აფხაზეთი. ნარკვევები საქართველოს ისტორიიდან

afxazeTis ganaTlebisa da kulturis saministro
iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti
narkvevebi saqarTvelos istoriidan
afxazeTi
uZvelesi droidan dRemde
Tbilisi
inteleqti
2007
UDC (uak) 94(479.22)+94(479.224)
n – 295
1
saredaqcio kolegia: profesori jemal gamaxaria
(mTavari redaqtori), profesori Tamaz beraZe,
profesori Teimuraz gvancelaZe
avtorTa koleqtivi:
jemal gamaxaria (proeqtis
xelmZRvaneli), lia axalaZe, malxaz baramiZe, Tamaz
beraZe, lia biTaZe, irakli gelenava, Teimuraz
gvancelaZe, badri gogia, koba okujava, guranda
fxakaZe, rezo xvistani, beJan xorava, dazmir jojua.
recenzentebi: profesori oTar Jordania

profesori manana sanaZe
profesori tariel futkaraZe
wigni warmoadgens pirvel ganmazogadebel mecnierul naSroms

afxazeTis istoriis sakiTxebze uZvelesi droidan dRemde. misi meSveobiT
mkiTxveli gaecnoba qarTveli da afxazi istorikosebis Sexedulebebs
sadavo sakiTxebze, rac, Tavis mxriv, mkiTxvels saSualebas miscems
darwmundes ama Tu im debulebis sisworeSi. naSromi SeiZleba
gamoyenebul iqnes damxmare saxelmZRvanelod umaRles saswavleblebSi
saqarTvelos istoriis, politologiis, geopolitikis, konfliqtologiis
da sxva kursebis Seswavlisas. igi daexmareba pedagogebs kvalifikaciis
amaRlebaSi.
garekanze gamosaxulia gudauTis raionis sofel anuxvis miqael da

gabriel mTavarangelozebis eklesiis svetze amokveTili giorgi basilis
Zis qarTuli warwera (XIs.).
ISBN 978-9941-0-0410-0
2
sarCevi
Sesavali (jemal gamaxaria)...................................................................................................................................................... 5
Tavi I. istoriul-geografiuli mimoxilva (Tamaz beraZe, beJan xorava)............................... 6-10
Tavi II. winareantikuri xanis arqeologiuri Zeglebi Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze

(m.alxaz baramiZe, guranda fxakaZe)
1. qvis xana (Zv.w. 1 800 000 – 50 000) ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 11-14
2. eneoliT-Suabrinjaos xana (Zv.w. V-II aTaswleulis Suaxanebi) ............................................................................................... 15-22
3. gvianbrinjao – adrerkinis xana (Zv.w. XVI-VIIss.) .............................................................................................................................................. 22-29
Tavi III. Tanamedrove afxazeTis miwa-wyali - Zveli egrisis (kolxeTis) SemadgenlobaSi

Zv.w. I saukunemde (jemal gamaxaria)
1. monacemebi winareantikuri periodis Sesaxeb ........................................................................................... 30-40
2. eTnopolitikuri viTareba Zv. w. VI-I ss. ....................................................................................................... 40-57
Tavi IV. Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoria I saukunidan VIII saukunis Sua xanebamde
(jemal gamaxaria)
1. eTnikuri viTareba ............................................................................................................................................................... 58-77
2. qristianobis gavrceleba................................................................................................................................................. 77-80
3. afxazeTi egrisis (lazikis) SemadgenlobaSi. ........................................................................................... 80-92
Tavi V. afxazeTi àfxazTa samefos” SemadgenlobaSi. VIIIs. meore naxevari – Xs. (lia
axalaZe) ……............................................................................................................................................................................................. 93-112
Tavi VI. afxazeTis saeklesio xuroTmoZRvreba (revaz xvistani) ............................................ 113-118

Tavi VII. Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoria gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos
SemadgenlobaSi.
XI – XVss.
1. afxazeTi XI saukunidan XIII saukunis 40-ian wlebamde (lia axalaZe)............................. 119-130
2. afxazeTi XIIIs-is 40-iani wlebidan XVs-is 90-ian wlebamde (Tamaz beraZe) ............. 130-140
3 genuelTa savaWro faqtoria savastopol-cxomSi//cxumSi (Tamaz beraZe) ................... 141-147
Tavi VIII. Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoria XVI saukuneSi (Tamaz beraZe) ................ 148-152
Tavi IX. Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoria XVII saukuneSi (koba okujava)

1. politikuri viTareba ........................................................................................................................................................ 153-161
2. eTnikuri procesebi ............................................................................................................................................................. 161-171
3. religiuri viTareba.............................................................................................................................................................. 171-174
Tavi X. anTropologiuri monacemebi afxazTa eTnogenezisis sakiTxisaTvis (lia biTaZe)

......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 175-179
Tavi XI. afxazeTis eTnikuri istoriis lingvisturi safuZvlebi (Teimuraz gvancelaZe)

......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 180-198
Tavi XII. afxazeTi XVIII saukunis dasawyisidan 80-ian wlebamde (beJan xorava)........ 199-204
Tavi XIII. afxazeTi XVIIIs. miwurulsa da XIXs. damdegs. afxazeTis Sesvla

ruseTis `mfarvelobaSi” (beJan xorava) .............................................................................................................. 205-220
3
Tavi XIV. afxazeTi 1810-1880 wlebSi (beJan xorava)
1. ruseTis batonobis ganmtkicebis mcdelobani. 1810-1820ww. ......................................................... 221-228
2. saxalxo ajanyebebi da ruseTis mier gatarebuli samxedro-diplomatiuri
RonisZiebebi.
XIXs. 20-iani wlebi. .................................................................................................................................................................... 228-241
3. afxazeTis samTavro XIXs. 30-50-ian wlebSi ................................................................................................ 242-251
4. ruseT-kavkasiis omis dasruleba da afxazeTis samTavros gauqmeba ............................... 251-260
5. afxazeTis kolonizacia XIX s. 60-70-ian wlebSi..................................................................................... 260-265
Tavi XV. afxazeTi 1881 wlidan 1917 wlis Tebervlamde (irakli gelenava)
1. rusuli kolonialuri politikis gamkacreba afxazeTSi. 1880-1905ww. ........................... 266-276
2. afxazeTi demokratiuli revoluciis, reaqciisa da pirveli msoflio omis periodSi.
1905 - 1917 wlebi ............................................................................................................................................................................. 277-286
Tavi XVI. afxazeTi – saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis SemadgenlobaSi

(jemal gamaxaria)
1. afxazeTis sakiTxi saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobisaTvis brZolis
periodSi. 1917w. Tebervali – 1918w. maisi ............................................................................................................. 287-292
2. afxazeTi – saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis avtonomiuri erTeuli. 1918w.
ivnisi – 1919w. marti ................................................................................................................................................................... 292-301
3. politikuri viTareba avtonomiur afxazeTSi da misi okupacia sabWoTa ruseTis
mier. 1919w. marti – 1921w. marti ..................................................................................................................................... 301-311
Tavi XVII. afxazeTis politikuri statusi sabWoTa saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi.

1921-1937ww. (jemal gamaxaria) ............................................................................................................................................ 312-324
Tavi XVIII. afxazeTi sabWoTa socializmis epoqaSi. 1938-1990ww. (dazmir jojua) .... 325-344
Tavi XIX. afxazeTi saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis pirvel

wlebSi.
1990-1992ww. (dazmir jojua) ................................................................................................................................................ 345-354
Tavi XX. afxazeTi 1992-2007 wlebSi (dazmir jojua)

1. omi afxazeTSi. 1992-1993ww.................................................................................................................................................. 355-366
2. afxazeTi omisSemdgom wlebSi. 1993-2007ww. ................................................................................................... 366-369
Tavi XXI. Zveli rukebi saqarTvelos Crdilo-dasavleT sazRvrebis Sesaxeb (badri

