)?
12) Next Thursday at 10.00 there _____________(be ) an English exam.
13) The train ____________(leave) at 11.45.
14) I think he __________ (be) late. He never comes on time.
15) I_____________ (work) harder next year. I promise.

Grade 8
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets (will + infinitive, going
to for future, present simple)
1) „ Did you call Tim ?“ „ Oh no, I forgot. I ______(do) it now.“
2) Many scientists think that the Earth's temperature _________(rise) by 2-3 C in the next 50
years.
3) If you come to the club, you__________(have) a great time.
4) I suppose we __________(see) Sue at the party.
5) _______you _________( hold ) this box for a moment while I unpack it?
6) I hear Ann has won a lot of money. I wonder what ____ she _____________( do ) with it?
7) He ______________________(not/tell) how much he spent on his new computer. We'd be
shocked!
8) Julia looks very pale.She ____________________(faint).
9) The restaurant _____________(open) at 19.30 tonight.
10) Hurry up ! The shop _____________(close) in 15 minutes and we still haven't bought all the
food we neeed.
11) She __________(have ) a yoga class tomorrow morning.
12) The sale __________ (end ) next week.
13) Don't lift that. You ____________ (hurt) yourself.
14) Kelly's sister ______________ (have) a baby. It's due next month.
15) The plane _______________ (take off) at 5 p.m.

Grade 9
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets (will + infinitive, going to for
future, present simple, will+be+ present participle, will+ perfect infinitive)

12
 1) Tom _______( not/ pass) his exam. He hasn't done any work for it.
2) They ________probably _____(be) a little late this evening.
3) I think I________(make ) some tea when this programme finishes.
4) „ Darling, I want to see the world!“ „ I __________( give ) you an atlas for next birthday.“
5) When you return home, you _______(notice) a lot of changes.
6) You ___________________(finish) your report by this time next week.
7) __________they _________________(arrive) by 5:00?
8) I________________________(not/complete) the project before the deadline. I just can't.
9) She hopes she _______________________(win) lots of prizes before she is twenty.
10) By 2025, Adam ____________________(sell) sports equipment for 10 years.
11) We ______________________(work) here for three years by the time visa needs to be
renewed.
12) Next year is Ted and Amy's 25th anniversary . They ______________(be ) married for 25 years.
13) We're late . I guess the film ______already __________________(start) by the time we get to
the theatre.
14) Lucy and Steve __________________(live ) here for four years next May.
15) I _________________(watch) TV when she arrives tonight.
16) By Christmas she _____________________(ski) like a pro.
17) She ________________________(sing ) a song for the audience. She was preparing for it the
whole week.
18) I ____________________(eat) with Jane this evening so I can tell her.
19) Unfortunately, sea levels __________still_____________________(rise) in 20 years.
20) He __________________________(come) to the meeting, I expect.
21) I guess you________________________(feel) thirsty after working in the sun.
22) Students ___________________________(learn) new lessons next year.
23) I can feel a cold breeze coming from the north. It _________________ (cold) tonight.
24) The race is almost over and he is at the front. He __________________ (win).
25) He _______________ (win) this race. He's won lots of races before.
26) I__________________ (leave) at ten. I start working at 6 a.m.
27) I____________________ (leave) at ten. I've arranged a taxi for that time.
28) This time next week I ___________________ (ski) down the mountain.
29) This bag is too heavy. I_________________ (hurt) my back.

Time clauses
Grade 8
Complete the sentences with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets

1) We_______( go out) when the shops open.

2) You drive first and when you are tired, I_____________(take over).
3) You can't go out before you ____________(finish) your homework!
4) As soon as I get my exam results, we ______________(go) on holiday.
5) When he ___________ (return) I'll give him the key.
13
Grade 9
Complete the sentences with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets

1) When you____________ (come) to the main road remember to stop and look before you
______________(cross).
2) I__________ (help) you with your homework as soon as I _________(do) my own.
3) He ________(know) it was her before she even ___________(appear) at the door.
4) After he________ (say) everything he had to, she ___________(leave) the room.
5) When I_________( see) all there is to see, I____________l ( buy) a small island and settle
down there.

Conditionals
1st conditional

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets

Grade 7
1 If mum __________ (be) tired tonight, I ____________ (cook) dinner.
2 It _____________ (be) dangerous if you ______________ (not wear) a seatbelt.
3 She _______________ (ask) Karen to come if she __________ (see) her.
4 If he_____________ (eat) all that he _________ (be) ill.
5 I____________ (be) very angry if he ____________ (make) any more mistakes.
6 If he __________(be) late _________ (go) without him.
7 I ________________ (clean) the car if you ________________ (give) me ₤5.
8 If you __________________(not go) I _________________(call) the police.
9 They ___________________ (help) you if you _________________ ( not come) late.
10 Don’t’ worry. They ______________ (use) the stairs if the lift ____________ (not work).

Grade 8
1 Water ____________ (boil) if you ____________ (heat) it.
2 Plants _____________ (die) if you _____________ (not water) them.
3 Ice __________ (turn) to water if you _____________ (heat) it.
4 Sarah _____________ (not come) to the party if Tom ______________ (not call) her.
5 If the police ______________ (find) the car, you ____________ (have) to prove that it is
yours.
6 He ___________ (be) late for the train if he____________ (not start) at once.
7 We ____________ (have to) move upstairs if the river ____________(rise) any higher.
8 They ______________ (stay) at home if the weather ___________ (not be) good.
9 I _______________ (be) sad if my friends _____________ (not remember) my birthday.

Grade 9

14
 1 If I _________ (lend) you 10, when _____________ (you repay) me?
2 If you _____________ (want) to get fit, _____________ (follow) these instructions.
3 Why ______________ (you employ) him as a cashier if he can’t count?
4 Why ________________ (she not change) her job if she _____________ (hate) it?
5 Unless you _________ (be) more careful, you ___________ (have) an accident.
6 Tell him to ring me up if you ___________ (see) him.
7 If it _____________ (rain), ________________ (not open) the windows.
8 Unless I __________(have) a quiet room I _____________(not be able) to do any work.
9 Unless I ____________ (get) delayed, I _____________ (come) before six.
10 Unless he ___________ (sell) more he _________ (not get) much commission.
11 She _________ (not open) the door unless she___________ (know) who it is.
12 They _____________ (not mind) if we ____________ (be) a bit late this evening.
13 Everything ______________ (be) different if you ________ (be) in love with somebody.
14 If you ______________ (get) lots of homework, how _________________ (you feel)?

2nd conditional
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets

Grade 8
1 If he ________ (work) more slowly he _____(not make) so many mistakes.
2 More tourists (come) to this country if it _________(have) a better climate.
3 I __________ (buy) shares in that company if I ________ (have) some money.
4 If he ______ (clean) his windscreen he______ ( be able to) see where he was going.
5 If I ___________(win) a big prize in a lottery I________ (give up) my job.
6 Mark __________ (can) tell you what this means if he _________(know) Greek.
7 If everybody (give) 1 we _________ (have) enough.
8 He might get fat if he __________ (stop) smoking.
9 If you _____ (paint) the walls white the room _______ (be) much brighter.
10 I ___________ (be) ruined if I ________ (buy) her everything she asked for.

Grade 9
1 I shouldn't drink that wine if I (be) you.
2 If you ________ (see) someone drowning what _______ (you do)?
3 If you ________ (drive) your car into the river _____ (you be able) to get out?
4 If he ________ (know) that it was dangerous he ______(not come).
5 Grandma ___________ (get) a dog if she _______________ (not live) in a small flat.
6 If I ___________ (be) sent to prison ____________ (you visit) me?
7 If someone _____ (give) you a helicopter what _____ (you do) with it?
8 If you ______ (not belong) to a union you couldn't get a job.
9 What _______ (you do) if you ______ (find) a burglar in your house?
10 I ____ (climb) over the wall if there _______ (not be) so much broken glass.

3rd conditional
Grade 9
15
 1 If he _________ (not be) so shy, I’m sure he __________ (get) the job.
2 If he _________ (know) the whole story he __________(not be) so angry.
3 If you _____ (not be) in such a hurry you _____(not put) sugar into the sauce instead of salt.
4 You _______ (not feel) so tired if you ________ (go) to bed earlier.
5 I ________ (not accept) the job if I _________ (know) how awful it is.
6 We ________ (not know) about the meeting if the chairman ________ (not tell) us.
7 I ____________ (take) a taxi if I __________ (realize) that it was such a long way.
8 You _________ (have) enough money for new trainers if you ________ (save) it.
9 They__________ (not invite) you to the party even if they _________ (see) you.
10 He ___________ (not cause) the accident if he ___________ (not fall) asleep while driving.

Reported speech
Grade 9
Change the following sentences into reported speech.

1. „I was at home yesterday,“ said Jack.

Jack said (that)_______________________________.
2. „I clean my room every day,“ Mary says.
Mary says( that )_________________________________.
3. „I don't want to see this film,“ he said.
He said ____________________________________.
4. „I'll help you,“ said Jane.
Jane said (that)____________________________________.
5. „I've brought all my things,“ Ted said to his father.
Ted told his father that __________________________________.
6. „Sue and Paul aren't getting married next month.“
She informed us that Sue and Paul ______________________________.
7. „The hospital isn't very good.“
The man complained that________________________________.
8. „Your brother is bothering me,“she said to me.
She told me that ______________________________________.
9. „I can't understand this lesson, mother,“ said Theresa.
Theresa told her mother that ______________________________.
10. „We love our teacher,“
They said (that)________________________________.

Change the following questions into reported speech.

1. Nick: „Did you see a bird in the tree?“

Nick wonders ___________________ a bird in the tree.
2. Ann: „Is your sister good at English?“
Ann asked me ______________________________________.
3. “Do you go in for sports?“, he asked.
He asked me if _________________________________.

16
4. „Will Tom help me?“, Sue asked her father.
Sue asked her father ___________________________________.
5. “Did you work at a factory 3 years ago?“, she asked her friend.
She asked her friend _________________________ at a factory 3 years ago.
6. “Have you seen my daughter?“, a woman is asking her neighbour.
A woman is asking her neighbour _________________________ her daughter.
7. “Can I go home now?“, he asked.
He wanted to know _____________________________________.
8. .“Does Julie drink tea?“
She asked me ________________________________.

9. „Are you going to the cinema?“, he asked me.

He wanted to know if I ______________________ to the cinema.
10. „Have you read this book?“
He asked me if I _____________________________________.

Report these questions. Start with the words given.

1. „Where does Helen live? “
Jim wants to know____________________________________.
2. „Why are you wearing sunglasses?“
She asked him ___________________________ sunglasses.
3. „What did you buy yesterday?“
Jane asked Bob what _____________________________________.
4. „What time will the plane arrive?“
They asked______________________________________.
5. “Where are your textbooks?“
The teacher asked her pupils ___________________________________.
6. “How far do I have to walk?“
She wanted to know how far ___________________________to walk.
7. “When is your birthday?“
My new neighbour asked me __________________________________.
8. “Who do you go running with?“
She asked me __________________________________.
9. “Where has she gone?“
They wondered ______________________________________.
10. „How long have you been waiting for me?“
He asked her how long ____________________________________.

Report the following requests, orders and advice. Start with the words given.

1. „Don't enter the room!“

He ordered her _____________________________.
2. „Tom, read the story, please.“
The teacher asked Tom ________________________________.
3. „Clean your teeth twice a day,“ the dentist said.

17
 The dentist advised her ____________________________________.
4. „Don't tell her what I said.“
He begged me ___________________________________.
5. „Don't move!“ the man with the gun said to us.
The man with the gun warned us ___________________.
6. „Write a text message,“ said Jessica.
Jessica told him ____________________________.
7. „Take off your shoes,“ she told us.
She told us ___________________________.
8. „Don't hurt yourselves, boys,“ she said.
She told the boys ______________________________.

9. „You should get a lawyer as soon as possible!“

My friend advised me ___________________________________.
10. „Please wait here till I return,“ she said to me.
She requsted me ________________________________.
Use the correct form of SAY and TELL in these sentences.

1. Eliza __________ that we were her best friends.

2.The policeman ___________ the man was lying.
3. Lucy __________Julie that she was leaving on Wednesday.
4.Your father ____________me that you are good at speaking English.
5.She asked me to _____________her my name.
6.“Go and tidy your room,“ he ______________to his son.
7. Paul ___________ that he was going to the store.
8. She __________ me her sister was coming to visit us.
9.If you try to escape, I'll shoot you,“ he __________ to the prisoner.
10.She __________ that Nina can read.

Turn the following reported sentences into Direct speech. Write the people's exact words.

1. Jane asked Bob what he had bought the day before.

'_______________________________?' Jane asked Bob.
2. My mother told me not to go there.
'____________________________,' my mother said to me.
3. They asked me if I had ever worked at an archeological site.
'____________________________________?' they asked me.
4. She told me they had gone out the night before.
'__________________________________', she told me.
5. She said she could help me the next day.
'________________________________', she said.
6. Harold asked me why I was wearing such old clothes.
'___________________________________?' Harold asked.
7. Olivia said that she would come early to the meeting.
'____________________________________' , Olivia said.

18
8. Greg asked me where John came from.
'___________________________________?' Greg asked me.

9. She said she had been typing since morning.

' _________________________________,' she said.

10. He asked me to get him a cup of tea.

'_____________________________________,' he asked me.

Phrasal and prepositional verbs

Grade 7
Complete the sentences with the following phrases:

be up to something; pull over; take off; keep up; learn something by heart; change one’s mind; grow
up; blow something out; climb down; interested in; join in; put off;

1) What are the boys _____________, I wonder?

2) We are playing a game, why don’t you ______________.
3) The police signaled him to _____________.
4) The plane took half an hour to _____________.
5) _____________ the good work!
6) We can’t __________________ making a decision. We have to decide now.
7) The lesson was so difficult to understand that everybody had to _____________.
8) I'll try to _____________ Ted's _____________ about leaving his job.
9) When I _____________, I want to be a doctor.
10) He _____________ the candles and we ate the cake.
11) The boy _____________ the tree and sat on the grass.
12) I'm _____________ science.
13) He __________________ what he did yesterday.

Grade 8
Complete the sentences with the following phrases:

get on with somebody; run into; get over something; look after somebody; bring about; shout at;
look up to somebody; take over; blow up; catch up with somebody; make something up; pass out;
run into somebody; involve in; cycle down; be famous for; look something up; put something out

1) John was a fussy person and difficult to _____________.

2) It took Beth months to _____________ her father's death.
3) He _____________ his ill brother for months.
4) They were a quiet, down-to-earth family that everybody _____________.

19
 5) Even though he was injured during the race, he managed to _____________ the other
runners.
6) It was the craziest story ever. I think he _____________.
7) He _____________ when he saw the thief. Later he called the police.
8) You won't believe who I _____________ yesterday. We went for a cup of coffee to
_____________.
9) We cycled very fast _____________ the hill.
10) China is _____________ the Great Wall.
11) What does this word mean? –You can _____________ in a dictionary.
12) Firefighters _____________ fires and save people's lives.
13) We _______________ some friends yesterday. They were on their way back from school.
14) Don’t _________________ me. I can hear you very well.
15) On 5th November 1605, Guy Fawkes tried to _______ the Houses of Parliament in London.
16) He's __________ a number of research projects.
17) It can be very difficult to _______political change because people generally like things that
are familiar.
18) Up until midnight, one group of soldiers were keeping watch, then another group _________.

Grade 9
Complete the sentences with the following phrases:

come across something; to go off; charge with; sit in; complain about; be keen on something; give
something up; annoyed with; object to; take something up; take after somebody; look after
somebody

1) While cleaning the basement, I _____________ something I thought I had lost years ago.
2) The milk _____________ after only an hour in the scorching heat
3) We climbed up and sat _____________ the tree amongst the green leaves.
4) My friend is very _____________ playing the guitar. He plays it all day long.
5) My father _____________ golf because he hurt his back.
6) Is he bored now that he's retired? –Not at all, he's _____________ golf.
7) He _____________ his mother, both in appearance and character.
8) We _____________ Mary's cat while she is away on holiday.
9) Jack always __________________ something. He is never satisfied.
10) I really ___________ the way people park on the pavement.
11) The wrong man was arrested and ______________ murder.
12) I’m really _______________ you. Can’t you try doing something useful for a change?

Hypothetical situations
Grade 9
1. I wish it ____________ (not rain) yesterday so we could go out.
2. I wish I _____________ (be) at noon meeting but I had another appointment.
3. If only there ___________ (be) more job opportunities here. Young people wouldn't have to
leave the country.
20
 4. Mary feels homesick. She wishes she ________ (be) in her home with her parents now.
5. We have a flight to London on Tuesday but I'd rather __________ (go) on Monday.
6. I'd rather you _____________ (go) gome now.
7. I'd rather___________ (get) a taxi. I don't like buses.
8. They'd rather ___________ (play) with the baby than change its diaper.
9. My son wants to play in NBA but I'd rather he _____________ (concentrate) on studying.
10. I'm sorry I have to go. I wish I __________ (can) stay longer.
11. I really don't enjoy the party. I wish we ______________ (not come).
12. I really didn't enjoy the party. I wish we ______________ (not come).

Modal verbs

Grade 7
Complete the sentences with the correct form of either can, could, must, have to, may or
might (sometimes more than one answer is possible).

1) Peter _________ study for the exam last night.

2) _______ she ________ to go to her aunt's yesterday to help cleaning the house?
3) We ___________ finish the project for today. We can do it for tomorrow.
4) My dad _________ leave his job as they've fired him.
5) There ___________ be some mistake here!
6) It ______ be her! We saw her at the station five minutes ago!
7) Take an umbrella. It ______ rain.
8) Maybe you _______ pass the exam if you are certain about first four tasks.
9) He _______ drive, he's too tired.
10) She's seven years old, but she __________read yet. Her parents are getting her extra lessons.
11) He's amazing, he ________ speak five languages, including Chinese.
12) You look very confused by the homework, Clive. ________ I help you?
13) We_________ get to the meeting on time yesterday, because the train was delayed by one
hour.
14) _________ you swim when you were 10?
15) I ___________drive a car until I was 34. Then I moved to the countryside, so I had to learn...
16) I read the book three times, but I _____________understand it.
17) You ____ leave if you've finished the exam.
18) ____ I come in?
19) ____ I open the window? It is really hot in here.
20) You ____ take a mobile phone into the exam.
21) Children ___________ play with sharp objects.
22) I'm sorry, but you _________ take my dictionary. I need it today.
23) We ______ chew gum in class.

21
24) You _____ wear jeans but you _________ wear trainers in that bar.

Complete the following sentences using the modals – have to, must or don't have to!
1. In England, most school children __________wear a uniform.
2. If you fail your test you ___________ reapply in a month's time.
3. I ___________ get up at five o’clock because I commute to work.
4. I _____________ get up at five o’clock because I want to go fishing.
5. They ____________ wear a suit since it is a formal party.
6. He ____________ wear a suit because he wants to look good.
7. I ___________ send a report to Head Office every week.
8. I _______________ listen to this. I'm leaving.
9. All the students _______________ obey the school rules.
10. In France, you _____________ drive on the right.

Grade 8
Complete the sentences with the correct form of either can, could, must, have to,
may or might (sometimes more than one answer is possible).

1. They ___________ be evacuated from the building last night. It was extremely dangerous to
leave them there.
2. Why _________ they __________ to leave our home as they could stay another two weeks?
3. When I was a student, we ____________________ wear the school uniforms at all, but we
___________ obey the school rules and dress politely.
4. This bag ____________ be yours, right?
5. There ____________ be a lot of tourists here! Look at the beaches! They're awesome!
6. We haven't walked far. You ________ be tired yet.
7. I _______lift this box - it's too heavy! Would you help me?
8. Lucy ____________make it to our meeting after all. She's stuck in traffic.
9. Gill _______play the piano. She has never studied it.
10. James _________speak Japanese when he lived in Japan, but he's forgotten most of it now.
11. I _________understand the chapter we had to read for homework. It was so difficult.
12. My grandmother _________use a computer until last month. Since then she's been taking
lessons at the library.
13. You ____ smoke anywhere on the train.
14. You ____ use my dictionary if you want.
15. You _______ sit here. The seat is free.
16. 5. This is the non-smoking section. You _________ smoke here.
17. You _______ cigarettes in British Columbia unless you are 19 years of age. That is the law.
18. You ___________smoke in a petrol station.
19. You _________ cheat if you are at the exam.

Complete the following sentences using the modals – have to, must or don't have to!
1) I ___________follow the procedures because I don’t want to be wrong.

2) I __________ follow the procedures because it’s my duty.

22
 3) There's no heating on. You ___________ be freezing.
4) I _____________ arrive at work at 9 sharp. My boss is very strict.
5) The weather is fantastic in California. It _____________be a lot of fun to live there.
6) It has rained all day; it _____________be very wet outside.
7) You _______________ be so rude! Why don't you try saying "please" once in a
while?
8) If you are over 18 in California, you _______________ take a driver training course to
get a driver's license. You can have a friend or a family member teach you instead.
9) You ____________be worried that she is so late coming home.
10) I _______________ go. Only if I want to.

Grade 9
Complete the sentences. Choose between: can, could, must, have to, may or might.

1. I've got one or two things to do, so I _____________ have time to come tonight.
2. He isn't here. He _____________________ forgotten about your party.
3. It's evening and my watch says it's half past two p.m. It ___________________ stopped.
4. I _________open this window! I think it's stuck.
5. Unfortunately, I really _________sing at all. No-one in my family is musical either...
6. John _______ play tennis really well. He's champion of his club.
7. She ________ won the gold medal if she hadn’t fallen three times.
8. Our son promised to clean his room, but it is still messy. He ______________ cleaned it.
9. Paul's class starts at 8:30. It's 8:45 and he's not here yet. He ___________ missed the bus.
10. ____ you turn the heating up a bit, please?
11. The rules say that you ___ only invite one guest to the club.
12. I'm afraid you ____ not take the exam until you pay for it.

Complete the sentences with the correct form of should and ought to and the correct form of the
verbs in brackets.

1. You _________ the words last night. Now it’s too late. ( learn )
2. Jack _________ to see us but he didn’t come. He was at the cinema. ( come )
3. The mailman _________ there an hour earlier but he wasn’t. ( be )
4. “It was a great party last night. You _______ come. Why didn’t you? “
5. I didn’t know you were married! You _______ me! ( tell )
6. That’s awful! You really ________ that, you know! ( do )
7. Paul ________ until the lights were green before he crossed the street. ( wait )
8. Susan _________, but she didn’t call up. ( phone)
9. People ________ on mobile phones during meetings. ( not talk)
10. Students __________ nervous about taking their exams last week but they weren’t. ( be )

Rewrite the sentences using have to for the past obligation:

1. You weren't obliged to come today.
2. It was important for him to stay at home and study Maths!

23
 3. They told him to stay at school and wait for his father to pick him up.

Complete the following sentences using the modals – have to, must or don't have to!
1) Mr. Dickson is travelling abroad this summer, so he __________ get his passport
soon.
2) You ___________ stop smoking. It is very harmful.
3) I can't remember what I did with it. I ______________ be getting old.
4) Mrs. Parks can't see very well. She _____________wear glasses.
5) It's freezing outside, so we ____________ take a cab and not walk.
6) I can't understand why Sarah's late. She __________ be stuck in traffic.
7) I ___________ be at the meeting by 10:00. I will probably ____________ take a taxi
if I want to be on time.
8) You _____________ submit the additional application if it has not been completely
filled out.
9) You _____________ remember to pay the rent tomorrow. The landlord is very strict
about paying on time.
10) In a non-smoking area you _____________ smoke, but in a smoking area you
___________ smoke but you can if you want to.

Nouns

Grades 7, 8 and 9
What are the plural forms of the following groups of nouns?
1) Sheep – sky – half
2) Wife – penny – wolf
3) Ox – louse – self
4) Deer – life – berry
5) Scarf – church – stomach
6) Spoof – deer – daisy
7) Chief – leaf – elf
8) Avocado – louse – elf
9) Zero – ox – life
10) Medium – life – daisy

24
 11) Penny – sister-in-law – oasis
12) Analysis – fungus – elf
13) Crisis – deer – species
14) Thesis – tax – fungus
15) Zero – avocado – medium
16) Medium – zero – epoch
17) Stomach – aircraft – ox
18) Studio – hero – she-wolf
19) Domino – gas – tax
20) Chef – lorry – auto
21) Embargo – alga – zero
22) Larva – matr9 – avocado
23) Marsh – crisis – chef
24) Chief – basis – veto
25) Ray – marsh – blitz
26) Kangaroo – memo – hoof
27) Barracks – curriculum – cactus
28) Index – matrix – diagnosis
29) Axis – criterion - ski
30) Thesis –syllabus – passer-by

Classify the following nouns as countable or uncountable ones!

1) Watch, information, water, box, love
2) Advice, information, desk, man, mouse
3) Experience, juice, sand, bus, candle
4) Luggage, chocolate, help, ball, rice
5) Tea, knowledge, painting, restaurant, ceiling
6) Hotel, sugar, air, fork, pen
7) Photograph, experience, taxi, progress, flour
8) Intelligence, money, poem, song, assistance

25
 9) Wood, wine, toe, city, humor
10) Rain, homework, metal, car, subject
11) Education, weather, bread, house, shop
12) Garbage, fear, evidence, owner, cousin
13) Progress, trouble, pasta, tomato, uncle, family
14) Tea, rice, anger, berry, vegetable
15) Humor, love, fear, grape, room, finger
16) Safety, research, olive, body, friend
17) Peace, milk, meat, teacher, sand, classroom
18) Music, art, furniture, spoon, can
19) Butter, power, fork, table, napkin
20) Happiness, gas, salt, plate, knife
21) Travel, work, potato, movie, park
22) Permission, democracy, hall, garage, chimney

Articles
(a/an/the/zero article)

Grade 7
1. He was born in ___ New York City.
2. We're going on vacation to _______ Czech Republic.
3. Have you been to ____ Italy?
4. Los Angeles is in the state of _____ California.
5. He lives in ____ United States.
6. _____ Republic of Ireland is in the European Union.
7. Have you ever been to ______ Brussels?
8. Q: What did you get for your birthday? A: I got ______ lots of good presents.
9. ____ Hague is in _____ Netherlands.
10. ____ Budapest is the capital of ____ Hungary.
11. There is a nice hotel on _____ Island Krk .
12. ____ most expensive house in ____ North America is in ____ USA.
13. There are two new students in my class, ____ boy and ____ girl.
14. _______ actors in this film are very talented.
15. We saw ___ film yesterday. ___ film was about _______explorer.
16. _____ space ship has landed on _____ Moon.
17. _____ Sun rises in _____ east.
18. I've got ______aunt in ________ Texas.
26
 19. There is ______restaurant near my house. _____ restaurant serves good food.
20. He is _____vegetarian; you won't get _______ meat at his house.
21. _____ Mr Smith is _____ old customer and ______ honest man.
22. There was ____knock on _____ door. I opened it and found ____ small dark man in
____ blue overcoat and ______ woollen cap.
23. There was ____woman there and the rest were _____ men.
24. Would you like to hear ____ story about __ Englishman, __ Irishman and __
Scotsman?
25. I have ____ headache.
26. ______Earth is our home and we have to protect it.
27. Why are you so white?’ ‘I’ve just seen ____ huge bear in the garden!’
28. ____cheetah can run faster than ______leopard.

