Extinción de Especies y Pérdida de Biodiversidad
Extinción de Especies y Pérdida de Biodiversidad
Extinción de Especies y Pérdida de Biodiversidad
Se estima que para el año 2100, el cambio de uso de suelo, el cambio climático,
modificación al ciclo de nitrógeno y las especies invasoras serán los principales
motores de la pérdida de biodiversidad mundial; los tres primeros factores son
también límites planetarios. Los elementos anteriormente mencionados, así como
la explotación legal e ilegal de las especies silvestres, pueden considerarse las
causas directas de la pérdida de biodiversidad (las acciones o procesos físicos
inmediatos que la originan), pero es importante señalar que también existen causas
indirectas o subyacentes, es decir las fuerzas fundamentales que operan
difusamente sobre las causas directas y que están conformadas por un complejo
de variables sociales, políticas, económicas, demográficas, tecnológicas y
culturales.
Causas Directas
Global change refers to the set of environmental changes that affect the processes
that determine the functioning of the Earth; these changes are characterized by
being very fast, compared to the times of evolution of the planet and its
anthropogenic origin. In this context of global change, 9 planetary limits have been
proposed that describe a safe operating space for humanity in sexual relation with
the planet. Earth system, its subsystems and biophysical processes. Of these, the
limit of biodiversity loss is the one that has been exceeded, followed by the alteration
to the nitrogen and phosphorus cycle, and climate change.
Direct Causes
Change in land use (CUS)
The "land use" refers to the set of human actions carried out in a certain type of land
cover, that is, the social and economic effects for which the land is managed. In this
sense, dramatic changes in land use have been generated, thus affecting various
ecosystems. Two studies found that in the period from 1700 to 1990 the areas of
cultivation increased approximately five times, while the area of pastures grew by
600%. All this at the expense of forested areas, which in one study went from 5,000
million to 4,300 million hectares and in another went from 6,200 million to 5,300
million hectares; while the steppes, savannahs and grasslands went from 3,200
million to 1,800 or 2,700 million hectares in the same period. It is important to
mention that both the loss and the fragmentation of habitat can seriously impede the
circulation of species and their ability to cope with climate change.
The phenomenon of
climate change refers to
an alteration in the
average and / or in the
variability of climate
properties, which persists
for an extended period of
time. This phenomenon
can affect biodiversity (both at the level of species and ecosystem) marine and
terrestrial, in multiple ways and at different scales. This is because climate is the
main factor that controls the global patterns of vegetation structure and, therefore,
the productivity and composition of plant and animal species. Alterations in climate
could affect numerous environmental conditions that species of flora and fauna
require to reproduce, grow and survive. According to the Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change, the main effects of climate change on the biodiversity of
terrestrial systems are the following:
Changes in the time of certain biological events, which have been recorded
for different species, for example:
Indirect Causes
The impacts on biodiversity can be framed in the Anthropocene, the current
geological era in which the human species is the one that determines the
fundamental processes of the biosphere, thus leading to global environmental
change. Virtually all aspects of global change are caused primarily by the rapid
growth of the human population and the increase in the consumption of resources
per capita. The latter is largely driven by the logic of the capitalist system that
constantly seeks to create goods to accumulate wealth, either by solving existing
basic and historical-social needs or creating new ones, regardless of the
environmental costs and the injustice that it represents towards other animals and
species.
It is possible to carry out an analysis of the indirect causes on a larger scale
and identify key sectors in the direct cause of the loss of biodiversity, such
as:
Change in land use: livestock, real estate developers and road builders.
Climate change and acidification of the oceans: the generation of electricity,
agriculture, especially livestock, industry and transport.
Exploitation of species / wildlife trafficking: For food, medicine, sports,
cosmetics, entertainment, decoration, clothing, luxury goods and religious
aspects.