gogia) .............................................................................................................................................................................. 370 - ruk. ##1-16
pirTa saZiebeli ........................................................................................................................................................................... 371-377
4
Sesavali
afxazeTis istoriis sakiTxebze ganmazogadebeli mecnieruli naSromis momzadeba
da sxvadasxva enebze gamocema metismetad gaWianurda. aseTi naSromis Seqmnis
aucilebloba ki mravali garemoebiT aris nakarnaxevi. pirvel rigSi, xazgasmiT unda
aRiniSnos, rom ruseTis saxelmwifos mudmivi mcdeloba, CamoaSoros saqarTvelos
Tavisi Crdilo-dasavleTi nawili, jer kidev saukuneze meti xnis win gaxda afxazeTisa
da masTan erTad mTlianad dasavleT saqarTvelos istoriis politizaciis, Sesabamisad,
istoriuli warsulis uxeSi falsifikaciis mizezi. swored gayalbebuli istoriis
safuZvelze, lozungiT àfxazeTi – saqarTvelo ar aris”, XXs. dasawyisSi aRmocenda
Tanamedrove afsuur-afxazuri politikuri separatizmi – rusuli imperializmis erT-
erTi nairsaxeoba da misi dasayrdeni saqarTveloSi. saqme iqamdec ki mivida, rom
afxazeTSi dRes arsebuli ukanono reJimi da misi mfarvelebi odiTganve qarTuli
regionis `saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis” safuZvlad `xalxis nebasTan” erTad,
istorias, ìstoriul uflebas” (?!) asaxeleben. am ùflebis” dasacavad separatistulad
ganwyobilma avtorebma (s.lakoba, o. bRaJba, v. Cirikba, m. gunba, v. hagba, g. oTirba, n.
akaba, e. ajinjali, i. maruxba, T. aCugba, d.dbari, s.Samba, T.ZafSba da sxvebma) rusul da
inglisur enebze gamoaqveynes aTobiT tendenciuri naSromi, maT Soris
saxelmZRvaneloebi. xsenebul avtorTa gamocemebs mecnieruli Rirebuleba praqtikulad
ar gaaCnia. separatistebi TavianTi fantastikuri `daskvnebiT” ufro iluzorul
politikur miznebs emsaxurebian, vidre mecnierebas. yalbi istoriografia
separatistuli xelisuflebis gansakuTrebuli mzrunvelobisa da yuradRebis qveS
imyofeba.
qarTuli istoriografia ki, samwuxarod, Zlier CamorCa movlenebs. miuxedavad
didi potencialisa, damoukidebel saqarTveloSi man jer ver daimkvidra Rirseuli
adgili. saTanadod ar aris gacnobierebuli istoriografiis mniSvneloba erovnuli
saxelmwifos mSeneblobis, politikuri da ideologiuri safrTxeebisagan qveynis dacvis,
awmyosa da momavlis ukeTesad gaazrebis saqmeSi. am pirobebSic afxazeTis istoriisadmi
miZRvnilma araerTma sayuradRebo naSromma ixila mzis sinaTle. Tumca aSkaraa, rom
qarTulma istoriografiam dRemde ver SeimuSava erTiani midgoma calkeuli sakvanZo
problemebisadmi; bolomde ar aris daZleuli sabWoTa istoriografiis negatiuri
gavlena iseT problemaTa kvlevisas, rogorebicaa antikuri xanis kolxeTis//egrisis
samefos eTnopolitikuri istoria, qarTveli da afxazi xalxebis eTnogenezisi da a.S. es
ki, Tavis mxriv, garkveul zemoqmedebas axdens sxva mniSvnelovani sakiTxebisa da
Semdgomi periodis istoriis gaSuqebazec.
avtorTa koleqtivis amocanas warmoadgenda afxazeTis Tanamedrove teritoriis
(da ara mxolod sakuTriv afxazeTis, romlis sazRvrebi yovelTvis ar emTxveoda mis
amJamindel farglebs) upiratesad eTnopolitikuri istoriis gaSuqeba, argumentirebuli
pasuxis gacema separatist-falsifikatorebisaTvis. mTavari argumenti ki qarTuli da
ucxouri istoriuli wyaroebia, romelTa cnobebiTac gajerebulia warmodgenili
naSromi. gamokvlevis erT-erTi Tavisebureba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom masSi
gamoyenebulia rogorc istorikosebisa da arqeologebis, ise anTropologebis,
istoriuli geografiis specialistebisa da lingvistebis ukanaskneli mecnieruli
miRwevebi.
winamdebare naSroms aranairi kavSiri ara aqvs da arc SeiZleba hqondes
mimdinare politikasTan, afxazeTis momavali statusis gansazRvrasTan. narkvevis mizans
warmoadgens ara qarTul-afxazur urTierTobaze zemoqmedeba misi gaumjobesebis, miT
umetes gauaresebis TvalsazrisiT, aramed istoriuli sinamdvilis aRdgena. vinaidan
qarTvel da afxaz istorikosTa mosazrebebi am etapze sruliad SeuTavsebelia,
TanamSromloba maT Soris ver xerxdeba. miuxedavad amisa, avtorebi gamoTqvamen
mzadyofnas, momavalSi iTanamSromlon meore mxaresTan.
wignis momzadebaSi gaweuli sxvadasxva saxis kvalificiuri daxmarebisaTvis
avtorebi madlobas moaxseneben simon gogiZes, nana kvaracxelias, dinara darsalias,
lika (Teona) nucubiZes, xviCa qardavas, daviT Jvanias.
naSromi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes damxmare saxelZvanelod umaRles
saswavleblebSi saqarTvelos istoriis, politologiis, geopolitikis,
konfliqtologiis da sxva kursebis Seswavlisas. igi daexmareba pedagogebs
kvalifikaciis amaRlebaSi.
5
Tavi I. istoriul-geografiuli mimoxilva
saqarTvelos Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi, Savi zRvis sanapiroze, mdinareebs _
engursa da fsous Soris mdebareobs qveynis erT-erTi mxare afxazeTi, romelic
aris avtonomiuri respublika saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi.
afxazeTis avtonomiur respublikas md. fsou da kavkasionis mTavari
wyalgamyofi qedi ruseTis federaciisagan gamoyofs, xolo md.enguri da
kavkasionis gverdiTi kodorisa da afxazeT-svaneTis qedebi - mezobeli svaneTisa
da samegrelos mxareebisagan. afxazeTis farTobia 7600kv.km, rac saqarTvelos
farTobis 12,3% Seadgens; dedaqalaqia _ q.soxumi, saqarTvelos erT-erTi
uZvelesi da saxelganTqmuli qalaqi.
saxelwodeba `soxumi“ qarTuli cxomi//cxumisagan modis, rac rcxilas
niSnavs. Zvel berZnul wyaroebSi (fsevdo skilaqs kariandeli - Zv.w. IVs. da sxv.)
mas dioskuria ewodeba. antikuri tradiciiT, es saxelwodeba miTiuri
dioskurebidan momdinareobs. dioskurebi (berZn. Dioskuroi, zedmiwevniT _
zevsis vaJiSvilebi) iyvnen tyupi Zmebi kastori da polidevke. TiTqos,
dioskurTa meetleebma, argonavtebma telxisma da amfistma daaarses
q.dioskuria. Tumca, qalaqis saxeli dioskuria Zveli qarTuli saxelwodebis
berZnul gaazrebas unda warmoadgendes. aRsaniSnavia, rom `dia~ qarTuli enis
ramdenime dialeqtze, maT Soris megrulad dedas niSnavs, xolo `skuri~ _
wyals. romaelebma Zv.w I saukuneSi mas sebastopolisi uwodes romis
imperatoris gaius oqtaviane avgustusis (Zv.w. 43 _ ax.w. 14ww.) pativsacemad,
romelic avgustusTan erTad sebastosis (,,didi~) titulsac atarebda. mTeli
Sua saukuneebis manZilze qarTul wyaroebSi qalaqis saxelwodeba ori formiT
_ cxomi da cxumi - gvxvdeba. XIVs. dasawyisSi arabi avtori abu-al-feda
pirvelad ixseniebs qalaqs saxelwodebiT `suxum“, rac misi qarTuli
saxelisagan `cxumi“ momdinareobs. suxum//soxums eZaxdnen mas Turq-osmalebic,
romlebic SavizRvispireTSi XVs. II naxevridan gamoCndnen. aRmosavlur enebSi
(arabuli, Turquli) c bgera ar aris, amasTan ori Tanxmovnis erTad gamoTqmac
Wirs. ase miviReT qarTuli cxomi//cxumidan suxum//soxumi. es saxelwodeba
qarTulSi soxumis, xolo rusulSi suxumis formiT damkvidrda. sakuTriv
afxazebi am qalaqs àyvas“ uwodeben. es afxazuri geografiuli saxeli
pirvelad italieli kartografis j.gastaldis 1561 wlis rukazea
dafiqsirebuli ,,ayva~ formiT md.yubanis Sua welze, xolo Semdeg, 1737w.
qarTulad Sedgenil dasavleT saqarTvelos rukaze dRevandel qalaq soxumis
adgilas dafiqsirebulia àyu“ formiT, Tumca iqve maxloblad aRniSnulia
`cxumis cixec”.
* * *
afxazeTs CrdiloeTiT kavkasionis mTavari wyalgamyofi qedi sazRvravs,
romelic Crdilo-dasavleTidan samxreT-aRmosavleTiskenaa gadaWimuli.
afxazeTis farglebSi kavkasionis mTavari wyalgamyofi qedis, afxazeTis
kavkasionis, mwvervalebia: dombaiulgeni (4046 m), gvandra (3985 m), ercaxu (3910 m),
fSiSi (3790 m), aRefsTa (3257 m). sanCaros (2292 m), aZafSis (2497 m), alaSTraxus
(2723 m), xidas (2632 m), naharis (2931 m), maruxis (2746 m) da qluxoris (2781 m)
uReltexilebze gadadis sacalfexo gzebi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi. kavkasionis
mTavari wyalgamyofi qedi cicabod eSveba mdinareebis bzifis, CxalTis, sakenis
xeobebisaken. afxazeTis mTiani Sua nawili uWiravs kavkasionis gverdiT _
gagris, bzifis, CxalTis anu afxazeTis, kodoris anu fanavis qedebs, romlebsac,
Tavis mxriv, mravali ganStoeba aqvT.
afxazeTi mTagoriani mxarea. misi teritoriis 74% mTasa da mTiswineTs
uWiravs, danarCeni _ vake-dablobebs. zogan mTa uSualod adgeba zRvas, zogan
maT Soris SedarebiT didi manZilia. Crdilo-dasavleTiT, md.fsous marcxena
6
napirze, 10-15km. manZilze, zRvasa da kavkasions Soris zRvis piras mozrdili
vakea. samxreT-aRmosavleTiT, gagris qedi uSualod adgeba zRvas. gagris
samxreT-aRmosavleTiT mTis masivi TandaTan ukan ixevs da zRvispira viwro vake
zoli biWvinTis dablobSi gadadis. biWvinTis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT mTa kvlav
zRvisken miiwevs da axali aTonis midamoebSi uSualod zRvas adgeba. soxumis
samxreT-aRmosavleTiT zRvispira vake zoli TandaTan farTovdeba da
md.kodoris marcxena napiridan kolxeTis dablobSi gadadis. sanapiro zoli
sworxazovania; aRsaniSnavia soxumisa da gagris ubeebi, biWvinTisa da soxumis
koncxebi.
kodoris qedis CrdiloeTiT, md.kodoris Sua welSi mdebareobs mTiani mxare
webeli, xolo mis zemo welSi _ mTiani mxare dali (afxazeTis svaneTi);
md.bzifis zemo welSi, kavkasionis qedsa da bzifis qeds Soris qvabulSi _
mTiani mxare fsxu.
afxazeTSi bevri tbaa: riwa, adueda aZiJi, derikvara aZiSi, yvaraSi, patara
riwa, amtyeli, cisferi tba, inkiTi, bebesiri, papanwyvili da sxv.
afxazeTis mdinareTa qseli xSiria. mTavari mdinareebia: fsou, bzifi,
kodori, gumisTa, kelasuri, RaliZga, moqvi, enguri, romlebic Savi zRvis auzs
miekuTvnebian.
saqarTvelos, da Sesabamisad afxazeTis, sasazRvro mdinare fsou saTaves
aibgis qedze iRebs da Sav zRvas sof.leseliZesTan erTvis. mis samxreT-
aRmosavleTiT md.mehadiri moedineba, romelsac saTave gagris qedis samxreT-
dasavleT kalTaze aqvs da Sav zRvaSi daba ganTiadTan Caedineba. daba
ganTiadis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT Sav zRvas patara mdinare beRerefsTa, igive
xolodnaia reCka erTvis. afxazeTis yvelaze grZeli mdinarea bzifi. igi saTaves
kavkasionis qedis samxreT kalTaze, uReltexil adangesTan iRebs. misi sigrZea
110km. Tavisi dinebis umetes nawilSi, md.iufSaras SesarTavamde, zogadad
dasavleTis mimarTuleba aqvs, Semdeg gezs icvlis da samxreTisaken uxvevs.
zemo dinebaSi xeoba viwro da Rrmaa; sof.fsxusTan xeoba ganierdeba da mdinare
itoteba; qvemoT xeoba viwro, zogan kanionisebria, daba bzifTan dablobze
gamodis da biWvinTis koncxTan Sav zRvas erTvis. aRsaniSnavia, rom `bzifi“ am
mdinaris SedarebiT axali saxelwodebaa. XIXs. 20-ian wlebamde mas kapoetis
wyali (kapoetis mdinare) erqva. saxelwodeba qarTulia da momdinareobs Tevzis
saxelidan kapoeti. Tevzi kapoeti kalmax-oragulis jiSs ekuTvnis; igi
mozrdili saxis kalmaxia da swored am mdinareSi gvxvdeba. gamoTqmulia
mosazreba, rom qarTulia saxelwodeba bzific (bzibi), rac dakavSirebulia
mcenaris saxelTan _ bza. afxazeTis mTavar mdinares, romelic bzebis xeobaze
moedineba bzifis (bzebis) wyali ewodeba.
bzifis marjvena Senakadis iufSaras xeobaSi, zRvis donidan 884 m-ze
umSvenieresi riwis tba mdebareobs. igi mTa fSegiSxis Camoqcevisa da
md.laSifsas dagubebis Sedegad gaCnda. riwis sanapiroebi garSemortymulia
wiwviani da Sereuli tyeebiT dafaruli mTis ferdobebiT, ris gamoc is
kavkasiaSi erT-erT ulamazes tbad iTvleba.
sakuTriv bzifis marjvena napirze, zRvasTan axlos, patara, magram uaRresad
lamazi cisferi tba mdebareobs.
bzifis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT moedineba md.mWiSTa anu Savwyala, romelic
saTaves bzifis qedis samxreT kalTaze iRebs da Sav zRvas gudauTis
dasavleTiT erTvis. is karstuli mdinarea. Sua saukuneebSi `muwis wyali“ anu
miwis wyali ewodeboda, radgan did manZilze miwis qveS moedineba. misi
afxazuri (mWiSTa) da rusuli (Cornaia reCka) saxelebi Savwyalas irib Targmans
warmoadgens.
mWiSTas samxreT-aRmosavleTiT moedineba md. xifsTa, romelic saTaves
bzifis qedis samxreT kalTaze iRebs da Sav zRvas gudauTasTan erTvis. misi
rusuli saxeli _ belaia reCka, qarTuli TeTrwyalas pirdapiri Targmania. Sua
7
saukuneebSi am mdinares zufu (zufus mdinare) erqva, mis napirze iyo sof. zufu
(amJ. lixni), saidanac man saxelwodeba miiRo.
xifsTas samxreT-aRmosavleTiT md. aafsTa moedineba, romelic saTaves
bzifis qedis aRmosavleT nawilSi iRebs, samxreT kalTas miuyveba da gudauTasa
da axal aTons Soris Sav zRvaSi Caedineba. mas baklanovkasac eZaxian, Tumca
misi istoriuli saxelia aRacos wyali, romelic soflis saxelidan àRaco~
momdinareobs. XIX saukuneSi am mdinares aacs eZaxdnen, rac qarTuli aRacos
wylis afxazuri formaa; sofel aRacos ki dResac aaci ewodeba. md.xifsTas
marjvena Senakadia patara mdinare egri.
axali aTonis Crdilo-dasavleTiT Sav zRvaSi patara mdinare fsircxa
Caedineba. Sua saukuneebSi mas anakofiis mdinare ewodeboda Zveli cixe-qalaqis,
anakofiis (amJ. axali aToni) saxelis mixedviT.
fsircxas samxreT-aRmosavleTiT md.gumisTa moedineba. igi mdinareebis
aRmosavleT gumisTis da dasavleT gumisTis SeerTebiT warmoiqmneba. es mdinare
Sav zRvas soxumis dasavleTiT erTvis. dRevandeli q.soxumis farglebSi Sav
zRvaSi md.besleTi (basla) Caedineba. igi karstuli mdinarea, saTaves karstuli
wyaroebidan iRebs. Sua saukuneebSi mas cxomis, igive cxumis mdinare ewodeboda
q.cxomis (amJ. soxumi) saxelis mixedviT. besleTi 4km-iani karstuli gvirabiT
dakavSirebulia md.kelasurTan, romelic soxumis aRmosavleTiT,
sof.kelasurTan erTvis Sav zRvas. igi saTaves bzifis qedis samxreT kalTaze,
ximsis myinvarze iRebs. saxelwodeba `kelasuri“ berZnuli `klisuradan“
momdinareobs, rac gasasvlel adgils, viwrobs niSnavs.
kelasuris samxreT-aRmosavleTiT yvelaze didi mdinarea kodori, romelic
sigrZiT afxazeTis meore mdinarea. igi dalis xeobaSi iRebs saTaves, iqmneba
mdinareebis gvandrisa da sakenis SeerTebis Sedegad. kodori jer dasavleTiT,
Semdeg ki samxreT-dasavleTiT miedineba da sof.aZiubJas (istoriuli sof.
Sqawyari, igive Suawyali, romlis Targmania afxazuri aZiubJa) samxreTiT Sav
zRvas erTvis. misi sigrZea 84km. md.kodoris marjvena napirze mdebareobs
drandis taZari, X-XVIIss. dasavleT saqarTvelos erT-erTi saeklesio centri.
didi qarTveli istorikosisa da geografis vaxuSti bagrationis (1696-1758ww.)
cnobiT, kodori Tavdapirvelad dabis saxelwodeba yofila da aqedan darqmevia
Semdeg es saxeli mdinares. sof. kodori skotoris formiT jer kidev VII
saukuneSi bizantiel avtorTan Teodosi gangrelTan ixsenieba. saxelwodeba
`kodori“ qarTulia, rogorc fuZe sityviT, ise gramatikuli gaformebiT.
kodoris umTavresi Senakadebia: CxalTa (afxazurad awgara), mramba, jampali
amtyeliT. md. amtyelis xeobaSi amtyelis anu azanTis tba mdebareobs, romelic
1891w. warmoiSva miwis uzarmazari masis mier md. amtyelis dagubebis Sedegad.
kodoris aRmosavleTiT, erT patara mdinares cxeniswyali ewodeba. am
mdinaris berZnulad Targmnili saxelwodeba jer kidev II saukunis berZeni
istorikosisa da romis imperiis didmoxelis flavius arianes TxzulebaSi
gvxvdeba.
afxazeTis mniSvnelovani mdinarea agreTve moqvi, romelic saTaves kodoris
qedis samxreT kalTaze iRebs da Sav zRvas oCamCiris maxloblad erTvis. md.
moqvTan misi marjvena Senakadis md.dvabis SeerTebis adgilas mdebareobs moqvis
taZari, X-XVIIss. dasavleT saqarTvelos erT-erTi saeklesio centri; q.oCamCiris
aRmosavleTiT Sav zRvas erTvis md.RaliZga (saxeli RaliZga - `Relis napiri~
Tavidan am mdinarispiras mdebare sofels erqva), romelic saTaves kodoris
qedis samxreT kalTaze, mwverval xojalis maxloblad iRebs. Sua saukuneebSi
mas egriswyali ewodeboda; kodoris qedis samxreT kalTaze iRebs saTaves
md.oqumic, romelic Sav zRvas sof.gudavasTan erTvis. mis marjvena napirzea
istoriuli sofeli oqumi, saidanac mdinarem es saxeli miiRo. oqumis marjvena
Senakadebia: md.warCe _ istoriuli wyaroebis dadiswyali _ da md.oxoje,
romlis napirzec mdebareobs dasavleT saqarTvelos erT-erTi saeklesio
8
centri X-XVIIIss. bediis taZari; marcxena Senakadia md.didi eriswyali,
istoriuli wyaroebis erTiswyali. md.oqumis aRmosavleTiT swrafi da wyaluxvi
md.enguri moedineba. igi saTaves svaneTSi, zRvis donidan 2614m-ze, myinvar
engurze iRebs da Sav zRvas sof.anakliasTan erTvis. misi qvemo dineba
afxazeTis avtonomiur respublikas samegrelosgan gamoyofs.
afxazeTi subtropikuli sartylis yvelaze CrdiloeT sazRvarze mdebareobs.
kavkasionis mTavari wyalgamyofi qedi mas CrdiloeTis civi qarebis
SemoWrisagan icavs. Tbili zRva, romelic arasodes iyineba, mSfoTvare mTis
mdinareebi rbil, tenian subtropikul klimats qmnian. afxazeTSi ZiriTadad
zRvis notio subtropikuli havaa gavrcelebuli. misi teritoriis didi nawili,
daaxloebiT 55% tyiT aris dafaruli. aq 2 aTasze meti saxeobis mcenarea
gavrcelebuli, maT Soris, 150 saxeobis xe da buCqovani mcenare. xe-mcenareebidan
aRsaniSnavia: muxa, rcxila, nekerCxali, cacxvi, wifeli, wabli, kakali, naZvi,
fiWvi, soWi, bza da sxv. aq gvxvdeba rogorc barisa da mTis tyis, ise maRali
mTis cxovelTa saxeobebi. binadrobs: jixvi, Sveli, arCvi, riwis tyeebSi _
kavkasiuri iremi. gvxvdeba: daTvi, mgeli, tura, mela, maCvi, kverna, ciyvi,
kurdReli da sxv. XXs. dasawyisSi moispo kavkasiuri domba. frinvelebidan
gavrcelebulia: arwivi, mimino, orbi, Sevardeni, kavkasiuri SurTxi, xoxobi,
mwyeri, Tolia, ofofi da sxv. mdinareebsa da tbebSi aris kalmaxi, kolxuri
wvera, loqo, zogan Savi zRvidan _ oraguli da zuTxi. sasargeblo florisa da
faunis dasacavad Seqmnilia: riwa-avadharis, fsxus, biWvinTis, gumisTis,
miuseris nakrZalebi.
afxazeTi mdidaria sasargeblo wiaRiseuliT. aRsaniSnavia tyvarCelisa da
bzifis qvanaxSiris sabadoebi. bevrganaa tyviis, TuTiis, spilenZis sabadoebi;
TabaSiri, kirqva, saagure Tixa da sxv. gansakuTrebiT uxvad aris samkurnalo
mineraluri wylebi mdinareebis kodoris, sakenis, bzifis, avadharis da sxv.
xeobebSi, xolo Termuli samkurnalo wylebi _ tyvarCelis, soxumis, axali
aTonis da gagris midamoebSi. SesaniSnavi buneba da Zvirfasi samkurnalo
wyaroebi afxazeTs umdidresi klimatologiuri janmrTelobis kerad aqceven.
afxazeTis ZiriTad mosaxleobas qarTvelebi da afxazebi Seadgenen.
amJamindeli afxazebi (afsuebi) eTnikurad afxazur-adiRuri jgufis xalxebs
miekuTvnebian, maTi ena _ afxazuri, iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTa ojaxis Crdilo-
dasavlur, afxazur-adiRur enaTa jgufSi Sedis. am jgufSi afxazurTan erTad
Sedis abazuri, adiReuri, yabardouli, ubixuri enebi, romlebzec CrdiloeT
kavkasiis monaTesave xalxebi _ abazebi, adiReelebi, yabardoelebi, Cerqezebi
metyveleben.
gvian Sua saukuneebamde afxazebi eTnokulturuli TvalsazrisiT iseTive
qarTvelebi iyvnen, rogorc saqarTvelos sxva istoriuli provinciebis
mosaxleoba (qarTlelebi, kaxelebi, megrelebi, svanebi da sxv.) da qarTuli
saxelmwifosa da qarTuli kulturis CamoyalibebaSi aqtiurad monawileobdnen.
gvian Sua saukuneebSi mTis Camowolis – dasavleT kavkasiis mTis mosaxleobis
afxazeTSi moZalebisa da Camosaxlebis Sedegad am mxareSi radikaluri
eTnikuri cvlileba moxda. Camosaxlebul mTielTa adgilobriv qarTul
mosaxleobasTan Serwymis Sedegad Tanamedrove afxazuri (afsua) eTnosi
Camoyalibda.
1989 wlis aRweris monacemebiT, afxazeTis mosaxleoba 525 061 Seadgenda.
erovnuli Semadgenloba aseTi iyo: qarTveli _ 239 872 (45,7%), afxazi _ 93 267
(17,8%), somexi _ 76 541 (14,6%), rusi _ 74 913 (14,2%), berZeni _ 14 664 (2,8%), sxva
erovnebis warmomadgeneli _ 25 804 (4,9%).
1991 wlis administraciul-teritoriuli dayofiT afxazeTis avtonomiur
respublikaSi Sedis 5 administraciuli raioni _ galis, oCamCiris, gulrifSis,
soxumis, gudauTis; 1 _ gagris saqalaqo sabWosadmi daqvemdebarebuli
9
teritoria, 6 qalaqi _ gali, oCamCire, tyvarCeli, soxumi, gudauTa, gagra; 4'daba
_ axali aToni, biWvinTa, ganTiadi, gulrifSi.
afxazeTis dRevandel sazRvrebSi Camoyalibeba rTuli eTno-politikuri
procesebis Sedegia, romelic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda da
mxolod XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis bolos dasrulda.
iyo dro, rodesac afxazeTi, rogorc calke administraciul-teritoriuli
erTeuli ar arsebobda. Zv.w. XV-IIss. dRevandeli afxazeTis teritoria
kolxeTis samefoSi Sedioda da mTlianad qarTuli modgmis tomebiT iyo
dasaxlebuli.
Zv.w. I _ ax.w. IIss. am teritoriaze Canan kvlav qarTveluri Temebi amjerad
sanigebis, afSilebisa da abazgebis saxelwodebiT. II-VIIIss. Tanamedrove
afxazeTis teritoria egrisis samefos SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda. saistorio
wyaroebis mixedviT, VI-VIIIss. am teritoriis samxreT-aRmosavleTi nawili
md.kodorsa da md.engurs Soris egrisis samefos odiSis erisTavebs
eqvemdebareboda. kodoris saTaveebSi _ dalis xeobaSi misimianTa svanuri tomi
cxovrobda, romelic uSualod egrisis mefes emorCileboda. uSualod lazeTis
samefo administracias emorCileboda agreTve afSileTic, romelic Savi zRvis
piras, mdinareebis kodorisa da anakofiiswyals Soris mdebareobda. ufro
Crdilo-dasavleTiT, md.aqeuntamde (amJamad md.Saxe), lazTa samefos
daqvemdebarebuli abazgiis ori saerisTavo mdebareobda.
IX-Xss. dRevandeli afxazeTis teritoria damoukidebel dasavlurqarTul
samefoSi Sedioda, romelsac samefo dinastiis mixedviT, saistorio tradiciiT,
àfxazTa samefos~ uwodeben. am samefoSi, mdinareebs kodorsa da engurs Soris
teritoria, iseve rogorc adre, odiSis saerisTavoSi Sedioda; dalis xeoba
svaneTis erisTavs emorCileboda; Zveli afSileTis teritorias cxumis
saerisTavo moicavda, mis Crdilo-dasavleTiT ki sakuTriv afxazeTis
saerisTavo mdebareobda, romelic Savi zRvis sanapiroze md. nikofsiamde (amJ.
negofsuxo) aRwevda.
saqarTvelos gaerTianebis Semdeg, daaxloebiT 2,5 saukuneze met xans
dRevandeli afxazeTis teritoriis administraciul-teritoriuli dayofa ar
Secvlila. XIVs. dasawyisSi cxumis saerisTavo odiSis saerisTavos SeuerTda.
amis Semdeg odiSisa da afxazeTis saerisTavoebs Soris sazRvari md.
anakofiiswyalze gadioda.
XVs. 70-90-ian wlebSi erTiani qarTuli samefo daiSala. dRevandeli
afxazeTis teritoria iseTive administraciul-teritoriuli danawilebiT
dasavlurqarTul imereTis samefoSi gaerTianda. afxazeTis erisTavebi imereTis
mefeebis da imavdroulad odiSis erisTavebis vasalebi iyvnen.
XVIs. 50-ian wlebSi imereTis samefos guria, odiSi da afxazeTi ganudgnen.
Tavdapirvelad afxazeTsa da odiSs Soris sazRvari md.anakofiiswyalze
gadioda, magram XVIs. 80-iani wlebis Semdeg sazRvarma ufro samxreT-
aRmosavleTiT, md.kelasurze gadainacvla. am droisaTvis afxazeTis gamgeblebi
jer kidev odiSis mTavrebis uzenaesobas aRiarebdnen.
XVI-XVIIss. afxazeTSi, rogorc zemoT iTqva, radikaluri eTnikuri
cvlilebebi moxda, rac dakavSirebuli iyo dasavleT kavkasiis tomebis
CamosaxlebasTan. maTze dayrdnobiTa da osmaleTis gadamwyveti mxardaWeriT
XVII-XVIIIss. mijnaze afxazeTis mTavrebma sazRvari samxreT-aRmosavleTiT
md.egriswyalze (amJ. RaliZga), mogvianebiT ki md.engurze gadaitanes.
TandaTanobiT md.engursa da md.RaliZgas Soris Camoyalibda mcire feodaluri
samflobelo _ samurzayano. 1702 wlidan 1840 wlamde es olqi odiSis
(samegrelos) samTavroSi Sedioda, garda drois patara monakveTisa XVIIIs. 80-
iani wlebidan 1805 wlamde, roca is afxazTa mTavars emorCileboda.
1810w. ruseTis imperiam afxazeTis samTavro (md.bzifidan md.RaliZgamde
webelisa da sxva mTis sazogadoebebis gareSe) misi okupaciis mizniT Tavisi
10
`mfarvelobis” qveS Seiyvana. 1864w. ruseTis xelisuflebam afxazeTis samTavro
gaauqma da teritoria md.enguridan gagris CaTvliT `soxumis samxedro
ganyofilebaSi~ Seiyvana, romelsac Semdeg soxumis olqi ewoda.
afxazeTis teritorias TiTqmis Tanamedrove sazRvrebSi (mehadir-fsous
monakveTis gareSe) oficialurad afxazeTi pirvelad 1919 wlis maisSi ewoda mas
Semdeg, rac saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobam afxazeTis
avtonomia aRiara da afxazeTis saxalxo sabWom regionis saxelis
gadarqmevasTan dakavSirebiT specialuri gadawyvetileba miiRo. afxazeTis
avtonomia dRevandel sazRvrebSi sabolood XXs. 20-iani wlebis bolos
Camoyalibda, rodesac ruseTis sabWoTa federaciulma socialisturma
respublikam saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialistur respublikas md.mehadirsa da
md.fsous Soris mdebare teritoria daubruna.
Tavi II. winareantikuri xanis arqeologiuri Zeglebi

Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze
11
1. qvis xana (Zv.w. 1 800 000 – 50 000)
qvis xana kacobriobis ganviTarebis uZvelesi da yvelaze xangrZlivi periodia,