Grade 8
1) There was ___ collision between ___ car and ___ cyclist at ____ crossroads near ___
my house early in ___ morning. ____cyclist was taken to ____ hospital.
2) I went to ____ school to talk to _____ headmistress.
3) He was sent to ____ prison for _____ s9 months for ____ shop-lifting. Do you go to .
_____prison to visit him?
4) Do you take ____ sugar in ____ coffee? I used to, but now I'm on ____ diet. I'm trying
to lose _____ weight.
5) My mum doesn't like ____ dogs. She thinks they are noisy.
6) This is _____ only cinema in this area.
7) _________________ Nile is a long river in ______ Africa.
8) We went snorkeling in ______ Adriatic Sea
9) ____ Nile is ____ longest river and ____ Lake Baikal is ____ deepest lake.
10) ____ Lake Titicaca is in _____ Peru.
11) ____ Thames, which flows through Oxford and London, is one of the longest rivers in
____ UK.
12) ____Danube is _____ beautiful river that flows through ____ Budapest.
13) ____ London stands on ____ Thames.
14) We visited ____ Lake Edward last month.
15) There are many poems about _______________Volga.
16) ______ Loch Ness is in ______ Scotland.
17) We didn’t have time to visit _____ Egyptian Museum of _____ Berlin.
18) ___ capital of ___ United Arab Emirates is ___ Abu Dhabi and not ___ Dubai.
19) _____ Moon goes around ____ Earth every 27 days.
20) I hate ______ violence.
21) They got married but ____ marriage wasn’t very successful.
22) Jim doesn’t go to _____ church.
23) I like _____ apples.
24) ___ Rio Grande separates ____ Mexico from ____ United States.
25) ___ Amazon starts from ______ Andes and enters ____ Atlantic Ocean at the equator.
26) ____ Indian Ocean has an amazing wildlife.
27) _____ Andes are very beautiful.
28) That's ___ last gas station for twenty miles.
29) I have ____ hour and _____ half for lunch.

27
 30) ‘I would have to say that _____ pandas are my favourite animal.’

Grade 9
1) They took a picture of me on ______ Franklin Square.
2) Have you ever visited _____ Tower of London?
3) ____ Central Park is in ____ New York.
4) ____ Big Ben is part of ____ Houses of Parliament.
5) They bought the tickets to ______ Genesis Cinema.
6) I work near ___ Trafalgar Square in ___ London.
7) _________________ London Eye is one of the most famous sights in the world.
8) In Britain ____ coffee is more expensive than _____ tea.
9) They told us about ____ Victoria Peak.
10) They closed down ____ Pergamon Museum.
11) We sailed across ____ Atlantic Ocean. It was _____ amazing journey.
12) We strolled down _____ Fillmore Street.
13) There was a big concert on _____ Syntagma Square.
14) He got lost in ____ Amaro Mountains in _____ Ethiopia five days ago.
15) _____ population of _____ USA is about 300 million people.
16) Sally went to _____ prison to visit her husband.
17) ____ French drink a lot of wine.
18) Columbus was one of ____ first people to cross _____ Atlantic.
19) I never listen to _____ radio. In fact, I don’t have ____ radio.
20) Before we landed, we saw ____ Statue of Liberty, _____ Ellis Island and ____ Empire
State Building.
21) ____ President of _____ USA visited _____ Hague last week to talk about war
criminals.
22) ____ Browns visited ____ Palace of Westminster and ____ St Paul’s Cathedral.
23) ____ man is mortal.
24) I have ____ uncle who lives in _____ home for _____ elderly.
25) Ms Parrot, ____ most famous lady detective of ____ twenty-first century was born in
____UK.
26) They went hiking in ____ Himalayas.
27) _____ Irish are known for their sense of humor.
28) I have always adored ___________ Contact Theatre in ____________ Manchester.
29) The pub is somewhere near _____________ Times Square.
30) _____ Nelson’s Column is very interesting.
31) _____ Empire State Building is very high.
32) Did you see ________ man that I told you about.
33) ________ meal that we ate yesterday was wonderful.
34) It was very interesting for us to see _____ Globe Theatre _____ London.
35) We didn’t have time to visit ____ Madame Tussauds.
36) _________ environment is a serious issue.
37) ______ climate change is a serious issue.
38) People are increasingly worried about ____health.
39) It costs fifty-five and . . . half pence and I've only got . . . fifty pence piece.
40) One of the biggest problems on the planet is _____ air pollution.
41) I know that animals need our help but so do _____ poor.

28
Pronouns and determiners
Grade 7
Complete with each or every

1) The Olympic Games are held ___________ four years.

2) ____________ parent worries about their children.
3) In a game of tennis there are two or four players. ___________player has a racket.
4) Nicola plays volleyball ______________ Thursday evening.
5) I understood most of what they said but not ____________word.
6) The book is divided into five parts and ____________ of these has three sections.
7) I get paid ______four weeks.
8) We had a great weekend. I enjoyed _________ minute of it.
9) I tried to phone her two or three times, but _________ time there was no reply.

Fill in: much/many/few/little

1 She isn't very popular. She has ________ friends.
2 Ann is very busy these days. She has________ free time.
3 Did you take _______ photographs when you were on holiday?
4 I’m not very busy today. I haven’t got _________ to do.
5 This is a very modern city. There are ___________ old buildings.
6 The weather has been dry recently. We’ve had _______ rain.
7 I haven't been in Rome for _______ years.
8 Not __________ people like him.
9 I really don't have __________ time to spend doing nothing.

Choose the correct words. In two sentences both answers are possible.
1 A: How much / many milk do you like in your tea?
B: A lot / lot of, please.
2 Lot / Lots of students study online nowadays.
3 Few/ A few people write letters anymore. Everyone uses email.
4 Can I have much / a little ice cream, please? It looks delicious!
5 Would you like a little /few milk?
6 Sorry, but we don’t have much / many information about train times.
7 You don’t earn much / little money as a teacher!
8 There isn't much / very little bread left. Can you buy some?
9 The post office is only a little/ a few meters from the cinema.
10 In my opinion, not many /few children learn to be polite anymore.

Choose the correct words

1 Would you like some / no coffee?
2 Have you got no / any old magazines you don’t need?
3 I've just made any / some biscuits. Would you like to try them?
4 There isn’t any /no milk left, I finished it all last night.
5 I’m really thirsty but there’s some / no water left!
6 I’d like some / any apples. Two or three of those red ones, please.
7 I’ve got so much work at the moment I have any / no time to relax!
8 I met some / any really interesting people on holiday.
29
Grade 8
Compounds with every –
1) __________ has their faults. Nobody is perfect.
2) Nothing has changed. ____________ is the same as it was.
3) Kate told me __________ about her new job. It sounds quite interesting.
4) Can __________ write their names on a piece of paper, please?
5) It was a good party __________ enjoyed it.
6) ___________I've eaten today is a sandwich.
7) Why are you always thinking about money? Money isn’t __________.
8) I didn't have much money with me. __________ I had was ten pounds.
9) When the fire alarm rang _________ left the building immediately.
10) Sue didn't say where she was going ___________ she said was that she was going
away.
11) We have completely different opinions. I disagree with ___________ she says.
12) We all did well in the examination _____________ in our class passed.
13) We all did well in the examination _____________ of us passed.
14) Why are you so lazy? Why do you expect me to do _____________ for you?

Fill in: all, some, all the, some of the, none of the
1) _________ children have to go to school in this country by law.
2) The classroom was empty because _______ the children had gone home.
3) We couldn't buy anything because_______ shops in the area were closed.
4) A: Where were you at 3 o'clock yesterday afternoon?
5) B: I was at home. I was at ________ home afternoon. I didn't go out until the evening.
6) We went to a restaurant last night. _______ food was lovely, but I didn't like the soup or the
dessert.
7) _________ people say that he's the best tennis player in the world, but a lot of others don't
agree.
8) It was a very boring day. __________ places that we visited were interesting.
9) He spent ________ morning reading the newspaper, so he didn't do any work.
10) _________ phones in the station worked, so I couldn't phone you.
11) We left the hotel at 9 o'clock in the morning, and we didn't go back to the hotel until the
evening. We walked round the city, looking at the sights, _______ day.
12) __________ jackets fitted me, so I didn't buy one.
13) __________ passengers must buy a ticket before they travel.
14) She was ill. She stayed in bed from Monday to Saturday. She didn't go to work ________
week.
15) The teacher asked a question, but __________ students knew the answer, so the teacher
told them.
16) ________course was difficult for me, but most of it was easy.

Grade 9
Complete the sentences with the words from the box –

any 2x, anywhere, anyone 4x, somewhere, anybody, somehow, anything,

something, some2x 30
 1) Are there ____________ letters for me?
2) Don't let ________ in. I'm too busy to see __________.
3) _______ thing tells me you've got _______ bad news for me.
4) I can't see my glasses _________.
5) We didn't think he'd succeed but he managed _______.
6) You're looking very miserable; has _______ upset you?
7) If you had _______ sense you wouldn't leave your car unlocked.
8) Scarcely ______ was wearing a dinner jacket.
9) _______ who believes what Jack says Is a fool.
10) She put her handbag down ________ and now she can't find it.
11) Haven’t you got _______ friends in Rome? I feel sure you mentioned them once.
12) Haven’t you got ________friends here? You should join a club and get to know people.

Fill in: some, any, somewhere, anywhere, someone, anyone, something and anything - Grade 9

1) Would you like ________ more tea? - Yes, please.

2) ______closed the door and locked us out.
3) If you have ______questions, please ask me.
4) The map must be _______around here. I need it
5) I don't drink ______ alcohol at all.
6) I have got ________in my eye. Could you take it out?
7) I would like ______sandwiches with egg, but we don't have _______ bread left.
8) I put my purse here but _______ must have taken it. I can't find it _________.
9) I think __________ rang the doorbell. I checked it but there wasn't ________there.
10) If you can't tell me _________ new then don't call me.
11) We usually go to the bar around the corner but today we went ___________else.
12) There are more and more thunderstorms in our area. I'm sure it has _______to do with
global warming.
13) Can I have ________ sweets please? - Of course you can.
14) My teacher asked me _________ but I didn't give him _________answer.
15) I need _________milk. - Have you got _________ ?
16) We have been looking for _____________ to live but Vienna is simply too expensive.
17) The children played ____________nice games at the birthday party.
18) Have you seen mv keys __________ ? -I have put them down
19) Please tell me if you find _________on the Internet.
20) We always stay at home. We never go _____________.
21) ____________ must have scared him. I have never seen him like this before.
22) _____________of my CDs are broken.
23) Has ___________ seen my bag?
24) Luis isn't __________ smarter than Jane.
25) Have you got ____________ brothers and sisters?
26) Don't you know ___________ good restaurants around here?
27) There wasn't _________ at home, so we went.
28) I don't know our exact location, but it must be _________near Berlin.

31
Adjectives and adverbs
Complete the sentences with too or enough.
Grade 8
1) She doesn't live close _____ to walk to work.
2) Quite honestly, I thought the news was ______ good to be true.
3) I couldn’t make it to the school athletics team because I wasn’t fast _____
4) She's ______ young to go to discos.
5) They wouldn’t let Dave into the club because he didn’t look old _____ .
6) Is there ______ milk in your coffee?
7) Joe is _____ nice and has ______ beautiful children.
Grade 9
1) We've got _____ homework to do tonight. We have to write three essays and read five
chapters of the book.
2) I live in a quiet part of the town so there ______to do in the evening.
3) We have not got ______ on holiday at the moment.
4) Instead of drinking ____ much coffee, you should drink more milk.
5) My clothes are _____ loose now because I’ve taken off so much weight.
6) There were _______many questions to answer so I only did three.

Complete the sentences with -ed or –ing adjectives from brackets.

Grade 8
1) Julia is ____ in politics. (interested/interesting)
2) That Dracula film was absolutely ______. (terrified/terrifying)
3) He works very hard. lt's not ______ that he's always tired. (surprised/surprising)
4) Fortunately the surgeon was able to perform a ______ operation. (life-saved/life-saving)
5) Do you easily get _______? (embarrassed/embarrasing)

Grade 9
1) She was ______ with rock climbing at a young age. (obsessed/obsessing)
2) Why do you always look so ______ ? Is your life so ________? (bored/boring) (bored/boring)
3) I was ______ with the film. I had expected it to be better. (disappointed/disappointing)
4) The kitchen hadn't been cleaned for ages. lt was really _______ . (disgusting/disgusted)
5) Ann doesn't enjoy her job any more. It's ______ because every day she does exactly the same
thing. (boring/bored)

Complete the sentences with so or such and any other words if necessary

Grade 9
1) I like Liz and joe. They're ____ nice people.

32
 2) The party was really great. lt was ______shame you could nit come.
3) I didn't realise you lived ______ long way from the city centre.
4) They've got_______ much money they don't know what to do with it.
5) lt was a great holiday. We had ______ good time.
6) I could not believe the news. lt was _____ shock.
7) I have to go. I didn't realise it was _____late.
8) lt was ______ boring movie that I fell asleep while I was watching it.
9) I think she works too hard. She looks _____ tired all the time.
10) The food at the hotel was ______ awful. I've never eaten _______ awful food.
11) It was ______ good music that I couldn’t stop dancing.

COMPARISON

Grade 7
1. The weather is getting ____________ (bad).
2. He is ______________ than he used to be last year. (fat)
3. The left shoe is ______________than the right one. (small)
4. The Atlantic is ______________ than the Arctic Ocean. (large)
5. He has _________ potential than anyone thought. (big)
6. I think studying mathematics is ___________ than learning English. (difficult)
7. This river is not long but it is ______________ one in the country. (wide)
8. Who is __________ actress in the theatre? (slim)
9. This is _______________ day in my life. (happy)
10. This building is ____________ in the street. (big)
11. The Pacific is ______________ ocean on the earth. (large)
12. Who is _______ singer in your country? (famous)

Grade 8
1. Our ___________ research should prove it. (far)
2. At home, mother is always ________ than father. (busy)
3. Andrew seems to be ________ than he was two months ago. (slim)
4. Her sister is _________ than Susan. (pretty)
5. She's a lot _________in the new job than she was in the previous one. (happy)
6. I think she is still ill. She looks even _______ than last week. (bad)
7. This is ______________ story I have ever heard. (sad)
8. In my opinion, Napoleon was ___________ commander in history. (great)
9. Yesterday was _______ day of the year. I almost froze to death walking home from
school! (cold)
10. That was ____________ movie I’ve ever seen. I almost walked out in the middle.
(bad)
11. Please give me your recipe. That is ___________________ cake I’ve ever eaten.
(delicious)
33
 12. Jerry is ____________ student in our class. He gets the top grades in every course.
(smart)

Grade 9
1. I got __________ than they'd promised. (much)
2. Your argumentation is _____________ than Robert's. (convincing)
3. Tom is ________________ than his elder brother. (impulsive)
4. Things are better organised now – we have _________problems than before. (few)
5. There are more accidents on this road because it's _______ than the others.
(narrow)
6. Which of the three supermarkets do you think has ________ range of
products? (wide)
7. I chose this car as my favourite because it's _______all the ones I have driven.
(fast)
8. Bob told ______________________ story last night. I couldn’t stop laughing. (funny)
9. Marie is __________________ person I know. She has won the lottery four times!
(lucky)
10. That is __________________ painting in the art gallery. It’s worth a million dollars.
(valuable)
11. I was afraid to turn off the lights last night. That was _________ show I’ve ever
watched. (scary)

Choose the correct answer

Grade 7
1. Magazine ads are ___________ newspaper ads.
a) not as effective
b) as effective as
c) not effective
d) more effective
2. Online reviews are _________asking friends about products.
a) useful
b) as useful as
c) more useful
d) the most useful
3. My computer is _________ the newer models.
a) as fast as
b) faster
c) more fast
d) the fastest
34
 4. This supermarket isn’t ___________ the one across the street.
a) as expensive as
b) not expensive
c) cheap
d) cheaper
5. This review is __________ that one.
a) not as positive as
b) as positive
c) more positive
d) less positive
6. The world's biggest bull is _________ a small elephant.
a) bigger
b) big
c) as big as
d) the biggest

Grade 8
1. She is _______________ her brother. She is slimmer.
a) as fat as
b) not as fat as
c) fat as
d) fatter than
2. The film is ________________ I expected. I really enjoyed it.
a) not as interesting as
b) as interesting as
c) interesting
d) more interesting

3. This exercise is ______________ the other one. It's very simple.

a) easier
b) not as easy as
c) as easy as
d) the most easiest

4. His DVD player was ________________ mine. We paid the same price.
a) expensive
b) more expensive
c) not cheap as
d) as cheap as

5. She is _________________ her brother. He is really intelligent.

35
 a) not as smart as
b) smarter
c) the smartest
d) as smartest as

6. Vocabulary exercises are generally ____________ grammar exercises.

a) not as difficult as
b) difficultier
c) not difficultier
d) the difficultiest
7. The whole team played ________, so

Grade 9
1. "Narnia's Chronicles" are ________Harry Potter books yet but they are __________.
a) not as famous as/ as interesting
b) as famous as/ as interesting as
c) more famous/ not as interesting
d) famous/ not interesting
2. The weather this summer is ________ last year. It hasn't stopped raining for weeks.
a) as bad as
b) worst
c) worse
d) the worst
3. Monkeys aren't ___________ lions
a) as dangerous as
b) not as dangerous as
c) more dangerous
d) less dangerous
4. I'm healthier than you are. You aren't ________ I am.
a) as healthier
b) as healthy as
c) healthier
d) the healthiest
5. Rory hasn't grown ________ Tommy yet.
a) not as tall as
b) as tall as
c) taller
d) the tallest
6. It's _____________ I thought it would be, actually.
a) not as heavy as
b) heavier
36
 c) as heavy
d) the heaviest

There is only one correct place for each time expression given in the
bracket.

Grade 8
1) _1_ It's _2_ very quiet. There aren't _3_ many people here _4_ . (today)
2) She _1_ is _2_ worried _3_ about _4_ school. (always)
3) He _1_ works _2_ in _3_ Hollywood _4_ . (usually)
4) I _1_ have _2_ coffee for breakfast _3_ in the kitchen _4_. (never)
5) What _1_ time _2_ are you meeting _3_ Pete _4_ ? (tomorrow)
6) _1_ They didn't play _2_ very well _3_ so they lost the match _4_. (yesterday)
7) That's probably _1_ the worst _2_ film I've_3_ seen _4_. (ever)
8) Europeans saw potatoes _1_ for the first time _2_ about five hundred _3_ years _4_. (ago)

Grade 9
1) _1_ , a lot of computers _2_ are made _3_ in Korea _4_ . (nowadays)
2) The film _1_ has _2_ started _3_ . We’ve missed the first five minutes _4_ . (already)
3) We _1_ haven't got a lot of money _2_ , so _3_ we may not go on holiday _4_ . (next year)
4) _1_ We have played _2_ soccer _3_ four hours _4_ . (for)
5) _1_ The bridge collapsed _2_ the truck _3_ was crossing _4_ . (while)
6) _1_ I left university, _2_ I worked in a bank and _3_ then I moved to an insurance company _4_ .
(after)
7) _1_ If you haven't _2_ visited our new website_3_ , go to _4_ . (yet)
8) _1_ 'Action Tours' is a small, friendly company and _2_ we have provided many different
specialist holidays for people _3_ we started_4_ . (since)

Choose the correct item

Grade 7
1) The arrow flew wide/ widely of the target.
2) Computers are wide/widely used in schools nowadays.
3) Students can enter the museum free/freely on Saturdays.
4) He free/freely admitted to being a liar.
5) I like sitting near/nearly the fire.
6) Be careful! You near/ nearly crashed into that cyclist.
7) She left too late/lately to catch the train.
8) Have you seen any good films late/lately.
37
 9) The death of his friend affected him deep/deeply.
10) To find water, they had to dig deep/deeply into the ground.
11) I think he's a pretty/prettily good singer, actually.
12) The little girl laughed pretty/prettily at the sight of the puppy.
13) He tries very hard/hardly to make her happy.
14) She used to be a great musician, but she hard/hardly plays at all now.
15) The eagle was flying high/highly above the mountains.
16) My father is a high/highly respected surgeon.

Grade 8
Can you be there at 5 o'clock ........?
a) sharply b) sharp c) punctualy d) punctual

Which part of the movie did you like ........?

a) mostly b) the most c) more d) most

It serves you ........ .

a) good b) the best c) right d) righty

A ........ car goes ......... .

a) fast/fastly b) fastly/fastly c) fastly/fast d) fast/fast

The baby is sleeping ........ .

a) soundly b) sound c) sounded d) soundingly

That arrangement suits me ........ .

a) good b) really c) fine d) finely

She was ........ injured in the accident.

a) deadly b) fatally c) hard d) totally

We haven't gathered ........ enough flowers.

a) most b) mostly c) near d) nearly

Grade 9
We have got ........ any rice left.
a) hardly b) hard c) lately d) late

My friends are ........ vegetarians.

a) mainly b) much c) mostly d) most

I'll see you ........., same place, same time.

a) on next Saturday b) next Saturday c) the next Saturday

If I haven't finished ......... six, I'll give you a call.

a) past b) by c) until

Harry has ......... decided which university he wants to go.

a) yet b) already c) before d) got
38
......... the following two days, the Persians attacked again and again, but ......... the end of the
second day the pass had still not been taken.
a) During/by b) By/for c) Already/later

You have to fill ......... so that each row and column contains the numbers 1 to 9.
a) the squares carefully b) careful the squares c) carefully the squares

Dogs rely on their noses as they can smell .......... If that is true, why does dog food smell so ..........
a) extremely good/terrible b) good/terrible c) extremely/terriblly d) extremely
well/terrible

Relative clauses
Fill in the correct relative pronoun.

Grade 8
1) 1.Do you know _________ that man standing near Tom is?
2) 2.That boy, ___________ father is a footballer, is very good at sports.
3) This is the street_________my friend lives.
4) 4.They are the policemen __________ caught the thief.
5) Here are the letters _________ arrived this morning.
6) I bought the coat __________ was in the shop window.
7) 7.I sent all the letters _________ you gave me.

Grade 9
1) 1.The area , __________ has very high unemployment , is in the north of the country.
2) 2.If you can't find the hotel __________ I stayed last weekend, I can tell you __________to
ask.
3) The people ___________we sat next to owned a farm in Virginia years ago.
4) The president of the company ,______________ I really admire, is visiting us next week.
5) He's a famous architect ____________designs won an international award last year.
6) 6.My cousin works for a company _________ sells laptops.
7) They expect his decision soon, ________ should help us solve the problem.

Prepositions

Grade 7
39
 FILL IN THE CORRECT PREPOSITIONS
Until – Against – Out of – During – Of – To – About – Around – At - Through – Over – By – In

On – For – Between – Among - Off

1) The cars are going __________ the tunnel.

2) I'll go on a diet __________ the end of the year.
3) They are running ________ the track.
4) _______ the time we get to the stores, they will be closed.
5) Flags waved _______our heads.
6) The house is ______ the trees.
7) The ladder is standing _______ the wall.
8) Police said there is no connection ______ the two cases.
9) She is allergic ____ insect stings.
10) They are getting _______ the taxi.
11) You'll have to be quiet _______ the performance.
12) I'm worried _____ my job.
13) The plane will take ______ from London airport.
14) I'll write the names _____ pencil.
15) We are hoping ______ a big improvement.
16) I met James ______ my way home.
17) She is very fond ______ drinking green tea.
18) He married _______ the age of 28.

Grade 8
1. FILL IN THE CORRECT PREPOSITIONS

About ( 2x ) – On ( 3x ) – Without - Of – At ( 2x ) – Against – Around – Into – To - Among –

For – In - With

1) The travel agency sells many different types of trips. It all depends _______ what you want.
2) It's ________ time you told him the truth.
3) The soccer player was ejected because he had done something that was
a. _________________ the rules.
4) The river Rhine flows _______ the North Sea.
5) Why are you always late, Mark? Can't you ever arrive ______ time?
6) The animal hospital? It's somewhere ________ that big blue building.
7) Being a nurse is hard work, especially if you're _______ call all the time.
8) She is, ________ a doubt, the best student in the class.
9) Don’t be impatient _____ us. We are trying!
10) This is the book I was telling you ________ .
11) I'm very grateful ______ Mr. Smith for his timely help.
12) They are ______ the best hockey players in the world.
13) I get paid ______ the end of the month.
40
 14) I was talking so much _____ lunch that my food went cold.
15) Almost all politicians were involved _____ the scandal.
16) You should be ashamed _____ yourself _____ coming in with dirty boots.

Grade 9
1. FILL IN THE CORRECT PREPOSITIONS

From – By – Under – At – About – For ( 2x ) – Among – To ( 2x ) – Except – With – In – Behind

Into

1) Unemployment has just risen again; this time _____ 0.5%. It's now 5.5%.
2) I've decided to go _____ business with my friend. We're going to open a small toy shop.
3) The police have caught the suspected thief and he's _____ arrest.
4) Another way of saying ' old - fashioned ' is ' ____ the times '.
5) We left our luggage ___ the station.
6) He has copied this letter word _____ word.
7) There is an exception _____ every rule.
8) They look just like real thing ______ they are made of plastic.
9) Frank cared _______ his clothes more than anything else.
10) He learnt how to program the computer _____ just a matter of weeks.
11) He stood ______ all his friends in the room and felt very happy.
12) My cousin is married _____ a famous American.
13) Ten people were killed when a bus collided _____ a car.
14) I am responsible ______ training the new recruits.
15) He graduated _____ Oxford university.

Correlative conjunctions
Grade 9
Complete the sentences. Choose between both…and, either…or, and neither…nor
1) ______ you ______ I are supposed to be at the meeting tomorrow at 13.00.
2) ______ rugby _____ football are popular in France.
3) ___ English ___ Welsh are spoken in Wales.
4) I can _____ speak ____ write Japanese.
5) We can go to ________ Greece ___ Spain for our holiday. You choose!
6) It's my final offer - you can _____ take it ___ leave it.
7) I ______ know ____ care what happened to him
8) She _____ wants to play ___ not.
9) Don't expect to have _____ money ___ happiness.
10) At night _____ the cats ___ dogs wake us up. However, we can never sleep well.
11) You can buy _____ the blue sweater ____ the green one. But, you can't have both!
41
 12) The hotel is ______ spacious ____ comfortable.
13) _____ the television ____ the DVD player work well.
14) _____ the manager ____ his assistants are here today.
15) _______ she is coming ____ I will never speak to her again!
16) We had to cancel everything because _______ Stan _____ Jacob showed up on time for the
game.
17) I realised that _______ the cousins ____ Sharon told the truth! That's embarrassing!
18) Could you bring me my purse, please? I left it _____ on the table ___ in the drawer.
19) She is _____ my wife ___my friend.
20) This job is _____ interesting _____ challenging.
21) After hearing that bad decision, Julia was ______ satisfied ____ relieved.
22) The book we read last week was ______ interesting _____ the one I would recommend. A
total waste of time!
23) You will meet _____my husband ____ his parents tonight.
24) This experience has been _____ amazing ____ useful for me.
25) _____ my kids ____ their teachers visited the capital of England!
26) She is ______ French ___ Spanish.
27) You can _______write ___ phone to order a copy. You can't do both.
28) ________ the subject ______ the teacher impressed me much! I was bored!
29) We could _________ be silent _____ pretend we do not care! Because we do!
30) He _____ could not come ____ didn't want to.

Word formation
Grade 9
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in capitals.

1. Apart from being , our trip to the space museum was also very
enjoyable. EDUCATION
2. This is Jake Houston, who works for an company in Boston. INSURE

3. Peter Mack is an extremely professor, who has written many KNOWLEDGE

books and is now teaching History at a university in England.