romlis adreul etapze mkvlevarebi ZiriTadad 2 – Selis da aSelis safexurebs
gamoyofen. maT win unda uswrebdes uZvelesi safexuri, romelic oldeveis kulturis
saxeliT aris cnobili. am safexurisTvis niSandoblivia qvis iaraRebis gamoyeneba
damuSavebis gareSe, romlebsac eoliTebs uwodeben. es periodi meoTxeuli periodis
sawyiss, daaxloebiT 1 800 000 wlis farglebSia sagulisxmebeli.
meoTxeuli periodi, romelsac zogjer anTropogenur (adamianis warmoSobasTan
dakavSirebul) periodsac uwodeben. SeiniSneba gamyinvarebis oTxi da
gamyinvarebaTaSorisi sami periodi. kavkasiaSi gamyinvarebis kvali SedarebiT sustia da
igi Zlieri ar unda yofiliyo. kavkasiaSi misi vertikaluri zonalobis gamo
faqtobrivad yovelTvis iyo pirobebi adamianis gansaxlebisTvis. klimatis acivebasTan
erTad adamiani inacvlebs dablob, SedarebiT Tbil zolSi, xolo daTbobasTan erTad
adamiani kvlav iTvisebs maRliv zonebs. adamianis sacxovrisis vertikaluri cvlileba
marto qvis xanisTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli da SeiniSneba momdevno xanebSic. amgvarad,
aSkaraa, rom geografiuli garemo da klimati aris is gadamwyveti piroba, romelic
mxedvelobaSia misaRebi adamianis gansaxlebis procesis Seswavlis dros. afxazeTis
teritoriaze yvela vertikaluri zona aris warmodgenili: kolxeTis dablobis sanapiro
viwro zoli, mTiswina, 80-110m. simaRlis terasebi, mTa-borcvovani da alpuri zona. es
garemoeba ki klimatis cvlilebasTan erTad qmnida safuZvels mosaxleobis Sida
migraciisTvis.
afxazeTis Tanamedrove teritoria qvis xanis ZeglebiT sakmaod adridan gaxda
cnobili. am mimarTulebiT gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia s.zamiatninis1, b.kuftinis,
l.soloviovis, a.lukinis, i.voronovis, v.bJanias2, n.berZeniSvilis, al.kalandaZis,
l.wereTlis, g.grigolias, l.qorqias Sromebi3. maT miuZRviT gansakuTrebuli wvlili
ZeglTa gamovlenis, gaTxrisa da mecnieruli ganzogadoebisTvis.
am kvlevebis Sedegad sadReisod afxazeTis teritoriaze qvis xanis ramdenime aTeuli
Zeglia dafiqsirebuli4. maT Soris gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs iaSTxvis
sadgomi. igi ganfenilia soxumis Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilSi iaSTxvas mTis ferdebsa
da ZirSi. nasaxlaris mTeli teritoria (farTobi 70 ha) mofenilia kulturuli
naSTebiT. iaraRisTvis saWiro nedleuli, kargi klimati da mdebareoba saukeTeso
pirobebs qmnida pirvelyofili adamianis gansaxlebisTvis. iaSTxvis ferdobebi
mofenilia sawarmoo naSTebiT, anatkecebiT. maTTan erTad vxvdebiT nukleusebs, uxeS
lamelebs, wvetanisebr saxokebs. iSviaTia xelculi,, damzadebuli bifaseri teqnikiT,
romelic farTodaa gavrcelebuli am periodis Zeglebze da faqtobrivad ZiriTad
sameurneo da sabrZolo iaraRs warmoadgens. Cveulebriv, igi mogrZo ovaluri, zogjer
wawvetebuli formisaa. monapovari masala aSkarad aSeluri xanisaa, zogierT nimuSs
emCneva ufro arqauli winaaSeluri niSnebi5, Tumca es sakiTxi jer kidev
dasazustebelia6.
1. С. Н. Замятнин. Палеолит Абхазии. Сухуми, 1937; misive: Очерки по палеолиту. М-Л., 1961.
2. Б.А. Куфтин. Материалы к археологии Колхиды, т.I. Тб., 1949; А.Л. Лукин. Неолитическое селище Кистрик близ
Гудаута. - С.А., XII. М., 1950; Ю.Воронов. Археологическая карта Абхазии. Сухуми, 1969; В.Бжания. Древнейшая культура
Абхазии. Автореферат канд. диссертации. М., 1966; Л.Н.Соловьев. Первобытное общество на территории Абхазии.
Сухуми, 1971.
3. n. berZeniSvili, al.kalandaZe da sxv. saqarTvelos arqeologia. Tb., 1959.
Н.З.Бердзенишвили. Новые данные по палеолиту Абхазии. - ТАИ, т. XXX, 1959; А.Н.Каландадзе. Разыскания по
археологии до-античной Грузии. Автореферат. Тб., 1969; l.wereTeli, l.qorqia, g.grigolia, m.baramiZe. dazverviTi
arqeologiuri samuSaoebi engurhesis samSeneblo teritoriaze. _ akZ. 1963 wels saqarTveloSi. Tb., 1964.
4. sadReisod qvis xanis yvela etapis daaxloebiT 150-mde Zeglia cnobili. aqedan qveda paleoliTs
ganekuTvneba 15-20.
5. Л.Н. Соловьев. dasax. naSromi, gv. 27, 35.
6. И.И. Коробков. Итоги пятилетних исследований Яштухского палеолитического местонахождения. - С.А.У. М.,1967,
gv. 201; o. jafariZe. qarTvel tomTa eTnikuri istoriis sakiTxisaTvis. Tb., 1976, gv. 12-13.
12
qveda paleoliTuri Zeglebi kavkasiaSi sadReisod sakmaod mravalricxovania da,
SeiZleba iTqvas, TiTqmis yvela klimatur zolSia fiqsirebuli, maT Soris iaSTxvaSi. es
periodi Zeglebis gansakuTrebuli simravliT gamoirCeva. marto afxazeTis teritoriaze
mustieuri iaraR-nakeTobebi 100-mde punqtSia mopovebuli. isini ganlagebulia
faqtobrivad yvela vertikalur zolSi dablobidan dawyebuli maRalmTiani zonis
CaTvliT. aSkaraa, mosaxleobam imdenad moimata, rom saWiro gaxda axali sasicocxlo
teritoriebis aTviseba. gvianSelisa da adre musties xanaSi, rogorc Cans, hava mkveTrad
Seicvala da mosaxleoba tovebs maRalmTian zols. gvianmusties xanaSi sakmaod daTba
da mosaxleoba kvlav ubrundeba mTian regions. ganviTarebuli da gvianmusties masalebi
Cans kodoris xeobaSi sof.aJaris zemoT, faqtobrivad alpur zonaSi maSin, rodesac
galis, oCamCiris, kelasuris, bzifis exis da sxva adremusties da momdevno xanis Zeglebi
ZiriTadad dablob da mTiswina zolSia ganfenili. mxaris istoriis TvalsazrisiT,
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba im faqts, rom mustieuri xanis Zeglebi mravladaa
gamovlenili afxazeTis mimdebare soWis regionSi. afxazeTisgan gansxvavebiT, aq Ria
sadgomebi ar Cans da musties xana fiqsirdeba navaliSenis, axStiris, voroncovis, xostis
da sxva gamoqvabulebSi, rac, SesaZloa, klimatis gavleniT iyo gamowveuli.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom afxazeTis Zeglebze kraniologiuri masala faqtobrivad ar
aris, rac aZnelebs msjelobas anTropogenezis procesebze. erTaderTi xelmosaWidi am
TvalsazrisiT aris axStiris gamoqvabulSi gvianmusties fenaSi napovni
anTropologiuri naSTebi. gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom axStiris paleoanTropi axlos
dgas Tanamedrove adamianis tipTan da ganekuTvneba e.w. palestinel adamianebs,
romlebisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia Tanamedrove adamianis zogierTi niSnebi. sakaJias,
jruWulas, cucxvaTis da gansakuTrebiT axStiris mcirericxovani anTropologiuri
masala TiTqos imis maniSnebelia, rom swored am jgufidan unda ganviTarebuliyo
Tanamedrove fizikuri tipis adamiani Homo Sapiens–i. magram es mosazreba ar iqna
gaziarebuli rigi mkvlevarebis mier. mdgomareoba radikalurad Seicvala dmanisis
aRmoCenebis Semdgom, romlis mixedviT, gonieri adamianis formirebis procesis erT-erT
ZiriTad kerad samxreT saqarTvelo, ufro farTod ki dasavleT amierkavkasia unda iqnes
miCneuli. kerZod, afxazeTis, aWarisa da zemo imereTis regionebia sagulisxmebeli.
primitiuli iaraRis arsebobis pirobebSi pirvelyofil adamianebs patara jgufebad
unda ecxovraT da sakmaod unda emoZravaT sakvebis mosapoveblad. ganviTarebuli musties
periodSi ki aSkarad SeiniSneba mosaxleobis ricxvis mateba, pirvelyofili sazogadoebis
uadres safexurs sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT bzari uCndeba da iqmneba
gvarovnuli sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis winapiroba.
paleoliTis dasawyisSi mTeli kavkasiis teritoriaze SeiniSneba klimatis mkveTri
aciveba, rac garkveul gavlenas axdens mcenareul safarze da cxovelTa samyaroze.
adamiani tovebs mTian regions da ikavebs ufro Tbil, dablob da Rrma xeobebs. amis
gamo kulturul fenebSi mopovebuli Zvlovani da mcenareuli naSTebi tipuria zeda
viurmis gamyinvarebis periodisaTvis. SeiniSneba mosaxleobis koncentracia or ZiriTad
regionSi – rion-yvirilas auzsa da Crdilo-dasavleT kolxeTSi. SemuSavebulia
qronologiuri Skala1. es xana ufro xanmoklea da grZeldeba daaxloebiT 25 aTasi
wlis ganmavlobaSi. icvleba qvis damuSavebis teqnika. Cndeba sruliad axali formebi –
safxekebi, saWrisebi, wvetanebi, mogrZo lamelebi, nukleusebi. gansakuTrebiT
sayuradReboa mikroliTuri geometriuli CasarTebis da Zvlis damuSavebuli iaraRebis
gamoCenis faqti. zogierT Zeglze (mRvimevis exi) SeiniSneba kedelze saWrisiT
gamoyvanili gravirebuli usistemo xazebi.
afxazeTis teritoriaze zedapaleoliTuri masalebi yvelaze srulad sam punqtSia
Seswavlili – afianCa, sufinifSahva (civi mRvime), oqumi. saintereso Zeglebi mikvleulia,
soWi-adleris mxaris gamoqvabulebSi: axSTiri, novoliSeni, xosta, awi da sxva.
mniSvnelovania is garemoeba, rom axSTiris gamoqvabulis zedapaleoliTuri fena
radionaxSirbadiT 19500±500w. aris daTariRebuli (kalibrirebuli meTodiT TariRi kidev
1. С. Н. Замятнин. О локальных различиях в культуре палеолитического периода. - ТИЭ, XVI. М., 1951, gv. 131.
13
ufro aZvelebs mas). swored es Zeglebi qmnian Crdilo-dasavleT kolxeTis
zedapaleoliTur ZeglTa regions, Tumca raime lokalur gansxvavebaze laparaki
jerjerobiT saTuoa.
afxazeTis Zeglebidan gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani da srulad Seswavlilia
afianCas gamoqvabuli2. kulturul fenaTa saerTo simZlavre 16m. aRwevs. adamiani masSi
dasaxlebula zeda paleoliTis adreul etapze da cxovrobda neoliTis xanis CaTvliT.
amdenad, saqme gvaqvs qvis xanis sami safexuris uwyveti ganviTarebis suraTTan. am
TvalsazrisiT afianCas stratigrafiuli Wrili faqtobrivad erTaderTia da etalonuri
zogadad kavkasiis qvis xanis SeswavlisaTvis.
afianCas zedapaleoliTur fenebSi (2 done) yvela zemoTnaxsenebi iaraRia mopovebuli.
gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa mikroliTuri iaraRebis simravle da nairgvaroba. am
fenebSi Cndeba Zvlis naprialevi iaraRebi: nemsebi, sakinZebi, danisebri, harpunisebri da
sxva.
msgavsi masalebi mopovebulia md.kodoris da amtyelis SesarTavTan civi mRvimis
orfenian exSi (xufinifSahva). gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia cxovelTa Zvlebis naSTebi.
maTSi gamoirCeva gamoqvabulis daTvi, keTilSobili iremi, taxi, frinvelTa nairsaxeoba.
aSkaraa, rom monadireoba jer kidev meurneobis ZiriTadi saxeobaa. SesaZloa, garkveuli
wili ukavia meTevzeobasac. zedapaleoliTi socialurad ar aris is sazogadoeba, sadac
ukve unda iyos gamoyofili beladi an winamZRoli. es pirvelyofili gvarovnuli
sazogadoebaa yovelgvari diferenciaciis gareSe.
amrigad Cans, rom gvianpaleoliTis adamiani ZiriTadad dasavleT saqarTvelos
teritoriazea gansaxlebuli da, SesaZlebelia, swored aqedan xdeba misi gadaadgileba
kavkasiis sxva regionebSi. am TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa am masalebis msgavseba
CrdiloeT kavkasiis ZeglebTan. mniSvnelovani Cans kontaqtebi da tipologiuri msgavseba
iran-erayis da azovispireTis masalebTan. aRniSnuli garemoeba migvaniSnebs kavkasiis,
maT Soris afxazeTis, zedapaleoliTis erTian xasiaTze, rac erTgvarovani istoriuli
procesebiTaa ganpirobebuli.
kraniologiuri masalebis simcire ar iZleva saSualebas im periodis adamianis
fizikuri tipis, miT ufro eTnikuri kuTvnilebis garkvevisaTvis. savaraudoa, rom es
adamiani qveda paleoliTSi mosaxle gonieri adamianis, neandertalelis ganviTarebis
Semdgomi etapi iyos, risTvisac Crdilo-dasavleT saqarTveloSi yvela piroba
arsebobda.
gvianpaleoliTuri kulturis ganviTarebis Semdgomi etapi mezoliTis saxeliTaa
cnobili. es periodi, upirveles yovlisa, xasiaTdeba im garemoebiT, rom kvlav mkveTrad
icvleba klimati, mTavrdeba gamyinvarebis periodi da dgeba Tanamedrove geologiuri
periodi, holoceni.
mezoliTi aRmocenebulia adgilobrivi zeda paleoliTis safuZvelze. amaze aSkarad
miuTiTebs is garemoeba, rom zemoTxsenebul rig Zeglebze (afianCa, TeTri mRvime, rion-
yvirilas auzi) mezoliTi zemodan adevs zeda paleoliTs1. monapovari masalebis
tipologiuri analizi aSkarad miuTiTebs TandaTanobiTi ganviTarebis evoluciur
suraTs. zeda paleoliTSi Casaxuli qvis damuSavebis mikroliTuri industria TandaTan
ixveweba da srulyofil saxes Rebulobs. adamiani jer kidev ZiriTadad saxlobs
gamoqvabulSi, Tumca klimatis daTboba SesaZleblobas aZlevs, barisa da mTis
regionebis xelaxali aTviseba daiwyos. amis gamo mezoliTis xanaSi faqtobrivad
aTvisebulia yvela landSaftur-klimaturi zoli, Tumca upiratesoba kvlav, rion-
yvirilas auzsa da afxazeTs ukavia. am ukanasknelis teritoriaze dafiqsirebulia da
nawilobriv Seswavlili iseTi pirvelxarisxovani Zeglebi, rogoricaa qvaCara (qvabCara),
civi mRvime, jampali, iaSTxvis Ria sadgomi da sxva. masalis Seswavla saSualebas iZleva
am ZeglebSi gamoiyos ori periodi: adreuli etapi da mogviano. damaxasiaTebelia
adreul etapze makroliTuri teqnikis Semdgomi aRmavloba da geometriuli formebis
2l. wereTeli. mezoliTuri kultura kavkasiis SavizRvispireTSi. Tb., 1973, gv. 37 da Smd.
1.
o. jafariZe. saqarTvelos arqeologia, gv. 34-39; misive: qarTvel tomTa..., gv. 25-29; l. wereTeli. dasax.
naSromi, gv. 77 da Smd.
14
gaCena (segmenti, trapecia, samkuTxedi). amasTanave Cndeba kombinirebuli iaraRebi,
romlebsac amzadebdnen xisgan an cxovelis Zvlisgan. specialur napralSi webovani
nivTierebis gamoyenebiT magrdeboda CasarTebi, geometriuli formis mikroliTebi.
CasarTis dazianebis SemTxvevaSi igi advilad icvleboda da iaraRi axldeboda.
savaraudoa, rom aRniSnul periodSi kombinirebuli iaraRi gamoiyeneboda Semgroveblur
meurneobaSi mcenareuli sakvebis mopovebis dros. araa gamoricxuli maTi gamoyeneba
cxoveluri nawilebis (magaliTad, tyavis) damuSavebis drosac.
mezoliTis adamianis meurneoba mimTvisebluri xasiaTisaa da damyarebulia
Semgrovebloba-monadireobaze, razec miuTiTebs zemoTaRniSnuli Zvlovani naSTebi.
mcenareuli sakvebis mopovebaSi, rogorc Cans, gamoiyeneboda Zvlis wverwamaxuli da
namuSevari Toxisebri iaraRi. es garemoeba SeiZleba CaiTvalos mompovebeli meurneobis
primitiul, Canasaxovan saxed. am TvalsazrisiT afianCas (Tanamedrove gulrifSis
raioni) aRmoCenebs arsebiTi da gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWebaT.
garkveuli Zvrebi meurneobis xasiaTSi iwvevs cvlilebebs sazogadoebis socialur
sferoSi. am periodisTvis pirvelyofil adamianTa jogi, rogorc erTeuli, daSlili da
gamqrali Cans da safuZveli eyreba gvarovnul wyobilebas, mis uadres safexurs -
adrematriarqalur gvars. SesaZlebelia, amave periodSi vivaraudoT adretomobrivi
gaerTianebebic. aSkaraa, rom mosaxleoba xangrZlivadaa dasaxlebuli erT adgilze, rac
sakmaod organizebuli da mWidro kavSirSi myofi erTeulebis arsebobis gareSe
SeuZlebelia. pirveli aseTi organizacia ki mxolod matriarqalur principze
damyarebuli gvarovnuli Temi unda yofiliyo. es Temebi erTiandeboda tomobriv
gaerTianebebaSi, risi Canasaxic ukve zeda paleoliTidan SeiniSneba. savaraudoa zeda
paleoliTis xanaSi saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTSi ramdenime tomobrivi gaerTianebis
arseboba. monaTesave tomebi SemdgomSi ifantebian mTeli dasavleT amierkavkasiis
teritoriaze, ramac gamoiwvia saerTokavkasiuri erTiani kulturuli erTobis daSla,
risi asaxva lokaluri regionebis Casaxva unda iyos. materialuri kulturis ZiriTadSi
erTgvarovani xasiaTi TiTqos imisken migvaniSnebs, rom dasavleT amierkavkasiaSi
mosaxle tomebSi sagrZnobi eTnikuri cvlileba ar momxdara. farTo teritoriaze
gansaxlebas ki unda gamoewvia enobrivi erTobis TandaTanobiTi daSla. es procesi
swored paleoliTis bolo da mezoliTis etapze unda dawyebuliyo.
neoliTi anu axali qvis xana (Zv.w. IX-VI aTaswleulebi) sazogadoebis ganviTarebis
erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi periodia. am dros xdeba Zireuli Zvrebi meurneobis xasiaTSi,
rodesac paleoliTuri miTvisebiTi meurneoba mwarmoeblur safuZvelze gadadis.
neoliTSi xdeba warmoebiTi meurneobis ZiriTadi saxeebis – miwaTmoqmedebis da
mesaqonleobis Casaxva-ganviTareba.
meurneobis axali formebis Camoyalibebam gamoiwvia didi Zvrebi sazogadoebriv
urTierTobaTa TiTqmis yvela sferoSi. adamiani mkvidrad ukavSirdeba miwas da myarad
saxldeba masze. Cndeba soflis tipis dasaxlebani xelovnuri sacxovrisiT. Cndeba axali
tipis iaraRebi, axali teqnikuri Cvevebi: gaxexva-gaprialeba, gaxvreta, gaxexva,
makroliTuri teqnika. am teqnikiT aris damzadebuli neoliTuri culebi, romlebic
sakmaod efeqturi da produqtiuli iaraRia da gvian safexurze Cndeba.
mwarmoebluri meurneobis gaCenam sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela saxeobaze
moaxdina gavlena. swored amis gamo am movlenas `neoliTur revolucias~ uwodeben.
ekonomikuri revolucia unda momxdariyo iq, sadac amisTvis xelsayreli pirobebi
arsebobda. amis gamo neoliTuri kultura yvelgan erTdroulad ar Camoyalibebula. am
TvalsazrisiT yvelaze momzadebuli winaaziuri regioni aRmoCnda, romelSic eqceva
dasavleT amierkavkasia afxazeTis CaTvliT. neoliTuri kulturis formireba aq moxda
adgilobrivi mezoliTis evoluciuri ganviTarebis Sedegad, rac gansakuTrebiT kargad
Cans qvis mikroliTur teqnikaSi.
neoliTuri kulturis Zeglebi naklebadaa Seswavlili. aSkaraa, rom maTi
koncentracia ZiriTadad dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze xdeba. maTSi or safexurs
gamoyofen – adreuli da gviandeli neoliTi. mwarmoeblur meurneobaze gadasvla
aSkarad gviani periodis Zeglebze SeiniSneba. afxazeTis teritoriaze neoliTuri
15
Zeglebi ramdenime punqtSia dafiqsirebuli1. yvelaze adreuli Cans RumuriSis nasaxlari,
romelic ùkeramiko neoliTur~ ZeglTa rigs unda miekuTvnos. qronologiurad masTan
yvelaze axlos dgas gali I-is nasaxlari, Semdgom modis lemsa, kistrik-CxorToli,
aTara.
gansakuTrebiT siaxlove SeiniSneba yubanispireTis masalebTan (kamenomostkoe) da,
SesaZloa, maTTan erTad erT lokalur variants qmnides. meore aseTi lokaluri
varianti isaxeba dasavleT saqarTvelos dablobis Zeglebis saxiT (anaseuli I da II,
odiSi, gurianTa, paluri, mamaTi, TeTramiwa, saTaflia da sxv.). yoveli maTgani
specifikuri niSnebiT xasiaTdeba, rac etapebis mixedviT maTi qronologiuri dajgufebis
saSualebas iZleva. masalis ZiriTadad erTgvarovani xasiaTi safuZvels iZleva
dasavleT amierkavkasiis teritoriaze erTiani materialuri kulturis ori lokaluri
varianti vigulisxmoT.
2. eneoliT-Suabrinjaos xana (Zv.w. V-II aTaswleulis Suaxanebi)
èneoliTi~ laTinuri sityvaa da niSnavs spilenZ-qvis xanas, xSirad mas

`xalkoliTsac~ uwodeben (berZnulad xalkos `spilenZi~). specialur literaturaSi
bolo dros eneoliTur xanasa da kulturas ufro xSirad adresamiwaTmoqmedo
kulturas uwodeben.
am kulturis Zeglebi kargadaa warmodgenili afxazeTis teritoriaze, magram unda
iTqvas, rom arcerTi maTgani bolomde ar aris gaTxrili, rac Zalian aZnelebs misi
nasaxlarebis, mSeneblobis teqnikisa da sxva sameurneo mniSvnelobis faqtebis srulad
dadgenas1. adresamiwaTmoqmedo xanis Zeglebi (eneoliTi) afxazeTis teritoriaze
dasaxlebis ori tipiT aris warmodgenili: Ria sadgomebi da mRvime-nabinavari. afxazeTis
eneoliTuri Zeglebi ZiriTadad erTgvarovan masalas Seicavs: qva, Zvali, Tixis WurWeli;
am epoqaSi gamoCenas iwyebs liTonis pirveli nivTebi, romlebic TviTnabadi
spilenZisaganaa damzadebuli civi gamoWedvis gziT.
afxazeTis eneoliTuri kultura genetikurad ukavSirdeba winamorbed neoliTs.
neoliTuri kulturis tradiciebis gagrZeleba-ganviTareba mkafiodaa gamosaxuli iseT
wamyvan elementebSi, rogoricaa dasaxlebis tipi, meurneobis saxeobani, qvis industria,
keramikuli nawarmi da Semkuloba.
eneoliTis xanaSi dasaxlebis ori tipi dgindeba: mRvimeebi da Ria nasaxlarebi.
mRvimeebs miekuTvnebaa: oqumi2, voroncovis mRvimis farduli òCaJni~3, axSTiri4. Ria
nasaxlarebia: fsou5 aTara6, maWara7, gvandra8 da sxv. nasaxlarebze myari nagebobis naSTi
aRmoCenili ar yofila, Tumca gamTxrelebi varaudoben, maWarasa da gvandraze miwurebi
da naxevradmiwurebi unda yofiliyo, romelTa zeda nawili sar-lastze mownuli da
xSirad TixiT Selesili `facxiseburi~ tipisa unda yofiliyo.
1. l. nebieriZe. dasavleT amierkavkasiis neoliTi. Tb,. 1972; o. jafariZe. qarTvel tomTa..., gv. 35-44; misive:
saqarTvelos arqeologia, gv. 41-56; k. kalandaZe. dasavleT saqarTvelos neoliTuri kultura. Tb., 1986; Ю.
Воронов. Археологическая карта, gv. 17; О.Бгажба, С. Лакоба. История Абхазии. Сухуми, 2006, gv. 26.
1 . g. fxakaZe. afxazeTis eneoliTuri Zeglebi. - afxazeTi. I Tb., 2006, gv. 20-29.
2. g.fxakaZe. oqumis gamoqvebulis eneoliTuri naSTebi. _ masalebi saqarTvelos da kavkasiis
arqeologiisaTvis, VII. Tb., 1979, gv. 68-76.
3 . Л.Н. Соловьев. Новый памятник культурных связей Кавказского причерноморья эпохи энеолита и бронзы –
стоянки Воронцовской пещеры. - Труды Абх. ИЯЛИ, 29. Сухуми, 1958,gv.. 115-135.
4 . s. zamiatninis gaTxrebi. masala inaxeba peterburgSi. eTnografiis da anTropologiis muzeumSi.
5 . Л.К. Соловьев. dasax. naSromi, gv. 120.
6 . М.В. Барамидзе, Г.Г. Пхакадзе, А.З. Орджоникидзе. Раскопки в С. Атара. - Арх. открытия. 1977 г. М., 1977, gv.
174-175.
7 . В.В. Бжания. Поселение Мачара эпохи энеолита и ранней бронзы в Абхазии. – Совет. Археология, I. М., 1966,
gv. 113-126.
8 . И.И. Цвинария. Поселение Гуандра. Тб., 1978.
16
nasaxlarebze aRmoCenili arqeologiuri masala ZiriTadad erTgvarovania. esaa qva,
kaJi, keramika. iSviaTia Zvlisa da rqis nivTebi. masala Tavmoyrili iyo savaraudo
sacxovrebelTa iatakebze, an qviT Semowyobili nacrovani ormoebis (kerebis) garSemo.
qvis industria eneoliTuri sazogadoebis meurneobis safuZvels warmoadgens. qvis
iaraRebis tipologiur-morfologiuri analizi aSkarad adasturebs, rom industria
Zlieri neoliTuri tradiciebis kvals atarebs. farTod ixmareba riyis qvis, bazaltis,
serpantinis da qvis sxva jiSebisagan damzadebuli iaraRebi. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia
riyis qvis gaxexil-gaprialebuli calpirlesili da soliseburi culebi, saTlelebi,
satexebi da sxv. neoliTSive iwyebs gamoCenas qvis iaraRebis damuSavebis axali teqnika –
atkecva da mokodva, romlebic eneoliTsa da Semdeg adrebrinjaos xanaSi viTardeba da
universalur xasiaTs iRebs.
atkecva-mokodviTaa damzadebuli eneoliTuri iaraRebis umravlesoba: culebi,
satexebi, saTlelebi, Toxebi, `pikis~ tipis iaraRebi. farTo xmarebaSi iyo sibrtyiT
gapobili riyis qvebi, romelTa napirebis damatebiT Camotexisa da wamaxvilebis Sedegad
isini gamoiyeneboda safxekebad, saWrisebad da sxv. qvis industriaSi gansakuTrebuli
adgili uWiravs qvis Toxebs, e.w. soWi-adleris tipis Toxebi soWi-adleris regionis
Zeglebs axasiaTebs. xolo soxumis regionSi ki Toxebi gansxvavebuli formisaa da maT
`soxumis tipis~ Toxebs uwodeben. Toxis es orive tipi adrebrinjos xanaSi ganagrZobs
arsebobas.
kaJis iaraRebi umniSvnelodaa warmodgenili. esaa anatkecebi da uxeSi lamelebi
retuSis gareSe, zogjer namuSevrobis kvaliT. gamonakliss warmoadgens oqumis da
axSTiris mRvimeebi. aq napovnia geometriuli mikroliTebi, trapeciebi da segmentebi;
aseTive kompleqsiTaa kaJis iaraRebi warmodgenili axSTiris mRvimeSi. neoliTuri
tradiciebi Tavs iCens keramikul nawarmSic. Tixis Semadgenloba, formebi da ornamenti
amis aSkara sabuTia.
kaJis ormxriv damuSavebuli isrisa da Subispirebis simravliT gamoirCeva farduli
òCaJni~. zemoTaRniSnuli iaraRebi migviTieben, rom mRvimeTa eneoliTuri kulturuli
fenebi amavdroul Ria nasaxlarebze (maWara, guandra) ufro adreulebia. amas mowmobs
ara marto kaJis industriis degradacia, aramed keramikuli produqciac.
afxazeTis eneoliTuri Zeglebis asakis gansazRvrisaTvis arsebobs erTi TariRi C14
maWaris nasaxlaris Zira IV fenidan 3810±90, magram Sesworebuli, kalibrebuli
daTariRebiT es kultura ukve Zv.w. V aTaswleulSi gadadis.
qvisa da kaJis iaraRebis morfologiuri analizi cxadyofs rom sxvadasxva jgufebis
nasaxlarebze meurneobis gansxvavebuli xasiaTi fiqsirdeba.
Ria terasul nasaxlarebze (maWara, gvandra, fsou, gvadixu) `pikis~ tipis
weraqviseburi iaraRebis siWarbe samiwaTmoqmedo saqmianobasTanaa dakavSirebuli.
miwaTmoqmedebas ukavSirdeba aseve `soxumisa~ da `soWi-adleris~ tipis Toxebi da
xelsafqvavebi. amave Zeglebze nanaxi qvis mrgvali an ovaluri formis badis sawafebi
meTevzeobis mniSvnelovan rolze migviTiTebs.
mRvimur nasaxlarebze (oqumi, oCaJni, axSTiri) samiwaTmoqmedo xasiaTis iaraRebi ar
Cans. òCaJnisa~ da axSTirSi isrisa da Subispirebis arseboba adasturebs, rom am
Zeglebis meurneobaSi mniSvnelovani adgili monadireobas eWira.
afxazeTis eneoliTuri masalebi, qvis iaraRebi da gansakuTrebiT Toxebi axlo
msgavsebas pouloben wina aziis ZeglebSi (xasuna, sialki, jemdeT-nasri, suza da sxv.). es
masalebi mWidro kavSirs avlenen agreTve rion-yvirilas auzis mRvimeebis Tanadroul
masalebTan. dasavleT amierkavkasiis am orive regionis masalebi kulturis mTeli rigi
wamyvani elementebiT garkveul urTierTobaSia CrdiloeT kavkasiis – yubanispireTis
cnobil adremaikopur kulturasTan1. eneoliTuri kulturis uSualo memkvidrea
brinjaos xana, romelic adre, Sua da gviani brinjaos xanad iyofa.
IV aTaswleulis bolosaTvis mTeli dasavleT amierkavkasiis mosaxleobis
cxovrebaSi Tavs iCens progresuli cvlilebani, romlebic istoriuli ganviTarebiT iyo
1 . А.А. Формозов. Каменный век и энеолит Прикубанья. М.,1965.