4. If you require any , please contact the information desk. ASSIST

5. The earthquake was so disastrous that nothing was left . TOUCH

6. It’s best to take your umbrella; the weather is quite these days. CHANGE

7. Unless it rains these next few months, the country will suffer from water .
SHORT

42
8. We stayed in a little village in the western part of the country. PICTURE

1. He had to pay a fine after the police caught him driving recklessly in a _____________
area. RESIDENT

2. I wouldn’t recommend that hotel, as it is located on the outskirts of the city, which is
very __________________. CONVENIENT
3. Sadly, his _____________________ about the tropical storm were confirmed. PREDICT

4. Mrs Brown has very high ________________of her daughter, Jenny, and was disappointed when she
didn’t win the competition. EXPECT
5. Fried bananas and roast chicken are the __________________ of this restaurant. SPECIAL

6. The campaign aimed at increasing people’s _________ of the dangers of smoking. AWARE
7. Because of his _______________ to medical research, the scientist was awarded a prize. CONTRIBUTE
8. This is an important________________. Do not leave your belongings unattended. ANNOUNCE

3
Last week I made a (1) _______________________ to my cousin Alex, offering to SUGGEST

take him to an (2) _________________________ park. He was very excited because it AMUSE

was his (3) ________________________ place. However, from the moment I picked FAVOUR

him up, he was very (4) _______________________ , which surprised me since NOISE

his behaviour was (5) _________________________ very different. At one point, NORMAL

while waiting to get on a ride, he disappeared. (6) __________________________ , LUCK

the manager, who was very (7) _________________________ found him an hour HELP

later amongst a crowd. Apparently, Alex had seen a famous basketball player and

wanted his autograph. He (8) ___________________________ to me immediately but I APOLOGY

was so (9) ________________________ at him that we left. It was then that I made ANGER

the (10)_________________________ never to take Alex out again.

_______________________________ DECIDE BEAUTY

PEACE
4
CHAMPION
1 The top model was ______________ dressed in an elegant evening gown. SPONSOR

2 My street is _________________ because it’s far from any main roads. HOME

3 Our football team won the ____________ at the end of the season and received COLOUR
______________ from a large company. CARE
4There are thousands of _____________people sleeping in the streets.
HELP
43
SLEEP

PARTNER

SUCCESS

POWER
5 I bought a ____________ dress but its colours faded after I washed it.
6 I was fined because I was driving _______________
7The directions you gave us were rather _______________, as we still got lost.

8 I am feeling quite _______________ because I didn’t get enough sleep last night.
9 I got into a business ______________with my cousin but it ended up
being _________________

10 The musical performance was so ____________ that the audience gave the orchestra a
standing ovation.

5
Arthritis is a general term for aches and pains in the body's joints. Most types of arthritis involve
the deterioration of cartilage, which is an (1)___________ (ESSENCE) material covering the
ends of the bones in the joint. When the (2)____________ (HEALTH) cartilage wears out, it
becomes rough and this causes pain when the joint moves. This condition is more common
among the elderly, but some people can be sufferers from (3)___________________ (CHILD)
Apart from (4)___________________ (TRADITION) painkillers, little or no treatment is available.
However, (5)____________________ (AMBITION) scientists have designed (6)_______________
(ARTIFICE) joints that can replace the (7)_______________ (PAIN) worn-out ones. These
new joints could prove very (8)________________ (BENEFIT) to arthritis sufferers. Although some
believe that joint replacement may be (9)________________ (COST) numerous patients
are (10) ________________ (ANXIOUS) waiting for this medical breakthrough.

6 SKATEBOARDING
In the early 1960s, a new craze swept through the coastal cities of the United States. Being
(1)______________ ( PHYSICS) fit, the surfers wanted some fun while the surf was low. That's when
an (2)______________(ENERGY) new pastime called skateboarding was born. The skateboard was
(3)______________ (ORIGIN) developed by attaching a plank of wood to roller-skates.
However, skateboarding has undergone (4)_____________ (DRAMA) changes since then.
(5)______________ (PROFESSION) skateboarders now use plastic and fibreglass, which make the
boards more durable and flexible. Nowadays, skateboarders spend (6)______________ (END) hours
performing tricks and stunts many of which are (7) ________________ (DANGER), so experts
(8)_______________ (ADVICE) skateboarders to wear protective gear such as helmets and elbow and
knee pads, especially if they are not (9)________________ (SKILL). A skateboarder goes through
many falls before becoming proficient, so it is (10)_____________ (SENSE) to take precautions
against accidents.

44
 7 HOMEWORK
Homework is a part of every student's school life. (1)_______________ (FORTUNATE), many of them
(2)_______________ (APPROVE) of the amount of homework they are given, and find it particularly
(3)_____________ (FAIR) when they have to study a lot before a test. This makes them feel
(4)__________ (ANXIETY) and some even become physically sick when under pressure. Others
sometimes find it (5)________________ (POSSIBILITY) to complete their homework, which makes
teachers believe it's an act of (6)_______________ (OBEDIENCE) On the other hand, teachers
consider homework (7)_______________ (BENEFIT) They believe students should have a daily
schedule to avoid getting (8)__________________ (ORGANIZE) and having to hand in
(9)_________________ (COMPLETE) homework. Moreover, teachers think (10)_____________
(ADEQUATE) amounts of homework put students' future at risk.

8 AIR CONDITIONERS
The American inventor W.H. Carrier developed the first air-conditioning unit in 1902. Since then, the
(1)___________ (POPULAR) of air-conditioners has increased (2)______________ (RAPID) Given
people’s (3)______________ (ABLE) to function in the heat, air-conditioners provide them with a
feeling of comfort. That is why the (4)___________ (LIKELY) of even more people installing air-
conditioners for (5) ___________ (PERSON) use in the (6) ____________ (PRIVATE) of their own
home will increase further.
But what do they do? Their aim is to (7)____________ (STABLE) the temperature in a room. This is
accomplished by the (8)_____________ (PRESENCE) of a fan, which also removes dust and odours
from the air and controls the humidity. The (9)____________ (EFFICIENT) of an air-conditioner
depends on the power of its fan. Nowadays there is a great (10)____________ of air-conditioners on
the market which are bound to cover each person's needs.

9 HURRICANE
A hurricane is a (1)____________ (DESTROY) storm which is always accompanied by torrential rain
and winds that can reach speeds of up to 300 kilometres per hour. Hurricanes form over warm
expanses of water and increase in (2)_______________ (STRONG) as they make their way towards
the mainland. (3)_____________ (COAST) areas are usually hit the hardest, but the
(4)_____________ (INTENSE) of the storm decreases as it continues inland.
Hurricanes can cause (5)______________ (EXTEND) damage. They uproot trees, destroy
houses and (6)_____________ (CONSTRUCT) sites and even lift up boats right out of the water. So, it
is crucial that meteorologists keep constant (7)______________ (OBSERVE) of any suspicious
weather formations which may evolve into hurricanes. If a hurricane is approaching inhabited areas,
the authorities issue (8)____________ (WARN) and give people (9)______________ (INSTRUCT) as
how to prepare for its (10) ________________ (ARRIVE) and for their evacuation.

10 Cycling
I have been a keen (1) ....... for about nine years. When I began cycling, CYCLE

I found the flat roads easy but the hills almost (2) ....... Surprisingly, POSSIBLE

now it’s the opposite. A long flat ride can be both dull and (3) ........ EXHAUST

as you never experience that fantastic feeling of freedom when speeding

downhill. Years ago, going uphill left me (4)....... Now I have learned BREATH

to take hills slowly and steadily.

When I set off, I’m full of energy and the first hundred metres are

45
(5) ........... the next couple of kilometres a bit tiring, but on the whole the MARVEL

experience is very (6) ......... ENJOY

Cycling is (7) .......... any other forms of exercise I have tried; it is never LIKE

a chore but always a (8) ........... The physical benefits are obvious but PLEASE

the mental benefits are (9) ........ important; when you are travelling EQUAL

calmly at a sensible speed, you breathe fresh air, have time to think and can relax.

11 India’s rainforest by night

India has amazing countryside with some of the most (1)______________ (REMARK) wildlife on
Earth, and its 96 National Parks are becoming (2)_________________ (INCREASE) popular. These
parks contain a huge (3)__________________ (VARIOUS) of creatures, from
multicoloured butterflies to magnificent tigers, but (4) __________________ (FORTUNATE) for
visitors, many of them are active mainly at night and then seem to (5)_______________ (APPEAR)
during the day. In southern India's Periyar National Park, however, they have found a solution to this
problem: night tours. Walking through the rainforest in the dark is a wonderful way to observe
creatures in their natural (6)_________________ (SURROUND). You quickly become more
(7)________________ (SENSE) to the sounds of birds and animals, and you soon begin to recognise
some of their calls. You are accompanied by local guides to prevent you getting lost, and also for
(8)_________________ (SAFE) reasons: there are big cats around, and (9) _________________
(POISON) snakes, too.
Many visitors want to continue their (10) _________________ (EXPLORE) of the jungle all night, but
if you want a break from the tropical (11)_______________ (HOT)there are rivers
where you can go for a cooling swim by moonlight.

12 NEW WATERPROOF CLOTHING

There are few experiences as unpleasant as being (1)_______________ (BITTER) cold and dripping
wet on board a boat. The (2) _____________ (KNOW) that you may be several
hours away from warm, dry clothing is enough to slow down even the
(3)______________ (TOUGH) sailor. However, recent (4) ____________ (SCIENCE) developments in
the types of material used to make waterproof clothes have, hopefully, put an end to the (5)
__________________ (SUFFER) of the sailor. New suits, trousers and jackets have been designed
which allow people to stay warm and dry at sea and can be worn (6) ___________________
(COMFORT) for days on end.
The new clothing is by no means cheap, but that will not stop it from selling well, and not just in the
sailing market. (7) ________________ (LIKE) previous types of waterproof clothing, which tended to
leave the wearer hot, sweaty and sticky even after a (8) ________________ (RELATIVE) short burst of
(9)________________ (ENERGY) activity, these new clothes are manufactured with an (10)
__________________ (ADDITION) inner layer. This is made of a special material which allows the
clothes to ‘breathe’ - in other words, body heat can escape so that the body stays dry, but still
maintains its (11) ___________________ (WARM) in all weathers.

46
Contrast
Grade 9
Complete the sentences. Choose between: in spite of, however, while, although/even though

1 _________ the heavy snow, we managed to get to the office.

2 _________ needing a rest, the team continued to work.
3 _________ she isn't fond of classical music, she went to the concert.
4 _________ being hungr, Sally didn't eat anything.
5 _______ we left the house early, we still missed the bus.
6 'Did you pass the exam?' 'Yes, I got a good grade, _____ I didn't study much.
7 ________ the storm, over ten thousand people took part in the marathon.
8 _______ I wrote myself a note to remind me, I still forgot to call george tonight.
9 Most Egyptologists believe that the Sphynx is about 4,000 years old. Some geologists,
_________, argue that it must be at least 14,000 years old.
10 __________ having taken two aspirins, I had such a bad headache that I had to go home.
11 I've never seen a UFO. ______, that doesn't mean that I don't believe in them.
12 There are still two million people unemployed _______ the fact that we're in the middle of
an economic boom.
13 _______ no European country carries out capital punishment, it is widely used throughout
the united states.
14 I couldn't find my keys ________ searching for them everywhere.

Complete the sentences with although, in spite of or despite:

1 ……….being full of water, the boat sailed on.
2 …..…the weather, we had a great time.
3 We understood him ……..he had a strong accent.
4 ……… having all the necessary qualifications, they didn’t offer me the job.
5 ………. he was ill, he still came to the meeting.
6 ...... the fact that he worked very hard, he didn’t manage to pass the exam.
7 He passed the exam ………. his severe headache.
8 She went on walking ....... she was terribly tired.
9 ……..their poverty, the children seemed happy.
10 I’ll talk to him, ……… I don’t think it’ll do any good.
11 We went out ……… the rain.
12 ……..the fact that he was ill, he went into work.
13 They allowed us into the theatre ………being late.
14 ……… the pain in his leg he completed the marathon.
15 She bought a car, ………she was too young to drive.

Use of English

Grade 9
1

47
I was on my way home (1) it happened. (2) I was walking, I heard someone running
behind me. (3) I knew it, I was on the ground, and my bag wasn’t there! A man, (4)
.was there helped me to get up. (5) , he left me and ran after the man with my bag. I waited
there (6) he came back with my bag. I (7) believe he got it back for me. What a hero!
One thing is certain, I (8) stop walking home alone!

1. a. until b. when c. as soon

2. a. As b. As soon c. As soon as
3. a. After b. When c. Before
4. a. where b. who c. which
5. a. After b. Then c. When
6. a. when b. as soon as c. until
7. a. wasn’t able b. can c. couldn’t
8. a. will have to b. will have c. will be able

2 Choose a, b or c.
Our band has been trying hard for a long time (1) known. We
(2) in different small clubs and have tried to get in touch with various
companies. We keep (3) that someone (4) listen to our
work and decide (5) us. Yesterday, we (6) an
unexpected phone call. It was the manager of a large record company. He said he
(7) of us and wanted to see us perform live. (8) an
opportunity!

1. a. become b. to become c. becoming

2. a. have appeared b. were appearing c. appeared
3. a. thinking b. think c. to think
4. a. shouldn’t b. had better c. may
5. a. to help b. helping c. help
6. a. have received b. had received c. received
7. a. hears b. heard c. had heard
8. a. How b. So c. What

3 COULD COMPUTER GAMES BE GOOD FOR YOU AFTER ALL?

In Britain, the average young person now (0)__spend__more money on games each year than
on going to the cinema or renting videos. But is this (1) __________a bad thing? For years,
newspaper reports have been (2) _________that children who spend too much time playing
computer games become unsociable, bad-tempered, even violent as a (3) ___________. But
new research, (4) ___________out in both Europe and the USA, suggests that the opposite
may be (5) __________.

48
Indeed, playing some of the more complicated games may help people of all ages to (6)
__________certain skills. Researchers claim that this is because the games (7) _______the
brain work harder in certain ways, like (8) ____________sounds and movements quickly and
identifying what they are. The fact that people play the games repeatedly, (9) __________
that they get a lot of practice in these skills which are therefore (10) ________to become
highly developed. Social skills may benefit too. Researchers in Chicago think that fans of
first-person shooter games (11) ______Counterstrike are better than non-players when it (12)
___________to building trust and co-operation, and that this (13) __________ them to
make good friendships and become strong members of their communities. So rather than
(14) ____________ up computer games, perhaps young people (15) ________to spend more
time on them?

1 A necessarily B certainly C fully D nearly

2 A speaking B informing C telling D saying
3 A product B result C reason D conclusio
4 A worked B thought C turned D carried
n
5 A exact B true C fact D precise
6 A repair B advance C improve D amend
7 A make B force C push D keep
8 A realising B noticing C imagining D solving
9 A means B asks C brings D causes
10 A surely B probable C likely D possible
11 A in order to B such as C due to D as well as
12 A requires B goes C involves D comes
13 A supports B helps C shows D serves
14 A giving B ending C taking D stopping
15 A bound B should C due D need

4 DOG RACE IN ALASKA

Every winter in Alaska a race is held. But this is no ordinary race. Teams of dogs pull
wooden sleds along the snow and ice. A single driver is in (1) _________ of each team, and
stands on the sled. This race is (2) _________ as the Iditarod, and runs from the town of
Anchorage to the village of Nome, a journey of more than 1,600 kilometres. It usually
(3)________ the dogs ten days to (4) ___________the course.
The Iditarod is usually run in extremely difficult weather (5)_________. Daytime
temperatures (6) _________from zero to minus 40 degrees. Visibility is often very poor, so
drivers never allow themselves to become (7) __________from their team of dogs. Indeed,
the drivers (8) __________ almost entirely on the dogs for their survival. Each year a
considerable (9) __________ of competitors have to (10) _______from the race owing to
exhaustion or coldness, and sometimes even the dogs get ill or injured.
The (11) _________ of the race goes back many years to a time when some medicine needed
to be taken to Nome, a very remote village. (12) ________ particularly severe weather, the
only (13) __________ to send the medicine from Anchorage was using a group of husky
dogs. Happily, the medicine was delivered just in time to (14) _______ lives. Alaskans
celebrate the heroic journey with the Iditarod, which (15) _________the same route across the
frozen interior of Alaska.

1 A responsibility B charge C direction D care

2 A called B referred C named D known
49
3 A lasts B makes C gives D takes
4 A end B complete C fulfil D conclude
5 A conditions B situations C backgrounds D circumstances
6 A spread B stretch C range D differ
7 A separated B divided C split D broken
8 A rest B depend C expect D trust
9 A amount B sum C total D number
10 A retire B pull C remove D draw
11 A basis B cause C origin D reason
12 A Because of B However C Although D Providing that
13 A manner B process C way D aim
14 A free B guard C rescue D save
15 A follows B goes C accompanies D does

5 A MAPMAKER IN THE MAKING

For most families, a trip in the car to an unfamiliar area involves at least one
argument about the best route to (1) _______ . This is not the (2) ________, however, in the
Williams family from Worcester. They never (3)_______ lost when five-year-old Daniel is
with them. That's because Daniel has the incredible (4)__________ to tell you the best way to
get from one place to another anywhere in England, and (5)_________ he doesn't need a map
– he can do it off the top of his (6) ________ Daniel has been (7)_______ in place names ever
since he first learnt to talk. When he was about three, he started asking his parents questions
about how the roads they drove along (8)________ up, and it soon became (9) _______ that
he had a photographic memory for maps. He had no difficulty in remembering the
information and (10)_________ it to what he saw from the car window.
Now, after school, Daniel's (11)________ game is drawing maps of the road systems in all
sorts of places that he has never even visited. His parents have no (12) _________ .where his
particular talent (13)_________ from because nobody else in the family has it. (14)________
he's also a football fan, and is learning to play the keyboard, Daniel's main (15) ________ in
life is to become a mapmaker.

1 A make B do C do D take
2 A event B instance C case D fact
3 A fall B get C keep D have
4 A ability B skill C facility D technique
5 A as well as B because of C apart from D what's more
6 A head B mind C brain D memory
7 A good B capable C keen D interested
8 A joined B caught C stood D grew
9 A confident B obvious C sure D positive
10 A regarding B relating C recognising D reflecting
11 A admirable B desired C favourite D selected
12 A understanding B thought C idea D explanation
13 A passes B gains C works D comes
14 A Although B Despite c However D Since
15 A qualification B outcome c ambition D fortune

6
My first (1)__________ was as a sales (2)_____________ at a large department store. I wanted
to work part-time, because I was still studying (3) ___________university and I was only
(4)__________ to work a few nights a week. I came (5)_________ the advertisement in the local
newspaper. I remember the interview as though (6)_________were yesterday. The personnel manager

50
sat behind a large desk. He asked me various questions which surprised me because all I wanted was
to work in sales. An hour later, I was told that I had got the job and was given a contract to go
(7)__________. I was to be trained for ten days before I took my post. Also, as a member of
(8)__________. I was entitled to some benefits, including discounts. When I eventually started, I was
responsible (9)____________the toy section. I really enjoyed it there and I loved demonstrating the
different toys. I was surprised at how friendly my (10)_________were, too. They made working there
fun even when we had to (11) __________ customers who (12) _________on our nerves. On the
whole, working there was a great experience which I will never forget.

1 a occupation B job C work D employment

2 A employee B attendant C officer D assistant

3 A in B on C at D for

4 A excellent B able C proud D experienced

5 A across B into C on D round

6 A it BI C that D there

7 A on B over C ahead D with

8 A staff B crew C team D party

9 A of B at C with D for

10 A assistants B staff C colleagues D employees

11 A control B deal with C manage D cooperate

12 A came B went C got D were

7 A NIGHT AT THE THEATRE

Going to the theatre brings back happy memories, as it (1) me of my very first performance
on stage, (2)____________ was thirty years ago. Parts of that particular night are so vivid that
I can still picture myself as though it were yesterday. The excitement amongst the actors, the
(3)______________applause and the party after the opening night are memories which will
remain with me for (4)_______________. I don’t know how we managed to do so well. The
rehearsals were far from satisfactory because we thought that we could just have two
rehearsals a week (5) _____________in fact we needed more. The background
(6)_____________ to the last act weren’t ready until an hour before the beginning of the play
despite the set builder’s best (7) _______________. The director was not satisfied
(8)_______________ anything and he didn’t even want to show up on the first night.
Admittedly, I wouldn’t have wanted to either. (9) _______________ the night finally arrived,
we were alia bit worried. I remember (10)_____________ through the curtain ten minutes
before the start and being amazed (11)_________________ the (12)_______________ of a
full house. Finally, it was time for the curtain to go up. In the end, we proved the director
wrong and everything went like clockwork.

51
1 A recognises B reminds C recalls D memorises
2 A which B when C where D who
3 A onlookers' B viewers’ C audience's D spectators’
4 A life B ages C a while D time
5 A where B when C which D whenever
6 A images B visions C scenes D sights
7 A attempts B efforts C trials D tries
8 A by B in C at D with
9 A When B After C While D Until
10 A glancing B noticing C staring D watching
11 A in B at C on D for
12 A view B vision C sight D image

8 FINGERNAILS GROWING FASTER

People’s fingernails and toenails, according to a recent study, are nowadays growing more
quickly. Research (1)___________ out at the University of North Carolina indicates that the
speed at which human nails are growing has increased by (2)__________to 25 per cent over
the last 70 years.
The results of the study show that the (3) ___________ human fingernail now grows about
3.5 mm a month, (4)___________ with just 3 mm seven decades ago. Toenail growth,
(5)___________ only about 2 mm per month, was also up on the figure (6)___________ in a
similar survey done 70 years ago. Researchers (7)__________ the rapid increase down to
changes in lifestyle, particularly the greater (B)____________ of the importance of regular
exercise and a healthy diet. This, they point out, is in (9)___________ with similar trends in
the height and weight of present-day adults. Interestingly, it appears that nails
(10)___________ to grow fastest in warmer conditions, with the quickest growth
(11)____________ among young people, and men. The fastest-growing nail is on the middle
finger, while that on the little finger is (12)___________ far the slowest, at only a fraction
over 3 mm each month.

1 A taken B carried C studied O worked

2 A near B just C close D next
3 A average B medium C common D standard
4 A opposed B measured C related D compared
5 A although B despite C however D nevertheles
6 A achieved B concluded C arrived D s
obtained
7 A set B write C put D say
8 A belief B information C familiarity D awareness
9 A way B rule C line D case
10 A tend B lean C head D aim
11 A pace B rate C speed D step
12 A by B so C as D too

9 THE ART OF BEING A PARENT

In order to (1)___________ children, many qualities are required. As well as the
(2)___________ requirements such as love, patience and understanding, a sense of humour is
52
an important feature of any parent's personality. (3)_______________, it's quite an art to
transform a child's bad mood into (4)____________ everyone in the family can live with.
Another aspect of child rearing is teaching children limits and rules. This means the child
needs to be (5)___________ of what his or her rights are and what other people's are, too.
Setting limits on children must occur on a daily basis. Temporary measures don't achieve
anything but just waste time. A (6)______________ mistake, however, is being
(7)_____________ stricter than necessary. Parents must be (8)_____________ to allow their
children the opportunity to explore and learn (9)___________ experience. What's more, most
parents must know the importance of (10)______________ as it gets children used to certain
everyday activities. For instance, eating at the same time (11)____________ of sitting at a
table and (12)____________ them how to conduct themselves properly. Overall, child rearing
is no easy task but it is certainly a challenge and a learning experience.

1 A grow B grow up C born D bring up

2 A routine B popular C ordinary D usual
3 A In fact B But C All in all D As well as
4 A temper B character C behaviour D manner
5 A known B accustomed C familiar D aware
6 A willing B famous C common D continuou
s
7 A very B far C quite D fairly
8 A keen B eager C interested D willing
9 A by B on C from D with
10 A custom B routine C fashion D trend
11 A like B as C than D of
12 A learns B educates C teaches D instructs

10 A TAXI EXPERIENCE
As a journalist, I'm asked to travel around the globe to all sorts of (1)___________countries.
Over the years, I’ve used different means of transport. Of course, for long (2)_______ flying
is the fastest and safest way to (3)__________a far-off destination.
Unfortunately, I’m not a very organised traveller and despite my travel agent's best efforts,
(4)__________ always goes wrong. Last week, while I was heading for the airport, I realised
I had left my passport at home. Obviously, I had to go back so I asked the taxi driver to turn
around and take me home. In the meantime, I crossed my fingers and hoped that I wouldn’t
miss my (5)____________.
All the (6)__________ home, the driver was speeding in and out of traffic. He got even more
carried (7)___________when he got on the motorway, (8)________ at speeds of up to 150
kilometres per hour.
By the time we arrived home, I was (9)_________ a state of shock and it took me a while to
(10)_________ my breath. So, before driving off again, I decided to pay him
(11)__________extra, so that he would go slower as we were bound (12)_________ have an
accident.

1 A curious B peculiar C foreign D strange

53
 2 A travels B excursions C tours D trips
3 A arrive B reach C get D approach
4 A anything B something C everything D nothing
5 A flight B cruise C trip D journey
6 A road B way C route D direction
7 A away B on C out D along
8 A moving B travelling C transferring D transporting
9 A at B under C on D in
10 A hold B catch C keep D find
11 A many B a little C a few D some
12 A to B for C in D of

11 PAST MEMORIES
I was raised on a farm in a remote village in the 1950s. The winter months were endless and
everything was covered in snow. I was always (1) for the warmer weather to come.
When spring (2)_______________, everything came alive - flowers would bloom and the
animals would come out of hibernation. I'd follow the bear tracks and search for them. Once,
however, I (3)______________ an angry mother bear who saw me (4) _______________ a
threat. (5)_____________ the sight of the bear I did what my father had told me. I stood still
until she stopped growling and walked away. The trick was effective, but looking back now, I
realise that the situation was (6)___________ more serious than I thought at the time. By the
age of twelve, I had lots of camping (7)___________, as I used to go camping with my dog
on my school holidays. We would spend days (8) ________________ forest, catching fish for
dinner, (9)__________________ at the frogs and the (10)________________ and down on
the surface of the water. Of course, this was possible only during the warm months. When
autumn came, everything went quiet, which was quite (11)____________ in those parts. It
wasn't long (12)_______________ the animals disappeared, the birds flew south and the snow
took over. The place became deserted once again.

1 A keen B eager C willing D enthusiastic

2 A approached B reached C appeared D arrived
3 A dealt with B came across C reached D found out
4 A like B as C same as D such as
5 A In B By C At D On
6 A very B quite C so D far
7 A qualifications B skills C qualities D experience
8 A exploring B detecting C researching D investigating
9 A looking B noticing C watching D observing
10 A swarms B bunches C flocks D sets
54
11 A ordinary B usual C familiar D regular
12 A until B after C since D before

12 PLASTIC MONEY
In the past, people bought goods using (1)_____________. They rarely (2)___________
money from financial institutions and only when they had (3)_________the money, did they buy what
they wanted.
Recently, however, there have been great changes in the way people purchase goods. To begin with,
some people pay for things by cheque, while others prefer monthly (4) ___________, rather than
paying the whole (5)____________ at once. Most consumers, though, prefer to buy things using their
credit cards. (6)__________ , it is thought that there are benefits to having a credit card. Apart from
the fact that credit cards are handy, some stores offer bonus points to people making purchases, while
others give (7)_________on certain products.
On the other hand, credit cards must be used wisely because they can prove disastrous. In the long run,
consumers find that they can't (8)_____________ without their credit cards and constantly rely
(9)_________ them, as they are “easy money”. As a result, some people lose control of their finances
spending more than they should and wind up not being able to (10)___________. So, they end up in
(11)____________and have difficulty (12)___________ it back.

1 A change B cash C notes D currency

2 A lent B let C borrowed D kept

3 A. afforded B owned C saved D possessed
4 A sums B deposits C budgets D instalments
5 A amount B debt C bill D cost
6 A Last but not least B One by one C By and large D Every now and then
7 A bargains B discounts C tips D prizes
8 A go B make C be D do
9 A on B in C to D of
10 A make matters worse B make ends meet C do their best D do business
11 A debt B loan C charge D owe

12 A to pay B to paying C in pay D in paying

13 LEARNING TO MAKE A PERFECT PIZZA

According to the European Pizza-Makers’ Association, making a good pizza is not a
straightforward skill to learn. The ingredients seem very simple: flour, yeast, water and a bit
of salt. (1)__________, water and flour can easily (2) ________a rather unappetizing gluey
m9, and anyone who has eaten a (3)___________ quality pizza will know how bad it can
make your stomach (4)_____________.
In Italy, 70 per cent of pizza makers could improve on their product, not to (5)__________ all
the pizza makers around the world who (6)____________ uneatable meals,' says Antonio
Primiceri, the Association’s founder. He has now started a pizza school in an attempt to
(7)______________ the reputation of this traditional dish. As part of an (8)____________

55
course, the students at Mr Primiceri’s school are taught to (9)___________ common
mistakes, produce a good basic m9ture, add a tasty topping and cook the pizza properly. ‘Test
the finished pizza by breaking the crust,* advises Mr Primiceri. ‘If the soft
(10)_____________ inside the pizza is white, clean and dry, it’s a good pizza. If it is not like
this, the pizza will (11)_________ your stomach. You will feel (12) _____________ full and
also thirsty.’

1 A However B Despite C Although D Conversely

2 A make out B take up C put out D turn into
3 A sad B poor C short D weak
4 A sense B do C feel D be
5 A state B mention C remark D tell
6 A submit B give C provide D deal
7 A save B hold C deliver D return
8 A extensive B extreme C intensive D intentional
9 A pass B escape C miss D avoid
10 A spot B part C side D slice
11 A worry B upset C ache D depress
12 A discouragingly B tightly C uncomfortably D heavily

14 ACTION SCENES IN FILMS

Modern cinema audiences expect to see plenty of thrilling scenes in action films. These
scenes, which are (1).... as stunts, are usually (2).... by stuntmen who are specially trained to
do dangerous things safely. (3).... can crash a car, but if you’re shooting a film, you have to be
extremely (4)...., sometimes stopping (5).... in front of the camera and film crew. At an early
(6) .... in the production, an expert stuntman is (7).... in to work out the action scenes and form
a team. He is the only person who can go (8).... the wishes of the director, (9).... he will
usually only do this in the (10).... of safety.
Many famous actors like to do the dangerous parts themselves, which produces better shots,
since stuntmen don't have to (11).... in for the actors. Actors like to become (12).... in all the
important aspects of the character they are playing, but without the recent progress in safety
equipment, insurance companies would never (13).... them take the risk. To do their own
stunts, actors need to be good athletes, but they must also be sensible and know their (14) ... If
they were to be hurt, the film would (15).... to a sudden halt.

1 A remarked B known C referred D named

2 A performed B given C fulfilled D displayed
3 A Everyone B Someone C Anyone D No-one
4 A detailed B plain C straight D precise
5 A right B exact C direct D strict
6 A period B minute C part D stage
7 A led B taken C drawn D called
8 A over B against C through D across
9 A despite B so C although D otherwise
10 A interests B needs C purposes D regards
11 A work B get C put D stand
12 A connected B arranged C involved D affected
13 A allow B let C permit D admit
14 A limits B ends C frontiers D borders
56
15 A come B fall C pull D go

15 A DEADLY JOB
In Eastern Java one way to (1)__________a living is to harvest the sulphur (2) __________
by a local volcano. Twice a day, around thirty porters leave their huts and head
(3)__________ the 3,156 metre summit of the Welirang Volcano. Once there, they use metal
bars in order to break the sulphur into blocks that will fit into their baskets. While collecting
sulphur, the porters are exposed to toxic fumes which cause many incurable (4)__________.
Most of them, however, don't pay attention to the health risks they face daily and use only a
face mask to (5)___________ themselves. This work (6)__________ their health and they are
often in (7)___________ .As they get older, they become fragile and eventually
(8)_____________ from throat or lung cancer, from which they never (9)____________ .
What is more, they are not paid well, even though they lead a difficult life and their health is
(10)_____________ beyond repair. Yet, In spite of the unhealthy conditions, the porters have
no intention of giving (11)____________ their job. (12)___________ it provides them and
their family with an income, they will continue to do it.

1 A support B secure C protect D defend

2 A produced B increased C developed D built up
3 A on B for C into D at
4 A sicknesses B diseases C injuries D infection
s
5 A guard B rescue C support D protect
6 A risks B endangers C decreases D warns
7 A pain B ache C difficulty D illness
8 A injure B hurt C suffer D collapse
9 A overcome B cure C recover D heal
10 A hurt B injured C harmed D wounded
11 A back B away C in D up
12 A As long as B Unless C Even if D In case

Passive
Grade 8
Rewrite these sentences in passive. Sometimes there is more than one option.

1 Oh no! They have already sold all the sandwiches!

2 The headquarters distributed the food parcels to the soldiers.
3 They give a bar of soap to each prisoner.
4 Some people in Far East eat dogs.
5 People produced glass first time in Egypt 2500 years BC.
6 They built this house 100 years ago.
57
 7 Over 60% of Americans wear lenses.
8 The teacher is telling the children a scary story.
9 A few minutes later, someone found fire in the school kitchen.
10 They are checking the school to make sure no one is still inside.
11 This company hired a lot of people last year.
12 I can't use my office at the moment. They are painting it.
13 They haven't invited me to the party.
14 Chocolate doesn’t cause spots.
15 I'm afraid a car hit your cat.
16 Someone has left their wallet on the floor.

Rewrite these sentences in passive. Sometimes there is more than one option.

Grade 9
1 I hope they will chose me for the college football team.
2 If it hadn't rained so much, we would have finished the job on time.
3 They had asked the guests to arrive by 7.30 p.m.
4 My brother looks after it every day.
5 Did your next door neighbour see the thieves?
6 The entire cast has to learn the script by Monday.
7 You should wash this sweater by hand.
8 Roentgen discovered X-rays by accident while he was experimenting with electricity.
9 They say he has lost his job.
10 Tina said that somebody has stolen her car.
11 You will complete the form in black ink.
12 They have kept me waiting for over 20 minutes.
13 We expect profits to fall slightly next year.
14 They think that the painting is worth at least 5 milloin dollars.

Complete using the correct passive form of the verbs in brackets

1 The Earth _________(hold) by the gravity of the Sun and orbits around it.
2 The first feature-length comedy film _________ (create) by Charlie Chaplin.
3 The award for best video ___________ (present) later this evening.
4 I don't know whether our tests __________ (mark) yet or not.
5 Radio waves __________ (discover) by Marconi.
6 You wouldn't think it to look at him now, but Jack ______(bully) when he
was at school.
7 Your application_______ (consider) and we will let you know as soon as we've made a
decision.
8 The roof of the car can ________ (lower) by pressing this button here.
9 Our tent _________ (blow) over in the night by the wind.
10 Chess _________ (play) for around two thousand years now.
11 Two men _________ (question) at this moment by police in connection with the burglary.

Complete these sentences with by, for or with.

58
 1 Model planes can be painted ________ varnish or paint. (with)
2 Mammoths were hunted _____ early humans.
3 They were hunted _____ spears.
4 They were hunted _____ their meat and hide.
5 The meat was eaten ____ whole tribe.
6 Their hides were used ____ clothing.
7 Nowadays, their fossilized remains are still found ______ palaeontologists.
8 She was woken up ____ a loud noise.
9 The parcel was tied up ____ string.
10 John was told off ___ his mother.
11 This picture was painted ___ a famous artist.
12 The chair was covered ____ a woolen blanket.
13 The walls were decorated _____ posters.
14 My car was repaired ____ my father.
15 The dessert was made ______ fresh cream.

Reading and comprehension

Grade 7
1 - Something New in Tourism
I love travelling abroad, but two years ago I didn’t have much cash to spend on my holiday.
At first, I was planning to go camping again, but then a friend suggested an alternative:
CouchSurfing. I had no idea what that was, so she explained. ‘CouchSurfers’ are people who
stay as guests in other people’s homes for free, and visit the sights in the local area. You can
do the things that most tourists do, like sunbathing on the beach or sightseeing in the town
centre. Or your host could give you a language lesson, teach you how to cook local delicacies,
or take you to places that visitors never find. It sounded much more fun than my other
holidays, so I joined the website and sent emails to about twenty hosts in France and Spain
right away.
A few days later, I already had ten replies. After a week or two of emails, I made
arrangements with four hosts in three different cities. I’m quite talkative and they seemed
very friendly, so I wasn’t concerned about spending time with strangers. Two weeks later, I
was arriving in Paris, and meeting my first host, Claudette.
Over the next ten days, I stayed in four very different homes, improved my foreign languages,
and made some great new friends. Sometimes the places where I stayed were basic –a sofa to
sleep on, or even just a floor, but sometimes they were luxurious – much nicer than the hostels
that I usually go to. I think it was probably the cheapest and most interesting holiday I’ve ever
had!
I’ve done CouchSurfing again twice since then: in Italy, and here in the UK. I’ll definitely do
it again. In fact, I’m going on a trip to South America next year. And I’ve had five visitors at
my place, including Claudette. I’ve discovered that hosting is as much fun as exploring a new
place. CouchSurfing is a fantastic experience. Try it some time!
1 She first tried CouchSurfing two years ago.
59
 A True  B False  C Doesn’t say 

2 - A day in the life of Paula Radcliffe - Marathon Runner

8.30am
Sometimes, my daughter Isla wakes me and my husband, Gary, up, or, more often, we wake
her up. After I get up, I always check my pulse. It's usually 38-40 beats per minute. If it is too
high, I rest for the day. It's so important to listen to my body. I have a drink and a snack while
giving Isla her breakfast.
9.30am
We take Isla to nursery and then I start my training. I run, and Gary rides his bike next to me
and gives me drinks. Four times a week, I have a cold bath or go for a swim in a lake after
training.
12.30pm
I pick up Isla from nursery and we go home and I eat a big lunch of cereal and fruit. Then I
have rice and salmon, or toast and peanut butter. I try to eat as soon as possible after
training. After lunch, I play with my daughter.
2pm
I have a nap in the afternoon, and Gary usually takes Isla out while I sleep. When I wake up, I
have a drink and a snack while Isla has milk. I eat a lot during the day, especially bananas and
dark chocolate.
5pm
I go running again. In total, I run about 145 miles every week. I write about all my runs in my
training journal. I record everything, including how I feel and what the weather is like. I train
hard every other day, go on an extra long run every four days and rest every eighth day.
7pm
In the evening, I do my exercises. These keep me strong during long runs. Isla likes to climb
on me while I stretch. Gary gives Isla her tea and cooks mine while I finish my exercises. Then
I finish cooking dinner while Gary gives Isla her bath.
7.30pm
Gary and I eat our dinner. I have red meat four times a week with rice, pasta or potatoes,
and lots of vegetables. We also eat a lot of stir-fries, because they're quick and healthy.
8pm
We put Isla to bed and relax. I check my emails and watch TV or chat with Gary. I love police
and hospital dramas!
10.30pm
Time for bed. As I brush my teeth, I stand on one leg and then the other. This keeps my legs
strong. I enjoy reading, but I haven’t read much since Isla was born.
Choose the most appropriate answer:
1. Usually,…
a) Paula and Gary wake up Isla.
b) Gary wakes up Paula and Isla.
c) Isla wakes up Paula and Gary.

60
3 - Amusement Parks are not always fun
“Do you want to come with me to the amusement park?” asked my friend Mark.
“Sure!” I replied. “Great idea!”
Hopefully this time I’d have a pleasant experience. Other times at the amusement park
hadn’t been so much fun. I guess you’re wondering why. Is it possible NOT to have a
fantastic time at an amusement park?
“My Dad has offered to take us by car, Keith. We’ll pick you up at 10 tomorrow morning.”
Mark added.
“Perfect, thanks!”
One problem is that there are so many rules and regulations at amusement parks. I
understand the reason for some of them; they are there to keep people safe. But I think
there are some rules that are too much.
“Can we have two all-day tickets, please?” asked Mark politely.
“Here you are, that’s 30 Euros. And here’s a list of the rides that your friend can go on.”
(“Hello! I’m not stupid, you know. If you have something to say to me, say it to me, not to
my friend. If you have something to give me, give it to me, not to my friend!” I thought.)
Guess what, the list was very short.
“I’m sorry, but your friend can’t ride the carousel.” said the man in charge. (“Hello! I’m not
stupid, you know. If you have something to say to me, say it to me, not to my friend.”)
“Why, what’s the problem?” enquired Mark. He looked annoyed.
“Just a minute son, your friend can’t ride the roller coaster.” said the man in charge. (“Hello!
I’m not stupid, you know. If you have something to say to me, say it to me, not to my
friend.”)
“Why, what is the problem?” asked Mark. This time Mark looked very annoyed. But how do
you think I felt? OK, with the roller coaster I can understand. They would need to have a
special strap for my upper and lower body. But the carousel? I can’t see any good reason
why I couldn’t safely ride the carousel. It doesn’t go fast or make you turn upside down.
“Sorry, mate! Tell your friend this ride’s for kiddies only. Under 12s. He’s too old.” This time
it was a lady who was in charge, and she looked very strict. (“Hello! I’m not stupid, you
know. If you have something to say to me, say it to me, not to my friend.”)
“Yeah, but he’s not allowed on the other rides because they say they are not safe for him,”
Mark complained. He was really angry now. (“Hey, Mark! I can speak for myself, you know!”)
You know what’s happened. Some people pushed their luck and took risks they shouldn’t
have taken and spoiled things for the rest of us. This made the management nervous and
that’s why there are all these super strict rules now. Now people like me aren’t allowed to
decide for ourselves what we can and can’t do. The management knows better. But at
Disneyland several years ago I had a wonderful time. There were lots of rides I could go on,
and the rules there were very favourable!
For example, one time the guy in charge of a ride said: “Bring your friend to the front of the
queue! There’s no need for him to stand in line! Er, wait in line, sorry!” (“Hello! I’m not
stupid, you know. If you have something to say to me, say it to me, not to my friend. And by
61
the way, I know you don’t mean that I should literally stand in line, there is no need to
change the way you use the English language for me.”)
Everyone’s heard of Disneyland, but what about Morgan’s Wonderland in Texas? Have you
ever heard of that? I can’t wait to go. It’s a disability amusement park. I think it will be
magic!
True/False
1. Mark and Keith are good friends. T/F
2. Kieth`s dad has offered to take them to the amusement park by car T/F

4 - Halloween
Like many other holidays, Halloween has evolved and changed throughout history. Over 2,000 years
ago people called the Celts lived in what is now Ireland, the UK, and parts of Northern France.
November 1 was their New Year's Day. They believed that the night before the New Year was a time
when the living and the dead came together.
More than a thousand years ago the Christian church named November 1 All Saints Day (also
called All Hallows.) This was a special holy day to honour the saints and other people who died for
their religion. The night before All Hallows was called Hallows Eve. Later the name was changed to
Halloween.
The Europeans worried that evil spirits would cause problems or hurt them. So on that night people
wore costumes that looked like ghosts or other evil creatures. They thought if they dressed like that,
the spirits would think they were also dead and not harm them.
The tradition of Halloween was carried to America by the immigrating Europeans. Some of the
traditions changed a little, though. For example, on Halloween in Europe some people would carry
lanterns made from turnips. In America, pumpkins were more common. So people began putting
candles inside them and using them as lanterns. That is why you see Jack 'o lanterns today.
These days Halloween is not usually considered a religious holiday. It is primarily a fun day for
children. Children dress up in costumes like people did a thousand years ago. But instead of worrying
about evil spirits, they go from house to house. They knock on doors and say "trick or treat." The
owner of each house gives candy or something special to each trick or treater.

Check Your Understanding

True or False. Check your answers below.
1. The Celts thought the spirits of dead people returned to the earth on October 31st. T/F

5 - I am a runner!
When I was at school, I played some football and rugby. I hated rugby because I couldn’t catch the
ball, but I enjoyed football. I started out being a terrible player and nobody wanted me to be on their
team. But I started to improve slowly and, after a few years, the other kids in the school accepted me
as a player, not a fantastic one, but one who wouldn’t do anything stupid. When I was at university, I
stopped playing sports altogether. I was working too hard, started eating too much, and, worst of all,
I started smoking. By the time I was thirty, I was overweight and unfit. Then one day, I was sitting in
the park, smoking a cigarette. I was watching these guys running. They looked slim, fit and healthy,
and some of them were much older than me. When I got home, I looked in the bathroom mirror and,
well, I suppose I just didn’t like what I saw. At that moment, I decided to stop smoking and change
my life. I went to a sports shop, bought myself a pair of running shoes, shorts and a sweatshirt. That
evening I went running around the park – for ten minutes! Physically, I felt terrible. Everything was

62
hurting: my legs, my chest. But inside, I did feel good about it. The next evening, I went again. I still
only did ten minutes, but I didn’t feel as I bad as I did the day before. Within a week, I was running
for fifteen minutes, then twenty, and after three weeks I ran for thirty minutes without stopping.
Quite soon, I was running longer distances and my speed and strength were improving all the time.
After six months, I was a runner! That was five years ago. I now run eight kilometres six times a week
and love it. My proudest moment was last year, when I ran my first marathon and finished in under
three hours. I’m fitter now than I’ve ever been, and am so glad that I went to sit in the park that day
five years ago.
True/False
1. He hated like rugby at school because he couldn`t run fast. T/F

6
The pupils of Grangetown High have been busy getting to know their newest and tallest classmate - a
7-metre-tall giraffe outside their school.

The giraffe is a huge metal sculpture made by a local artist. The school's headmaster noticed the
sculpture in the artist’s garden as he drove past one day, and thought it would be perfect tor his
school. 'I knew everyone would love it,' he said, 'because our basketball team is known as the
Grangetown Giraffes, and they wear giraffes on their shirts. So I asked them to write a letter to the
artist, asking how much it would cost to buy the giraffe. He was very kind and got it ready to deliver
in six weeks - all for nothing! He arranged for it to arrive one Sunday morning, so that the pupils
would see it when they got to school on the Monday - at that stage they had no idea that we were
getting it.'

The artist, Tom Bennett, was a university professor of chemistry before he retired in 2006 and only
took up metalwork a couple of years ago. But he had always been a keen artist. 'I've always drawn
pictures,’ he said. 'I can even remember doing it on my first day at school -1 drew a horse. I wanted it
to be the best horse picture ever, but I don’t think I succeeded!'

Tom's first project using metal was a bicycle for two that he and his wife could go cycling on
together. ‘It was the most uncomfortable bike ever created,' admits Tom, "so I gave up making
bicycles and went into sculpture instead.'

The first metal sculpture I ever did was of a lion, which now also lives at a school. It started out as a
cat, but it just didn't look right, so I made it into a lion and put it in my front garden. It soon began to
attract attention from passers-by. Some small children wouldn't walk past the lion unless they could
have a turn sitting and playing on its back. I think children feel that my sculptures look like actual live
animals, and that’s what I want.'

Meanwhile the pupils at Grangetown High are very happy with their new classmate. ‘We're going to
hold a competition to give it a proper name.' said one girl. ‘Everyone likes the expression on its face,
so perhaps that will give us some ideas.

True or false

1. The headmaster wrote to the artist to ask about buying the sculpture for the school.

7 - Jogging

63
My first piece of advice to people who want to start getting fit is: don’t buy an exercise bike.
Typically, people who buy them use them for a week or so and then forget about them. They
are effective if they are used regularly but you need to be determined. Most people will find
it much easier to go for a gentle jog around the park. As well as being easy to do, jogging is
also relatively cheap compared to most other sports. You don’t need to buy expensive
clothes if you’re just going running around the park or on the beach. The main thing is that
they’re comfortable, and that they keep you warm in the winter and cool in the summer.
There is one piece of equipment, however, that you will have to spend time and money on,
and that’s your running shoes. Remember that you are not looking for a fashion item, but for
something that will support your feet and protect you from injury. They can be expensive,
but if they are good quality they will last you a long time. It’s always best to get expert
advice, and the best place for that is a sports shop. As for the actual jogging, the secret is to
start gently, and not to do too much at the beginning – especially if you haven’t had any
exercise for a long time. Try a mixture of walking and running for ten minutes about three
times a week at first. Once you are happy doing that you can then start to increase the
amount you do gradually. After a few months you should hope to be able to run at a
reasonable speed for twenty minutes three or four times a week. It’s important that you feel
comfortable with whatever you do. If you do, you’ll start to enjoy it and will probably keep
doing it. If it makes you feel uncomfortable, you’ll probably stop after a short time and
return to your bad habits. In any case, training too hard is not very effective. Research has
shown that somebody who exercises for twice as long or twice as hard as another person
doesn’t automatically become twice as fit.
1) Most people don’t use exercise bikes for very long. T/F

8 - Levi`s blue jeans

Levi Strauss was born in Germany in the mid 1800's and emigrated to the United States as a
young man. He lived in New York City and learned the dry-goods business for several years.
In 1853 he took his knowledge and his dreams to San Francisco (California., USA.) His dream
to succeed came true over the next 20 years as he became a very successful businessman.

Many of Levi Strauss' customers were cowboys and miners. They needed clothing that was
strong and durable. Strauss found a special fabric from France that was comfortable and
lasted a long time. It was called "serge de Nimes," which was later shortened to the
word denim.

Another man named Jacob Davis bought large amounts of the denim fabric from Levi
Strauss. He was a tailor who made pants for hard-working men. One of his customers was
continually tearing the pockets off his pants. So Jacob Davis decided to put rivets on certain
parts of the pants to make them stronger. The customer loved the new pants so much that
he told all his friends, and soon Jacob Davis was busy making lots of pants with rivets.

Jacob Davis soon realized that using rivets was a great business idea, and he didn't want
anybody to steal that idea. He decided that he would need to get a patent. But being a poor

64
tailor, he didn't have enough money to pay for the patent. After thinking it over, he went to
the businessman Levi Strauss and told him his idea. He said, "If you agree to pay for the
patent, we will share the profits from the riveted pants." Levi Strauss did agree, and the new
riveted pant business was called Levi Strauss and Company. Today Levi's jeans are more
popular than ever, and Levi's name continues to live on.

True or False.
1. Levi Strauss was born in 1853. T/F

9
What if you could travel to exotic locations and help save animals' lives -- on the same trip?

Portland veterinarians have done so for years. Joi Sutton of Moreland Veterinary Hospital founded
Veterinary Ventures, which sends teams of vets to developing countries. Gabriella Flacke of
Murrayhill Veterinary Hospital just returned from a trip to Bolivia for Humane Society International
and has volunteered in Latin America for years.

And with guidance from an organization founded in the Pacific Northwest, you, too, dear amateur
animal lover, can travel to interesting places and help the local domestic critters in a meaningful
way.

World Vets, a nonprofit group that a Washington veterinarian started in 2006, organizes veterinary
aid missions all over the world. On each trip, two to three slots are open to participants lacking any
veterinary experience whatsoever.

Most of World Vets' destinations are in Central America. Trips typically last one week; destinations
taking too long to get leave less time for the work at hand.

And work trips they are. Sure, a couple of days are reserved for R&R -- after all, who wants to pay
just over $1,000 plus airfare only to come home exhausted? -- but the emphasis is on
volunteering, not tourism.

1. How many places are open to non-veterinarians on each veterinary aid mission
A 10
B 2 or 3
C 1

10 - The Mayan people

The Mayan Indians lived in Mexico for thousands of years before the Spanish arrived in the
1500s. The Maya were intelligent, culturally rich people whose achievements were many.
They had farms, beautiful palaces, and cities with many buildings. The Mayan people knew a
lot about nature and the world around them. This knowledge helped them to live a better
life than most people of that time, because they could use it to make their lives more
comfortable and rewarding. Knowledge about tools and farming, for instance, made their
work easier and more productive.

In ancient Mexico there were many small clearings in the forest. In each clearing there was a
village with fields of corn, beans, and other crops around it. To clear the land for farms, the

65
Maya cut down trees with stone axes. They planted seeds by digging holes in the ground
with pointed sticks. A farmer was able to grow crops that produced food for several people.
But not every Maya had to be a farmer. Some were cloth makers, builders, or priests.

The Maya believed in many gods, including rain gods, sun gods, and corn gods. They built
large temples to honor the Mayan gods. Skillful workers built cities around these temples. It
was difficult for them to construct these cities because they had no horses to carry the heavy
stone they used to build with. Workers had to carry all of the building materials themselves.
Today, many of these ancient Mayan cities and temples are still standing.

Although the cities that the Maya built were beautiful, and the people worked hard to build
them, very few of them lived there. Usually, only the priests lived in the cities.

The other people lived in small villages in the forests. Their houses were much simpler than
the elaborate structures in the cities. They lived in small huts with no windows. The walls
were made of poles covered with dried mud, and the roof was made of grass or leaves. Most
Maya lived a simple life close to nature.

Measuring time was important to the Maya, so they developed a system for measuring it
accurately. Farmers needed to know when to plant and harvest their crops. Mayan priests
made a system to keep track of time. They wrote numbers as dots (...) and bars (-). A dot was
one and a bar was five.

The Mayan priests studied the Sun, Moon, stars, and planets. They made a calendar from
what they learned. The year was divided into 18 months of 20 days each with five days left
over. The Mayan calendar was far more accurate than the European calendars of the time.

Around the year 800, the Maya left their villages and beautiful cities, never to return. No one
knows why this happened. They may have died from an infectious disease. They may have
left because the soil could no longer grow crops. Archaeologists are still trying to find the
lost secrets of the Maya. They are still one of our greatest mysteries.

1. Read this sentence from the story.

The Maya were intelligent, culturally rich people whose achievements were many.
What is a synonym for the word achievements?
a) Mistakes
b) Successes
c) Skills
d) Roads

11 - It`s all clear now

66
It all started at the beginning of fifth grade. At first, Carmen wasn’t really sure what was happening.
In class, she had to squint to see the blackboard clearly. She had to do the same thing when she read
street signs, or when she watched a movie. As the fuzziness got worse, she became more and more
worried. It was important for her to see the notes and homework assignments the teacher put on the
board.
It wasn’t long before Carmen found herself squinting all the time, but she didn’t want anyone to
know that she was having a vision problem. In class, she asked for a desk that was closer to the
blackboard. One day, her teacher said, "Carmen, are you all right? I’ve noticed you squinting a lot.
Are you having trouble seeing the board?"
Carmen shook her head. "I’m fine, Mrs. Cruz," she said, but she knew she couldn’t pretend much
longer.
At home, she had to sit closer and closer to the television in order to see the picture. Her mother
noticed her squinting as she watched her favorite shows, and she began to get suspicious.
"Tomorrow I’m calling the eye doctor to set up an appointment for you," she said firmly. Carmen
protested, but her mother’s mind was made up.
Three days later, Carmen had new glasses and instructions from her doctor to wear them all the
time. Carmen frowned in the car the whole way home.
"All of the kids at school will think I’m a nerd," she said. Her mother smiled and shook her head.
"You look just as beautiful with those glasses on as you do without them," she said. But Carmen
didn’t believe her.
The next day, Carmen kept the glasses in her pocket as she walked into the schoolyard. She avoided
her friends and stood alone, feeling miserable.
Suddenly, she heard her friend Theresa shout.
Carmen ran over to the other girls. "What’s wrong?" she asked.
"My silver ring is gone!" Theresa cried. "My sister sent it to me from California. It’s very special and I
can’t lose it!"

Carmen could tell that Theresa was very upset. They all looked for the ring in the grassy area of the
playground.
Carmen realized that she could search better if she could see better. She took the glasses out of her
pocket and put them on. The objects and people around her came into sharp focus. She caught her
breath. Everything looked so different! So clear! She looked down at the ground and a glimmer of
silver caught her eye. It was the ring.
"Here it is," she shouted. "I’ve found it!" She handed it to Theresa, and Theresa slipped the ring back
on her finger.
"Thanks Carmen," she said. "I never thought we'd find it." She paused. "Hey, I didn’t know you wore
glasses. They look great!"
Carmen had forgotten that she was wearing the new glasses. "Thanks," she replied shyly.
As they walked back toward the school building, two more girls from her class complimented her
glasses. Carmen smiled. "Maybe wearing glasses won’t be so bad after all," she thought.

Choose the most appropriate answer:

1 Before Carmen got glasses she

A thought having glasses wouldn’t be so bad.

B wasn’t able to see the blackboard clearly.
C found Theresa’s missing ring.
67
D sat far away from the television.

12 - TIGERS
Tigers: They're big, brave and scary, right? Well, not necessarily it seems, if we believe this story from
a zoo in China.