17
ganpirobebuli. mTeli momdevno aTaswleulis manZilze es cvlilebebi matulobs.
miwaTmoqmedebis intensifikacia, mesaqonleobis axali formebi, xelosnobis, pirvel
rigSi metalurgiis ganviTareba, ganapirobebdnen sawarmoo Zalebis Semdgom ganviTarebas
da axal sawarmoo urTierTobebs, romlebic asaxvas poulobda materialur kulturaSi.
miwaTmoqmedebam da mesaqonleobam maRalganviTarebul metalurgiasTan erTad Seqmna
axali ekonomikis myari safuZveli, romelmac Tavis mxriv gamoiwvia mniSvnelovani
socialuri Zvrebi sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi.
am droisaTvis sabolood mTavrdeba dasavleT amierkavkasiis, maT Soris afxazeTis,
mTeli teritoriis aTviseba. Tumca bunebrivia, rom kulturuli fenebi yvela Zeglze
erTnairi siZlieriT ar aris warmodgenili. mRvime-nasaxlarebze adrebrinjao-eneoliTis
uSualo gagrZelebas warmoadgens (voroncovis mRvime, zRvispira da mdinarispira
terasebze ganlagebuli nasaxlarebi maWara, gvandra). kulturuli fenebi ufro
intensiurad Cans bunebrivi SemaRlebebis ferdobebze da xelovnur gora-namosaxlarebze
(oCamCire, fiCori).
Zv. w. III aTaswleuli aris adrebrinjaos qronologiuri CarCo. im periodSi
sazogadoebis ekonomikuri, kulturuli da socialuri dawinaurebis ZiriTad safuZvels
metalurgia warmoadgens.
liToni (spilenZi Tavisi bunebrivi SenarevebiT), romelic erTeuli civi WedviT
damzadebuli nivTebiT iyo cnobili winamorbed eneoliTur epoqaSi, swraf aRamvlobas
ganicdis. adamianebma iswavles madnidan spilenZis gamodnoba, masSi sasurveli
raodenobiT sxvadasxva minarevis Setana jer dariSxanisa an anTimonisa, xolo Semdeg
ukve kalisa.
liTonis gamodnobis mignebam adrebrinjaos sazogadoebas saSualeba misca
mravalgvari iaraRebi daemzadebina rogorc sameurneo, aseve sabrZolo miznebisaTvis.
Seiqmna da gamoiyo calke jgufi adamianebisa, romlebic liTonis warmoeba-CamosxmaSi
iyo daxelovnebuli. adrebrinjaos xanis erT-erTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia iaraRebis
warmoebis seriuli xasiaTi.. amis damadasturebelia is mravalricxovani Ria da
orsagduliani yalibebi, romlebic mravladaa nasaxlarebze aRmoCenili (fiCori).
madani afxazeTis teritoriaze mcxovreb mosaxleobas mohqonda md. bzifis zeda
welze arsebuli spilenZis sabadoebidan. baSkafsaris spilenZis sabadoebze
dadasturebulia rogorc Ria gamonamuSevrebi, aseve Saxtebi da Stolnebi, romlebic,
rogorc Tvlian, funqcionirebdnen Zv.w. III aTaswleulidan Zv.w. VIII s.-mde. dasavleT
amierkavkasiaSi am periodSi dafiqsirebulia meore mZlavri metalurgiuli kera rion-
yvirilas zeda welze.
adrebrinjaos adreul safexurze sacxovreblad isev gamoiyeneba karstuli
gamoqvabulebi (voroncovis mRvimis `kolokolni~ da `zaloJeni~ grotebi)2; am mRvimeebSi
Tixatkepnili iatakebis naSTebicaa SemorCenili, romlebSic zogjer kerebia Calesili.
Crdilo-dasavleT kolxeTis zRvispira nasaxlarebze - maWarasa3 da gvandraze miwurebi
da naxevarmiwurebi gvxvdeba. isini mrgvalgegmiani an oTxkuTxa Zirbrtyeli ormoebia,
romelTac garSemo sarebis Casamagrebeli ormoebi Semouyveba. varaudoben, rom xis
karkasebi lerwmis tipis specialuri mcenariT iyo Semownuli. mTeli es konstruqcia
Semdeg Sida da gare mxridan TixiT iyo Semolesili. saTavsoebis asagebad moednebi
winaswar iyo momzadebul-motkepnili4.
sul sxva suraTia ganviTarebuli finaluri etapis Zeglebze, gora-nasaxlarebze.
isini dabali xelovnuri an bunebrivi gorakebia, romelTac garSemo sadrenaJo Txrilebi
uvlis. aseTi borcvebi sakmaod axlo-axlosaa ganlagebuli da erTmaneTs TxrilebiT
ukavSirdebian (oCamCire, fiCori).
afxazeTis adrebrinjaos pirveli Zegli aRmoCenil iqna oCamCiris raionSi md.
juymuris zRvasTan SerTvis adgilas. 3 nasaxlari borcvidan erT-erTze _ dasavleTis
2 . ix. vrclad g. fxakaZe. dasavleT saqarTvelos adrebrinjaos xanisa da maikopis kulturis

urTierTobis sakiTxebi. _ saqarTvelos arqeologiis sakiTxebi, III. Tb., 1975.
3. В.В. Бжания. Поселение Мачара... - Совет.Археология, I. М., 1966.
4. И.И. Цвинария. Поселение Гуандра. Тб., 1978.
18
borcvze (m.ivaSCenko, l.soloviovi,5 b.kuftini6) nasaxlari fena zRvis doneze dabla
Cadioda. dafiqsirda riyis qviT mokenWili TixiT gadalesili moednebi, romlebzec
mownuli da TixiT Selesili `facxis~ tipis nagebobebi idga.
meore Zeglze, gumisTaSi (soxumis raioni) nagebobis aranairi kvali ar aRmoCenila.
aqve gaiTxara yorRani, sadac micvalebulebi mokrunCxul mdgomareobaSi gverdze iyvnen
dasvenebulni.7
oCamCiresa da gumisTis nasaxlarebze mopovebuli masala _ keramika da qvis iaraRebi
savsebiT identuria amave droisa da aseTive tipis keramikuli Tu qvis masalebisa.
adrebrinjaos kulturas misi pirveli aRmoCenis punqtis mixedviT oCamCiruli kultura
uwodes da asea cnobili literaturaSi. magram amave epoqas `protokolxur
kulturasac~ uwodeben8. am bolo dros aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis yvela am periodis
ZeglTa Seswavlam naTelyo, rom erTgvarovani adrebrinjaos kultura mTel sanapiro
zolsa da borcvovan zolzec vrceldeba, amitom literaturaSi SexvdebiT termins
`kolxeTis adrebrinjaos xanis kultura~ (g. fxakaZe)9, romelSic ZiriTadi
erTgvaronebis miuxedavad sami lokaluri regioni gamoiyofa: Crdilo-dasavleT
kolxeTi (afxazeTi), centraluri kolxeTi da samxreT-dasavleT kolxeTi (aWara-guria).
adrebrinjaos xanis nasaxlarebs Soris gansakuTrebuli adgili daimkvidra fiCoris
nasaxlarma (galis r-ni). igi SeiZleba etalonurad CaiTvalos, radgan centralur
borcvze dafiqsirda 8 kulturuli fena: Zv.w. III aTaswleulis meore naxevari - Zv.w. IIIs.
dasawyisi10, aqedan adrebrinjaos VII da VIII fenebi ganekuTvneba. sisqiT 3m. qveda me-8
fenaSi dafiqsirda ximinjebze dayrdnobili xis baqniani saTavsoebis naSTebi, romelTa
iatakebi TixiT iyo molesili. wnelis anabeWdiani baTqaSebis mixedviT kedlebi mownuli
da TixiT Selesili unda yofiliyo. nasaxlaris me-8 fenaSive aRmoCnda `sakulto~
saTavso, romlis iatakze keris garSemo Tavmoyrili iyo mravalgvari Tixis WurWeli,
qvis iaraRebi, xis saxnisebi, liTonis nivTebi da Tixis orsagduliani 60 yalibi. fiCoris
nasaxlarisa da aq aRmoCenili artefaqtebis Seswavlam safuZveli misca mkvlevarebs
(m.baramiZe, g.fxakaZe, l.jiblaZe) srulad aRedginaT adrebrinjaos xanis sazogadoebis
cxovrebis, meurneobis, ekonomikis, sawarmoo iaraRebisa da sakulto wes-CveulebaTa
ganviTarebis suraTi.
afxazeTis adrebrinjaos xanis kultura eneoliTis memkvidrea. qvis industrias
Zlieri eneoliTuri tradiciebi etyoba: riyis qvis iaraRebi atkecvisa da mokodvis gziT
aris damzadebuli.
kaJis warmoeba dacemulia, nukleusebi amorfulia, amorfulia anatkecTa
umravlesobac. lamelebi ar aris. safxekebi, saWrisebi da saxokebic Zalze mcire da
atipuria. kaJis isriswveri sul samia; samive asimetriuli, frTebdaSvebuli, erTi maTgani
yunwiania. aseTi formisaa xelSubispirebic. sayuradRebo faqtia nasaxlarze kaJis
namglispirebis arseboba, romlebic ormxriv damuSavebulia, gverdebdakbiluli.
WurWelTa umetesoba xeliT naZerwia. Tixis coms urevia kalciti, Samoti, qarsi, kiri,
kvarci; gamomwvaria mura-movardisfrod, mura-mowiTalod, lega da moyavisfrod;
formebia: qilebi, qoTnebi, dergebi, jamebi, koWbis tipis da kasriseburi WurWlebi.
umravlesobas zedapirze nafotiT mosworebuli paraleluri zolebi etyoba.
funqciurad isini samzareulo da sameurneo (sanovagisa da siTxis Sesanax) WurWlebs
warmoadgendnen.
yuri WurWlis yvela tips axasiaTebs. upiratesia pirsa da mxarze damagrebuli
yurebi, gansakuTrebiT didi zomis WurWelze (qoTani) da jam-fialebze. danarCenebs yuri
5 . Л.Н. Соловьев. Энеолитическое селище у Очамчирского порта в Абхазии. - Труды Абх. Института ЯЛИ. Сухуми,
1939; Л.Н. Соловьев. Археологические раскопки близ Очамчири в Абхазии. - С.А., IV. 1937, gv. 323.
6 . Б. А. Куфтин. Материалы к археологии Колхиды, II, Т. 5. 1950, gv. 267.
7 . В.В. Бжания. Результаты исследования Гумистинского поселения в 1967 г. – КСИЯ, 15. М., 1969.
8 . T. miqelaZe. Ziebani kolxeTisa da aRmosavleT SavizRvispierTis uZvelesi mosaxleobis istoriidan.
Tb., 1974, gv. 41; m. baramiZe. dasax. naSromi; l. jiblaZe. kolxeTis dablobis Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulebis
namosaxlarebi, Tb., 2007, gv. 7-12.
9 . g. fxakaZe. dasavleT amierkavkasia Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi. Tb., 1993, gv. 120-121.
10 . iTxreboda 1980-1991 ww. saq. mecn. akad. areqologiuri kvlevis centris eqspediciis mier, xelmZRvaneli
m. baramiZe. ix.: m. baramiZe. fiCoris nasaxlari da kavkasiis arqeologiis zogierTi sakiTxi. Tb., 1977.
19
yelsa da tanze aqvT miZerwili. Semkulobis yvelaze gavrcelebul saxeobas sxvadasxva
formis Sveril-kopebi warmoadgens: ZuZuseburi, qimiseburi, mogrZo, ovaluri,
unagiriseburi, jibiseburi, yelze an mxarze daZerwili reliefuri sartyeli.
fiCoris da oCamCiris nasaxlarebze am zemoT aRwerili tradiciuli keramikis
gverdiT aris misgan sruliad gansxvavebuli Txeli, ganleqili Tixisagan naZerwi, muqi
priala zedapiriani Tixis WurWeli, romelic adgilobrivi ar aris da ukavSirdeba
AaRmosavleT saqarTveloSi gavrcelebul adreyorRanul kulturaSi (TrialeTi, bedeni)
cnobil nawarms.
adrebrinjaos asaks gansazRvravs fiCoris nasaxlaris me-8 fenis C-14 TariRi 2290±60,
romelic kalibrebis Semdeg Zv.w. III aTasw. I naxevramde Cadis.
am periodSi maRal ganviTarebas aRwevs miwaTmoqmedeba. miwis damuSaveba xdeba ukve
xis saxnisis saSualebiT. fiCoraSi aRmoCenilia xis ori sxvadasxva tipis saxvneli; e.i.
miwaTmoqmedeba ukve guTnur xasiaTs iRebs, rac TavisTavad gulisxmobs gamwevi Zalis
gamoyenebas. amis dadasturebaa mTel amierkavkasiaSi am dros gavrcelebuli xaris
figurebi, romelTa nawili kiserTan gaxvretilia. amave periods ukavSirdeba borblisa
da sazidari transportis gaCena.
fiCoris nasaxlarze didi raodenobiT aRmoCnda kulturuli marcvleulis naSTebi:
xorbali, qeri, Svria da sxv. oCamCiris nasaxlarze aRmoCenilia msxvilfexa rqosani
pirutyvis (xaris, Zroxis), aseve wvrilfexa rqosnebis, Rorisa da sxva Zvlebi, romlebic
metyveleben mesaqonleobis did rolze imdroindeli adamianebis meurneobaSi.
sazogadoebis ekonomikuri cxovrebis aRmavlobis realur safuZvels warmoadgenda
metalurgia. adrebrinjaos epoqaSi xdeba liTonis warmoebis mkveTri da swrafi
ganviTareba. seriulad Camoisxmeba sameurneo da sabrZolo iaraRebi. fiCoris nasaxlarma
metalurgiis unikaluri nimuSebi mogvca: 60 orsagduliani yalibi yuamiliani culebisa
da samkuTxa ToxebisaTvis, oTxmxrivi Ria yalibi oTxi sxvadasxva nivTisaTvis (kovzi,
satevari, Subispiri da ucnobi nivTi). amasTan erTad aRmoCenili iyo saqSeni milebi,
cicxvebi, kovzebi, WurWeli fskerze liTonis naSTiT da sxva, rac imis
damadasturebelia, rom nivTebis damzadeba nasaxlarzeve xdeboda; am nivTebma saSualeba
misca mkvlevarebs, liTonis iaraRis warmoebis mTeli procesi aRedginaT. savaraudoa,
rom brinjaos metalurgiaSi gamoiyeneboda afxazeTsa da zemo raWaSi mopovebuli
spilenZis madani.
SesaniSnavi liTonis nivTebi aRmoCnda agreTve saSualo zomis dolmenebSi,
romlebic adrebrinjaos xanas ganekuTvneba: yuadaqanebuli culebi, foTlisebri
satevari, masragaxsnili da masraSekruli kavebi zedwnuli ornamentiT, qinZisTavebi da
sxva. amaT dasamzadeblad gamoiyeneboda Camosxmis, civad Wedvisa da cvilis modelis
dakargvis wesi. zogierTi nivTi jer Camosxmulia yalibSi da Semdeg damatebiT aris
gamoWedili11. liTonis nivTebi dariSxaniani spilenZisagan iyo damzadebuli. sxvadasxva
daniSnulebis mixedviT dariSxanis minarevi meryeobda 2,7%-dan 6,73%-mde.
metalurgiis ganviTarebam, meurneobis intensiurma zrdam ojaxSi win wamoswia
mamakacis wamyvani roli da sabolood Camoyalibda patriarqaluri sazogadoeba.
eneoliTis da gansakuTrebiT adrebrinjaos xanaSi mTel aRmosavleT
SavizRvispireTsa da mimdebare borcvian zolSi erTgvarovani kultura iyo
gavrcelebuli. Znelia am kulturis matarebeli tomebis eTnikuri vinaobis gansazRvra,
magram arqeologiuri masalebis mixedviT, es teritoria im dros erTi tomiT Tu ara,
erTmaneTis monaTesave tomebiT unda yofiliyo dasaxlebuli. am erTgvarovan
kulturaSi lokaluri regionebi gamoiyofa.
afxazeTi swored erT-erT aseT Tavisebur lokalur regions warmoadgens, romlis
ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli da ganmasxvavebeli niSani aris dolmenebi. Zv. w. III
aTaswleulis Suaxanebs ganekuTvneba adreuli dolmenebi, romlebic patara zomebiT
gamoirCeva. rogorc zRvasTan axlos, aseve mTis zolSi (eSera, azanTa, oThara,
11 . Г.Г. Пхакадзе. Восточное причерноморье во второй половине IV-III тысяч. до н. э. (К проблеме культурных
конттактов). Петербург, 2000, gv. 50-59.