The Chongqing Wild Animal Park has five rare adult white tigers. The original idea was to train them
and make them tame enough to perform tricks for visitors, but it now seems that the process may
have gone a bit too far.

According to one of their keepers, the tigers have started to lose their true nature because they've
been cared for by humans and now have quite a comfortable lifestyle. Keepers have been trying to
get them to follow their natural instincts by teaching them to hunt, but the results so far are not
encouraging.

The keeper says: "It was quite funny really. The tigers were so scared of other live animals. They
wouldn't go near them." In the end, the tigers did work up enough courage to approach a potential
meal but only because it had passed out. The problem was, when it regained consciousness and
started making noises, they immediately ran for cover.

So, how do you make a cowardly tiger brave again? In an attempt to toughen them up, the keepers
are now not allowing them to stay in their heated cages for more than 12 hours a day. If this doesn't
do the trick, the next plan is to put a wild tiger in with them to show them how things are supposed
to be done. But perhaps you've already spotted the fault with this: what if the domesticated tigers
are afraid of their wild cousin? "If all else fails", says their keeper, "we will just have to cut down their
food till they have no choice but to find food for themselves."

1 According to the writer, tigers are

A probably less frightening than they seem.

B usually thought of as brave animals.
C easier to domesticate than expected.

13 - CLIMATE RESEARCH
The world's oceans have warmed 50 percent faster over the last 40 years than previously thought due
to climate change, Australian and US climate researchers reported Wednesday. Higher ocean
temperatures expand the volume of water, contributing to a rise in sea levels that is submerging small
island nations and threatening to wreak havoc in low-lying, densely-populated delta regions around the
globe.

The study, published in the British journal Nature, adds to a growing scientific chorus of warnings
about the pace and consequences rising oceans. It also serves as a corrective to a massive report issued
last year by the Nobel-winning UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), according to
the authors.

Rising sea levels are driven by two things: the thermal expansion of sea water, and additional water
from melting sources of ice. Both processes are caused by global warming. The ice sheet that sits atop
68
Greenland, for example, contains enough water to raise world ocean levels by seven metres (23 feet),
which would bury sea-level cities from Dhaka to Shanghai.

Trying to figure out how much each of these factors contributes to rising sea levels is critically
important to understanding climate change, and forecasting future temperature rises, scientists say. But
up to now, there has been a perplexing gap between the projections of computer-based climate models,
and the observations of scientists gathering data from the oceans.

The new study, led by Catia Domingues of the Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, is
the first to reconcile the models with observed data. Using new techniques to assess ocean
temperatures to a depth of 700 metres (2,300 feet) from 1961 to 2003, it shows that thermal warming
contributed to a 0.53 millimetre-per-year rise in sea levels rather than the 0.32 mm rise reported by the
IPCC.

1. What happens when the ocean's temperature rises?

A It causes sea levels to rise.

B It causes sea levels to remain constant.
C It causes sea levels to decrease.

14 - POPULAR SPORTS AROUND THE WORLD

For centuries, people have been playing kicking games with a ball. The game of soccer
developed from some of these early games. The English probably gave soccer its name and
its first set of rules. In European countries, soccer is called football or association football.
Some people believe that the name "soccer" came from "assoc.," an abbreviation for the
word association. Others believe that the name came from the high socks that the players
wear.

Organized soccer games began in 1863. In soccer, two teams of eleven players try to kick or
head the ball into their opponents’ goal. The goalie, who tries to keep the ball out of the
goal, is the only player on the field who is allowed to touch the ball with his or her hands.
The other players must use their feet, heads, and bodies to control the ball.

Every four years, soccer teams around the world compete for the World Cup. The World Cup
competition started in 1930.

Brazil is the home of many great soccer players, including the most famous player of all,
Pelé. With his fast footwork, dazzling speed, and great scoring ability, Pelé played for many
years in Brazil and then later in New York. During his 22 years in soccer, he scored 1,281
goals and held every major record for the sport.

People in more than 140 countries around the world play soccer. It is the national sport of
most European and Latin American countries. Soccer is definitely the world’s most popular
69
sport!

James Naismith, a physical education teacher in Massachusetts, invented basketball in 1891.

Naismith’s boss asked him to invent a game that students could play indoors during bad
weather. He wanted to find a game that wasn’t as physically rough as soccer, football, or
wrestling.

Naismith attached peach baskets to a railing ten feet above the floor at either end of the
gym. The players used a soccer ball.

A person sat on a ladder next to each basket at either end of the gym, and threw out the
balls that landed in the baskets. Naismith decided that having only five players on each team
would keep the game from getting too rough.

Two years later, metal hoops with net bags replaced the peach baskets. Officials pulled a
string on the nets to release the balls that went in. In 1894, Naismith added the backboard
behind each net and changed to a larger ball. In 1913, people began using the bottomless
nets that are used today.

During a basketball game, two teams of five players each throw the ball into two baskets at
opposite ends of a court. Players bounce, or dribble, the ball to the basket or pass the ball to
teammates. A team scores points by getting the ball into their team’s basket. The team with
the highest score wins.

By the 1900s, basketball was the most popular indoor sport. Athletes in approximately 130
countries play the game. Basketball is especially popular in the United States, China, and
Puerto Rico.

Baseball began in the United States in the early 1800s. Some people believe that Abner
Doubleday invented the game. Others think that baseball came from an old British sport
called rounders. Baseball and rounders are very similar. However, in rounders the field
players throw the ball right at the runner. If the ball hits the runner, he or she is out. In
baseball, a field player just touches the ball to the base or the running player to get the
player out.

Today’s baseball players use special equipment to help prevent injuries. Field players wear
baseball gloves to protect their hands. The catcher wears a metal mask, a chest protector,
and shin guards. Batters wear plastic helmets to protect their heads.

Every spring in the United States, people of all ages play baseball at local baseball fields. It’s
no wonder that baseball is called the national pastime of the United States.
1. Organized soccer games began in ___________ .
a) 1930
70
 b) early 1800s
c) 1894
d) 1863

15
To: Ellie Crest
Subject: Surfing Holiday
Hi Ellie,
I’m so pleased you can come surfing in August! Paul, Rose and Kevin are coming too, so there will be
five of us. We’ve decided to return to New Sands, because the surf board hire is so cheap there.

I’m starting to think about accommodation. We won’t camp again after last year! I hated staying in a
tent in all that rain!

Kevin wants to hire a caravan. There are some nice ones with 3 bedrooms, showers and cooking
facilities. The problem is, none of the caravan parks take short bookings in the summer. The
minimum stay is a week. It’s a shame because there are several nice parks near the beach.

There’s a youth hostel in New Sands. It’s the cheapest option after camping, and there’s a big kitchen
and dining room where we can cook. The problem is, accommodation is in dormitories and I don’t
really want to sleep with strangers.

There are a few guest houses in New Sands. Some have triple rooms, so we’d only need to book two
rooms. They’re not expensive, but we wouldn’t be able to cook there. We’d have to eat out at
restaurants, or eat sandwiches for every meal! We’ll have to book soon if we choose that option,
because many guest houses are already full. The hotels in New Sands are far too expensive, even
though I’d love to stay at the Sunrise Pavilion with its rooftop pool!

The final option is to rent a cottage. Few cottages offer mid-week breaks in summer, but I found one.
It has three bedrooms - a double, a single and a twin, so two of us would have to share a bed!
There’s a big kitchen diner with a microwave, washing machine and dishwasher. The living room has
a TV and DVD player. There’s just one bathroom, but there’s a separate WC. There’s a nice garden
too. The problem is, it’s 5 miles from the beach, so we’d have to hire a car, because there aren’t any
buses.

Let me know which option you prefer.

Cheers
Natalie

Choose the most appropriate answer:

1. Last year the friends stayed in a…
a) caravan
b) tent
c) youth hostel
71
Grade 8

1 -STUCK IN THE DESERT BY SAEED AL-QAMZI

Three years ago on the last day of January, I had a big problem. I can't forget this day forever.
The story began when my uncle, my cousin, and I went to the desert. My uncle was the oldest
at 72 years old, but he was still strong. My cousin at that time was 10 years old, and I was 25
years old. All of us liked hunting. Usually we went hunting on the weekend, especially in
winter, because winter is the hunting season.

On the 25th of January, we decided to go hunting. All things were ready in the car, a Range
Rover with four-wheel drive. We began on Thursday afternoon, and it took us three hours by
car. We reached the place we were looking for at 5:15 P.M. First, we fixed the tent, then we
made coffee and had a few minutes of rest. After that, we left to go on the hunt. We hunted
using a falcon. Often, we hunt birds and rabbits. We spent two hours without finding
anything. We decided to go back to the camp. On our way back, my cousin saw a rabbit. He
cried, "Rabbit!! Rabbit! Quick!" I took the falcon's head cover and flung it off aggressively.
When the rabbit saw the falcon, it ran fast, but my falcon was a professional hunter. He flew
up and came down to trick the rabbit. After two minutes, the rabbit was caught. We took it
and went back to the camp where we started to cook our dinner. We ate the delicious food,
drank Arabic coffee, and sat around the fire talking until 10:30 P.M. Then we went to bed.

We left camp the next day at 7 o'clock in the morning. We went north and found two kinds of
birds and caught them. However, we faced trouble at 10:00A.M. because the car got stuck in
the sand! We spent about three hours trying to pull out the car without any progress. Finally,
we decided to walk. I talked with my uncle about how hard it is for an old man or a young
boy to walk more than 40 km. in the desert. He agreed with me. So I took a bottle of water
with me and started to walk south alone. I knew the way well, but it was a long way in the
sand. I walked more than four hours without stopping. I felt tired and thirsty. I drank all the
water which was in the bottle. I stopped to rest, sleeping around two hours.

When I got up, darkness had covered the area. "What should I do?" I asked myself. I
continued to walk south. I was worried about my uncle and cousin, and they were worried
about me also. Suddenly, I met a Bedouin man who was riding his camel. He took me to his
house. When I had had enough rest, I asked him to take me to the road and he did. After that, I
found a car which took me to the city to get help. I had one day to get back to my uncle and
cousin. When I got back to them, they were so happy because I had gotten help and they were
able to see me again.

Eventually, I learned a lesson from this story, which was that the desert is very dangerous.
Next time, when we go hunting, we must go in groups with two or more cars. If we go
together, we can keep each other safe. We know the desert is dangerous, but we will never
quit hunting.
1 Which of the following is NOT true?

A Saeed's uncle was over 70 years old.

72
 B Saeed was younger than his uncle and his cousin.
C Three males went hunting.
D Winter is the hunting season, so they went hunting in January.
E Saeed's uncle was an old, but strong man.

2 - CAVE DRAWINGS
When another old cave is discovered in the south of France, it is not usually news. Rather, it
is an ordinary event. Such discoveries are so frequent these days that hardly anybody pays heed to
them. However, when the Lascaux cave complex was discovered in 1940, the world was amazed.
Painted directly on its walls were hundreds of scenes showing how people lived thousands of years
ago. The scenes show people hunting animals, such as bison or wild cats. Other images depict birds
and, most noticeably, horses, which appear in more than 300 wall images, by far outnumbering all
other animals. Early artists drawing these animals accomplished a monumental and difficult task.
They did not limit themselves to the easily accessible walls but carried their painting materials to
spaces that required climbing steep walls or crawling into narrow passages in the
Lascaux complex. Unfortunately, the paintings have been exposed to the destructive action of water
and temperature changes, which easily wear the images away. Because the Lascaux caves have
many entrances, air movement has also damaged the images inside. Although they are not out in
the open air, where natural light would have destroyed them long ago, many of the images have
deteriorated and are barely recognizable. To prevent further damage, the site was closed to tourists
in 1963, 23 years after it was discovered.

 Which title best summarizes the main idea of the passage?

A. Wild Animals in Art

B. Hidden Prehistoric Paintings
C. Exploring Caves Respectfully
D. Determining the Age of French Caves

3 - Dirty Britain

Before the grass has thickened on the roadside verges and leaves have started growing on the
trees is a perfect time to look around and see just how dirty Britain has become. The
pavements are stained with chewing gum that has been spat out and the gutters are full of
discarded fast food cartons. Years ago I remember travelling abroad and being saddened by
the plastic bags, discarded bottles and soiled nappies at the edge of every road. Nowadays,
Britain seems to look at least as bad. What has gone wrong?

The problem is that the rubbish created by our increasingly mobile lives lasts a lot longer than
before. If it is not cleared up and properly thrown away, it stays in the undergrowth for years;
a semi-permanent reminder of what a tatty little country we have now.

Firstly, it is estimated that 10 billion plastic bags have been given to shoppers. These will take
anything from 100 to 1,000 years to rot. However, it is not as if there is no solution to this. A
few years ago, the Irish government introduced a tax on non-recyclable carrier bags and in
three months reduced their use by 90%. When he was a minister, Michael Meacher attempted
73
to introduce a similar arrangement in Britain. The plastics industry protested, of course.
However, they need not have bothered; the idea was killed before it could draw breath,
leaving supermarkets free to give away plastic bags.

What is clearly necessary right now is some sort of combined initiative, both individual and
collective, before it is too late. The alternative is to continue sliding downhill until we have a
country that looks like a vast municipal rubbish tip. We may well be at the tipping point. Yet
we know that people respond to their environment. If things around them are clean and tidy,
people behave cleanly and tidily. If they are surrounded by squalor, they behave squalidly.
Now, much of Britain looks pretty squalid. What will it look like in five years?

Q1 - The writer says that it is a good time to see Britain before the trees have leaves because

A Britain looks perfect.

B you can see Britain at its dirtiest.
C you can see how dirty Britain is now.
D the grass has thickened on the verges.

4 - The value of friendship

Recent research into the world of teenagers has suggested that they value friendship above
everything else. Children aged between 12 and 15 were asked what was important to them. Their
answers included possessions such as money and computer gadgets but also relationships with
people. The teenagers questioned said that friends were the most important to them, more even
than family, or boyfriends and girlfriends.

We waited to find out more about the results of this research so we asked our readers what they
thought about the value of friendship. Here are some examples of what they said about their friends.

Ben, 15

Every time have a fight with my parents I need some time on my own. But after that, the first thing l
do is meet up with my friends. After playing football for a while, or skateboarding, I usually feel much
happier again.

Rory, 13

When I moved to a village in the countryside, I thought that it would be the end of mv friendships.
But my old friends have kept in touch and they come and visit m the holidays. There's a lake nearby,
so we often go sailing, water-skiing or windsurfing. And I have made some new friends here, too, at
school, and since joined the rugby club

Carlos, 11

Last year I broke my arm on a skiing holiday. Unfortunately, it was my left arm and I am left handed.
My school friends all helped and copied their notes for me

It seems that out readers value their friendships very highly. From what they told us they spend a lot
of time with their friends, just, hanging out, or sharing hobbies and interests they seem to need their

74
friends for advice, help, chats, and for having fun. Clearly friends make each other feel better.
Looking at what our readers told us, the results of the recent research are not really surprising.

1 Why are Ben, Rory and Carlos mentioned in the article?

a They know why teenagers value friendship.

b They gave information about themselves.
c They read magazines
d They are teenage boys

5 - KAYAKING HOLIDAY
Would you like to see amazing wildlife and breathtaking scenery? Do you want to learn about a
unique culture? If your answer is yes then you should follow in the footsteps of Mike Smith and take
a trip to the state of Georgia in America.

Every year my wife and I go on a camping holiday in France. Although this is something we both
really enjoy, this year I wanted to go somewhere I’d never been before and do something exciting.
We did some research and came up with the idea of going to the US. We chose a kayaking holiday in
the southern state of Georgia. Neither of us had ever been kayaking before, but we managed to find
a package which included lessons for beginners.

Georgia is an amazing place; it’s a crossroad of different cultures and it has had a fascinating and at
times violent past. It is also a place of untouched natural beauty, with nature parks and an unspoilt
coastline. We went to Cathead Creek, an area rich in wildlife and scenery. Our kayaking instructor
was a friendly local called Frank. As my wife and I had never been kayaking before, we found the first
few lessons a bit challenging. In spite of this, Frank was always very patient and he would constantly
offer words of encouragement. After some practice, we became more confident and realised it
wasn’t that difficult. We also did a safety course and Frank made us aware of any potential dangers,
including the alligators in the swamp! After completing the course, we felt ready for adventure and
we decided to go further out along the Darien River. As we glided down the river, I felt a delicious
shiver of fear run up my spine as I recalled Frank’s words of advice before we left, ‘Watch out for the
alligators.’

We quietly slipped past a huge alligator, its unblinking eyes staring at us with mild interest. We
paddled on and watched brightly coloured birds fly over the water. We stopped to have some bread
and cheese and admire the view. We saw fishing boats returning with their catch of Georgian shrimp,
which is the region’s culinary speciality and is definitely worth trying if you visit Georgia. We also
spent a few days on Cumberland Island, which is one of the many islands off Georgia’s coast.
Cumberland Island is a protected paradise, which makes it both secluded and peaceful. We rented
bicycles and followed a trail which led to a beautiful beach. On the following day, we took a tour of
the island and this gave us the opportunity to see all kinds of amazing wildlife. It was a wonderful
experience and, without a doubt, Cumberland Island is a place of unbelievable beauty.

As my wife is interested in history, we also dedicated some time to visiting various museums. I
particularly enjoyed the Geechee Kunda Visitor’s Centre, which some locals had recommended - here
we learnt about the first Africans that had been brought to the region in slave ships. A huge cotton
and rice empire was built in Georgia using the Africans as workers. The Africans had been taken from
75
different parts of West Africa and each group had their own culture, language, knowledge and music
which they brought into their everyday life. After the Civil War the rice and cotton plantations were
burnt down and the owners left, leaving the slaves behind. As a result, a unique culture was created
known as Geechee. The Geechee people spoke their own language, which was a mix of various West
African languages. In the present day, the Geechee Visitor’s Centre has made a huge effort to record
the history and culture of these unique people. It was a fascinating experience and something that
enriched our visit to Georgia.

We returned from our holiday feeling happy and relaxed and we plan to go back to Georgia next
year!

1. The writer

a. wanted to go camping somewhere else.

b. had previous experience of kayaking.
c. had been to the US before.
d. wanted to do something exciting during his holiday.

Elizabeth I was the queen of England from 1533 until 1603. Elizabeth ruled very differently from
other kings and queens before her. She asked experts for advice instead of making decisions by
herself. She was also more tolerant of religious differences instead of attacking people with
different faiths. While most kings and queens usually married and had children at a young age,
Elizabeth did not marry nor have children during her life although she did have romantic
relationships.

In Ireland, there was a rebellion against England mostly because of religious differences.
Elizabeth used her armies in an attempt to stop it. Most historians agree that her fight against the
rebelling Irish was very brutal and many thousands of them died. Most of the Irish rebellions
were stopped but some fighting continued even after Elizabeth’s death in 1603.

Philip II, the king of Spain was growing more confident after his armies won a series of battles
against England in other parts of the world. He eventually decided to attack England itself. In
1588, the Spanish armada set sail for England. Greatly outnumbered by the Spanish ships, it
seemed all hope was lost for England. The English navy attempted a desperate tactic by setting
eight of its own ships on fire and sailing them towards the Spanish armada. The Spanish captains
panicked at the sight of the fiery ships and retreated.

Elizabethan England had many problems. The price of food was very high due to inadequate
crops. The war versus Spain and in Ireland and Scotland cost a very large amount of money.
Instead of asking the government for more money, she gave land to the very rich and gave them
too much control over business. Historians disagree about whether Elizabeth was a good leader
but most people agree that she was very interesting and made some very important decisions as a
ruler.

1 According to the article, how was Elizabeth different to previous kings and queens?

76
 A She didn't get married or have any romantic relationships
B She listened to recommendations from others and was more open-minded
C She listened to recommendations from others and made her own decisions
D She didn't mind showing her disapproval of people with different faiths

7
It is said that most people have no more than 30 friends a any given time and 400 over the whole of
their lives However on social networking sites most users have about 150 fiends If these numbers are
correct then friendship means different things in different situations

One of the reasons for having more online friends than real friends at a certain point in time .s that
online friendships do not require much time and energy; it is easy to accept friendships and keep
them forever Another possibility is that it is difficult to say no when somebody asks us to be their
friend online even if we feel we don’t really know them. The fact that they ask us suggests that they
do consider us a friend, which is a nice feeling. Alternatively they may be collectors of online friends
and just want to use us to get a higher number of friends and appear to be popular

Online friendships are quite easy, but in the real world decisions about friendships are harder to
make. There are no rules about friendship. There are no guidelines about how to make friends how
to keep friendships going and how to finish friendships if we want to move on. People have very
different opinions about this some people would die for their friends and they value them more than
family. Others say that friends are temporary, only there to help each other until they are no longer
needed. If people with such different views become friends, this can lead to problems

Because of these different definitions of friendship it is easy to be unhappy about our friendships.
We may want them to be deeper or closer or we may want to nave more friends in our lives.
Sometimes we simply do not have the time to develop our friendships. or we fear we have left it too
late in life to start. If we move to another country or city we have to find ways to make new friends
again.

This dissatisfaction snows us how important friendships are for most of us. We should not think that
it could be too late to build friendships. We also need to understand that me need to be around
other people is one that is shared by many. Therefore, we should not be too frightened about
starting to talk to people who in the future may become our friends it is likely that they too would
like to get closer to us. Remember what people say, ‘Strangers are friends we have not met yet.’

1 How many friends do the majority of people probably have?

a 30 real friends or fewer.

b A minimum of 30 real friends.
c 150 internet friends
d 400 internet friends over the course of their lives.

8
My family have always been huge fans of New Zealand - my mum comes from the capital - so we
saved up and went for a holiday there. We started with a week in the city she grew up in. After that,
we toured around for a while before ending up by chance in Kaikoura, a small town on the coast. The
first evening it seemed a rather dull place, but the next day I remembered what I'd read about it -

77
that it was often possible to see dolphins and whales there! I'll always think of Kaikoura as the place
where I finally achieved my lifelong ambition - to swim with wild dolphins.

My family and I set off on a dolphin trip on a cold, grey day with a number of other people on a small
boat. However, the sky soon turned blue, and we raced across the waves in the sunshine until we
finally reached the place where we were supposed to go swimming. To my surprise, this was more
than 40 km from land. I was quite cold by this time, and really starting to wonder why my family had
made me come all the way out there, when suddenly someone shouted Dolphins!’.

All I could see were fins everywhere - there were more than a hundred dolphins, all swimming
towards our boat! Many of them were jumping around in the water as if they were asking us to come
and play. I put on my snorkel and jumped into the sea. Everywhere I looked, all I could see was
dolphins, swimming under me and round me. Then I remembered the guide had told us to make
sounds in the water to attract them. So I did and actually heard them making similar sounds, as if
they were trying to answer me. I even made eye contact with one dolphin, and watched it carefully
as I swam round in a circle. Amazingly, the dolphin almost followed me, but then changed its mind,
although it kept eye contact with me all the time. It really made me realize how intelligent and
beautiful these creatures are.

Then after an hour of swimming the guides called us to get back onto the boat. Although I had
enjoyed myself, I was keen to leave the water by then as I was very cold. As I got dry I noticed that
everyone on board was smiling and I realized what a very special moment we'd had.

I'll never forget that experience, and Kaikoura will always have a special place in my heart.

True or false

1. Paul has family connections with the place he first visited in New Zealand.

9 Merriwether Mall
Gatesbridge’s new Merriwether Mall is opening this September. With an area of 320,000
square metres, the Merriweather Mall will be the biggest mall in the south west. It’s located
close to the motorway, has its own bus station and 2000 car parking spaces, so it is
convenient for everyone.

The mall has five areas, all under cover. The largest, Main Street, is a shopping area on three
floors. Here, you’ll find all the major chain stores and department stores. You can buy
fashion items and all the famous brand names. There is also a large chemist`s.

Situated on two levels, the market square is where you can find traditional market stalls. On
the lower floor, there are food stalls, including a butcher’s, baker’s, a fishmonger’s,
greengrocer’s and delicatessen. On the upper floor, you will find stalls selling hardware and
haberdashery.

Bohemia is at the rear of the mall. Here, you’ll find quirky, independent shops selling
everything from second hand music and books to clothes and handicrafts.

78
The Palisade is more upmarket. Here you will find fashion boutiques, jewellers, antiques and
furniture. There are also two banks and a post office located along The Palisade.

The Showground is the entertainment centre of the mall. On the ground floor, there is a
food court where you’ll find cuisine from around the world, including Chinese, Japanese,
Thai and Italian food. There is a large arena where events will take place through the year.
There is also an eight-screen cinema, a night club and a bowling alley.

And if that is not enough, we are offering you a voucher which will give you £10 off any
purchase over £40 that you make in the Merriwether Mall between 10th and 16th
September. You can’t afford to miss it!

1. Where is the best place in the mall to buy an expensive necklace?

a) Main Street
b) Market Square
c) Bohemia
d) Pallisade
e) The Showground

10 - Why the sky is so far away?

Ramon looked at the food on his tray and made a face. "Macaroni and cheese again," he
said to his friend Brian. "They never serve anything good for lunch."

Brian gave his own lunch a critical look and frowned. "You think that’s bad," he said, "I’ve got
peanut butter and jelly again. It’s the third time this week!"

They pushed the food aside. "We can get something at the burger place after school,"
Ramon said. They concentrated on studying for their English test instead of eating. English
was next period, and Mr. Friedman had a reputation for giving difficult tests. When the bell
rang, they dropped their uneaten lunches into the garbage. Mr. Friedman was standing
nearby. "Not hungry, guys?" he asked. They shook their heads and hurried off to class.

When the test was over, there were still ten minutes left in the period. Mr. Friedman stood
at the front of the class.

"Before you leave today," he said, leaning against the desk, "I’d like to share an old African
folktale with you. I think you’ll find this one interesting. It’s called ‘Why the Sky Is Far Away’":

79
Long ago the sky was close to the Earth. Men and women did not have to plant their own food.
Instead, when they were hungry, they just reached up and broke off a piece of the sky to eat.
Sometimes the sky tasted like ripe bananas. Other times it tasted like roasted potatoes. The sky was
always delicious.

People spent their time making beautiful cloth. They painted beautiful pictures and sang songs at
night. The grand king, Oba, had a wonderful palace. His servants made beautiful shapes out of pieces
of sky.

Many people in the kingdom did not use the gift of the sky wisely. When they took more than they
could eat, the sky became angry. Some people threw the extra pieces into the garbage.

Early one morning the angry sky turned dark. Black clouds hung over the land, and a great sky voice
said to all the people, "You are wasting my gift of food. Do not take more than you can eat. I don’t
want to see pieces of me in the garbage anymore or I will take my gift away."

The king and the people trembled with fear. King Oba said, "Let’s be careful about how much food
we take." For a long time, all the people were careful.

But one man named Adami wasn’t careful. At festival time, he took so many delicious pieces of sky
that he couldn’t eat them all. He knew he must not throw them away.

He tried to give the pieces to his wife. "Here, wife," Adami said. "You eat the rest."
The king and the people trembled with fear. King Oba said, "Let’s be careful about how much food
we take." For a long time, all the people were careful.

But one man named Adami wasn’t careful. At festival time, he took so many delicious pieces of sky
that he couldn’t eat them all. He knew he must not throw them away.

He tried to give the pieces to his wife. "Here, wife," Adami said. "You eat the rest."

"I can’t," Adami’s wife said. "I’m too full."

Adami asked all his children to help him eat the delicious pieces of sky, but the children couldn’t eat
one more bite. So Adami decided to try to hide the pieces at the bottom of the garbage pile.
Suddenly, the sky became angry and the clouds turned black. "You have wasted my gift of food
again," yelled the sky. "This time I will go away so you cannot waste me anymore."
All of the people cried, "What will we eat? We might starve!"
The sky said, "You will have to learn how to plant crops in the ground and hunt in the forests. If you
work hard, you may learn not to waste the gifts of nature."
Everyone watched as the sky sailed away. From that time on, they worked hard to grow their food
and cook their meals. They always tried to remember not to waste the gifts of nature.

The bell rang for the next period. "That’s the end," Mr. Friedman said, smiling. He looked at Ramon
and Brian.
"What did you think of the story?" he asked. They slouched in their chairs and looked apologetic.
"We get the message," they said, smiling. "No more lunches in the garbage!"

1. According to the folktale, Adami is

a) thankful
80
 b) honest
c) obedient
d) greedy

11 –
Ada Lovelace was the daughter of the poet Lord Byron. She was taught by Mary Somerville, a well-
known researcher and scientific author, who introduced her to Charles Babbage in June 1833.
Babbage was an English mathematician, who first had the idea for a programmable computer.

In 1842 and 1843, Ada translated the work of an Italian mathematician, Luigi Menabrea, on
Babbage's Analytical Engine. Though mechanical, this machine was an important step in the history
of computers; it was the design of a mechanical general-purpose computer. Babbage worked on it
for many years until his death in 1871. However, because of financial, political, and legal issues, the
engine was never built. The design of the machine was very modern; it anticipated the first
completed general-purpose computers by about 100 years.

When Ada translated the article, she added a set of notes which specified in complete detail a
method for calculating certain numbers with the Analytical Engine, which have since been recognized
by historians as the world's first computer program. She also saw possibilities in it that Babbage
hadn't: she realised that the machine could compose pieces of music. The computer programming
language 'Ada', used in some aviation and military programs, is named after her.

Q1 - Ada Lovelace's teacher introduced her to Charles Babbage.

True / False

12 - Sixteen - What now?

You’re 16 and finally you can leave school! By now, you’re probably sick of teachers, desks,
tests and exams. But don’t just run for the exit. You need to think carefully about what to do
next.
If you want a professional career, you will need to go to university and get a degree. To do
that, you need to stay at high school for another two years. But you needn’t stay at the
same place. There are several options in the district of Northacre.
St. Leopold’s School has the best pass rate of all the high schools in the district. It offers a
wide range of subjects in the humanities and sciences. St Leopold’s is, of course, a private
school, so may be too expensive for you. But don’t worry, there are several other options if
you want to follow the academic route. Knowle Grammar School is a state school, so there
are no fees, and it has excellent tuition and facilities. It is a boys’ school from the ages of 11-
16, but from 16-18 it is co-educational. But it is selective, so you’ll have to pass an exam to
get in. If you’re interested in going into Business, check out Wyle River Academy. This
school specialises in subjects like Business Studies, Management and Economics. If you
prefer the arts, look at the courses on offer at Northacre College. Here you can study
woodwork, art, textiles and much more.
Northacre College also offers a wide range of vocational qualifications. You can do a 1-year
certificate or a 2-year diploma in subjects like electrics, plumbing, roofing and hairdressing.
81
If you’d prefer to work outdoors, look at Milldown College, where there are courses in Farm
Mechanics, Land Management, Animal Management and much more.
A final option is to get an apprenticeship with a local or national company. You will get on-
the-job training, gain certificates or diplomas and start earning straight away. But be warned
- places are limited! Find out more at the Jobs Fair on 26th May at Northacre College.
1. The aim of the article is to…
a) advise young people about how to get to university.
b) tell young people about the options available.
c) advise young people to stay in education.

13
Cyber-bullying is a form of online harassment of a person. This problem was almost unheard of
only 15 years ago. However, more and more people are now using the Internet. This is creating
new problems for society. On the Internet, it is easier for people to hide their identity. This can
encourage bullies to use the Internet to engage in this kind of harmful behavior. There are many
ways that cyber-bullies use the Internet to hurt their victim.

Cyber-bullies might use social media sites like Facebook or Twitter to make hurtful comments
about another person. They may spread rumors or lies about someone, which can damage the
victim’s reputation. Cyber-bullies often pose as another person in order to try and make their
victim say something embarrassing. They might also try to trick their victim into believing they
are in a romantic relationship or friendship that is not real. Another form of cyber-bullying is to
post embarrassing photographs or videos of the victim without asking permission. These can
remain on the Internet for years so they are very distressing for victims.

This type of bullying is becoming more common, especially among young people. A 2010 CBS
News report showed that 42% of young Americans have been the victim of cyber-bullying. Some
victims of cyber-bullying have even committed suicide. Many governments are trying to make
online harassment illegal. Forty-five states in America have passed laws to prevent online
bullying. Canada is currently considering passing a strict law against cyber-bullying. It will take
some time before society learns how to cope with the potential drawbacks of this new technology.

1 According to the article, what is cyber-bullying?

A when someone hides their identity online

B when someone encourages a person to post content online
C when someone uses the internet to harm or frighten another person
D when someone hurts or frightens someone who is smaller or less powerful

14 - Hot dog eating champion retains title after tiebreaker

82
For the second year in a row, American competitive eater Joey Chestnut defeated his Japanese rival
Takeru Kobayashi at the annual Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest in New York City, after a tie forced a
five-hot-dog eat-off to be held.
After ten minutes of hot dog eating, two shorter than in previous years, Chestnut and Kobayashi
were tied at 59 frankfurters. But after the rare tiebreaker, 24-year-old Chestnut emerged as the
winner; claiming a $10,000 prize and a mustard-yellow belt. "It was crazy," he said. "I'm just a normal
guy eating hot dogs on the Fourth. You can't overcomplicate it."
Kobayashi, whose loss last year shattered a six-year winning streak, said that a sore jaw and a tooth
problem may have altered his performance. "If I put one more mouthful in, I could have won", the
30-year-old Nagano native said through a translator. "I lost because I wasn't quick enough in the
rematch."
This year, the 22 competitors were under a 10-minute time limit, unlike the 12 minutes used for
previous contests. The reason for this, according to Nathan's, was the discovery of a document from
1916, which revealed that the original competition was 10 minutes long.
Thousands gathered at Coney Island to watch the annual event, which has become one of the more
colorful traditions of America's Independence Day.
1 Who won the contest last year?
A Takeru Kobayashi
B Joey Chestnut
C First there was a tie, then Chestnut won
D The text does not say

15 - Scottish Independence

The majority of people in Scotland are in favour breaking away from the rest of the UK and
becoming independent, according to a poll taken just before the 300th anniversary of the Act
of Union, which united Scotland and England.

A pair of Acts of Parliament, passed in 1706 and 1707 that came into effect on May 1, 1707,
created Great Britain. The parliaments of both countries were dissolved, and replaced by a
new Parliament of Great Britain in Westminster, London.

The poll showed support for independence for Scotland is running at 51%. This is the first
time since 1998 that support for separation has passed 50%, and the first time since
devolution gave power to the country in 1999. Six months before elections for the Scottish
Parliament, these poll results come as good news to the Scottish Nationalist Party, who are
hoping to make progress against Labour and further the cause of an independent Scotland.

Many people have become disillusioned with devolution, and believe that the Scottish
Parliament has failed to deliver what they had hoped it would; only a tenth have no opinion.
In fact, only 39% of those polled want to keep things as they are.

Q1 - Scotland and England

A have always been united.
B want to break up the union.
C have been united for a long time.
D were united by war.

83
Grade 9

1 - Mark Rothko

Mark Rothko, one of the greatest painters of the twentieth century, was born in Daugavpils,
Latvia in 1903. His father emigrated to the United States, afraid that his sons would be drafted
into the Czarist army. Mark stayed in Russia with his mother and older sister; they joined the
family later, arriving in the winter of 1913, after a 12-day voyage.

Mark moved to New York in the autumn of 1923 and found employment in the garment trade
and took up residence on the Upper West Side. It was while he was visiting someone at the
Art Students League that he saw students sketching a nude model. According to him, this was
the start of his life as an artist. He was twenty years old and had taken some art lessons at
school, so his initial experience was far from an immediate calling.

In 1936, Mark Rothko began writing a book, which he never completed, about the similarities
in the children's art and the work of modern painters. The work of modernists, which was
influenced by primitive art, could, according to him, be compared to that of children in that
"child art transforms itself into primitivism, which is only the child producing a mimicry of
himself." In this same work, he said that "the fact that one usually begins with drawing is
already academic. We start with colour."

It was not long before his multiforms developed into the style he is remembered for; in 1949
Rothko exhibited these new works at the Betty Parsons Gallery. For critic Harold Rosenberg,
the paintings were a revelation. Rothko had, after painting his first multiform, secluded
himself to his home in East Hampton on Long Island, only inviting a very few people,
including Rosenberg, to view the new paintings. The discovery of his definitive form came at
a period of great grief; his mother Kate died in October 1948 and it was at some point during
that winter that Rothko chanced upon the striking symmetrical rectangular blocks of two to
three opposing or contrasting, yet complementary colours. As part of this new uniformity of
artistic vision, his paintings and drawings no longer had individual titles; from this point on
they were simply untitled, numbered or dated. However, to assist in distinguishing one work
from another, dealers would sometimes add the primary colours to the name. Additionally, for
the next few years, Rothko painted in oil only on large vertical canvasses. This was done to
overwhelm the viewer, or, in his words, to make the viewer feel enveloped within the picture.

On February 25, 1970, Oliver Steindecker, Rothko’s assistant, found him in his kitchen, lying
on the floor in front of the sink, covered in blood. His arms had been cut open with a razor.
The emergency doctor arrived on the scene minutes later to pronounce him dead as the result
of suicide; it was discovered during the autopsy that he had also overdosed on anti-
depressants. He was just 66 years old.

Q1 - Mark Rothko emigrated to the United States

A with his father and elder sister.
B with his mother and brothers.
C with his mother and elder sister.
D with all his family.
84
2 – Hi Tech
Nowadays, many useful gadgets (small machines) are advertised as ‘smart’. This ‘smartness’
generally means that the machine can change how it works to suit the user’s needs, learn our
preferences, and make intelligent choices for us. Smartphones can now take photos, play songs, send
emails, and do a thousand other useful things, such as shopping online or assisting us with our
homework. We used to need lots of machines to help us to do these things, but not any more. They
fit in our pockets, but contain more data than we could ever possibly need, or remember.

If you asked most people, they would say that smart machines have improved life. Not everyone
agrees, however. A few scientists are worried about the effect of using machines to do things that we
used to do for ourselves. For example, we don’t have to remember people’s contact details any
more, as our phones store this information. We can also find information instantly, via internet
search engines like Google. A few studies have shown, surprisingly, that people in their 50s and 60s
are better than teenagers at studying and memorizing information, because they’ve always worked
this way.

Technology has changed our expectations and made us very impatient. Now we want our news in
tiny soundbites, and get bored if we actually have to read or listen for more than a minute or two.
Scientists reported recently that the internet was changing how we think and learn. One author even
said that Google was making us stupid! It’s certainly true that we often do two or three things
simultaneously when we are online, and it’s harder and harder to focus on one thing. Maybe
technology is bad for our brains, and our memories, and we should stop depending on it all the time.
But if you tell me to give up my smartphone, sorry, I won’t!

1 Different people use ‘smart’ gadgets in different ways.

A True  B False  C Doesn’t say 

3
In the past four decades, people around the world have become increasingly aware of the problem
of energy. Traditional energy sources such as oil and natural gas are dwindling rapidly. In many
countries, this has meant extracting natural resources at the expense of the environment. Recent
drilling for oil in places such as Alaska, for example, may harm wildlife in the area. In order to
solve this problem, scientists are looking for new ways to satisfy the world’s energy needs.

One possible solution to the energy problem is “solar paint” called “Sun-believable”. Scientists at
the University of Notre Dame have invented a paint that can produce energy. The paint has
energy-producing particles called “quantum dots” that convert sunlight into electricity. Despite
the promise of solar paint, there are still some problems. The paint only converts about 1 per cent
of light to energy. On the other hand, the paint is cheap to make and can be used anywhere.
Scientists are trying to make the paint more efficient in converting sunlight to energy.

Garbage and waste can also be changed to energy but there are some issues with this method.
This method, called “Waste to Energy” or WtE, has become popular in the last 10 years. In this
situation, solid waste is burned at very high temperatures to create energy. The problem is that
85
 this burning process causes pollution so it actually creates more problems. Some new energy
plants use a cleaner method of converting waste to energy. Japan has recently built many Waste
to Energy plants since the year 2000. However, these types of energy plants still emit carbon
dioxide (CO2), which contributes to other environmental problems. Waste to Energy plants
remain somewhat controversial among scientists and environmental activists.

Finally, the use of wind as a source of energy is becoming more popular recently. Floating wind
farms are large groups of big wind turbines (fans) that many countries are beginning to build.
Building the turbines on the ocean is more effective than building them on land because there
tends to be a steadier and stronger wind on the ocean. Building the farms on the ocean also helps
save valuable space in crowded countries. After the nuclear disaster at Fukushima in March of
2011, the Japanese government announced plans to build 80 floating wind turbines off the coast of
Fukushima by 2020.

1 According to the article, what is happening to conventional energy sources?

A They are diminishing very quickly
B They are becoming increasingly available
C They are expanding at a rapid rate
D They are becoming less of a problem to extract

4
The Omega Institute for Holistic Studies is one of America’s leading centres for personal growth and wellness.
Omega offers inspirational courses to improve your body and mind in nearly 200 acres of the beautiful Hudson
Valley, New York State. Omega is fully committed to creating a sustainable world for you and your families.
Whatever your needs, you will be able to satisfy them at the Omega Institute. Courses marked with an * are
also available in downtown Manhattan.

SPECIAL EVENTS
Psychology and the Art of Meditation

This offers practical guidelines on how to cope with the stress of modern life. There will be workshops on how
to deal with fear, conflict and anxiety. Emphasis is on how to tap into our inner resources and achieve personal
transformation.

This course is exclusively for health-care professionals, and those working within fields such as psychology,
psychiatry and social work who wish to enhance their therapeutic techniques.

Friday 7:30p.m.-10:00p.m.

And Saturday 9:30a.m.-4:30 p.m.

Call 845.757.2250 or e-mail us at specevents@eomega.org

REST RETREATS
Make spiritual matters your priority.

86
Stay for any 6 nights and receive a 25% discount.

Choose from a wide range of activities, including meditation, yoga or try kayaking on the river. Select the spa
treatment that fits your needs. Or simply go for quiet walks by the lake or along country roads in the rolling hills
of the surrounding countryside. Optional demonstration classes on how to prepare healthy food and achieve
weight loss.

Call 845.757.1717 or e-mail us at retreat@eomega.org

PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT
Leadership and the Community. *

While it is undoubtedly true that change begins from deep inside us, this is a process which needs support and
encouragement. Once you are comfortable with yourself you will feel more at ease communicating with the
other opinion formers in your local community. Omega provides the training that you need. Omega will show
you how to maximise your own greatest strengths.

Spiritual Activism

We must appreciate our deepest needs and our connection to the Earth. The course promotes harmony and
cooperation. See how your gifts and talents make you special and how they can help you make a difference to
the peace of global communities.

Courses through the year.

Courses may be designed for business/corporate clients.

Call 845.757.1234 or e-mail us at persdev@eomega.org

CREATIVITY
Creativity allows us to express our inner selves. As Albert Einstein so rightly said, ‘play is the highest form of
research.’ Omega courses and workshops do far more than teach you new techniques. The aim is to help you
discover and develop the strength and self-confidence inside every human being.

Art Workshop

Shows you how to access the right side of your brain, your creative side, while increasing your technical skills.
All levels welcome.

Dance Workshop *

Connect with your body and learn new ways to express yourself artistically. Classes from beginners to
advanced.

Writing Retreats

Motivates you to begin that novel or short story you have always wanted to write. Offers advice on how to
develop plot and character. Some evidence of your own creative writing should be sent in with your application.

Workshops may be taken individually or as a series.

87
Call 845.757.4321 or e-mail us at creativity@eomega.org

REGISTRATION
•Pay online by credit card

•By phone. Call toll free 877.944.4000 in US or 845.255.7777 for International

•Fax registration form to 845.266.3768 or e-mail registration@eomega.org

•Post registration form to: Omega Institute 15 Lakeside Drive Rhinebeck NY 1252-4953

All courses and bookings are subject to availability.

There is a two-night minimum stay for the Rest Retreat.

Call 845.757.1234 or e-mail us at info@eomega.org for further information

1. Which of the following would you not be able to register for only one day?

a. the Dance Workshop

b. the course on Spiritual Activism
c. the Rest Retreat
d. the Special Event

How long do you have to make a good first impression on someone you have just met?
Psychologists have debated the answer to this question for a long time but new research has
begun to solve the issue. The answer is quite interesting.

Two Princeton psychologists, Alexander Todorov and Janine Willis, wanted to measure the
time that it takes for a person to make a judgment about someone they had never seen
before. They conducted an experiment where subjects were shown photographs of peoples’
faces for different lengths of time and then were asked questions about the person in the
photo. The photos were shown to the subjects for 100 milliseconds (1/10th of a second), 500
milliseconds (1/2 a second) and 1,000 milliseconds (1 second). Another set of people, called
a control group, was shown the same photographs of the same people but they could look at
the photos for as long as they wanted with no time constraints.

Afterwards, each subject in the experiment had to rate the person in the photo based on
attractiveness, likeability, competence, and trustworthiness. Todorov and Willis found in
their results that the subjects who looked at the photos for only 1/10th of a second made very
similar judgments about the people in the photos as the control group made. This was very
surprising and shows that first impressions are quickly made and usually lasting. Perhaps this
ability to quickly judge whether another person is a threat or a friend helped humans survive a
long time ago.

88
 Malcolm Gladwell, a famous American author, has also written a book about how people
make extremely quick decisions, also known as “snap judgments”. In his book, “Blink: The
Power of Thinking Without Thinking”, he examines how experts often make more accurate
decisions without having much time to think about them. In daily life, snap judgments are
also used in situations like gambling, speed dating, and predicting divorce. In his studies, he
found that having too much information can actually interfere with the ability to judge.
However, he also warns that there are times when snap judgments can lead to horrible
mistakes or prejudices.

1. According to the article, what new research have psychologists been conducting?
a) they have been trying to decide why people are so interested in making a good first
impression
b) they have been determining how long it takes for people to evaluate each other when
they meet for the first time
c) they have been determining why people appear to be more attracted to a certain type
of person
d) they have been working out which is the best way to make a good first impression
with every new encounter

6 - Smart Energy

The next few decades will see great changes in the way energy is supplied and used. In some
major oil producing nations, 'peak oil' has already been reached, and there are increasing fears
of global warming. Consequently, many countries are focusing on the switch to a low carbon
economy. This transition will lead to major changes in the supply and use of
electricity. [A] Firstly, there will be an increase in overall demand, as consumers switch from
oil and gas to electricity to power their homes and vehicles. [B] Secondly, there will be an
increase in power generation, not only in terms of how much is generated, but also how it is
generated, as there is growing electricity generation from renewable sources. [C] To meet
these challenges, countries are investing in Smart Grid technology. [D] This system aims to
provide the electricity industry with a better understanding of power generation and demand,
and to use this information to create a more efficient power network.
Smart Grid technology basically involves the application of a computer system to the
electricity network. The computer system can be used to collect information about supply and
demand and improve engineer's ability to manage the system. With better information about
electricity demand, the network will be able to increase the amount of electricity delivered per
unit generated, leading to potential reductions in fuel needs and carbon emissions. Moreover,
the computer system will assist in reducing operational and maintenance costs.
Smart Grid technology offers benefits to the consumer too. They will be able to collect real-
time information on their energy use for each appliance. Varying tariffs throughout the day
89
will give customers the incentive to use appliances at times when supply greatly exceeds
demand, leading to great reductions in bills. For example, they may use their washing
machines at night. Smart meters can also be connected to the internet or telephone system,
allowing customers to switch appliances on or off remotely. Furthermore, if houses are fitted
with the apparatus to generate their own power, appliances can be set to run directly from the
on-site power source, and any excess can be sold to the grid.
With these changes comes a range of challenges. The first involves managing the supply and
demand. Sources of renewable energy, such as wind, wave and solar, are notoriously
unpredictable, and nuclear power, which is also set to increase as nations switch to alternative
energy sources, is inflexible. With oil and gas, it is relatively simple to increase the supply of
energy to match the increasing demand during peak times of the day or year. With alternative
sources, this is far more difficult, and may lead to blackouts or system collapse. Potential
solutions include investigating new and efficient ways to store energy and encouraging
consumers to use electricity at off-peak times.
A second problem is the fact that many renewable power generation sources are located in
remote areas, such as windy uplands and coastal regions, where there is currently a lack of
electrical infrastructure. New infrastructures therefore must be built. Thankfully, with
improved smart technology, this can be done more efficiently by reducing the reinforcement
or construction costs.
Although Smart Technology is still in its infancy, pilot schemes to promote and test it are
already underway. Consumers are currently testing the new smart meters which can be used
in their homes to manage electricity use. There are also a number of demonstrations being
planned to show how the smart technology could practically work, and trials are in place to
test the new electrical infrastructure. It is likely that technology will be added in 'layers',
starting with 'quick win' methods which will provide initial carbon savings, to be followed by
more advanced systems at a later date. Cities are prime candidates for investment into smart
energy, due to the high population density and high energy use. It is here where Smart
Technology is likely to be promoted first, utilising a range of sustainable power sources,
transport solutions and an infrastructure for charging electrically powered vehicles. The
infrastructure is already changing fast. By the year 2050, changes in the energy supply will
have transformed our homes, our roads and our behaviour.

1. According to paragraph 1, what has happened in some oil producing countries?

A They are unwilling to sell their oil any more.
B They are not producing as much oil as they used to.
C The supply of oil is unpredictable.
D Global warming is more sever here than in other countries.

Guinness World Records, (also known until 2000 as The Guinness Book of Records) is a
reference book published annually, containing a collection of world records, of both humans
and nature. The book itself holds a world record, as the best-selling book series of all time. It
is also one of the most frequently stolen books from public libraries in the United States.

90
On May 4th, 1951, Sir Hugh Beaver, a manager of a beer company called Guinness Breweries,
went on a hunting trip with some friends in Ireland. He got into an argument about whether
the koshin golden plover or the grouse was the fastest bird in Europe. That evening, he
realized that it was impossible to find the answer in any books. Beaver knew that there must
be many other similar arguments but there was no book in the world which had the answer.
He realized that a book with the answers to these types of questions could be popular.

Sir Beaver paid two brothers to research and print the facts in a book called ‘The Guinness
Book of Records’. The company gave out 1,000 of the books for free. The first 197-page
edition became a bestseller in Britain by Christmas in 1955. The following year it was
released in the U.S., and it sold 70,000 copies.

Because the book became a surprise hit, Guinness eventually printed a new version of it in
October of every year. Guinness World Records’ headquarters is in London but it also has
offices in New York City and Tokyo. There is also a Guinness World Records Museum in
Orlando, Florida.

There are traditional records for competitions such as weightlifting or the longest time spent
playing video games. Guinness World Records used to publish records for smoking, drinking
alcohol, and eating but they have stopped because they are afraid that this is unhealthy for
people. Guinness World Records also publishes facts such as the highest paid actor (Johnny
Depp), fastest jump rope (Megumi Suzuki), and the smallest country in the world (Sealand).
Many records are also about the youngest person to do something. There is also a record for
the person holds the most records such as Ashrita Furman of New York, who held 100 records
in 2009.

In 2005, Guinness declared November 9th as ‘International Guinness World Records Day’ to
encourage breaking of world records. It was described as very successful. The 2006 version
was called “the world’s biggest international event,” with an estimated 100,000 people
participating in over 10 countries. The top 100 Guinness World Records are available on their
website.

1 According to the article, what is the Guinness World Records?

A a book about human nature
B a reference book which is published every year
C a nature book which is published annually
D a book about public libraries in the United States

8 – Ghost town in Brazil

There is a ghost town in the middle of the Amazon rainforest – a little piece of the United States
recreated in an utterly remote location, now overgrown with weeds and bushes, and only occasional
visitors passing through. How did this distinctive Midwest small town get to faraway Brazil?
It was around 1927 that car manufacturer Henry Ford realized he needed to find a cheap source of
rubber for the manufacturing of car tyres. At the time, British companies in Asia held a monopoly on
rubber, which they grew on enormous plantations in Malaysia. Ford found himself unable to
negotiate favourable prices with them, so he decided to make rubber himself. Since all the rubber
trees in Asia originally came from South America, he decided to buy land there. He bought more than
91
two million acres from the Brazilian government in return for 9% of all the profits he was going to
make; however, he never made any profit.
Ford had a grand vision for his town, which he named Fordlandia. He wanted the town to offer all the
luxury ordinary workers could only dream of: brand new housing with all mod cons, a hospital, a
library, a hotel, a swimming pool, tennis courts, and restaurants, and that’s not all. Workers were
paid 37 cents a day – which was almost twice the average wage in the USA at the time! Who
wouldn’t have liked to sign up?
Ford also wanted his workers to lead a clean, American lifestyle; as he said, his intention was ‘to
cultivate workers and human beings’. Unfortunately, he didn’t do any research into local culture.
Native Brazilian plantation workers were forced to learn and speak English, go to poetry readings,
and, most crucially of all, eat American food all the time. Restaurants in Fordlandia only served dishes
like hamburgers and hot dogs, pasta, and pizza. For healthier options, they had canned peaches,
brown rice, and wholewheat bread. Any workers who got caught smuggling in Brazilian food were
docked a week’s wages – some even got fired. Disease and accidents with poisonous animals in the
middle of the jungle were common. But workers suffered most from digestion problems because of
the unfamiliar diet.
Ford also imposed American working hours. People had to continue working through the midday
heat, instead of taking a siesta between an earlier morning shift and a late evening shift, as is often
the custom in tropical climates. Fordlandia workers got so sick and tired of it all at one point in 1930
that the American managers had to flee the town, and the Brazilian army marched in to restore
order.
The rubber plantations also turned out to be a disaster. The plantations in Asia were successful
because the land was fertile and there were no native diseases affecting rubber trees – unlike in
Brazil. Ford also believed the more trees he planted the more rubber he would produce. But planting
trees so close together helped diseases and insects to spread more easily from infected trees to the
whole plantation, destroying everything time and time again. However, Ford blindly ignored this …
and ordered even more trees to be planted year after year.
In 1933, he began to realize his grand concept was not working, so he had another town, Belterra,
built further down the river. In another 12 years, all his investment turned out to be a complete
waste, and he had to sell everything back to the Brazilian government. By 1945, synthetic rubber was
cheaper and easier to manufacture so nobody needed rubber plantations any more. Despite all
Ford’s money, not a tiny bit of rubber from Fordlandia or Belterra was ever used in the production of
a Ford car! What is possibly even more shocking: in all those 18 years, Henry Ford himself never once
visited Fordlandia, the ‘dream town’ he created.
1 Read the article. Are the following statements true (T), false (F), or not stated (NS)?
1 There is an abandoned American town deep in the Brazilian jungle. c___

9
History remembers winners. Only rarely do we commemorate those who came second. The story of
Robert Falcon Scott is one of those rare exceptions.
In January 1912, Scott and four others reached what is possibly the most remote place on Earth: the
South Pole. It was not Scott’s first voyage to the Antarctic; he led a successful mapping expedition
there between 1901 and 1904. In fact, it was the results of that expedition that enabled Ernest
Shackleton to attempt but narrowly fail to reach the Pole in 1909. To his credit, Shackleton did
succeed in returning all his men safely. Scott made it his mission in life to surpass Shackleton’s
achievement. Scott knew about a number of other expeditions being prepared at the same time as
his. The most important one was in Norway, by the veteran explorer Roald Amundsen, but Scott
92
insisted that he would not sacrifice their scientific goals to win a race to the Pole. He even wrote in
his diary that if Amundsen got through first, he would deserve his luck.
Scott selected 65 men out of over 8,000 applicants for the expedition – including several members of
his own mapping trip and Shackleton’s aborted expedition. Scott’s team left Britain in June 1910, on
board the sailing ship Terra Nova. Reaching the Pole was only one of the expedition’s stated goals;
Scott also wanted to carry out geological explorations of the regions called King Edward VII Land and
Victoria Land. In fact, while completing this assignment in early February 1911, some of Scott’s men
ran into Amundsen’s team camping in a small bay east of Scott’s base. When Scott was told this, he
decided that they should proceed exactly as though this had not happened’. In the Antarctic summer
of 1911, Scott and his men set up a series of campsites with food and other provisions along the
planned route to the Pole. The campsite nearest to their destination was the One Ton Depot.
In October 1911, a team of 16 left the base, and headed for the Pole. At the beginning, they moved
more slowly than they had anticipated, but by late December they had made up for the lost time.
They had been stopping and resting at the previously established campsites, and leaving behind
some members of the team to start resupplying the camps for the return journey. When the small
final team of five explorers reached the South Pole on 17 January 1912, they thought they had won
the race. A day later, they came across Amundsen’s tent nearby, with a letter the Norwegian had
kindly asked Scott to deliver to the King of Norway. The Norwegians only beat the British by four
weeks, arriving at the Pole on 15 December 1911.
Scott’s party set out on their journey home across the ice. One of them died shortly afterwards as a
result of multiple hand and head injuries. The remaining survivors came up against extreme weather
conditions. They were unable to walk more than eight kilometres a day, and their supplies were fast
running out. In March, a fierce snowstorm stopped them completely, only 18 kilometres from One
Ton Depot. Scott made the final note in his diary on 29 March 1912: ‘I do not think we can hope for
any better things now. We shall stick it out to the end, but we are getting weaker, of course, and the
end cannot be far. It seems a pity but I do not think I can write more. R. Scott.’