20
yulanurxva, Sroma, dou). maT gaTxrasa da SeswavlaSi didi Rvawli miuZRviT a. lukins,
l. soloviovs, b. kuftins, o. jafariZes, i. wvinarias12. dRemde cnobili yvela dolmeni
daaxloebiT erTi tipisaa. isini warmoadgenen megaliTur samarx nagebobebs, romelTac
gegmaSi trapeciis forma aqvT. agebulia oTxi vertikalurad dadgmuli masiuri brtyeli
qvisagan da mexuTe qviTaa gadaxuruli. zog dolmens iatakadac qvis fila aqvs. wina
kedelSi, romelic yovelTvis samxreTiT an samxreT-aRmosavleTiTaa miqceuli, mrgvali
xvreli aqvs, romelic qvis sacobiT ixureboda.
dolmeni koleqtiuri sagvareulo samarxia. masSi meoradi damarxvis wesi iyo
gamoyenebuli. micvalebulebs xeebze kidebdnen da droTa ganmavlobaSi xorcisagan
ganTavisuflebuli Zvlebi dolmenSi wina xvreliT SehqondaT. adrebrinjaos xanas mcire
da saSualo zomis dolmenebi ganekuTvneba, didi zomis dolmenebi ukve momdevno xanaSia
agebuli da gvianbrinjaos epoqamde iyo gamoyenebuli.
rogorc cnobilia, dolmenebi farTod aris gavrcelebuli CrdiloeT kavkasiaSic,
gansakuTrebiT novosvobodnaias etapze, magram dolmenTa agebulebisa da SigTavsi
masalis Sedarebam cxadi gaxada, rom afxazeTis dolmenebi ufro adreulia, vidre
CrdiloeT kavkasiisa13.
afxazeTis adrebrinjaos xanis Zeglebi da kultura Tavisi tradiciebis gagrZelebas
Sua brinjaos epoqaSi poulobs. es xana erT-erTi yvelaze nakleb Seswavlili periodia.
amis mizezi, upirveles yovlisa, Sesabamisi Zeglebis naklebobaSi, an maT araswor
SefasebaSi unda veZeboT. prof. T. miqelaZem faqtobrivad pirvelma dixaguZuba I-is da II-
is monacemebze dayrdnobiT daasabuTa dasavleT saqarTvelos masalebSi Sua brinjaos
xanis arseboba, romelic ganisazRvra protokolxuri II-iT.14 fiCori I-is
stratigrafiulma Wrilma ZiriTadad daadastura T. miqelaZis klasifikacia, Tumca Sua
brinjaos xanis 2 kulturuli fenis gamovlenam arsebuli sqema daazusta. gamoyofil
iqna Sua brinjaos xanis ori qronologiuri etapi, romelic protokolxuri II a da b
fazebad iqna dayofili.15
aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis Sua brinjaos xanis Zeglebs miekuTvneba fiCori I-s
VI_V fenebis, fiCori VI-s nakarRalis III-VI fenebi, ispanis (aWara) zeda horizonti,
anaklia II, anaklia I-is meore-mesame fenebi, nosiris pirveli da meore fena.
protokolxur keramikaSi gamoiyofa 3 jgufis nawarmi. pirvel jgufSi
gaerTianebulia e.w. Savpriala an yavisferpriala nawarmi. formaTa Soris aRsaniSnavia
kvercxiseburtaniani mozrdili WurWeli pirTan mierTebuli brtyeli lenturi yurebiT,
pirgaSlili koWbebi, maRalqusliani vazebi, brtyelZiriani jamebi, ziari WurWeli da
sxva. Txelkeciani WurWlis fragmentebi, gansakuTrebiT yurebi nakawri, geometriuli,
talRuri an texilxazovani ornamentiT aris Semkuli.16
Savpriala WurWlis nimuSebi napovnia oCamCiresa da fiCoris I-s VIII-VII fenebSi,
ispanis qveda fenaSi. CvenTvis saintereso periodis Savpriala nawarmi aRmoCenilia
fiCori I-s VI-IV fenebSi, fiCori VI-Si, nakarRalSi, anaklia I-sa da II-Si, ispanis zeda
fenaSi da sxva. TiTqmis yvela am Zeglze Savpriala da yavisferpriala nawarmi
erTeulebis saxiTaa warmodgenili da TviT fiCorSi, sadac am tipis keramika yvelaze
mravalferovania, saerTo raodenobis 1%-s aRwevs. aqdan gamomdinare, saeWvoa am jgufis
adgilobriv, kolxur nawarmad miCneva (T. miqelaZe), radgan sazogadoeba Tu flobs am
donis maRalxarisxovani nawarmis damzadebis teqnologias, bunebrivia, upiratesad mas
awarmoebs da moixmars kidec. amave dros masiuri keramika (99%) Zalze uxeSi, mdare
xarisxis da sruliad sxva formebiTaa warmodgenili. mkvlevarTa nawili mas Semotanil
nawarmad miiCnevs (l. soloviovi, b. kuftini, m. baramiZe, l. jiblaZe, e. gogaZe)17.am
keramikis pirvelad kerad zogjer maikopis kultura miiCneva. Tumca masSi ar
12 . o. jafariZe. dolmenuri kultura saqarTveloSi. _ Tsu-s Sromebi, 1955.; o. jafariZe. qarTvel tomTa
istoriisaTvis liTnonis warmoebis adreul safexurze. Tb., 1961.
13 . g. fxakaZe. afxazeTis dolmenebis kvlevis zogierTi aspeqti. _ afxazeTi, I, 2006, gv. 138-142.
14 . T. miqelaZe. Ziebani, gv. 41.
15 . m. baramiZe. aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi.,.. gv. 117-145;l. jiblaZe.dasax. naSromi, gv. 103-126.
16 . m. baramiZe. aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi..., gv. 117-126.
17 . iqve.
21
dasturdeba vaziseburi sasmisebi, msgavsi profilis jamebi, grZeli lenturi yurebi,
nakawri ornamenti. mkvlevarTa meore nawili (l.soloviovi, i. voronovi, j. afaqiZe)18 am
keramikis saTaveebs winaazia-anatoliis Zeglebze xedavs. aRsaniSnavia, rom arc am
regionSi Cans gavrcelebuli msgavsi profilis Tixis nawarmi, nakawri ornamenti; iq
ZiriTadad gavrcelebulia yavisferpriala nawarmi, Savpriala ki erTeulia.
Savpriala keramikis warmomavlobis TvalsazrisiT yvelaze realuri gzebi isaxeba
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze. fiCoris keramikis zedmiwevniTi msgavseba
bedenuri ieris nawarmTan, kerZod, formaTa msgavseba (jamebi, vaziseburi sasmisebi, ziari
WurWeli, lentiseburi yurebi), nakawri ornamenti, keci da zedapiris metaluri
bzinvareba is elementebia, romlebic erTmaneTs ukavSirebs am or regions da svams
sakiTxs maTi erTi keridan momdinareobis Sesaxeb. kolxeTSi Savpriala keramikis
gamoCena faqtobrivad emTxveva beden-martyofis kulturis ayvavebis safexurs.
keramikis meore jgufSi erTiandeba uxeSi kvarc - da qarsnarev comis nakeTobebi.
gamomwvaria ruxad, monacrisfrod da yavisfrad, iSviaTad Savad. es aris tipuri
protokolxuri nawarmi, romelic gavrcelebuli Cans kolxeTSi Zv.w. III aTaswleulis
Sua xanebidan Zv.w. II aTaswleulis Sua xanebamde. bunebrivia, mTeli am xanis
ganmavlobaSi SeiniSneba calkeul formaTa ganviTarebis suraTi, Tumca saerTo ieriT es
principulad erTgvarovani nawarmia.
formebidan aRsaniSnavia horizontalur yurebiani mozrdili, pirgaSlili dergebi,
TiTisebri an Wrili anabeWdiani reliefuri sartylebiT, zogjer `jibiseburi~
reliefuri danaZerwebiT, rac ZiriTadad damaxasiaTebeli Cans Crdilo-dasavleT
kolxeTisaTvis; samyura WurWeli, vertikalurnaxvretiani an ZuZusebrkopiani jamebi,
cilindrultaniani qilebi vertikaluri, xSirad dublirebuli yuriT, upiratesad zeda
nawilSi naWdevi ornamentiT; Txelkedliani xeladebi, mcenaris an Wilobis anabeWdebiT
Semkuli Zirebi. vxvdebiT rqisebur sadgrebsac.
Sua brinjaos xanis mogviano safexurze vxvdebiT mesame jgufis keramikul nawarmsac.
am jgufisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia jamisebri formebi, moSavo feri, zogjer naprialevi
zedapiri, SedarebiT ukeTesad damuSavebuli keci. isini Semkulia kopis an patara cru
yuris irgvliv datanili koncentruli wreebiT, naxevarrkalebiT, SevronebiT. am jgufis
keramikas garkveuli Sexebis wertilebi aqvs teramarebis kulturis nawarmTan evropaSi19
da, SesaZloa, saqme gvqondes kulturul gavlenasTan aRmosavleT evropis mxriv.
aRsaniSnavia, rom bulgareTis adreTrakiuli namosaxlarebidan igrZnoba garkveuli
impulsebi Zv. w. VII-VI ss. kolxur keramikaze, rac imis maniSnebelia, rom aRmosavleT
evropidan kavkasiisaken perioduli kavSirebi asaxvas poulobs materialur kulturaSi.
es keramika Tavs iCens fiCori I-is IV fenaSi, sadac mas axlavs meore jgufis, uxeSi
reliefurWrili ornamentiT Semkuli keramika da gvianbrinjaos sawyisis iseTi tipuri
masala, rogoricaa frinvelismkerdisebri da pirTan mierTebuli orferda yurebi.
aSkaraa, rom saqme gvaqvs Sua da gvianbrinjaos xanebs Soris gardamaval safexurTan,
romlis mikuTvneba romelime am periodisadmi safuZvels moklebulia. sayuradReboa, rom
msgavsi narevi masala dafiqsirebulia namWeduris qveda (VI) fenebSi, anaklia I-is III
fenaSi, nosiris I fenaSi, ergetis IV_V fenebSi. amgvarad, kolxur namosaxlarebze
gamoiyofa mTeli plasti, romelic aSkarad Suidan gvianbrinjaoze gardamaval etapSi
unda gaerTiandes. am mosazrebas mxars uWers interdisciplinaruli meTodebiT
Sesabamisi fenebis daTariReba (Zv.w. II aTaswleulis Sua xanebi).
protokolxuri II etapis keramikis Seswavla stratigrafiul WrilSi, rogorc zemoT
iTqva, saSualebas iZleva Suabrinjaos xanis nawarmi pirobiT or qronologiur
safexurad gaiyos: protokolxuri IIa da IIb. protokolxuri IIa safexurs ganekuTvneba
fiCori I-is VI kulturuli fena, maWara III-is fena, gumisTa I, gvandra – zeda fena, axra
yapSi da pali. am periodis ganmsazRvrelad Cans grZeli lenturi yurebi, romlebic
saTaves VIII_VII fenebSi iRebs, magram aRaraa V fenaSi; qronologiurad protokolxuri
18 j. afaqiZis moxxeneba siRnaRis saerTaSoriso simpoziumze. 1995.

19 Б.А.Куфтин. dasax. naSromi, gv. 237-240; T. miqelaZe. Ziebani, gv. 21.
22
IIa moicavs periods Zv.w. XXs. meore naxevridan XVIIIs. CaTvliT. protokolxuri IIb
safexurs miekuTvneba fiCori I-is V fena, fiCori VI, nakarRalis IV_VI horizontebi,
anaklia II-is zeda fena; anaklia I-is III fena; am safexurisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Cans
Wilofis anabeWdiani an Rruqusliani Zirebi, horizontaluri, wyviladi an zemodan
dakeWnili yurebi, vertikalurxvreliani an ZuZusebri kopiT Semkuli jamebi, rqiseburi
sadgrebi, Savpriala WurWlis minabaZebi Wrili ornamentiT, lenturi yurebi, farTo,
brtyeli yurebi da sxva. aRsaniSnavia, rom aris formebi, romlebic axasiaTebs orive
safexurs. qronologiurad IIb moicavs Zv.w. XVII-XVIss., SesaZloa, XVIs. pirvel naxevars.
Sua brinjaos xanis kulturis erT-erT ZiriTad komponents yuamiliani culebis
ramdenime varianti warmoadgens. pirvel variantSi e.w. saCxeruli culebi gavrcelebuli
Cans adrebrinjaos xanis dasasrulis safexurze da ZiriTadad kolxeTis mTiani da
mTiswina zolSia gavrcelebuli. meore variantSi erTiandeba culebi afxazeTis
dolmenebidan da TrialeTis adreuli yorRanebidan. pirveli variantisagan gansxvavebiT,
maT SedarebiT mokle satare mili, moxrili, magram sakmaod masiuri tani da odnav
gafarToebuli piri axasiaTebs.
fiCorSi aRmoCenili culis yalibebis Tu culebis Qqronologiuri diapazoni
xangrZlivia da moicavs Zv.w. XXIII-XVss. am culebs axasiaTebs swori eqvswaxnaga tani,
zemodan reliefuri zolebiT Semkuli mokle satare, momrgvalebuli piri. maTi
originaluri forma saSualebas iZleva isini calke yuamiliani culebis `fiCorul~
variantSi iqnen gaerTianebuli. am tipis met-naklebad msgavsi iaraRi cnobilia
krasnodaridan, ganTiadidan da svaneTidan. SeiniSneba garkveuli msgavseba urupis da
faskaus iaraRTan. Crdilokavkasiuri iaraRebis samxreTuli prototipebi swored
`fiCorul variantSia~ saZebneli, razec migviTiTebs swori tani da morkaluri piri.
qvis culebs axasiaTebs mogrZo, cilindruli forma, momrgvalebuli yua,
soliseburi farTo piri. Sua nawilSi datanilia xexviT Sesrulebuli satare. maTi
gamoCena xdeba adrebrinjaos xanis dasasruls, udidesi raodenoba Crdilo-dasavleT
kolxeTSia mopovebuli da, SesaZloa, regionis lokalur niSnad iyos miCneuli.
satevrispiri erT-erTi yvelaze naklebadgavrcelebuli iaraRia. gvaqvs ramdenime
cali saCxeridan, dolmenebidan da 2 c fiCori I-dan. maTi gamoCena xdeba adrebrinjaos
xanaSi, Tumca VI fenaSi misi aRmoCena gviCvenebs, rom isini Suabrinjaos xanis adreul
etapzec gamoiyeneba, rogorc Cans, gavrcelebuli unda yofiliyo meore tipis
satevrispiric, razec fiCori I-is kombinirebuli yalibis erT-erT waxnagze amokveTili
forma migviTiTebs. igi brtyeli, tolferda samkuTxediseburia, uyunwo. tipologiurad
ufro mogviano ierisaa.
brinjaos Toxi aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis ramdenime punqtSia fiqsirebuli.
fiCori I-is, VIII fenaSi aRmoCenili 10-mdis yalibis da 3 Toxis mixedviT irkveva, rom
ZiriTadad 3 variantis Toxia gamoyenebuli. maTi gaCena Zv.w. III aTaswleulis ukanasknel
meoTxedSi xdeba, Tumca arseboben Suabrinjaos xanaSi.
kaJis iaraRi warmodgenilia namglis CasarTebiT da Subis Tu isrispirebiT. Sua
brinjaos xanisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Cans calgverddakbiluli, zogjer zurgis
mxridan morkaluli, viwrotaniani CasarTebis formebi. isini Cans ukve adrebrinjaos
xanaSi.
samkuTxa, simetriulad quslamoRaruli isrispirTa formebi damaxasiaTebelia
gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis ZeglebisaTvis, xolo asimetriulad quslamoRaruli
formebi gavrcelebulia e.w protokolxuri kulturis orive safexurze.
materialuri kulturis analizi gviCvenebs, rom protokolxuri kulturis II etapi
genetikur kavSirSia winare da momdevno safexurebTan da maTi gaTiSva SeuZlebelia. Sua
brinjaos xanis es mcirericxovani masala aSkarad gviCvenebs, rom protokolxuri II-is
or, adreul da mogviano safexurebad dayofa realur safuZvels moklebuli ar unda
iyos.
sayuradReboa sakiTxi kolxeTis Sua da gvianbrinjaos xanis kulturaTa
kavSirurTierTobis Sesaxeb. ukanasknel xanebamdis es kavSiri sakmaod problematuri
Canda. fiCoris nasaxlaris gaTxrebma mogvca erTgvari gasaRebi am sakiTxis
23
gadasawyvetad. centraluri borcvis IV fenaSi gamovlinda narevi masala, rac imaze
SeiZleba mianiSnebdes, rom momxdara kolxuri kulturis erTi qronologiur-lokaluri
variantis SeWra – Serwyma imave kulturis imave qronologiur-lokalur variantSi. am
mxriv fiCori gamonaklisi ar aris. aseTive narevoba axasiaTebs ergetis nasaxlars1,
anaklia I-is III fenas, nakarRalis (aWara) VI fenas, namWeduris VI fenas, nosiris II fenas.
es garemoeba safuZvels iZleva, rom dasaxelebuli Zeglebi ganekuTvnos Sua brinjaosa
da gviani brinjaos xanebis gardamaval periods, roca mosaxleobis erTi nawili
intensiurad iTvisebs mTas, meore nawili ki rCeba barSi da agrZelebs kolxuri
kulturis tradiciebs. raRac etapze, rogorc Cans, barSi damkvidrebuli mosaxleobis
nawili midis mTaSi, samxreTelebi inacvleben amJamindeli galis raionisaken, rac iwvevs
mikrokulturaTa erTmaneTSi umtkivneulo Serwymas. es procesi asaxulia keramikaSi,
magram am kulturaTa mWidro genetikuri kavSiri ukeTesad Cans liTonis nawarmSi, rac
gansakuTrebiT mkafioa gardamavali etapis masalebSi. am TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa
kolxuri culebisa da sxva iaraRebis (Toxis, Subispiris, satevris) monacemebi. isini
adastureben, rom Crdilo-dasavleT kolxeTSi mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenloba ar
Secvlila Sua da gviani brinjaos xanebis gardamaval periodSi.
gardamavali periodis Zeglebze SeniSnuli Zvrebi dakavSirebuli unda iyos kidev
erT movlenasTan, romlis Seswavlas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs kavkasiaSi mimdinare
istoriuli procesebis garkvevisaTvis. Crdilo-dasavleT kolxeTSi adre da Sua
brinjaos xanaSi,rogorc ukve iTqva, gavrcelebulia dolmenuri kultura specifikuri
nagebobiT, dakrZalvis wesiT da inventariT2. dolmeni, rogorc samarxi, moulodnelad
wyvets arsebobas Zv.w. II aTaswleulis Sua xanebisaTvis da adgils uTmobs samarxTa
axal tipebs (kromlexi, osuariumi), Tumca SeiniSneba genetikuri kavSiri dakrZalvis
ritualsa da samarxul inventarSi. roca mosaxleobis nawili tovebs baris teritorias,
xdeba am dolmenuri, mosaxleobis nawilis gadaadgileba mTis zolisaken. amis sabuTad
gamodgeba brilis samarovanze gaTxrili erTi akldama,3 romelic nagebia mSrali wyobiT
Tixa-fiqaliT nagebi qvebidan. Tavisi arqiteqturuli detalebiT, dakrZalvis ritualiT
da samarxeuli inventariT (ZiriTadad samkauliT) igi imeorebs afxazeTis dolmenebis
gviandel fenebsa da Suabrinjaos xanis dasasrulis zogierT kompleqss (Rari, Tli,
saCxere, nuli). gansakuTrebuli msgavseba SeiniSneba zemo ruTxis #16 samarxTan4,
romelic nagebobiT, dakrZalvis wesiTa da inventariT imeorebs brilis akldamas. misi
Sedareba brilisa da Tlis kompleqsebTan gviCvenebs, rom igi gardamavali periodis
ZeglebTan unda iqnes gaerTianebuli da misi zeda sazRvari Zv.w. XIVs. sawyisze mogviano
ar unda iyos. amave dros, zemo ruTxis #16 samarxis qveda zRvari Zv.w. XIIs. qvemoT ar
midis. amgvarad, isaxeba gza afxazeTis dolmenebidan raWis gavliT yobanis teritoriaze.
arqeologiurad dadasturebuli es movlena gviCvenebs samxreTul impulsebs da
novaciebs, romelsac adgili aqvs CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi.5 faqtobrivad es aris
samxreTuli gavlenis gavrcelebis pirveli safexuri, romelic zemoT aRniSnul
eTnokulturul ZvrebTan aris dakavSirebuli. am garemoebas ki gadamwyveti mniSvneloba
unda hqondes yobanuri kulturis samxreTuli fesvebis Ziebis saqmeSi.
3. gvianbrinjao – adrerkinis xana (Zv.w. XVI-VIIss.)
Zv.w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevridan faqtobrivad mTel kavkasiaSi SeiniSneba