A rescue expedition found their tent and the explorers’ frozen bodies on 12 November 1912. A large
memorial was erected near their base in January 1913, with a quotation from Tennyson’s poem
‘Ulysses’: ‘To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield’.

2 Read the article again. Are the following statements true (T), false (F), or not stated (NS)?
1 Scott didn’t know about other planned expeditions to reach the South Pole. c___

10 - Airbus crisis over

Airbus says it has turned the corner after a crisis connected to production problems and
turmoil in the boardroom at its A380 super-jumbo project that has gone on for the past year.
Speaking at the Paris air show, Louis Gallois, CEO of the European planemaker, said, "Airbus
is back."

Airbus, which announced a raft of orders on the first day of the show, is competing with
Boeing, its American rival, for the title of the largest planemaker in the world.

Boeing is expected to reveal the numbers of orders for its 787 Dreamliner soon. Airbus orders
unveiled on Monday included Qatar Airways confirming a $16bn order for 80 A350 Airbus
planes and ordering three A380 super-jumbos for about $750m.
93
Boeing and Airbus are also competing for orders from aircraft leasing firms. Orders from
these companies - who rank highly among the biggest global buyers of aircraft - are often
regarded as an indication of how successful a model will be in the long term.

Airbus also secured orders from US Airways that are worth $10bn for 22 of its A350 jets, 60
A320s and ten of its A330-200 wide-body planes.

A few months ago, Airbus unveiled a major cost-cutting programme aiming to reduce the
workforce in Europe by 10,000, as well as announcing a group restructuring. "I can tell you
with full confidence that Airbus is back and fully back, as you have started noting yesterday
as demonstrated by our first day announcements," said Mr Gallois on the second day of the air
show.

However, Boeing also announced a deal with General Electric (GE) on the show's first day.
GE's commercial aviation services placed an order for six 777 Boeing freighters valued at
around $1.4bn, to be delivered in the last quarter of 2008.

A Wall Street Journal website report, quoting the Delta operating chief yesterday said that
Delta Air Lines were on the verge of ordering as many as 125 Boeing 787 jetliners by the end
of this year. However, a spokesman for Delta later said that it had been having conversations
"with several aircraft makers" and that "no final decision" had been made on future fleet
purchases.

Q1 - The problems at Airbus

A have been resolved completely.

B are well on their way to being sorted out.
C are far from resolved.

11 - Visa Applications
If you wish to come to the United Kingdom, either as a visitor or a student, you may need to
apply for a visa. Visas vary according to your age, the length of your stay and your level of
English study.
The following visa types are available:

 Child Student
 Child Visitor
 Adult Student
 Student Visitor
 Prospective Student

The UK operates a points-based system which will decide whether or not you can apply for a
visa. You need 40 points in order to apply for a visa. You will obtain 30 points if you have
confirmation from the college, university or school that you have been accepted on a course.
Your chosen place of studies must be registered on the UK Border Agency list of sponsors.
You can obtain a list by clicking on the link below.

94
You will need to earn a further 10 by demonstrating that you cover the cost of your study
fees and living costs. In doing so, you can rest assured that you will avoid financial difficulties
while you are studying.
If you wish to extend your study experience in the UK, you will need to pass a further points-
based assessment to ensure that you have been accepted on another course and that you
can afford to pay the fees and living costs.
To make your UK study experience even richer, you may be eligible for a work and study
visa. Getting a job while you are studying can improve your language skills and enhance your
CV by showing that you are flexible, team-oriented and well-organised. You will also be able
to get a reference from your employer which will help you gain employment in the future.
Before accepting a job, you must find out whether your visa allows you to work in the UK,
and the maximum number of hours you can work each week from the UK Border Agency.
Most UK places of study have a career service which will help you to access job listings, write
a CV or application form and prepare for a job interview.
To work in the UK you will need a National Insurance number. This number is used to deduct
money from your earnings to fund benefits for the unemployed, incapacitated and retired.
To obtain a national insurance number, you will need to attend an interview. You can make
an appointment for an interview by calling 0845 600 0643 during usual office hours. You will
need to take proof of identity, proof of your right to work in the UK and written proof of
your job offer. You may start work before your number is issued as long as your employer
deducts the appropriate national insurance contributions from your pay.

1.
Each of the short paragraphs below gives information about the five types of visa A-E. Read
each paragraph and choose which of the five links would contain this information. There is
one paragraph that you do not need.
paragraph 1. If you have already completed a course of study in the UK and do not intend to
study further, you can apply for this visa to extend your stay. This visa allows you to work in
the UK for a further 6 months.
paragraph 2. If you are under the age of 17 and wish to study for less than six months, you
can apply for this visa. If you wish to extend your course of study, you may not swap to a
student visa while you are in the UK. You must return to your home country and do so there.
paragraph 3. Students in post-16 education can apply for this visa. This visa is suitable for
students attending courses for over six months. Holders of this visa may be eligible to work
in the UK.
paragraph 4. Students over the age of 18 who wish to study for up to six months can apply
for this visa. This visa does not allow students to work in the UK. Students may only extend
their visa or switch to a student visa by returning to their home country.
paragraph 5. You can apply for this visa if you are between the ages of 4 and 15 and intend
to attend a full-time, fee-paying independent school for a period of over six months or more.
16 and 17 year olds may attend part-time, fee-paying establishments.
95
paragraph 6. If you want to come to the UK before choosing your course of study, you can
apply for this visa. You will need to start your course within 6 months of arrival. You may
switch to an adult or child student visa while in the UK without returning to your home
country.

A - Child Student 1. Paragraph 1

B - Child Visitor 2. Paragraph 2
C - Adult Student 3.Paragraph 3
D - Student Visitor 4. Paragraph 4
E - Prospective Student 5. Paragraph 5
6. Paragraph 6

12
One of the biggest scientific research projects in history is the Human Genome Project (HGP).
This is an attempt to map how the very basics of life fit and work together to create human DNA.
Knowing this may help us better understand human evolution and could provide significant
medical benefits, such as the development of molecular medicine.

The roots of the HGP are in late 1984 when several US government departments held a meeting to
discuss the possibility of studying the human genome. They had hoped to use DNA analysis to
examine possible genetic changes in atomic bomb survivors. The government approved the
project four years later. Two years later, it began in earnest as the government published a plan to
map out the human genome over the next five years. The entire project was estimated to take
fifteen years total to complete.

The project’s scope was very wide and included international partnerships with many countries,
including the United Kingdom, Japan, Australia, and France. The HGP was not only established
for the purposes of strictly scientific research but also to examine the legal and ethical questions
about the use of DNA. A separate program, ELSI (Ethical Legal and Social Implications) was
launched in 1990 for this purpose. The HGP’s other goals include developing and improving
technology as well as collecting and managing information (often called bioinformatics).

The duration and scale of the HGP are not surprising, especially considering the complex nature
of DNA sequencing. This is the process of understanding how DNA is arranged and organized at
the atomic level. DNA contains the genetic information that determines how life develops. The
basic units within DNA are base pairs of adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. Because of the
many millions of base pairs in human DNA and the limits of technology, DNA sequencing can
take a long time to perform.

The HGP was completed in 2003. The first study about the HGP was published a year later. This
indicated that the HGP was very accurate in its sequencing attempts. The genome sequence is
freely available on the Internet for download. Although the project has finished, scientists have
barely begun to grasp the practical and scientific implications of all this new information. It is
possible that this could lead to potential breakthroughs in areas of medical research for disease
prevention and cures. It may also shape how scientists examine issues in evolution. For example,
they could use the HGP information to look into how life changed over millions of years at a
molecular level.
96
1 According to the article, when did the US government approve the Human Genome Project?

A 1984
B 1988
C 1990
D 2003

13 - The Shock of the Truth

A Throughout history, there have been instances in which people have been unwilling to
accept new theories, despite startling evidence. This was certainly the case when
Copernicus published his theory - that the earth was not the centre of the universe.

B Until the early 16th century, western thinkers believed the theory put forward by Ptolemy,
an Egyptian living in Alexandria in about 150 A.D. His theory, which was formulated by
gathering and organizing the thoughts of the earlier thinkers, proposed that the universe
was a closed space bounded by a spherical envelope beyond which there was nothing. The
earth, according to Ptolemy, was a fixed and immobile mass, located at the centre of the
universe. The sun and the stars, revolved around it.
C The theory appealed to human nature. Someone making casual observations as they
looked into the sky might come to a similar conclusion. It also fed the human ego. Humans
could believe that they were at the centre of God's universe, and the sun and stars were
created for their benefit.
D Ptolemy's theory, was of course, incorrect, but at the time nobody contested it. European
astronomers were more inclined to save face. Instead of proposing new ideas, they
attempted to patch up and refine Ptolemy's flawed model. Students were taught using a
book called The Sphere which had been written two hundred years previously. In short,
astronomy failed to advance.
E In 1530, however, Mikolaj Kopernik, more commonly known as Copernicus, made an
assertion which shook the world. He proposed that the earth turned on its axis once per day,
and travelled around the sun once per year. Even when he made his discovery, he was
reluctant to make it public, knowing how much his shocking revelations would disturb the
church. However, George Rheticus, a German mathematics professor who had become
Copernicus's student, convinced Copernicus to publish his ideas, even though Copernicus, a
perfectionist, was never satisfied that his observations were complete.
F Copernicus's ideas went against all the political and religious beliefs of the time. Humans,
it was believed, were made in God's image, and were superior to all creatures. The natural
world had been created for humans to exploit. Copernicus's theories contradicted the ideas
of all the powerful churchmen of the time. Even the famous playwright William Shakespeare
feared the new theory, pronouncing that it would destroy social order and bring chaos to the
world. However, Copernicus never had to suffer at the hands of those who disagreed with
his theories. He died just after the work was published in 1543.

97
G However, the scientists who followed in Copernicus's footsteps bore the brunt of the
church's anger. Two other Italian scientists of the time, Galileo and Bruno, agreed
wholeheartedly with the Copernican theory. Bruno even dared to say that space was
endless and contained many other suns, each with its own planets. For this, Bruno was
sentenced to death by burning in 1600. Galileo, famous for his construction of the
telescope, was forced to deny his belief in the Copernican theories. He escaped capital
punishment, but was imprisoned for the rest of his life.
H In time however, Copernicus's work became more accepted. Subsequent scientists and
mathematicians such as Brahe, Kepler and Newton took Copernicus's work as a starting
point and used it to glean further truths about the laws of celestial mechanics.
I The most important aspect of Copernicus' work is that it forever changed the place of man
in the cosmos. With Copernicus' work, man could no longer take that premier position
which the theologians had immodestly assigned him. This was the first, but certainly not the
last time in which man would have to accept his position as a mere part of the universe, not
at the centre of it.

The text has nine paragraphs, A-I.

Which paragraph contains the following information? (you can choose the same paragraph
more than once)

1. The public's reaction to the new theory A/B/C/D/E/F/G/H/I

14 - Introduction to a book about the history of colour

This book examines how the ever-changing role of colour in society has been reflected in
manuscripts, stained glass, clothing, painting and popular culture. Colour is a natural
phenomenon, of course, but it is also a complex cultural construct that resists generalization
and, indeed, analysis itself. No doubt this is why serious works devoted to colour are rarer and
rarer, there are still those that aim to study it in historical context. Many authors search for the
universal or archetypal truths they imagine reside in colour, but for the historian, such truths
do not exist. Colour is first and foremost a social phenomenon. There is no transcultural truth
to colour perception, despite what many books based on poorly grasped neurobiology or —
even worse — on pseudoesoteric pop psychology would have us believe. Such books
unfortunately clutter the bibliography on the subject, and even do it harm.
The silence of historians on the subject of colour, or more particularly their difficulty in
conceiving colour as a subject separate from other historical phenomena, is the result of three
different sets of problems. The first concerns documentation and preservation. We see the
colours transmitted to us by the past as time has altered them and not as they were originally.
Moreover, we see them under light conditions that are often entirely different from those
known by past societies. And finally, over the decades we have developed the habit of looking
at objects from the past in black-and-white photographs and, despite the current diffusion of
colour photography, our ways of thinking about and reacting to these objects seem to have
remained more or less black and white.
The second set of problems concerns methodology. As soon as the historian seeks to study
colour, he must grapple with a host of factors all at once: physics, chemistry, materials, and
techniques of production, as well as iconography, ideology, and the symbolic meanings that

98
colours convey. How to make sense of all of these elements? How can one establish an
analytical model facilitating the study of images and coloured objects? No researcher, no
method, has yet been able to resolve these problems, because among the numerous facts
pertaining to colour, a researcher tends to select those facts that support his study and to
conveniently forget those that contradict it. This is clearly a poor way to conduct research.
And it is made worse by the temptation to apply to the objects and images of a given
historical period information found in texts of that period. The proper method — at least in
the first phase of analysis - is to proceed as do palaeontologists (who must study cave
paintings without the aid of texts): by extrapolating from the images and the objects
themselves a logic and a system based on various concrete factors such as the rate of
occurrence of particular objects and motifs, their distribution and disposition. In short, one
undertakes the internal structural analysis with which any study of an image or coloured
object should begin.
The third set of problems is philosophical: it is wrong to project our own conceptions and
definitions of colour onto the images, objects and monuments of past centuries. Our
judgements and values are not those of previous societies (and no doubt they will change
again in the future). For the writer-historian looking at the definitions and taxonomy of
colour, the danger of anachronism is very real. For example, the spectrum with its natural
order of colours was unknown before the seventeenth century, while the notion of primary
and secondary- colours did not become common until the nineteenth century. These are not
eternal notions but stages in the ever-changing history of knowledge.
I have reflected on such issues at greater length in my previous work, so while the present
book does address certain of them, for the most part it is devoted to other topics. Nor is it
concerned only with the history of colour in images and artworks - in any case that area still
has many gaps to be filled. Rather, the aim of this book is to examine all kinds of objects in
order to consider the different facets of the history of colour and to show how far beyond the
artistic sphere this history reaches. The history of painting is one thing; that of colour is
another, much larger, question. Most studies devoted to the history of colour err in
considering only the pictorial, artistic or scientific realms. But the lessons to be learned from
colour and its real interest lie elsewhere.

1) What problem regarding colour does the writer explain in the first paragraph?
A Our view of colour is strongly affected by changing fashion.
B Analysis is complicated by the bewildering number of natural colours.
C Colours can have different associations in different parts of the world.
D Certain popular books have dismissed colour as insignificant.

Vocabulary

Vocabulary - grade 7

CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER:

99
1. It's not always easy to ________ the difference between fact and opinion.
A make B do C say D tell

2. The debate will ________ place tonight.

A- be B- have C- take D- make
3. In my _______ , freedom of the press must be maintained.
A- mind B- view C- sight D- thought
4. Media mogul Ronald Morduck has _____ control of another tabloid.
A- made B- found C- given D- taken
5. They _____ a description of the robber on Crime Time and it sounded like you!
A- made B- told C- said D- gave
6. J.K.Rowling has _____ an enormous influence on children's literature.
A- had B- given C- done D- set
7. I could spend hours _____ the Internet!
A- surfing B- diving C- sailing D- swimming
8. They said _____ the news that the price of petrol is going up again.
A- from B- in C- on D- at
9. The issue _____ question is more complex than you think.
A- from B- in C- on D- at
10. Watch _____ for words like ' so called' in articles as they express the writer's bias.
A- about B- around C- over D- out
11. She is __________.
A. Britain B. England C. British
12. Have you got all the __________ you need?
A. information B. informations C. informators
13. Let __________ of the girls take their own seat.
A. every B. each C. either
14. I feel very __________ that this plan won’t work.
A. hardly B. strongly C. greatly
15. Let’s go for a walk, we still have some time to __________.
A. kill B. pass C. spend
16. If you want to buy a new plug, you should look for the shop that sells __________.
A. articles B. units C. goods
17. Most magazines on the market today contain lots of __________.
A. commercials B. advertisements C.propaganda
18. (phone call) ‘Hello. It’s Linda. Can I __________ Andy, please?’
A. speak with B. say to C. speak to
19. My father went on a business __________ to Rome.
A. travel B. voyage C. trip
20. Hip hop is often very __________.
A. rock B. repetitive C. romance

21. Our teacher wanted us __________ our books.

A. to close B. close C.closing

100
22. I talk to my friend in the USA on __________ and I can see her, too!
A. networking B. Skype C. e-card

23. Jack and Sarah __________ to the cinema every Sunday.

A. have B. see C. go
24. Don’t stand on the table! Get __________ right now!
A. on B. down C. together
25. He was an __________ actor until last year when he won the Oscar and became popular.
A. known B. well-known C. unknown
26. Robert comes __________ Wales, but he lives in London with his family.
A.fFrom B. to C. in
27. I wish people wouldn’t drop __________ in the street.
A. graffiti B. pollution C.lLitter
28. I saw a very __________ film at the weekend.
A. scary B. scared C.scare
29. The __________ at the circus were very funny.
A. magicians B. clowns C. acrobats
30. The police don’t know who __________ the bank.
A. thief B. stole C. Robbed

31. The prisoner knew he had _____ a mistake and would regret it forever.
A- got B- taken C- done D- made
32. The boy _____ that he had had anything to do with the break- in.
A- refused B- denied C- objected D- rejected

33. Suddenly, someone shouted, ' Thief! ' and the man quickly _____ on a motorbike.
A- took in B- made off C- came forward D- handed in

34. Do you have _____ to take that bicycle?

A- allowance B- exception C- willingness D- permission

35. He said it was an accident, but I know he did it on _____.

A- purpose B- aim C- goal D- reason

36. Things started to _____ wrong for the robbers when the alarm went off.
A- take B- have C- go D- come

37. The sign says that all shoplifters will be _____.

A- persecuted B- disproved C- prosecuted D- prohibited

38. The doctor _____ the cut on my knee and said it had completely healed up.
A- investigated B- researched C- examined D- looked into

39. Dr Parker gave my mum a lovely _____ for spaghetti carbonara.

101
 A- recipe B- prescription C- receipt D- paper

40. My feet are _____. I guess my new shoes are a bit tight.
A- hurt B- pain C- ache D- sore

41. I was shocked when I crashed the car, but at least I wasn't _____.
A- injured B- damaged C- broken D- spoilt

42. Diana looks terribly _____. You don't think she's ill, do you?
A- slim B- thin C- slender D- slight

43. Some drugs produce bad side _____.

A- consequences B- products C- results D- effects

44. I was very sad when the vet said he'd have to _____ Gertie, our Labrador.
A- put down B- pull through C- feel up to D- wear off

45. Going on this diet has really _____ me good. I've lost weight and I feel fantastic!
A- made B- taken C- done D- had

46. She put the hat _____ her wardrobe.

A- on top of B- over C- through

47. They spent the day walking _____ the river bank.
A- across B- above C- along

48. The helicopter flew _____ the town and we saw people in their gardens.
A- on top of B- along C- over

49. The leopard moved slowly _____ the long grass.

A- through B- between C- inside

50. The old man fell _____ bed and hurt his arm.
A- away from B- in front of C- out of

51. I heard the police officer say, ' Move away _____ the car.'
A- of B- from C- out

52. When you pay for something, you usually get a _____.
A- Recipe B- receipt C- bill

53. We had a very _____ time in London last summer.

A- fun B- nice C- funny

102
54. Would you _____ this letter to the post office, please?
A- send B- take C- bring

55. The _____ on the west coast of Scotland is really beautiful.

A- scenery B- nature C- view

56. Elana has a _____ job at a chemist's.

A- half-time B- spare-time C- part-time

57. I saw a very good _____ advertised in the paper this week.
A- job B- work C- occupation

58. I _____ to see the manager, please.

A- will B- want C- would

59. Is there anything _____ you'd like me to get you?

A- else B- again C- other

60. These shoes don't _____. They're much too big.

A- suit B- pass C- fit

61. His parents don' _____ him to stay out later than 10.30 at night.
A- allow B- let C- suggest

62. It was very difficult to see the road through the _____ fog.
A- thick B- strong C- deep

63. That bee just _____ me on the arm.

A- bit B- stung C- waved

64. I won't go to the party _____ Robert is invited too.

A- unless B- except C- but

65. Please be careful with that glass dish. It's really _____.
A- precious B- popular C- patterned

66. You can't change _____ coins at the bank. You can only change notes.
A- strange B- foreign C- different

67. She felt very _____ when she didn't get the job.
A- upset B- shy C- unfriendly

68. The train now _____ at platform 11 is the 14.45 to Brighton.

A- lying B- resting C- standing
103
69. This newspaper says that women drivers have _____ accidents than men.
A- fewer B- better C- lower

70. I love _____ food with lots of pepper in it but it always makes me thirsty.
A- heated B- spicy C- lively

71. I'm choosing number ten- it's my _____ number.

A- warm B- happy C- lucky

72. The shopping mall is always _____ of people on Saturday afternoon.

A- crowded B- full C- busy

73. Anyone wanting to go to the meeting, please _____ your hands.

A- Take up B- put up C- lift D- rise

74. I have no brothers or sisters. I am _____ child.

A- an only B- one C- a unique D- a single

75. I'm terribly sorry, I seem to have _____ my book at home.

A- lost B- forgotten C- left D- hidden

76. My sister and I are always quarrelling. We just don't seem to _____.
A- get off B- get together C- get on D- get by

77. A lot of single parents find it difficult to _____ their children and do a job.
A- grow up B- take up C- develop D- bring up

78. We _____ to inform you that this flight will be delayed for five hours.
A- sorry B- regret C- apologise D- pity

79. Everyone should _____ this charity. They're doing a lot of good work in developing countries.
A- agree B- support C- stand up D- supply

80. I only paid £5 for this shirt. It was a real _____.

A- luck B- sale C- bargain D- cheap

81. I always try to _____ something each month for my holidays.

A- save B- spare C- spend D- put

82. I don't have a job. I'm _____.

A- lonely B- sick C- unused D- unemployed

83. Juventus _____ AC Milan in the football final.

A- beat B- won C- passed D- lost

104
 84. The train now standing at _____ seven has just arrived from Brighton.
A- station B- platform C- lane D- path

85. In AD 79, the volcano Vesuvius ______________ the Italian city of Pompeii.
a) flowed b) erupted c) passed d) destroyed

86. Raul and Francesca will ____________ on a name for their child when it is born
a) decide b) consider c) speak d) choose

87. Mike Newman is ______________ , but he once drove a car at 232km/h and broke a world
record.
a) brief b) blind c) rapid d) early

88. The professor will be _______________ for the next few days, so come back in the middle of
next week.
a) closed b) intelligent c) busy d) strange

89. In China it is _____________ to put a person's business card immediately into your bag or
wallet.
a) annoyed b) helpless c) impossible d) rude

90. The name of your sister is _______________, but I don't think I know her.
a) powerful b) possible c) known d) familiar

91. He ____________ his ticket to Bahrain two months before the day of the flight.
a) imagined b) raised c) booked d) shopped

92. Mary ______________ yesterday with her family at her uncle's house in Yalova.
a) spent b) went c) crossed d) travelled

93. We went to the Hotel Extra because of Lennox's ______________, but it was really horrible
there.
a) accommodation b) recommendation c) education d) revision

94. Shark skin is _____________, so people wear gloves when they touch it.
a) tight b) rough c) nervous d) bitter

95. Calm down and be _______________! Winona will be here soon.

a) important b) excited c) shy d) patient

96. David is going to ______________ a website on his hometown of Willshare fo the Internet.
a) deliver b) grow c) create d) discover

97. There is still no ____________on school uniforms between the students and the school
administration.
a) fashion b) agreement c) distance d) answer

105
 98. Tarek ________________ my DVD of Shrek 2 last week, but I want it back for this weekend.
a) borrowed b) sold c) filmed d) brought

99. Gareth ________________ buys the groceries, but he won't today, because he is ill in bed.
a) probably b) nearly c) finally d) usually

100. These plastic sandals won't be very _____________ for our trekking holiday in the
mountains.
a) experienced b) fit c) careful d) suitable

101. Azra is in her last year at university. She is going to _______________ next summer.
a) increase b) graduate c) please d) study

102. The mayor gave an interesting ____________ to the question about the new houses
next to the sea.
a) response b) receipt c) reduction d) result

103. Peter Jackson became ___________ worldwide with his three Lord of the Rings films.
a) curious b) faithful c) famous d) large

104. The insects running around my hair are _____________ me.

a) polluting b) racing c) bothering d) brushing

105. Beatrice's husband is in Norway, but they _____________ every day through the
Internet.
a) communicate b) skate c) search d) introduce

106. I'm going to _____________ playing computer games next year.

a) touch b) give c) leave d) quit

107. The students _____________ very badly in Mr Jones's class, but they are good in Ms.
Polat's.
a) examine b) behave c) miss d) waste

108. It is ___________ unlikely that Atlantis ever existed.

a) highly b) weakly c) justly d) suddenly

109. The virus _____________ very quickly to the other students in Sasha's college.
a) escaped b) murdered c) collected d) spread

110. Real Betis ____________ to beat Barcelona tomorrow, but Barcelona is playing very
well this year.
a) tries b) hopes c) matches d) hits

111. Pizza ___________ like a good idea. I'll call and order one in a few minutes.
a) tastes b) sounds c) delicious d) hears

112. Strong winds ____________ Japan from two different Mongol invasions.
a) sailed b) blew c) protected d) attacked

113. Tell me the rest of the story tonight, OK? I'm in a ___________ at the moment. Sorry.
106
a) platform b) speed c) need d) hurry

114. The Spanish artist Goya lost his hearing and became ___________ later in life.
a) faint b) deaf c) sight d) soundless

115. Professor Jones ______________ Ria for her excellent work on sleeping disorders.
a) praised b) thought c) followed d) marked

116. Yvonne ____________ Nick some money last week, but he isn't going to pay her
back.
a) loaned b) borrowed c) saved d) sold

117. The ___________ way to greet people in Japan is with a bow.

a) good b) appopriate c) possible d) various

118. I became very scared last night when two men ______________ me in a dark alley.
a) walked b) murdered c) approached d) called

119. They are going to have a long __________. They aren't going to get married for the
next 4 years.
a) feeling b) wedding c) connection d) engagement

120. Rebecca is very ________. She doesn't study, but she always takes top marks.
a) average b) clever c) serious d) useful

121. A: Are you _____ you saw Jane on the ferry? B: No, but I think it was her.
a) sure b) safe c) real d) glad

122. Matthias was ____________ the bank when the masked robbers shot him in the
head.
a) dying b) surrounding c) guarding d) feeling

123. The chairman __________________ supported his manager when the matches were
going badly.
a) shortly b) easily c) faithfully d) equally

124. The Bengal famine of 1943 was _____________ . Over 3 million people lost their lives
because of it.
a) depressed b) terrible c) troubled d) careful

125. Sally ____________ the smoke in the corridor and immediately phoned for the fire
brigade.
a) invited b) suspected c) gathered d) noticed

126. The answer is ____________ C. I have no doubt about it at all.

a) definitely b) probably c) extremely d) successfully

127. Rick always leaves his clothes on the floor and he never puts his CDs away. He is very
__________.
a) messy b) guilty c) disgusted d) aimless

107
 128. One of the most important __________ in modern Lebanon was the Civil War of
1975-1990.
a) opinions b) escapes c) events d) victories

129. Jonathan became ___________ when he saw the spider moving towards him.
a) slimy b) scared c) innocent d) bloody

130. Every time the tram gets here, it is very _________, so it is difficult to get on it.
a) occupied b) doubtful c) shut d) crowded

131. Somebody in this room committed the __________. I just don't know who.
a) crime b) occurrence c) kill d) killer

132. Mick has decorated his house very __________. The living room is beautiful.
a) fortunately b) tastefully c) politely d) annually

133. I am not buying anything from him again. He has _______ the prices for the second
time this month.
a) climbed b) raised c) traded d) lifted

134. Some people believe that Napoleon ___________ from his imprisonment on the
island of St Helena.
a) poisoned b) murdered c) escaped d) ran

Vocabulary - grade 8

Choose the correct answer:

1. You need a passport to cross the ________ between Mexico and the United States.
A- edge B- line C- border D- rim

2. The hotel where we are ________ is quite luxurious.

A- living B- remaining C- existing D- staying

3. When you ______ your destination, your tour guide will meet you at the airport.
A- arrive B- get C- reach D- achieve

4. It can be quite busy here during the tourist _________ .

A- season B- period C- phase D- stage

5. David ______ me to the train station every morning.

A- goes B- takes C- has D- makes

6. I always enjoy our school ______ to France.

A- excursion B- journey C- trip D- travel

7. Hurry up, or we'll _____ the bus!

A- avoid B- miss C- drop D- lose
108
8. The brochure says that the hotel has a great _____ of the sea.
A- appearance B- look C- sight D- view

9. I must remember to _____ a souvenir back from Spain for my grandmother.

A- go B- take C- bring D- keep

10. The _____ from London to Berlin is about 919 kilometres.

A- measure B- length C- gap D- distance

11. Make sure you _____ a hotel before you come to our island, especially in the summer.
A- book B- keep C- put D- take

12. I live in Barcelona, but my _____ town is Madrid.

A- birth B- home C- native D- origin

13. Three people were captured at the _____ today trying to get into the country.
A- line B- equator C- border D- edge

14. There's a fantastic _____ from the top of the Empire State Building.
A- view B- sight C- appearance D- look

15. Once we get to the hotel, let's just _____ quickly and then do a bit of sightseeing.
A- set down B- make up C- check in D- turn up

16. I'm going to ask for directions because I think we've _____ our way.
A- missed B- misplaced C- mistaken D- lost

17. We usually do go by train, even though the car _____ is a lot quicker.
A- travel B- journey C- trip D- voyage

18. Passengers requiring a special meal during the flight should inform the airline in ____ .
A- ahead B- front C- advance D- forward

19. The _____ in the stadium all cheered the athletes.

A- viewers B- witnesses C- spectators D- onlookers

20. I got a new baseball _____ yesterday.

A- stick B- club C- racket D- bat

21. After a hard match, United managed to _____ with City, 1-1.
A- equal B- exact C- draw D- score

22. In this game, the players _____ it in turns to throw the dice.
A- take B- do C- make D- have

23. It's nice to win, but the important thing is to _____ your best.
A- make B- take C- have D- do

24. Just ask them if you can play and I'm sure they'll let you _____ .
109
 A- take up B- join in C- go off D- take to

25. Everyone expects Johnson to _____ Smith in today's final.

A- Beat B- score C- win D- champion

26. Do you know who _____ the fact that sound travels in waves?
A- invented B- developed C- discovered D- found

27. I'm thinking of getting a fax _____ .

A- machine B- engine C- motor D- instrument

28. The _____ of the outbreak of the disease is still unknown.

A- aim B- reason C- cause D- motive

29. Ten million text messages are sent on _____ every minute.
A- normal B- common C- general D- average

30. Once they've finished the extension to the _____ , there'll be room for them to take on a lot
more workers.
A- manufacturing B- trade C- industry D- factory

31. Shannen doesn't dye her hair; it's _____ blonde.

A- physically B- naturally C- logically D- organically

32. I've _____ it in at the mains but it still doesn't seem to work.
A- worked B- turned C- narrowed D- plugged

33. Everyone said they had _____ themselves at the wedding.

A- enjoyed B- impressed C- pleased D- excited

34. Mary seems to go out with a different _____ of friends almost every night.
A- group B- band C- company D- collection

35. People can become very _____ when they are stuck in traffic for a long time.
A- Nervous B- bad-tempered C- stressful D- pressed

36. More and more people are living into _____ age and it's a serious social problem.
A- high B- ancient C- far D- old

37. Stephanie seems to be very _____ with her classmates.

A- likeable B- famous C- known D- popular

38. Most _____ people have no idea what it's like to be famous.
A- usual B- ordinary C- typical D- medium

39. When my parents got divorced, my best friend was very _____ and listened to all my
problems.
A- likeable B- amusing C- sympathetic D- enjoyable

40. Rita's very _____ and easily gets upset when people criticise her.
A- level-headed B- sensitive C- sensible D- open-minded
110
41. Police were called in when the _____ of people began to get violent.
A- crowd B- company C- audience D- herd

42. My dad says he once met Robbie Williams when he was still _____ .
A- unknown B- hidden C- infamous D- unrelated

43. This fascinating book covers some of the most _____ crimes of the twentieth century.
A- unknown B- hidden C- covered D- infamous

44. The government should do more for _____ people.

A- Usual B- ordinary C- everyday D- typical

45. Ivan tells me he really _____ himself at your barbecue last week.
A- pleased B- played C- enjoyed D- interested

46. I know we had an argument, but now I'd quite like to _____ .
A- look down B- make up C- fall out D- bring up

47. Harry and Sam both denied that the fight was their _____ .
A- blame B- cause C- criticism D- fault

48. The curtain went up, the _____ grew silent and the actors on stage began to speak.
A- crowd B- congregation C- jury D- audience

49. The doctor _____ the cut on my knee and said it had completely healed up.
A- investigated B- researched C- examined D- looked into

50. Dr Parker gave my mum a lovely _____ for spaghetti carbonara.

A- recipe B- prescription C- receipt D- paper

51. My feet are _____ . I guess my new shoes are a bit tight.
A- hurt B- pain C- ache D- sore

52. I was shocked when I crashed the car, but at least I wasn't _____ .
A- Injured B- damaged C- broken D- spoilt

53. Diana looks terribly _____ . You don't think she's ill, do you?
A- slim B- thin C- slender D- slight

54. Some drugs produce bad side _____ .

A- consequences B- products C- results D- effects

55. I was very sad when the vet said he'd have to _____ Gertie, our labrador.
A- put down B- pull through C- feel up to D- wear off

56. Going on this diet has really _____ me good. I've lost weight and I feel fantastic.
A- made B- taken C- done D- had

57. I was very proud when I was told that I'd been made into a _____ .
A- pupil B- student C- prefect D- classmate
111
58. With a little hard work, I'm sure you'll _____ a lot this year.
A- reach B- succeed C- achieve D- qualify

59. Who _____ you know to cook so well?

A- taught B- learned C- made D- explained

60. Lee didn't do so well in the test because he hadn't _____ .

A- written B- studied C- read D- learned

61. I think you need to _____ your ideas more clearly so that the reader doesn't get confused.
A- dawn on B- get on with C- set out D- give in

62. Oh, no! We've got a double maths _____ next!

A- subject B- interval C- lesson D- task

63. There's been a _____ in Germany and a village was completely destroyed.
A- flood B- drizzle C- shower D- smog

64. Do you know what CFC _____?

A- sets in B- does up C- stands for D- gets down

65. Dinosaurs have been _____ for millions of years.

A- endangered B- extinct C- threatened D- disappeared

66. It's sunny, but there's a very cold _____ so don't forget your coat.
A- blowing B- air C- wind D- gas

67. If you ask me, _____ waste is a much bigger problem than ordinary household waste.
A- industrial B- business C- working D- employer

68. As towns grow, they tend to destroy the surrounding _____ areas.
A- urban B- commercial C- land D- rural

69. Jill put her wellington boots on and, as soon as it stopped raining, went out
to play in the _____ .
A- reservoirs B- lakes C- puddles D- ponds

70. This car is very _____ as it goes so far on one tank of petrol.
A- financial B- economical C- costly D- endless

71. I can't believe how cheap these shorts were. They were a real _____!
A- bargain B- sale C- discount D- offer

72. What _____ of car does your mum drive?

A- name B- brand C- make D- form

73. Could you tell me who's in _____ here, please?

A- charge B- responsibility C- rule D- organisation

112
74. I paid the assistant and took the books but then stupidly left the bookshop without waiting
for my _____ .
A- cash B- fee C- refund D- change

75. I think she _____ her fortune in the shipping industry.

A- took B- made C- won D- saved

76. I didn't find a new top but at _____ I got some new jeans.
A- less B- the less C- least D- the least

77. I've got a/an _____ for the school play tomorrow. I really hope I get a main part!
A- rehearsal B- practice C- audition D- performance

78. Did you read that _____ of the new Lloyd-Rice musical? It said it was awful!
A- review B- criticism C- report D- summary

79. I'm going to stay in and _____ TV tonight.

A- see B- watch C- look at D- view

80. We really _____ ourselves at the party! Thanks so much for inviting us!
A- entertained B- had fun C- enjoyed D- occupied

81. Ellie does a-an _____ each week for the local newspaper. It's usually quite funny.
A- comic B- comedian C- animation D- cartoon

82. The water park we went to yesterday was fantastic, but the entrance _____ was a bit
expensive.
A- ticket B- fee C- charge D- cost

83. Vanilla Sky _____ Tom Cruise, Penelope Cruz and Cameron Diaz.
A- acts B- plays C- stars D- contains

84. When you're learning to play a musical instrument, it's important to _____ for an hour or two
every day.
A- rehearse B- practise C- perform D- train

85. The play wasn't supposed to be a comedy, but everyone started laughing when some of the
_____ fell over and hit one of the actors.
A- scenery B- scenes C- stages D- acts

86. Louis de Bernieres' _____ Captain Corelli's Mandolin, which is set on the Greek island of
Cephallonia during the Second World War, was an international bestseller.
A- fiction B- account C- anecdote D- novel

87. Have you _____ the joke about the guy who fell off a 20-metre-high ladder? He was fine- he
fell of the bottom rung!
A- listened to B- overheard C- heard D- paid attention to

88. Being the conductor of a large _____ is an extremely demanding job. You have to make sure
about a hundred musicians are playing in time.
113
 A- group B- band C- company D- orchestra

89. Could you _____ in the paper and see what's on TV tonight?
A- see B- watch C- look D- examine

90. I'm reading a _____ set in Greece during the Second World War.
A- novel B- fiction C- literature D- writing

91. Harry kept us _____ throughout the journey with his non-stop jokes.
A- enjoyed B- entertained C- laughed D- pleasured

92. I never read _____ of films as I don't trust the critics' opinions.
A- reviews B- criticisms C- articles D- investigations

93. How did your _____ go? Do you think you'll be offered the main part?
A- audit B- auditorium C- audience D- audition

94. I'd love to work in show _____ . It's so glamorous!

A- industry B- business C- commerce D- trade

95. Joe told me a joke today but I didn't _____ it at all.

A- get B- bring C- fetch D- collect

96. I didn't like this album at first but it's really starting to ____ on me now.
A- grow B- raise C- develop D- increase

97. Could you wipe the table with a damp _____ , please!
A- clothe B- clothing C- cloth D- clothes

98. I've decided to _____ my hair green for the party.

A- dye B- paint C- sketch D- draw
99. The top doesn't _____ me; it's just not my style.
A- fit B- suit C- match D- go with

100. That's the most incredible _____ of art I've ever seen!
A- job B- creation C- brand D- work

101. Jeans and T-shirts will never go out of _____ .

A- trend B- image C- fashion D- tendency

102. I need a funny _____ for the fancy-dress party. Any ideas!
A- dress B- uniform C- suit D- costume

103. Tim forgot to use clothes _____ and all his clean clothes fell off the line into the mud.
A- pegs B- clips C- hooks D- pins

104. The _____ for this position starts at thirty thousand euros per year.
A- wage B- payment C- salary D- tip

105. After working at the same factory for thirty years, my grandfather was looking
forward to his _____ .
114
 A- overtime B- pension C- charity D- allowance

106. Some people _____ to London every day from as far away as Leeds
A- connect B- commute C- correspond D- commence

107. Most governments tax people on the amount they _____ each year.
A- win B- gain C- earn D- benefit

108. Shelley disagreed with the board's decision and so she _____ and went to work for
another company.
A- retired B- fired C- sacked D- resigned

109. When the factory closed, over a hundred people were _____ redundant.
A- done B- taken C- given D- made

110. Here at Weatherby's , we provide all our _____ members, from senior management
down, with regular training.
A- staff B- crew C- crowd D- firm

111. Ed _____ at the clock and realised he was late for the meeting.
A- glimpsed B- observed C- glanced D- watched

112. What's the entrance _____ for the outdoor music festival?
A- ticket B- fare C- price D- fee

113. Don't _____ the potatoes in oil; that's so unhealthy.

A- fry B- boil C- bakel D- grill

114. I want to take these jeans back because they're too small but I can't find the
_____ anywhere.
A- recipe B- receipt C- receiver D- reception

115. I'll pick up a _____ on the way home and then we won't have to cook.
A- takeaway B- fast food C- delivery D- microwave

116. Certificates provide proof of your _____ .

A- qualities B- diplomas C- qualifications D- ambitions

117. Living on a farm in the middle of nowhere, ours is about the most _____ lifestyle you
can have!
A- urban B- suburban C- rural D- municipal

118. Will was made _____ three months ago and is still looking for a job.
A- sacked B- fired C- retired D- redundant

119. The audience showed their _____ by giving the orchestra a standing ovation.
A- entertainment B- review C- appreciation D- audition

120. I'd like to speak to the person in ____, please!

A- charge B- responsibility C- duty D- obligation

115
Vocabulary - grade 9
1) When we _________ at the airport, Jenna’s flight had already landed and she was waiting for
us in the café.

a. arrived b. reached c. got d. approached

2) Beatrice said that working as a ________ is enjoyable in every aspect, apart from the fact
that you have to work outdoors.

a. chambermaid b. stewardess c. tour guide d. travel agent

3) After a week on the yacht, Joshua was happy to be on ________ again.

a. shore b. coast c. beach d. sea

4) When the weather was nice, she liked to go for a walk in the early morning _________.

a. blizzard b. mist c. downpour d. heatwave

5) The _________ he made online cost him an arm and a leg.

a. acquisition b. profit c. purchase d. damage

6) Joe Donne has been ____ with murder and is expected to serve many years in prison.

a. charged b. convicted c. blamed d. sentenced

7) The hijacker said he would release all the ________ if the police satisfied his demands.

a. victims b. witnesses c. jury d. hostages

8) A new villa is being built__________ the outskirts of the city.

a. in b. on c. at d. into

9) Bill and Denise decided to get married but they haven’t __________ a date yet.

a. put b. set c. thought d. held

10) Everyone likes my cooking. Gerard is just the exception_______ the rule.

a. of b. in c. to d. from

11) Vivian had a very busy year, because she was_____ in several theatrical performances.

a. concentrated b. related c. involved d. specialised

12) Although they were told to keep their voices ___________, they were still very noisy.

a. back b. down c. off d. on

13) Students should attend all lectures without ____________. .

a. delay b. warning c. doubt d. fail

14) The windmills were such an __________ sight that tourists could not stop taking pictures of
them.

a. impressed b. impressive c. impression d. impress

116
15) Stuart _________ at his mother’s photo for a second and then continued reading his novel.

a. gazed b. stared c. glanced d. watched

16) The financial scandal, which was revealed right before the Election Day, received a lot of
________ .

a. advertisement b. commercial c. publicity d. announcement

17) Some of the _________ of working for this company are private health insurance, an annual

bonus and commuting expenses.

a. donations b. rewards c. incomes d. perks

18) We _____________ while the artist painted Lisa’s portrait.

a. observed b. viewed c. noticed d. admired

19) I would love to stay and chat, but I am in ________because my train leaves in about an hour.

a. advance b. a hurry c. time d. brief

20) The doctor said my mother’s blood sugar levels were perfectly ____________.

a. normal b. physical c. common d. average

21) The government is planning to ______________ a satellite into space next month.

a. remove b. launch c. shootd. eject

22) Being a ____________ figure can often mean that you have to give up your personal life.

a. celebrity b. star c. fabulous d. public

23) Bob was going to propose to Alexandra last night, but in the end he ____________ and
decided to wait a bit longer.

a. turned a blind eye b. was all ears c. broke a leg d. got cold feet

24) What meanings do you think the writer is trying to ________________ ?

a. connect b. transport c. convey d. transfer

25) Although I don’t like using credit cards, they come _____________ if you run out of cash.

a. in handy b. into effect c. into power d. to light

26) To meet the deadline we must stop wasting time and get .

a. down to business b. the sack c. even d. on our nerves

27) Geraniums bring memories of my happy childhood in the village.

a. up b. back c. in d. round

117
28) Her parents have been putting a lot of on her to get a part-time job.

a. effort b. money c. pressure d. blame

29) They all agreed that Stephanie might not be perfect, but has a lot of .

a. possibility b. potential c. probability d. likelihood

30) Charles was not sure which profession to enter, but finally _________ for law.

a chose b opted c accepted d selected

31) Bacteria can't be seen by _______ eye. You have to use a microscope.

a. nude b. naked c. bare d. mere

32) The prime minister delivered his _________ in German.

a. speech b. talk c. tongue d. accent

33) He speaks five languages, but his mother __________ is Japanese

a. speech b. language c. tongue d. talk

34) With the weekend free, we decided to take a two-day _______to the nearest island.

a. travel b. trip c. journey d. flight

35) Having spent the last twenty years visiting every corner of the world, I can say that travel
certainly___________ the mind

a. widens b.extends c.expands d. broadens

36) It is becoming quite common for older people to take a travelling _________with them on
holiday.

a. colleague b. partner c. companion d. associate

37) The main attraction for most tourists is the ancient __________in the southern part of the
island.

A ruins B remnants C wrecks D remains

38) She had never been to Prague before, and she in love with It straight away.

A fell B dropped C tripped D crashed

39) They couldn't wait to go for a swim in the crystal- __________water of the small bay

A pure B clean C fresh D clear

40) The ________from our hotel room over the tiny mountain village was out of this world.

A outlook B sight C view D scene

41) The sea was so ________ that day that many passengers became quite ill as the ship rolled
from side to side

A calm B rough C open D dark

118
42) Having worked non-stop for almost six months, he decided to take a(n)______ break and

return on Monday morning

A day B extended C flying D weekend

43) The soldiers were exhausted and couldn't move back any further, so they had no choice but
to ____________.

A surrender B conquer C invade D retreat

44) After long months of negotiations, the two sides finally signed a peace ____________.

A treaty B disarmament C truce D contract

45) The police ________the protesters and brought them to the police station.

A attacked B arrested C defeated D defended

46) The ___________ came on board and inspected all the sailors on the ship.

A soldier B pacifist C admiral D private

47) I don't think he is a very good leader because he has no control _________the soldiers in his
company.

A over B on C in D at

48) There were people protesting here earlier, but now everything's fine: it's all _______control.

A in B under C over D behind

49) I'm sorry, but there's nothing I can do about the situation - it's __________my control.

A away from B out of C far from D beyond

50) The army camp is beyond that mountain. There's _______ chance that we'll reach it before
nightfall.

A slight B small C few D little

51) It's not always easy for a soldier to carry ________orders.

A out B on C off D up

52) ____________through the mountains on horseback was an amazing experience.

A Hiking B Wandering C Trekking D Marching

53) Many people want to __________ their history back as far as they can and discover who their
ancestors were.

A find B search C trace D track

54) Very occasionally, an outstanding person comes along who changes the_______ of history.

A course B route C path D way

119
55) Amelia Earhart ________ history in 1928 when she became the first woman to fly across the
Atlantic

A fixed B did C prepared D made

56) The Louvre Museum in Paris is ________ in history: it used to be the palace of the French
kings

A recorded B full C steeped D loaded

57) You really should buy a DVD player! You have to move with the __________.

A times B time C timing D timer

58) The boys have gone on a fishing ______with their father.

A trip B journey C trek D hike

59) I think you need a jacket, there's a ______breeze blowing outside.

A chilly B frosty C frigid D glacial

60) He stood on the __________of the ship and watched the seagulls dive for fish.

A floor B ground C platform D deck

61) The brother and sister were _______ over who would get to inherit the beach house.

A at large B at odds C at a standstill D at a loose end

62) Guests are requested to state their ________for smoking or non-smoking accommodation
upon booking.

A likeness B preference C care D inclination

63) The city was under ___________for six months before it finally fell.

A blockade B cordon C closure D siege

64) It's impossible to travel in the________ heat of the desert.

A bubbling B smouldering C blistering D sizzling

65) I enjoy taking a ___________bath as soon as I get home from work.

A restful B gentle C soothing D mild

66) The ceiling-high bookcase swayed for a few seconds, then crashed to the floor with a
______________noise.

A vociferous B raucous C boisterous D deafening

67) Use the____________ to drain the spaghetti, but make sure that you do it quickly enough so
that it doesn't go cold.

A whisk B colander C saucepan D grater

68) After congratulating his team, the coach left, allowing the players to let their________ down
for a while.
120
A hair B heads C hearts D souls

69) Turn to page 24 to find out at____________ a which courses are available to you.

A look C stare B glance D glimpse

70) Mrs Robinson great pride in her cooking.

A gets B finds C has D takes

71) Sleep is _____________ to our health, and lack of it can lead to many illnesses.

A needed C essential B required D desirable

72) Every child has the right to free education in a _______school.

A public B private C state D boarding

73) This time tomorrow I will be _________ my exam.

A sitting B giving C writing D passing

74) I hope that this punishment will _______you a lesson!

A teach B learn C know D give

75) Well done Sarah ! You are top ____the class!

A in B at C of D on

76) The teacher gave out the homework assignments and then __________ the class.

A attended B missed C held D dismissed

77) Alex wanted to know how much he would have to pay for his university ___________.

A grant B loan C fees D scholarship

78) Her achievements are outstanding. She's in a __________ of her own.

A school B group C lesson D class

79) Helena was delighted when her application to Oxford University was ___________.

A passed B admitted C accepted D appointed

80) Kate took her school _______ home to her parents and they were pleased to see that she
had done well that term.

A report B statement C assessment D certificate

81) Our language school will ______ intensive courses for those who want to take the FCE exam
earlier.

A run B enroll C hold D take

82) Now that I've got my degree I will apply for a teaching ____________

A career B place C post D profession

121
83) The teacher went to prepare her lesson and pick up her register from the_______

A corridor B staff room C science lab D library

84) David was very disappointed when he was told that he had the course.

A failed B missed C dismissed D lost

85) I recommend that you get a private ___________ to help you with your Maths.

A trainer B tutor C lecturer D Instructor

86) The children at the local primary school are working on a ________related to the
environment.

A thesis B seminar C tutorial D project

87) She loves reading and always has her _________in a book.

A nose B eyes C look D attention

88) Technology has led to robots replacing factory workers on car _______ lines.

A building B assembly C making D compilation

89) ___________ powered vehicles are quieter, cleaner and more

economical to run than those powered by fossil fuels.

A Sun B Sunlight C Solar D Sunray

90) The development of ________ technology has revolutionised industry.

A informational B information C informative D inform

91) Keep everything on disc. That way if the computer ________you won't lose all your work.

A sticks B crashes C smashes D stumps

92) Increased traffic ________ has led some local councils to start charging drivers to enter city
centres.

A congestion B blockage C stoppage D obstruction

93) Many parts of the world are experiencing __________ weather conditions as a result of
global warming.

A acute B excessive C disproportionate D extreme

94) The area is well served by a wide range of fast food _________ranging from burger bars to
Indian takeaways.

A openings B outlets C means D channels

95) Read through the contract, and if you wish to _____________any changes, let me know.

A make B have C hold D do

96) My sisterlives so far away weonly see each other once in a ___________.

122
A long time B dark night C red planet D blue moon

97) It's sad to say, but very few relationships nowadays stand the ___________ of time.

A trial B judgement C test D check

98) I know it's hard to stop smoking, but you'll feel better in the long _____________.

A time B turn C go D run

99) The country has been ravaged by a _____________ war.

A friendly B national C civil D local

100) If you do not agree to refund my deposit, I will be forced to take _________ action.

A law B legal C court D police

101) Newcastle United won a ______ victory over league rivals Arsenal to win the premiership
title.

A decisive B influential C strong-minded D determined

102) I find the idea of experimenting on animals ____________.

A disagreeing B distasteful C objectionable D objective

103) If the virus continues to spread _____________ , we’ll have an epidemic on our hands.

A uncaught B unchecked C uncontrolled D unstoppable

104) The ___________ speaker at today's event will be Peter Morgan, a leading authority on Celtic
history.

A major B key C lead D central

105) I prefer sugar in my coffee, thanks. I find ________ sweeteners leave a bitter aftertaste.

A technical B take C man-made D artificial

106) The technology employed in designing this new digital camera is

A artistic B art-for-art's sake C state-of-the-art D artful

107) In___________, we'd like you to leave.

A quick B fast C brief D speed

108) You need a well- _________ diet to lead a healthy lifestyle.

A mannered B Informed C balanced D preserved

109) She asked for a second ___________ as It tasted so good.

A helping B course C dish D plate

110) It Is healthier to have a diet that Is___________in fat.

A short B light C small D low

123
111) Many busy housewives today buy __________ foods.

A icy B frozen C cold D freezing

112) I'm tired of washing by hand. I could ___________ with a washing machine.

A make B have C get D do

113) Helen offered to give me the__________ for her delicious pizza.

A receipt B instructions C recipe D prescription

114) I love chips, but the doctor advised me not to eat ______________food.

A baked B fried C grilled D roast

115) Eating a bar of chocolate from time __________time won't do you any harm.

A to B in C at D with

116) To keep in good __________ you should exercise regularly.

A body B shape C fît D build

117) She never drinks____________ water because it's too fizzy.

A gassy B flat C bubbly D sparkling

118) The gardener decided to retire _______________ the age of fifty.

A in B with C at D of

119) John felt a sharp ___________ in his back.

A injury B pain C wound D ache

120) It took six months for him to fully _________ from his illness.

A heal B cure C recover D mend

121) Matthew was fined £100 for driving ___________age.

A with B In C on D under

122) I enjoy eating hot, ________ food but it gives me indigestion.

A creamy B spicy C greasy D savoury

123) The meal was delicious, especially the main ___________.

A appetizer B dessert C course D starter

124) Jeffs constant coughing and _________is a sign he should give up smoking.

A wheezing B whooshing C whistling D whining

125) The operation left him with a small on his left cheek.

A line B graze C injury D scar

126) You shouldn't drive while taking this medication as it can cause _________vision.
124
A hazy B misty C vague D blurred

127) He had to withdraw from the race because of a __________ muscle.

A dragged B sprained C hung D pulled

128) Following her collapse from exhaustion, the doctor recommended lots of bed_______.

A sleep B rest C stay D leisure

129) The races were cancelled because the race ____________was waterlogged.

A ring B rink C tarmac D track

130) A protective _______will not only protect you if you fall but will also prevent injury from
falling rocks from above.

A cap B helmet C beret D bonnet

131) You have to have nerves of ___________ to be an air traffic controller.

A iron B metal C steel D granite

125