mniSvnelovani Zvrebi da gardaqmnebi adgilobrivi mosaxleobis yofasa da kulturaSi.
aSkarad mcirdeba kulturuli kontaqtebi gare samyarosTan da iqmneba erTgvari
`kulturuli izolacia~. kavkasiis SigniT SeiniSneba ganviTarebis erTgvarovani da amave
1. Т. Микеладзе и др. О работах колхидской археологической экспедиции. – ПАИ в 1984-85гг. Тб., 1987, gv. 40.
2 . m. baramiZe. aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi, gv. 102-117.
3 . iqve, gv. 142.
4 . Е.И. Крупнов. Материали по археологии Северной Осетии докобанского периода. – ЛИА, 23. М., Л. 1951, gv. 49-
60; В. И. Козенкова. Культурно-экномические процессы на Северном Кавказе. М., 1966, gv. 74-103.
5 . m. baramiZe. kolxur-yobanur kulturaTa urTierTobis sakiTxisaTvis keramikuli nawarmis mixedviT. _
afxazeTi I, Tb., 2006, gv. 49-61.
24
dros Taviseburi ganviTarebis xazi. saqarTvelos teritoriaze am periodidan, winare
xanebis msgavsad, yalibdeba ori sxvadasxva arqeologiuri kultura: aRmosavleTSi –
centralur amierkavkasiuri, dasavleTSi ki – dasavlur-qarTuli (kolxuri). TiToeul
am kulturaSi erTiani materialuri kultura da ganviTarebis erTiani suraTi
SeiniSneba. amasTanave am kulturebSi SesaZlebeli xdeba lokaluri regionebisa da maT
SigniT mikro-lokaluri samrewvelo kerebis gamoyofa. Crdilo-dasavleT kolxeTi
(Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoria) am erTiani kolxuri kulturis lokalur variantad
aris miCneuli.20 sayuradReboa aRvniSnoT, rom aRniSnuli periodi zogadad xasiaTdeba
ZeglTa gansakuTrebuli simravliT. aSkaraa, rom meurneobis sxvadasxva dargebis,
gansakuTrebiT brinjaos da rkinis metalurgiis mkveTri aRmavlobis Sedegad xdeba
erTgvari `demografiuli afeTqeba~, romelmac moicva istoriuli kolxeTis rogorc
dablobi, ise mTiani kavkasionis zolic. am periodSi ukve SesaZlebeli xdeba
vilaparakoT xelosnuri warmoebis aRmavlobaze, gansakuTrebiT keramikul warmoebasa
da metalurgiaSi, mozrdil samarovnebsa da nasaxlarebze, protourbanistul
dasaxlebebze da sxva. es yovelive winapirobaa kolxeTis saxelmwifos ganviTarebis
ufro maRal safexurze migvaniSnebs. gansakuTrebiT kargad es movlenebi SeiniSneba
fiCoris mravalfenian nasaxlarze.
afxazeTis teritoriaze sakvlevi periodis 300-mdis obieqtia dafiqsirebuli. isini
warmodgenilia nasaxlarebiT, samarovnebiT, sawarmoo kerebiT da ganZebiT, e.i. kulturis
yvela im komponentiT, romlebic saerTod arqeologiuri ZeglebisTvis aris
damaxasiaTebeli. bunebrivia, rom yvela maTgani ar gamxdara (da verc gaxdeboda)
mecnieruli kvlevis obieqti, Tumca rac Seswavlilia SemTxveviTi aRmoCenebis
gaTvaliswinebiT saSualebas iZleva am periodis zogadi suraTis aRsadgenad. erTi ram
ki aSkaraa: kolxuri kultura aRmocenebulia adgilobrivi, TviTmyofadi kulturis
safuZvelze da raime kataklizmebi an kulturul-eTnikuri cvlilebebi ar SeiniSneba.
afxazeTis namosaxlarTa Seswavlis dRevandel safexurze kolxuri kulturis
afxazeTis lokalur variantSi SeiZleba gamoiyos 3 mikroregioni. I mikrolokalur
variants warmoadgens md. enguris qvemo welis namosaxlarebi, fiCoris nasaxlaris II-III
fenebi da mimdebare #2-10 borcvebi, mziuris, abaJus, Tagilonis da warCes xelovnuri
namosaxlari borcvebi, romelTa arqeologiuri monapovari ZiriTadad imeorebs
kolxeTis dablobisa da samxreT-dasavleT kolxeTis namosaxlarTa monapovars,
zogierTi Taviseburi elementiT. II lokalur variants warmoadgens moqvisa da tamiSis
namosaxlarebi. aq gvaqvs rogorc xelovnur namosaxlarTa kompleqsi tamiSis saxiT, ise
bunebriv zRvispira terasaze ganfenili dasaxleba. arqeologiuri monapovari, erTi
mxriv, msgavsia I lokaluri variantis nawarmisa da, meore mxriv, garkveulad ukavSirdeba
III variantis nasaxlarTa monapovars.
III lokaluri variantis nasaxlarebi (kistriki, bombora) warmodgenilia zRvispira
dabal terasaze gamovlenili kulturuli fenebiT da naxevrad miwuri wnuli,
facxiseburi nagebobebiT, romelic gvxvdeba meore variantis nasaxlarebze. I lokaluri
variantis nagebobani Zeluri, `jargvaluri~ tipis nagebobebiTaa warmodgenili, rac
tipuria dasavleT saqarTvelos eTnografiuli yofisaTvis. aSkaraa, rom xis
arqiteqtura faqtobrivad erTgvarovania da ar icvleba kolxeTis mTeli istoriis
ganmavlobaSi. faqtobrivad igive SeiZleba iTqvas wnulkedlebian, baTqaSiT Selesil
`facxaze~.21 xis arqiteqturis paralelurad sxva saxis nagebobani Tanamedrove afxazeTis
teritoriaze, TiTqos ar dasturdeba. erTgvar gamonakliss warmoadgens àbaJus~
namosaxlari sof. pirvel galSi, sadac qveda, Zv.w. VIII-VIIss. fenaSi gaTxrilia kldeSi
(Tiri) CaWrili sworkedliani (simaRle 3-1,6m), dasavleTiT gaxsnili nagebobis naSTebi
saerTo farTiT daaxloebiT 400m2 meti.22 msgavsi nageboba sadReisod ucnobia kolxeTis
20 . o. jafariZe. saqarTvelos arqeologia, gv. 200; m. baramiZe. aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi, gv. 217; misive:
kolxur-yobanur kulturaTa urTierTobis sakiTxisaTvis, gv. 49 da sxva.
21 . m. baramiZe. aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi ... gv. 57-72; T. CigoSvili. engur-kodoris ormdinareTis
namosaxlarTa kultura. .... afxazeTi I, Tb. 2006, gv. 133-136.
22 . m. baramiZe. aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi, gv. 38-40; ix. agreTve eqspediciis angariSebi 1983-1990ww.
25
arqeologiaSi. gaurkvevelia misi daniSnulebac, Tumca gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom igi
warmoadgenda saqonlis gadarekvis dros DdroebiT sadgoms23. aseT SemTxvevaSi
erTgvarad gaurkvevelia misi originaluri konstruqcia, gansakuTrebuli zomebi,
gadaxurvaSi xis svetebis gamoyeneba da sxva. igi ufro SeiZleba iyos xeobis Camketi,
saTvalTvalo, sasimagro sistema.
afxazeTis namosaxlarTa sistemaSi SeiniSneba kidev erTi kanonzomiereba. engur-
kodoris ormdinareTSi, dablob zolSi, sadac mravladaa Waobiani, nestiani niadagi,
namosaxlarebi gamarTulia xelovnurad mozvinul borcvebze mdinareebis an Zveli
namdinarevi kalapotebis gaswvriv. msgavsi suraTi fiqsirdeba kolxeTis dablobis
gavrcelebis mTel teritoriaze.24
sayuradReboa, rom xelovnur borcvTa ganlagebaSic SeiniSneba Tavisebureba. erT-
erTi borcvi iyo centraluri da nasaxlaris arsebobis pirvel etapze hegemoni. fiCoris
nasaxlaris magaliTze Cans, rom centraluri borcvi arsebobs Zv.w. III aTaswleulis
bolodan da cxovreba masze grZeldeba uwyvetad mTeli 20 saukunis ganmavlobaSi, vidre
Zv.w. IIIs. dasawyisamde (fenebi I-VIII). mxolod Zv.w. I aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi (fenebi
III-II) mosaxleoba iwyebs borcvis mimdebare teritoriis aTvisebas. Zv.w. IX_VIII s-Tvis
centraluri borcvis irgvliv or rigad 10 xelovnuri borcvis aTviseba xdeba, sadac
ZiriTadad winareantikur-adreelinisturi (Zv.w. VIII-IIIss) xanis fenebia warmodgenili. am
periodSi ukve nasaxlars ukavia daaxloebiT 10 heqtari farTobi. es aris mozrdili
sofeli, Tanamedrove terminologiiT dabis tipisa.
msgavsi suraTi SeiniSneba kolxeTis rig Zeglebzec: tamiSi (afxazeTi), namarnu, wyemi,
nosiri, namWeduri, nakarRali da sxva (kolxeTis dablobi).
yovel borcvs da borcvebis mTel am sistemas Semouyveba xelovnuri Txrili (arxi),
romelic, rogorc Cans, ivseboda md. zorRaTis wyliT da samxreT-dasavleTiT
gadadioda zRvaSi. sayuradReboa, rom Zv.w. IVs. berZeni avtoris hipokrates cnoba
pirdapir adasturebs kolxeTSi arxebis, rogorc sagzao arteriebis arsebobas. igi
ambobs: `maTi (kolxebis - avt.) saxlebi gakeTebulia wyalze da masalad gamoyenebulia
xeebi an lerwami. isini cotas dadian fexiT da isic mxolod qalaqSi an bazarSi.
Cveulebriv mogzauroben navebiT, romlebiTac zemoT da qvemoT miuyvebian arxebs. arxebi
ki iq bevria~.25 aSkaraa, rom es arxebi ZiriTadad samimosvlo arteriaa, Tumca mas,
rogorc Cans, sxva funqciac hqonda. kerZod, gamoiyeneboda Tavdasacavad, sameurneod da
sadrenaJod. amgvarad, igi mravalprofiliani daniSnulebis sistemas warmoadgenda.
sayuradReboa, rom fiCoris nasaxlaris saarxo sistema Zalze kargadaa SemorCenili.
nasaxlaridan arxis kvali miemarTeba CrdiloeTiT 4 kilometris manZilze. 2
kilometrSi aRmarTulia xelovnuri borcvi, `jvaralebi~, xolo 4 kilometrSi
`nakarRali~. aqedan arxis (Rali-s) erT Stod, savaraudaod (Sualedi monakveTi
dazianebulia sameurneo samuSaoebis dros) uxvevs samxreT-aRmosavleTiT da 3
kilometrSi miadgeba ganmuxuris namosaxlar kompleqss (5 borcvi). aqedan ki arxi midis
samxreTiT, zRvisken. amgvarad, aSkaraa, rom erT saarxo sistemaSi ganlagebulia 4
erTmaneTis sinqronuli namosaxlari (sofeli). sayuradReboa, rom msgavsi saarxo
sistemebi fiqsirdeba centralur kolxeTSi abaSa-senakis raionSi (wyemi–Zigura-keTilari
da sagviCios borcvebi., agreTve namarnus sistema lanCxuTis raionSi).
nasaxlar borcvTa aRniSnuli suraTi aSkarad gviCvenebs, rom gvianbrinjaos xanis
dasasrulisTvis kolxeTis – dasavleT saqarTvelos mTeli teritoria Zalze mWidrod
aris dasaxlebuli. namosaxlarTa didi farTobi, gamagrebis sistema, meurneobis
mwarmoebluri xasiaTi, savaraudod, calkeul xelosanTa jgufebi (keramika, liTonis
iaraRi da samkauli) TiTqos imaze migvaniSnebs, rom saqme gvaqvs protourbanistul
civilizaciasTan, romelic aucileblad saxelmwifoebrivi politikuri erTeulis saxiT
unda yofiliyo warmodgenili.
23 . T. CigoSvili. dasax. naSromi, gv. 134.

24 . g. grigolia. egris-lazikis samefos istoriuli geografiis problemebi. Tb., 1978, gv. 4-5.
25 . В.В. Латышев. Известия древних писателей о Скифим и Кавказе, т. I, вып. I. CПБ., 1895, gv. 58.
26
afxazeTis teritoriaze ramdenime aTeuli samarovania mokvleuli da nawilobriv
Seswavlili. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia iseTi cnobili sagvareulo samarovnebi, rogoricaa
wiTeli Suqura, gvadixu, eSera, jantuxa, ayarmara, merxeuli, fiCori da sxva.
sayuradReboa, rom yvela maTgani TiTqmis sinqronulia da Zv.w. VIII-Vss. farglebSi
eqceva. isini ZiriTadad tipologiurad da arqeologiuri masalebiT zustad jdebian e.w.
kolxuri samarovnebis rigebSi, romlebic ukanasknel ramdenime aTwleulSi iqna
mokvleuli (paluri, larilari, brili, muxurCa, ureki, ergeta da sxva). SeiniSneba erTi
saerTo niSani am samarovnebis daTariRebis sakiTxSi. gviani brinjaos xanis samarovnebi
adreuli safexuris (Zv.w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevari) kolxeTis dablobze
faqtobrivad jerjerobiT ucnobia da es problema erT-erTi ZiriTadi da sakvanZoa
arqeologiaSi. gvaqvs namosaxlari fenebi, ganZebi, SemTxveviTi monapovari, samarxeuli
kompleqtebi mTian regionSi, magram ar Cans maTi sinqronuli samarovnebi kolxeTis
dablobze. riT aixsneba es garemoeba, Zneli saTqmelia da am mimarTulebiT kvleva
kolxeTis arqeologiis ZiriTadi problemaa. am problemis gadawyvetis gareSe ki
qronologiis garkveva SeuZlebelia. aqedan gamomdinare, mTeli zemoT aRniSnuli
samarovnebi zogjer zogadad sakvlevi periodiT aris daTariRebuli, rac
gaurkvevlobas iwvevs.26 sayuradReboa, rom afxazeTis dRevandel teritoriaze
aRmoCenili samarovnebi gansakuTrebuli mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva. aris ormo-
samarxebi sxvadasxva mdgomareobaSi dakrZaluli micvalebulebiT, meoradi dakrZalvis
ritualiT, kremaciiTa da naxevradkremaciiT da sxva. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia
meoradi dakrZalvis rituali, rac Zalze damaxasiaTebelia kolxuri samarovnebisTvis
da gavrcelebulia kolxeTis mTel teritoriaze.27 samegrelos, imereTisa da afxazeTis
eTnografiul yofaSi dadasturebulia, rom dakrZalvis es rituali erTnairad
damaxasiaTebelia mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelosTvis, rac aRniSnul teritoriaze
mosaxleobis erTgvarovnebaze unda miuTiTebdes; imavdroulad igi eTnikuri vinaobis
sakiTxebis kvlevisaTvis erT-erT sayuradRebo wyaros warmoadgens.
gansakuTrebiT sayuradRebo Cans samarxis erTi tipi, romelic gavrcelebulia
mxolod soxumis Crdilo-dasavleTiT da cnobilia Tixis osuariumebiT. dakrZalvis
wesi aqac meoradia. aRniSnuli garemoeba aSkarad migviTiTebs, rom kolxuri kulturis
afxazeTis lokaluri raionis erT-erTi mikrolokaluri varianti swored am regions
moicavs. sayuradReboa, rom swored am variants axasiaTebs brinjaos samkaulis erTi
jgufi Wviruli mZivebi, sartylebi cxovelis TaviT, frinvelis formis sakidebi da sxva.
amave jgufisTvis tipuria arqauli ieris agurisferi an monacrisfro keramika
reliefur-Wrili an texili saxeebiT. Zalze mcirea tipuri kolxuri nairgvari
ornamentiT Semkuli Tixis nawarmi. SedarebiT mravladaa kaJis isrispiri, namglis
CasarTi, riyis qvis salesebi, sabegveli, xelsafqvavi. regionis specifika, SesaZloa,
kolxur kulturaSi periferiuli mdgomareobiT aixsnas. arqeologiuri masalebis am
jgufis gavrcelebis CrdiloeT nawili garkveulad moicavs dRevandeli adleris
raions, rac kolxuri kulturis gavrcelebis Crdilo-dasavlur sazRvrad unda iqnes
miCneuli.
kolxuri kulturis erT-erT specifikur komponents e.w. diunuri dasaxlebani
warmoadgens. isini vrceldeba faqtobrivad mTel aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi aWaridan
moyolebuli afxazeTis Tanamedrove teritoriis CaTvliT zRvis sanapiro zolis
gaswvriv TiTqmis uwyvetad. amgvari dasaxlebebi cnobilia da nawilobriv Seswavlili
baTumSi, urekSi, qobuleTSi, yulevSi, gagidaSi, oCamCireSi, gulrifSSi, soxumSi, axal
aTonSi, qvemo eSeraSi da sxvagan. isini warmoadgenen 1,5-3,5m. simaRlis qviSazvinulebs,
romlebzec dasturdeba uZvelesi adamianis saqmianobis ramdenime (2-3-dan 12 donemdis)
fena, romlebic WrilSi moSavo-monacrisfro feriT gamoiyofa. es Sreebi mozrdil
laqebadaa fiqsirebuli (sigrZe 40-50 m-mdis, sisqe 10-15sm). gamonaklisis saxiT rig
26 . amaSi scodaven separatistebi. ix.: О. Бгажба, С. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 39-41. naSromSi faqtobrivad
mogviano kompleqsebi xelaRebiT adreuladaa aRiarebuli. xdeba sruli aRreva calkeuli, kargad
gansazRvruli tipis nakeTobebis qronologiisa.
27 . m. baramiZe. merxeulis samarovani. Tb., 1997, gv. 13-14.
27
Zeglebze fiqsirdeba Tixatkepnili iataki (gudava II). fenebSi gamovlenili
arqeologiuri masala mravalricxovania da erTgvarovani. warmodgenilia Zirze
qsovilis anabeWdiani oTxkuTxa an ovaluri formis àbazanisebri~ WurWlebi da
rqiseburi an wawvetebulTaviani sadgrebi. keramika uxeSia, xreSnarevi, ferad mowiTalo.
TiTqmis uklebliv yvela abazanisebri WurWeli atarebs cecxlSi yofnis kvals.
Tanmxlebi kolxuri keramikisa da iSviaTad brinjaos nakeTobaTa mixedviT irkveva, rom
diunuri dasaxlebebi gaCndnen Zv.w. VIII saukunis dasawyisisaTvis da wyveten arsebobas
Zv.w. VI saukunis Sua xanebisTvis. samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom
es dasaxlebebi marilis sarew saxelosnoebs Tu sxva daniSnulebis sadgomebs
warmoadgendnen28. mkvlevarTa nawili am mosazrebebs dRemde iziarebs.29 am dros sruliad
ugulebelyofilia qarTvel arqeologTa ukanaskneli gamokvlevebi am sadgomebis
daniSnulebis Sesaxeb30. istoriul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT da arqeologiuri masalis
Seswavlis axleburi interpretaciis Sedegad diunuri nasaxlarebi rkinis sawarmoo
obieqtebad aris miCneuli.31
ufro misaRebia diunur sadgomTa rkinis metalurgiasTan dakavSireba. irkveva, rom
uklebliv yvela sadgomi Seicavs rkinas magnetitis saxiT da misi miReba
qviSazvinulidan savsebiT SesaZlebelia.32 a. ramiSvilis mier aRdgenili es procesi,
SesaZloa, iwvevs garkveul kiTxvebs, magram saerTo suraTi mainc misaRebia da
gasaziarebeli. amasTanave faqtia, rom ukve Zv.w. VIII saukunidan rkinis iaraRi kolxuri
kulturis wamyvani da gadamwyveti elementia. Tumca misi pirveli nakeTobebis gaCena
afxazeTis teritoriaze, SesaZloa, ramdenadme winac uswrebdes am TariRs.
sayuradReboa, rom rkinis pirveli nakeTobebi zustad imeoreben brinjaos nakeTobaTa
formebs da Camoyalibebuli Canan adgilobrivi, kolxuri brinjaos formebis mibaZviT.33
ar aris gamoricxuli, rkinis madnis nawili, misi masStaburobis gamo, warmoadgenda
importis erT-erT saxes da spilenZis madnis paralelurad sacvlel produqtad iyo
gamoyenebuli. mxedvelobaSia misaRebi is garemoebac, rom faqtobrivad mkvlevarTa
udidesi nawili rkinis metalurgiis Camoyalibebas qarTveluri tomis, xalibebis
saxelTan akavSirebs. aRniSnuli sakiTxebi detalurad Seiswavla akad. d.xaxutaiSvilma.
mxolod aRvniSnavT, rom samxreT saqarTvelos teritoriaze (guria-aWara, qvemo qarTli)
warmoqmnili metalurgiuli warmoebis procesis uadresi safexurebi Zv.w. XIV saukuniT
mainc unda ganisazRvros.34 rogorc Cans, swored aqedan gavrcelda rkinis metalurgia
saqarTvelos sxva regionebSi, Tanac arasinqronulad, sxvadasxva periodSi. afxazeTis
dRevandel teritoriaze misi gavrceleba Zv.w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisiT aris
gansazRvruli.35 diunur sadgomTa gverdiT rkinis metalurgiis maRal dones aWara-
samegrelos teritoriaze Seswavlili rkinis qura-saxelosnoebi adastureben.
aRsaniSnavia, rom msgavsi qurebi Seswavlilia afxazeTSi, Tanamedrove galis raionSi,
kerZod mziuris teritoriazec, romelic aSkarad sinqronulia diunuri sadgomebisa da
ganekuTvneba winareantikur xanas.
kolxuri kulturis gavrcelebis mTel teritoriaze (Tanamedrove afxazeTis
regionis CaTvliT) materialuri kulturis erT-erT specifikur da damaxasiaTebel
komponents brinjaos nivTebis ganZebi warmoadgenen. sadReisod samecniero
28 . Л. Соловьев. Следы древнего сольярного промысла в близ г. Очамчире и Сухуми. - Труды Абхазского Гос.
Музея, 1.Сухуми, 1947.
29 . О. Бгажба, С. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 41; И.И. Цвинария. Поселение Гуандра. Тб., 1978.
30 . Г. Инанишвили. Железо-плавильное дело в центральном и западном Закавказье в XIII – I веках до н.э. Тб.,
1997.
31 . Н.В. Хоштария. Археологические исследование в с. Уреки; А.Т. Рамишвили, И. Грдзелишвили.
Железоплавильное дело в древней Грузии. Тб., 1964, gv. 17; Д. А . Хахутаишвили. Производство железа в древней
Колхиде. Тб., 1987, gv. 6-39.
32 . r. abramiSvili. rkinis warmoebis aTvisebis sakiTxebisaTvis. _ ssmm XXIII-B. Tb., 1967.
33 . iqve.
34 . iqve.
35 . iqve.
28
literaturaSi cnobilia daaxloebiT 200-mde amgvari kompleqsi.36 maT Soris 65 swored
dRevandeli afxazeTis teritoriazea fiqsirebuli.37 isini Seicaven brinjaos wundebul,
xmarebidan gamosul iaraRebs (kolxuri culebi, segmentiseburi iaraRi, Toxi, zodebi),
iSviaTad samkauls, kombinirebul iaraRs da `meliToneTa~ ganZebis saxeliTaa cnobili.
savaraudod, isini xelmeored gadasadnobad da axali iaraRis Camosasxmelad iyo
gankuTvnili. maTi gaCena ZiriTadad Zv.w. II aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi xdeba (gali, ureki,
biWvinTa/lZava, ganTiadi), e.i. periodSi, romelic uSualod uswrebs win kolxur
kulturas da warmoadgens erTgvar gardamaval etaps. ganZebi gvxvdeba gvianbrinjao-
adrerkinis xanis yvela etapze da, rogorc Cans, wyvets arsebobas Zv.w. I aTaswleulis
Sua xanebisTvis. Cveulebriv, isini dakavSirebuli arian im periodis namosaxlarTa
sawarmoo ubnebTan (fiCori, gali). maTi gaqroba dakavSirebuli unda iyos brinjaos
nawarmis warmoebis SemcirebasTan rkinis metalurgiaze sruli gadasvlis Semdgom.
kolxuri kultura38 drois did monakveTs moicavs da qronologiurad Zv.w. II
aTaswleulis meore da I aTaswleulis pirvel naxevars moicavs. arqeologiuri
masalebis tipologiur-qronologiuri Seswavla gviCvenebs, rom masSi ZiriTadad ori
etapia warmodgenili. pirveli etapi xasiaTdeba brinjaos industriis maRali doniT da
warmodgenilia yvela im iaraRiT, rac saerTod am kulturas axasiaTebs arsebobis mTel
manZilze. meore etapi ki am kulturis ayvavebis xanaa, roca brinjaos metalurgiasTan
erTad rkinis warmoeba wamyvani dargi xdeba.39 TiToeuli am etapis SigniT SesaZlebeli
xdeba ramdenime qronologiuri safexuris gamoyofa.40
kolxuri kulturis xasiaTi ganpirobebulia misi sameurneo TaviseburebiT. igi
ZiriTadad miwaTmoqmedi mosaxleobis kulturaa da iaraRebic swored am funqciis
matarebelia. ukve adrebrinjaos xanidan kolxeTis teritoriaze guTnuri miwaTmoqmedeba
iyo meurneobis wamyvani dargi, risTvisac gamoiyeneboda xis saxvnelebi. isini agrZeleben
arsebobas sakvlev periodSic, razec unda migviTiTebdes fiWvnaris gvianbrinjaos xanis
fenebSi aRmoCenili xis saxnisebi.41 SesaZloa, saxniss am periodSi ukve hqonda liTonis
damcavi. yovel SemTxvevaSi, Zv.w. I aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi (Zv.w. VII-VIss.) kolxeTSi
dasturdeba rkinis saxnisebis arseboba, romlebic xis saxnisze wamosagebad iyo
gankuTvnili (nigvzianis da fiCoris samarovnebi).42 miwis dasamuSaveblad gamoyenebulia
brinjaos Toxebi, romlebic xasiaTdeba simravliT da nairgvarobiT. isini
gavrcelebulia faqtobrivad mTel kolxeTSi, Tumca SeiniSneba erTi garemoeba -
afxazeTis teritoriaze isini SedarebiT mcire raodenobiTaa cnobili. Toxebis
gavrcelebis CrdiloeTi punqti qvemo eSeraa. mis samxreTiT ki Toxebi ramdenime
punqtSia gamovlenili.43 aSkaraa, rom qvis iaraRis (Toxebis) farTod gavrcelebis gamo
md. gumisTis CrdiloeTiT liTonis Toxi ufro gvian Sedis, rac am mikrolokaluri
keris44 erT-erTi TaviseburebiT unda aixsnas.
kulturis erT-erT ZiriTad da ganmsazRvrel iaraRad kolxuri culebia
aRiarebuli. afxazeTis teritoriaze vxvdebiT am iaraRis samive ZiriTad saxeobas –
Svetiltaniani, maxvili yuiT, swortaniani dawaxnagebuli yuiT da tanSi orgzis
36 . d. qoriZe. kolxeTis materialuri kulturis istoriidan. Tb., 1965; al. ramiSvili. kolxeTis
materialuri kulturis istoriidan. Tb., 1974 w.; l. saxarova. brinjaos ganZebi leCxumidan; Ю.Н. Воронов.
dasax. naSromi; m. baramiZe. aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi... da sxva.
37 . j. afaqiZe. afxazeTis gvianbrinjaosa da adrerkinis xanis ganZebi. _ afxazeTi, I, Tb., 2006.
38 termini `kolxuri kultura~ samecniero literaturaSi ixmareba gvianbrinajao-adrerkinis periodis
aRsaniSnavad da erTgvarad pirobiTi cnebaa, radgan Sinaarsobrivad rogorc misi winare, ise momdevno
kulturebic aseve kolxuria.
39 . o. jafariZe. saqarTvelos arqeologia, gv. 202.
40 . m. baramiZe. aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi..., gv. 147-159.
41 . l. ZiZiguri. uZvelesi saxvneli iaraRebi Crdilo-dasavleT kolxeTidan. - afxazeTi. I, Tb., 2006, gv. 40;
i. CavliSvili. uZvelesi saxvneli iaraRebi fiWvnaridan. _ baTumis areqologiuri muzeumis Sromebi, III. Tb.,
2005.
42 . m. baramiZe. dasax. naSromi.
43 . j. afaqiZe. afxazeTis gvianbrinjaosa da adrerkinis xanis ganZebi, gv. 66-85.
44 . o. jafariZe. kolxuri culi. _ saqarTvelos sax. muzeumis moambe, XVI –B. Tb., 1955; d. qoriZe. dasax.
naSromi; l. saxarova. dasax. naSromi.
29
moxrili.45 kulturis ganviTarebis meore etapze maTi formebi ufro daxvewilia, koxta
da msubuqi. zogierTi maTgani ornamentirebulia. rogorc Cans, ZiriTadad sabrZolo
iaraRis funqcia hqonda, Tumca, SesaZloa, uxeSi, masiuri egzemplarebi sameurneo
daniSnulebisa iyo.
kolxuri kulturis erT-erT ZiriTad elements warmoadgens segmentiseburi iaraRi,
romelic sakmao raodenobiTaa aRmoCenili afxazeTSi, ZiriTadad gumisTis samxreT
zolSi. maTi daniSnulebis Sesaxeb azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa. mkvlevarTa nawils mozrdili
nimuSebi baris funqciis matareblad miaCnia, nawils _ xvewisa, nawils ki _ xis saxnisis
garsakravad. gamoTqmulia mosazreba sacvlel erTeulad maTi gamoyenebis Sesaxeb.
kolxuri kulturis adreul safexurebze samarovanTa naklebad Seswavlilobis gamo
naklebi informacia gvaqvs sxva rigis (sabrZolo, samkauli) masalebis Sesaxeb. ganZebis
SemadgenlobaSi es nakeTobani iSviaTi gamonaklisis saxiTaa warmodgenili. meore etapze
(Zv.w. I aTaswleulis pirveli naxevari) ukve mravladaa am rigis masalac: sxvadasxva
tipis brinjaos Subispirebi, satevrebi, liTonis samkauli. sayuradReboa, rom am
nakeTobaTa erTgvarovnebis fonze maT Soris gamoiyofa afxazeTis lokaluri
regionisTvis damaxasiaTebeli specifikuri formebic, magaliTad, grZelyunwiani,
samkuTxapiriani Subispirebi, cxovelis gamosaxulebiani brtyeli balTebi, Wviruli da
brtyeli samajurebi, kirkalis Taviseburi formebi, Tavdafanjruli da fuye mZivebi,
cxovelisa da frinvelis formis sakidi amuletebi da sxva. kolxuri kulturis
brinjaos nawarmi aSkarad migviTiTebs brinjaos metalurgiis maRal doneze. ukve adre
brinjaos xanidan spilenZis mopoveba kolxuri tomebis sameurneo yofaSi erT-erTi
prioritetuli mimarTulebaa. kavkasionis samxreTi kalTebis teritoriaze sadReisod
cnobilia ramdenime punqti, sadac dasturdeba liTonis mopovebisa da damuSavebis
mTeli procesi (baSkafsara, CxalTa –afxazeTSi, brili, gona – raWaSi, mestia – svaneTSi,
Tlia da misi Semogareni – cxinvalis regionSi). mikvleulia uZvelesi samTomadno
gamonamuSevrebi da masTan dakavSirebuli sawarmoo kerebi. am Zeglebidan yvelaze ukeT
raWis samTo-metalurgiuli centria Seswavlili.46 gansakuTrebul aRmavlobas es dargi
ganicdis gvianbrinjaos xanaSi. am periodis Stolnebi, Strekebi, saZiebo Txrilebi,
kamerebi da fuZe qanebis gadanayari aSkarad gviCveneben, rom mopovebulia ramdenime
aseuli aTasi tona spilenZis madani; igi sakmarisi iyo aramarto adgilobrivi
warmoebisaTvis, aramed sruliad realuria maTi eqsporti wina aziaSi da anatoliis
saSualedo vaWrobis gziT ufro samxreTiTac ki.47 swored raWaSi, brilis samarovnis
Zv.w. VI-IVss fenis samarxebSi vxvdebiT kilogramobiT lurji minis navkratisul mZivebs,
egviptur skarabeebs, sanelsacxeblebs, Tevzis gamosaxulebian brinjaos finikiur (?)
monetebs. es ukanaskneli saSuamavlo vaWrobaSi finikiuri qalaqebis (mag. puneJis) rolze
unda migviTiTebdes.48 SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos is garemoebac, rom egvipturi importi
TiTqmis ar Cans kolxeTis dablobis am periodis Zeglebze da igi mxolod raWis samTo-
metalurgiuli centris zolSia dadasturebuli. amiT unda aixsnas kolxuri kulturis
gavrcelebis mTel arealSi (maT Soris afxazeTSic) brinjaos zodebis gansakuTrebuli
simravle, romelTa forma transportirebisaTvis sakmaod moxerxebulia.
brinjaos metalurgiis maRalma donem da sawarmoo Cvevebma moamzada axal, ufro
progresul da srulyofil rkinis metalurgiaze gadasvla. amitom SemTxveviTi ar unda
iyos rkinis metalurgiaSi qarTvelur tomTa gansakuTrebuli rolis aRiareba.
samwuxarod, separatisti mkvlevarebi sruliad uaryofen am Tvalsazriss da cdiloben
45 . d. qoriZe. dasax. naSromi; l. saxarova. dasax. naSromi; l. jafariZe. miwaTmoqmedebis iaraRebi

dasavlur-qarTul kulturaSi. _ Tsu Sromebi, t. 49, Tb., 1953.
46 . g. gobejiSvili. arqeologiuri gaTxrebi..., gv.; a. afaqiZe, al kalandaZe, g. gobejiSvili. saqarTvelos
arqeologia. Tb., 1959.
47 . m. baramiZe. aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi..., gv. 175-184; misive: aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis brinjaos
metalurigiis istoriis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi. _ zRva da adamiani. Tb., 1995, gv. 26-27.
48 . yuradReba am mimarTulebiT gaamaxvila k. kuSnariovam siRnaRis saerTaSoriso (saqarTvelo, ruseTi,
aSS) kolokviumze, 1995 w.
30
rkinis metalurgiis afxazeTSi Semosvla, gavrceleba Crdiloeli skivTuri eTnosis
gavleniT axsnan49.
kimerielTa da skviTTa tomebi Zv.w. I aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi gansaxlebuli
Canan Crdilo SavizRvispireTisa da, savaraudod, stepebis zolSi. wyaroebis mixedviT,
kimerielebi skviTebma gandevnes am zolidan da isini Zv.w. VIIIs. dasawyisisaTvis gadadian
wina aziis teritoriaze. maT ukan misdevs skviTuri masa, romelic am regionSi Cans Zv.w.
VIIs. 90-iani wlebisaTvis. orive am eTnosma garkveuli roli iTamaSa wina aziis
politikuri situaciis SeqmnaSi da xan damoukideblad, xan daqiravebuli razmebis saxiT
monawileoba miiRo rig saxelmwifoTa ganadgurebaSi. CvenTvis sainteresoa, ra gziT
unda moxvedriliyvnen es xalxebi wina aziaSi. mkvlevarTa nawili (maT Soris afxazi
separatistebi) am gzad Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiros, e.w. meotida-kolxeTis gzas
aRiareben. es daskvna ZiriTadad wyaroTa araswori interpretaciis Sedegad aris
miRebuli da srulad uaryofilia arqeologiuri monacemebi. Zv.w. I aTaswleulis meore
meoTxedi aris kolxuri kulturis ayvavebis xana. umaRles doneze asuli brinjaos da
rkinis metalurgia, demografiuli afeTqeba, protourbanistuli civilizacia da sxva
gvaZlevs uflebas aRvniSnoT, rom am periodis kolxeTi (afxazeTis CaTvliT) aris
Zlieri saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri erTeuli, romlis teritoriis gadalaxva arc ise
ioli unda yofiliyo. aRsaniSnavia, rom kolxur nasaxlarebze araviTari kvali ucxo
eTnosis SemoWrisa ar SeiniSneba. warmoudgenelia, amodena momTabare tomTa gavlas ar
daetovebina raime kvali xanZris, Setakebebis, anda ubralod tipuri kimeriul Tu
skviTur nakeTobaTa saxiT. dasavleT saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze mxolod
erTaderTi kimeriuli brinjaos keltia napovni (Txmoris ganZi, qvemo raWa). Aamgvarad,
kimerielTa mier kolxeTis gziT wina aziaSi moxvedra arqeologiuri monacemebiT ar
dasturdeba.
wyaros mixedviT, kimerielebs mosdeven skviTuri tomebi (Zv.w. VIIs.), Tumca araviTari
kvali Setakebisa an nivTieri masalisa ar fiqsirdeba arc kolxeTSi da arc sakuTriv
afxazeTSi. amgvarad, aSkaraa, rom CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTidan momaval skviTebs
kolxeTis teritoria ar gadaulaxavT da, savaraudoa, rom verc gadalaxavdnen Zlieri
saxelmwifosa da nairgvari sabrZolo iaraRis arsebobis pirobebSi. amasTanave kolxeTis
Waobiani teritoria da klimati naklebad mosaxerxebelia ucxoelTa laSqrobisaTvis.
ramdenadme gansxvavebuli suraTi gvaqvs Zv.w. VIs. Sua xanebisaTvis. winaaziuri
laSqrobebis Semdgom skviTTa erTi nawili, rogorc Cans, Zalze mcirericxovani masa,
ukan dasabruneblad iyenebs kolxeTis gzas. am SemTxvevaSic araviTari Setakebebis kvali
ar Cans. swored am periodidan Cndeba winaaziuri maxvilebis mibaZviT da gavleniT
warmoqmnili e.w. skviTuri akinakebi., romlebic kolxeTSi garkveul modifikacias
ganicdian da am iaraRis kavkasiur variantad yalibdebian. amave periodSi Cndeba e.w.
skviTuri cxovelurmotivebiani nakeTobani, romlebic aSkarad winaaziuri gavleniTaa
Camoyalibebuli. mesame komponenti, romelic skviTuri kulturis elementad aris
miCneuli, aris e.w. skviTuri isrispiri. misi gamoCena xdeba Zv.w. VIIs-is bolosaTvis da
VII-VIss. faqtobrivad gavrcelebulia cimbiridan dawyebuli samxreT ruseTis stepebis,
evropis nawilis, kavkasiis da wina aziis teritoriaze. aRniSnulis gamo romelime
regionis miCneva mis Semqmnelad, miT ufro eTnikuri kuTvnilebis dadgena SeuZlebelia.
skviTebis CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTidan wina aziisaken laSqrobis TvalsazrisiT
garkveuli perspeqtivebi isaxeba aRmosavleT amierkavkasiis teritoriis saxiT, sadac,
savaraudod, derbentis gasasvlelis gamoyenebiT Cans moxvedrili skviTuri nakeTobani,
magram ZiriTadad es masalac ukanmobrunebul mosaxleobas ekuTvnis.
amrigad, raime sabuTi kolxeTis gzis kimerielTa da skviTebis mier gamoyenebis
Sesaxeb yovelgvar safuZvels aris moklebuli. usafuZvloa rkinis metalurgiis
skviTebTan dakavSireba, Tundac imitom, rom uZvelesi skviTuri nakeTobani Zv.w. VIIs.
uadresi ar aris. am dros ki kolxeTSi (aWaraSi, aseve qvemo qarTlSi) ukve Zv.w. XIV-XIII
ss-dan Cndeba rkinis pirveli nivTebi da umaRlesi donis cementaciis wesiT miRebuli
49 . О. Бгажба, С. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 48, 50-54.
31
foladi. aqedan igi vrceldeba saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze. afxazeTSi maTi
gamoyeneba Zv.w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisze modis, rac skviTebTan veranairad ver iqneba
dakavSirebuli.
Tavi III. Tanamedrove afxazeTis miwa-wyali Zveli egrisis

(kolxeTis) SemadgenlobaSi Zv.w. I saukunemde
1. monacemebi winareantikuri periodis Sesaxeb
'
Tanamedrove saqarTvelos teritoriis meti nawilis momcveli da Zv.w. II
aTaswleulis Suaxanebidan uwyvetad arsebuli pirveli qarTuli saxelmwifos –
32
kolxeTis samefos Sesaxeb cnobebs Seicavs ZvelberZnuli Tqmuleba argo-
navtebis Sesaxeb50. masSi gaSuqebuli calkeuli movlenebi rionis xeobaSi vi-
Tardeba. zogierTi avtoris monacemebiT, argonavtebi TiTqos dioskuriaSi
(soxumSi) movidnen. ase, magaliTad, apiane (IIs.) werda: `kolxebs es qalaqi
(dioskuria _ avt.) miaCniaT argonavtebTan erTad dioskurebis aq yofnis
sabuTad~51. nikonor aleqsandrielis (VIIs.) mtkicebiT, dioskurias àdre aia
erqva~52. dRevandeli afxazeTis teritoriasTan argonavtebis kavSirze werda
zogierTi mkvlevaric53. rusma enaTmecnierma g.turCaninovma q.maikopSi aRmoCe-
nili, viTom, afxazuri damwerlobis uZvelesi nimuSis safuZvelze q.aias
lokalizeba CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi moaxdina54. cnobilia, rom e.w. maikopis
warwerasTan dakavSirebiT g.turCaninovis mosazrebebi Tavis droze TviT
cnobilma rusma mecnierebmac ki (i.diakonovi, l.lavrovi, e.krupnovi, p.autlevi
da sxv.) ar gaiziares55 da arc amJamad iziareben56. argonavtebis Sesaxeb miTis
afxazebTan (da ara kolxebTan) kavSirze separatistuli istoriografia dRes
mxolod miniSnebiT wers, argumentad iyenebs medeas Zmis _ afsirtes saxelis
viTom afxazur (afsuur) JReradobas57. msgavsi JReradobis gvar-saxelebi ki
mravlad gvxvdeba Zvel msoflioSi58. amdenad, mxolod afsuebisadmi maTi
mikuTvneba usafuZvloa, miT umetes, msgavsi saxelebi damajereblad ar ixsneba
afxazur enaze. Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze argonavtTa yofnis Sesaxeb
arsebul cnobebs is mniSvneloba aqvT, rom maTi avtorebi soxums kolxTa
qalaqad, aietis samefos nawilad miiCneven.
kolxeTis saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis drois, politikuri da socialuri
wyobis sakiTxebze gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi arsebobs.59 l.sanikiZes miaCnda,
rom igi Zv.w. XVII-XVss. warmoiSva60. daaxloebiT imave azrisaa T.gamyreliZec,
romelic wers: ùaxlesi gamokvlevebis mixedviT, kolxuri saxelmwifoebriobis
arseboba Cven ukve Zv.w. me-15 saukunisaTvis unda vivaraudoT, ramdenadac
mikenuri epoqis berZnul warwerebSi (Zv.w. XV-XIVss.) dokumenturad dasturdeba
mravali saxeli, romlebic àrgonavtebis miTidan~ iyo CvenTvis cnobili, maT
Soris iseTi saxelebi, rogoricaa `(qveyana) aia~, `kolxida~, ìasoni~ da sxv.~61
Zveli egrisis saxelmwifos warmoSobas T.beraZe Zv.w. XV-XIV saukuneebiT
aTariRebs, m.lorTqifaniZe _ Zv.w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisiT62. ZvelberZen
50. apolonios rodoseli. argonavtika. Targmani da Sesavali akaki gelovanisa. redaqcia, narkvevi,
SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi akaki uruSaZisa. Tb., 1975; a.uruSaZe. Zveli kolxeTi argonavtebis TqmulebaSi. Tb.,
1964w.
51 . apiane. miTridates omebis istoria. berZnuli teqsti qarTuli TargmaniTurT gamosca, Sesavali da
saZieblebi daurTo T. yauxCiSvilma. Tb., 1958, gv. 195.
52 . , . IV. Тб.,1884, gv. 212-213.
53 . m. brose. saqarTvelos istoria, naw. I. Tb., 1895, gv. 13; П.К. Услар. Древнейшия сказания о Кавказе. Тб., 1881, gv.
378; . . , 1926, . 39, 41-42 da a.S.
54 . Г. Ф. Турчанинов. Памятники письма и языка народов Кавказа и Восточной Европы. Л., 1971, gv. 11-34.
55 . Вестник Древней Истории, 1966, №2; Советская Этнография, 1967, №2; Вопросы Истории, 1964, №8; 1965, №4 da a.S.
56 . g.turCaninovi cdilobda afsua-afxazebisaTvis `didi istoriis~ Seqmnas. man maikopis warwera xeTur
ieroglifebs miamsgavsa, daaTariRa Zv.w. XIII-XII saukuneebiT da afxazurad `waikiTxa~; gamodioda, rom kolxebi
viTom afxazebi arian, isini (afxazebi) cxovrobdnen mcire aziidan yubanamde, hqondaT TavianTi damwerloba da
saxelmwifo qalaq aiaTi; g.turCaninovis mizani kolxeTis saxelmwifos Sesaxeb qarTuli versiis ganeitraleba
iyo; misma àRmoCenam~ seriozuli gavlena moaxdina separatistul istoriografiaze ( . . .
. ., 2003, gv. 349-354).
57 . О. Г. Бгажба, С. З. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 59. afsirte saxelis warmoSobis Sesaxeb arsebobs sakmaod
saintereso mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac igi ixsneba qarTvelur enobriv niadagze (m. Cuxua. qarTvelur ena-
koloTa SedarebiTi leqsikoni. Tb., 2000-2001, gv. 206).
58 . egviptis Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebis sami faraoni _ fsametixebi, ofsite VIs. lazikasa da afxazeTSi,
mwerali mixeil fselosi (XIs.).
59 . ix. amis Sesaxeb: g.yoranaSvili. saqarTveloSi saxelmwifos warmoSobis sakiTxi. Tb., 2000; wignSi
motanilia qarTvel da ucxoel mkvlevarTa mosazrebebi aRniSnul sakiTxze. Tavad avtors uZvelesi kolxeTis
samefos arsebobisa ar sjera.
60 . l. sanikiZe. aranakleb 3500 _ meTqi!!!. _ saqarTvelos respublika, 1997, 16 Tebervali.
61 . T. gamyreliZe. saqarTvelo evropaa Tu azia? _ literaturuli saqarTvelo, 1999, 18-25 ivnisi, gv. 4.
62 . T. beraZe. Zveli egrisis (kolxeTis) samefo. _ aia, 2001, #9-10, gv. 32; m. lorTqifaniZe. qarTuli
saxelmwifos arsebobis uwyveti xazi. _ qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis saTaveebTan. Tb., 2001, gv.140.
33
mweralTagan `kolxeTis qveyana~-s pirvelad evmelos korinTeli (Zv.w. VIIIs.)
axsenebs argonavtebTan dakavSirebul konteqstSi.63 ra Tqma unda, amJamad
SeuZlebelia am saxelmwifos formirebis zusti TariRis dadgena, magram Zv.w. II
aTaswleulis Sua xanebidan misi arseboba savsebiT realuria.
àrgonavtikis~ mixedviT, aia damoukidebeli, Zlieri da civilizebuli
saxelmwifoa64. kolxeTis xalxi da mefe, romlebmac gulTbili miReba mouwyves
argonavtebs, _ werda diubua de monpere, _ `civilizaciis gacilebiT ufro
maRal safexurze idgnen, vidre is faTerakebis maZiebelni da maTi molaSqreni,
romlebic, Sua saukuneebis normanebis msgavsad, maTTan saZarcvavad movidnen da
daarRvies stumarTmoyvareobis yvela kanoni~65. oqros sawmisisa da medeas
gamtacebel berZnebs, - wers apolonios rodoseli, _ aiet mefis SiSi aqvT;
fiqroben, `male Camova is eladaSi, rom SvilisaTvis iZios Suri~66; kolxTa
mbrZaneblis gadakideba, berZnebis azriT, ar ivargebs, radganac
`qveynad veravin gautoldeba Zlevamosil kolxeTis mefes.
Tumca Sors aris, Tu moindoma, eladaSic wava salaSqrod~67.
qveynis Zliereba da misi warmatebuli ekonomikuri mdgomareoba asaxulia
kolxeTis mefis epitafiaSi, romelic moyvanili aqvs aristoteles: òqroTi
mdidari kolxeTis mefe aieti RmerTebis yovlismZle svem aq gaapatiosna~68.
argonavtebis Sesaxeb miTis Tanaxmad, Zveli kolxeTi kulturuladac
dawinaurebuli qveyana yofila, hqonia Tavisi damwerlobac ki:
`Senaxuli aqvT mamapapuri Zveli kirbebi
da am kirbebSia naCvenebi gzebi yovelTa zRvaTa da xmelTa~69.
es aris uZvelesi cnoba qarTuli damwerlobisa da kartografiis arsebobis
Sesaxeb. aia-kolxeTSi sakuTar enaze urTierTobdnen. igive medea `Tavis kolxur
enaze~70 saubrobda, Tumca flobda tavrebis enasac71.
kolxeTi namdvilad oqroTi mdidari saxelmwifo Cans. gansakuTrebuli
brwyinvalebiTa da simdidriT dedaqalaqi kutaiisi gamoirCeoda. roca fazisSi
Semosuli argonavtebi gemiT mdinares aRma auyvnen, maT xelmarcxniv aRmoCnda
`maRali kavkasioni, aias qalaq kutaiisi~72.
kolxeTis samefos sazRvrebi marTlac kavkasionamde unda yofiliyo
gadaWimuli. amaze miuTiTebs homerosis (Zv.w. VIIIs.) òdiseac~ (masSi CarTulia
cnoba argonavtebis Sesaxeb, aia ki moqceulia odisevsis mogzaurobebis
sferoSi), romlis mixedviT, aietis samefo sarmatiaSi mdebare kimerielebs
esazRvreboda73. ovidius nazonTan (herodiebi, XII, 25-28) medea ambobs: `Cemi mama
saxelganTqmulia, mas upyria Tovliani skviTeTi, rac ki pontos sanapiroa~74.
amrigad, aietis droindeli kolxeTis samefos Crdilo-dasavleTi sazRvari,
SesaZloa, azovis zRvasTan axlos gadioda; amasve adasturebs diodore
sicilielis (Zv.w. Is.) cnobac kolxTa tomis 33 saukunis win meotis tbis (azovis
63 . ak. uruSaZe. Zveli kolxeTi argonavtebis TqmulebaSi, gv.195.

64 . o.lorTqifaniZis azriT, Zv.w. XII s. is ukve arsebobda, magram saeWvoa, àrgonavtikaSi~ aRwerili
sazogadoebriv-yofiTi fonis Zv. w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevriT daTariReba; mecnieri varaudobs, rom igi
ufro Zv. w. VI-IV ss. realobas Seesabameba (О. Лорткипанидзе. Наследие древней Грузии. Тб., 1989, gv. 210, 217).
65 . Фредерик Дюбуа де Монпере. Путешествие вокруг Кавказа, т. 1. Сухуми, 1937, gv. 12.
66 . apolonios rodoseli. argonavtika, w. 4, str. 740-741.
67 . iqve, str. 1100-1103.
68 . ak. uruSaZe. Zveli kolxeTi argonavtebis TqmulebaSi. Tb., 1964, gv. 294.
69 . apolonios rodoseli. argonavtika, w. 4, str. 278-280; Zvelkolxuri damwerlobis Sesaxeb ix.: Г. А.
Меликишвили. К истории древней Грузии. Тб., 1959, gv. 215; ak. uruSaZe. Zveli kolxebi argonavtebis TqmulebaSi, gv.
145-168.
70 . apolonios rodoseli. argonavtika, w. IV, str. 730.
71 . T. yauxCiSvili. berZeni mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, w. III, Tb., 1976, gv. 90, 91.
72 . apolonios rodoseli. argonavtika, w. II, str. 1265-1266.
73 . homerosi. odisea. redaqtori r.gordeziani. Tb., 1979, simRera XI, 10.
74 . . . ., 1973, gv. 125; flavius ariane. mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo. Targmani,
gamokvleva, komentarebi da ruqa naTela keWaymaZisa. Tb., 1961, gv. 9.
34
zRvis) midamoebSi formirebis Sesaxeb75. es yovelive srul TanxmobaSia
`qarTlis cxovrebasTan~ _ leonti mrovelis TxzulebasTan, romlis mixedviTac
ègross ergo aRmosavliT mTa mcire, romelsa aw hqvian lixi; dasavliT zRua;
mdinare mcirisa xazareTisa (yubani _ avt.), sada warswuTebis wueri kavkasisa~76.
Zveli egrisis sazRvrebi T.beraZis azriTac Woroxis auzidan mcire xazareTis
mdinaremde vrceldeboda77.
aia-kolxeTis samefos mkvidrTa eTnikuri kuTvnilebis dasadgenad pirvel
rigSi unda mivmarToT `qarTlis cxovrebas~, aseve arqeologiur da arsebul
mwir, magram saintereso lingvistur masalas. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT,
dasavleT saqarTvelo aris Tanamedrove afxazeTisa da misi Crdilo-dasavleT
regionebis CaTvliT egrTa _ uZveles qarTvelTa samkvidro. amas adasturebs
arqeologTa dasabuTebuli daskvna Zv.w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi mTel
dasavleT saqarTveloSi erTiani kolxuri kulturis Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb78.
seriozuli daskvnebia gakeTebuli enobrivi monacemebis mixedviTac.
T.gamyreliZisa da viaC. ivanovis erTobliv naSromSi (ìndoevropuli enebi da
indoevropelebi~) specialuri paragrafi eZRvneba Temas _ `berZnul-qarTveluri
leqsikuri kavSirebi da `miTi argonavtebis Sesaxeb~. avtorebi asabuTeben, rom
berZnul enaSi jer kidev uZveles xanaSi nasesxebi ramdenime aTeuli
qarTveluri sityvaa Sesuli, maT Soris `tkov~ (tyavi), rac egrisSi, maT Soris
Tanamedrove afxazeTis farglebSi qarTvelTa winaprebis mosaxleobaze mi-
uTiTebs79. amasve mowmobs òdiseaSi~ dafiqsirebuli samkurnalo balaxis
saxelwodeba _ `moli~80, romelic aiaSi xarobda. msgavsi termini sxva berZnul
teqstSi ar gvxvdeba da misi axsna indoevropul enobriv safuZvelze
SeuZlebelia. specialistTa azriT, moli berZnebis mier nasesxebi qarTuli
sityvaa81. tanze wasasmeli wamlis Tu wamosasxamis mniSvnelobiT igi SoTa
rusTavelis `vefxistyaosanSic~ aris gamoyenebuli82. profesor merab Cuxuas
azriT, àrgonavtikaSi~ da sxva berZnul wyaroebSi fiqsirebuli `kirbos~
warmomavlobiT aris megrul-lazuri saxeoba saerToqarTveluri `kerb~
samwerlo terminisa, romelic Semonaxulia s.s.orbelianis leqsikonSi `kefi~
(`mTeli furceli ars werilisa~) formis saxiT.
qarTuli saistorio tradicia, ZvelberZnuli miTologiidan moxmobili
cnobebi, lingvisturi monacemebi, aseve wina TavSi motanili arqeologiuri
75 . T. yauxCiSvili. berZeni mwerlebis cnobebi..., w. III, gv. 75. diodore sicilieli imeorebs herodotes
cnobas kolxebis egvipturi warmoSobis Sesaxeb. qarTuli istoriografia am Teorias, romelic `herodotes
nasibrZni unda iyos~ (iv. javaxiSvili. saqarTvelos, kavkasiisa da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis istoriul-
eTnologiuri problemebi. Tb., 1950, gv. 17), ar iziarebs, Tumca im uZvelesi xanis qarTvelTa da egviptelTa
naTesaobisa da kulturuli kavSirebis damadasturebeli uamravi masalaa dagrovili (m. janaSvili.
saqarTvelos istoria, t. 1. Tb., 1906, gv. 4, 28-32; s. kakabaZe. qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis genezisis sakiTxebi.
_ saistorio moambe, 1924, w. I, gv. 61-62; am konkretul SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania diodore sicilielis cnoba
kolxTa tomis ara fazisis, rogorc herodote miiCnevda (T. yauxCiSvili. herodotes cnobebi saqarTvelos
Sesaxeb. Tb,. 1960, gv. 71), aramed azovis zRvis napirebze formirebis da, Sesabamisad, iq mkvidrobis Sesaxeb.
76 . qarTlis cxovreba. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. 1.
Tb., 1955, gv. 5.
77 . T. beraZe. Zveli egrisis (kolxeTis) samefo, gv. 34. ix. agreTve: T. beraZe, m. sanaZe. saqarTvelos
istoria, w. I. Tb., 2003, gv. 45-46. rogorc qvemoT iqneba naCvenebi, XVIII saukunis bolomde (miuxedavad aRmo-
savleT SavizRvispireTis eTnikuri suraTis mkveTri cvlilebisa) mTel rig ucxour (maT Soris rusul)
wyaroebSi, rukebze saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi sazRvari, istoriuli tradiciisamebr, swored yubanTan,
azovis zRvasTan, an maTTan axlos fiqsirdeboda (ix. aqve rukebi ##1, 10, 16 da a.S).
78 . o.jafariZe. saqarTvelos istoriis saTaveebTan. Tb., 2003, gv. 203 (ix. aqve, Tavi II).
79 . . . , . . , . II. ., 1984, gv. 904-909; T. gamyreliZe.
Zveli kolxeTis satomo saxelTa istoriidan. _ saqarTvelos da qarTvelebis aRmniSvneli ucxouri da
qarTuli terminologia. Tb., 1993, gv. 588. T. gamyreliZisagan gansxvavebiT, t. futkaraZes sityva `tyov~ ar
miaCnia Zv. w. II aTaswleulSi zanuris arsebobis damadastureblad (t. futkaraZe. qarTvelebi, gv. 282-284). is,
albaT, ufro saerToqarTveluri sityvaa, saidanac SemdgomSi miviReT tyebi (megr.) da tyavi.
80 . homerosi. odisea. gv. 218 (X, 303-306); Р. В. Гордезиани. Проблемы Гомеровского эпоса. Тб., 1978, gv. 209.
81 . `moli _ axali balaxi~. ix.: _ s. orbeliani. leqsikoni qarTuli, t. 1. Tb., 1991, gv. 500; es sityva
dResac arsebobs.
82 . SoTa rusTaveli. vefxistyaosani. _ qarTuli mwerloba, t. 4. Tb., 1988, gv. 262 (266-e strofi); Ш. В.
Дзидзигури. Грузинский язык. Тб., 1968, gv. 69.
35
masala iZlevian sakmaod myar safuZvels varaudisaTvis, rom Zv.w. II
aTaswleulis Sua xanebidan mainc afxazeTis Tanamedrove teritoria aia-
kolxeTis samefos, anu Zveli qarTuli saxelmwifos organul nawils Seadgenda
da mxolod qarTvelTa winaprebiT, saerToqarTveluri enis matarebeli xalxiT
iyo dasaxlebuli. o.lorTqifaniZis mtkicebiT, Zv.w. VIII saukunidan kolxeTi
moicavda mTlianad dasavleT saqarTvelos da uZveles qarTvelTa
samkvidrebels warmoadgenda.83 am samefos arsebobis periodSi megrel-Wanebsa da
qarTebs Soris enobrivi gansxvaveba jer ar unda yofiliyo, _ samarTlianad
wers g.meliqiSvili. misi azriT, `kolxi~ saxeli maSin `saerToqarTveluri Tu
qarTi-zanuri (megrul-Wanuri) elementis aRmniSvneli unda yofiliyo. ionieli
berZnebi qarTvel tomebs jer kidev qarTul-zanuri erTobis arsebobis
`kolxur~ xanaSi gaecvnen da `kolxi~ saxelsac, unda vifiqroT, am erTobis
aRsaniSnavad xmarobdnen~84. yvela winapiroba arsebobda maSin, raTa intensiurad
ganviTarebuliyo erTiani qarTuli eTnosis Camoyalibebis, albaT, bevrad adre
dawyebuli procesi. aseTi winapirobebi gaxldaT mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi
arsebuli ekonomikurad mdidari (òqromravali~), samxedro TvalsazrisiT
Zlieri (eladis dalaSqvris SemZle), kulturulad dawinaurebuli
(damwerlobisa da kartografiis mqone), teritoriulad vrceli kolxeTis
saxelmwifo, romlis sazRvrebi Tavdapirvelad aSkarad scildeboda qarTuli
wyaroebis egrisis farglebs da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos did nawilsac
moicavda (SemdgomSi `kolxeTi” da ègrisi” identuri cnebebia). mis
SemadgenlobaSi moqceuli engur-fsous monakveTic iyo is mxare, sadac
qarTvelTa eTnogenezis xangrZlivi procesi mimdinareobda. sruli safuZveli
gvaqvs, vifiqroT, rom qarTvelobam swored aia-kolxeTis epoqaSi miaRwia
konsolidaciis iseT maRal xarisxs, romelmac istoriis qartexilebs gauZlo.
rac mTavaria, SenarCunda saerToerovnuli TviTSegneba, romelic efuZneboda
saerTo kulturuli enis (miuxedavad fuZeenis rRvevisa), saerTo saxelm-
wifoebrivi gancdis (miuxedavad teritoriuli daqucmacebisa) arsebobas.
marTalia, eris konsolidaciis procesi SemdgomSiac grZeldeboda (am mxriv
gansakuTrebuli roli qristianobas miuZRvis), magram qarTveli xalxis myari
sulieri erToba mainc aia-kolxeTis xanaSi Camoyalibda. sxva axsna qarTvelTa
sami ZiriTadi Stos (megrul-svanur-qarTluri) mtkice erTobis unikaluri
faqtisa SeuZlebelia imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom Semdgom epoqebSi qarTveli
xalxis arsebobis bevrad meti xnis ganmavlobaSi ukve gareSe faqtorebiT ganpi-
robebuli upiratesad dezintegraciis xelSemwyobi procesebi moqmedebdnen.
Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulebis mijnaze da ufro Soreul warsulSi dasavleT
saqarTvelos, maT Soris engur-fsous monakveTis mosaxleobaze, konkretul
eTnikur jgufze arsebiTi `msjelobis SesaZlebloba gamoricxulia~85 sakmarisi
wyaroTmcodneobiTi bazis uqonlobis gamo. miuxedavad amisa, arsebobs sruliad
gansxvavebuli mosazreba aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis uZvelesi mosaxleobis
eTnikuri kuTvnilebis Sesaxeb. igi efuZneba usabuTo hipoTezas, romlis
Tanaxmadac III-II aTaswleulebSi mcire aziaSi mosaxle qaSqa-abeSlas tomebi
TiTqos afxaz-adiRTa winaprebi arian. am mosazrebas iziarebdnen p.uslari,
n.mari, p.uSakovi, d.gulia, v.struve, m.diakonovi da sxvebi86. n.mari afxazTa
pirvandel samSoblos kolxeTis samxreTiT da wina aziaSi eZebda; Tanamedrove
geografiuli saxelebi _ gubazouli, CibaTi, anCa (guria), agreTve aWara, fazisi
da a.S. man afxazur toponimebad miiCnia87. d.guliam yovelgvari dasabuTebis
83 . o. lorTqifaniZe. kolxuri eTnokulturuli sistemis ganiTareba. _ qarTveli xalxis eTnogenezi. Tb.,

2002, gv. 18-28.
84 . saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. 1. Tb., 1970, gv. 295.
85 . m. lorTqifaniZe. afxazebi da afxazeTi. Tb., 1990, gv. 5.
86 . Всемирная история, т. 1. М., 1965, gv. 379, 515.
87 . Н. Я. Марр. История термина «абхаз». – Известия Императорской Академии Наук. VI серия, 1912, №11, с. 697-706; misive:
Лингвистическая поездка в Абхазию (к этимологическим вопросам). – Известия..., 1913, №6, gv. 303-337; misive:
36
gareSe kolxebi afxazTa (afsuaTa) winaprebad Seracxa da daaskvna, TiTqos,
axal welTaRricxvamde mTeli kolxeTi, mcire somxeTi, CrdiloeT mesopotamia
da kolxeTis mimdebare sxva regionebi rogorc amierkavkasiaSi, ise CrdiloeT
kavkasiaSi afxazur-Cerqezulenovani xalxiT iyo dasaxlebuli88; ufro metic,
man Tavisi wignis mTeli Tavi (Tavi IV) miuZRvna imis `damtkicebas~, `rom
afxazebi egviptidan da abisiniidan, e.i. abasiidan arian gamosulebi~89. d.gulia
emyareboda XIX-XX saukuneebis evropel da qarTvel mecnierTa Sexedulebebs
qarTvelTa da sxva kavkasiel xalxTa winaprebis samxreTidan gadmosaxlebis
Sesaxeb90, kolxTa egvipturi warmoSobis herodoteseul Teorias. mosazreba
qarTvelTa samxreTuli warmomavlobis Sesaxeb eWvqveS dadga, rogorc ki
dasavleTis mecnierebma (b.grozni CexeTidan da sxv.) Tubalebi, muSqebi
(qarTvelebis savaraudo winaprebi) indoevropelebad aRiares. amis Semdeg iv.
javaxiSvilma, romelic qarTvelebis samxreTidan gadmosaxlebis Teorias
uWerda mxars, pozicia ramdenadme Secvala. igi Seudga qarTveli da sxva
kavkasieli xalxebis naTesaobis ideis damuSavebas. epigrafikuli wyaroebis,
tomobrivi saxelwodebebisa da toponimebis analizis safuZvelze
i.javaxiSvilma iranulenovan xalxebad aRiarebuli skviTebi da sarmatebi
adiRebis, CeCnebisa da lekebis winaprebad gamoacxada. CrdiloeT kavkasielTa
kvali, misi azriT, saqarTvelosa da mezobel albaneTSic moipoveboda;
toponimebisa da eTnonimebis es kvali mcire aziamde aRwevda, - werda mecnieri.
sakuTari monacemebis safuZvelze i.javaxiSvili odnavi gansxvavebiT, magram
mainc tradiciul Tvalsazriss daubrunda. amjerad, misi mtkicebiT, `monaTesave
qarTuli, qarTveluri da skviTur-sarmatuli tomebi” gadaadgildnen
samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken; amitom uSualod qarTvelTa winaprebi Tubal-
tibarenebi da muSkebi//meSexebi, iv.javaxiSvilis azriT, indoevropelebi ver
iqnebodnen91.
akad. s.janaSiam sruliad axali Teoria wamoayena. `qarTvelebi warmoSobiT
wina aziis Zvels mkvidr mosaxleobas ekuTvnian~ da xeTa-subarebis
STamomavlebi arian, _ werda mecnieri; 6 aTasi wlis win uzarmazar terito-
riaze (wina azia, balkaneTi, apeninisa da pireneis naxevarkunZulebi) ganfenili
es mosaxleoba TandaTanobiT Seviwrovda, Zv.w. XIII saukunidan (xeTebis
saxelmwifos damxobis Semdeg) wvril-wvril saxelmwifoebad daqucmacda;
pirveli aTaswleulis pirvel saukuneebSi saqarTvelos Tanamedrove teri-
toriaze dasavluri da aRmosavluri kulturuli wre Camoyalibda, romelic
qarTvelTa or gaerTianebas _ dasavlurqarTuls da aRmosavlur qarTuls _
Seesabameboda; `dasavluri kulturuli wre Seicavda mTels dasavleT
saqarTvelos, CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTianeTs md.Tergis dasavleTiT, md. Woroxis
xeobasa da Savi zRvis samxreT sanapirosac”; Zv.w. VI saukunisaTvis, roca
urartus samefo daeca, saxelmwifoebrivma centrebma CrdiloeTisaken
gadainacvles92. s.janaSias Teoriam didi popularoba da mxardaWera moipova.
dRis wesrigidan moixsna qarTvelTa winaprebis sxvagan Zebnisa da maTi
gadmosaxlebis sakiTxi; yovelgvari azri dakarges d.gulias mosazrebebmac. unda
vivaraudoT, rom swored s.janaSias Teoriis gavleniT Tqva man uari Tavis
. _ , 1916, 5, gv. 154. n.maris mosazrebaTa kritika ix.: T.gvancelaZe. mosazrebani

termin àfxazis” n. mariseuli etimologizebis cdis Sesaxeb. – arnold Ciqobavas sakiTxavebi – 12. masalebi.
Tb., 2001, gv. 33-34 (ix. aqve, Tavi XI).
88 . Д. И. Гулия. История Абхазии, т. 1. Тб., 1925, gv. 76.
89 . iqve, gv. 79-134.
90 . sakiTxis mokle istoriografiuli mimoxilva ix.: g. meliqiSvili. saqarTvelos, kavkasiisa da
maxlobeli aRmosavleTis uZvelesi mosaxleobis sakiTxisaTvis. Tb., 1965, gv. 18-26..
91 . iv. javaxiSvili. qarTuli da kavkasiuri enebis Tavdapirveli buneba da naTesaoba. Tb., 1937; misive:
- , . – . , 1939, 4, gv. 47-48; misive:
saqarTvelos, kavkasiisa da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis istoriul-eTnologiuri problemebi. Tb., 1950, gv. 250.
92 . saqarTvelos istoria. akad. s. janaSias redaqciiT. Tb., 1943, gv. 14, 16, 21, 45-48.
37
ZiriTad daskvnebze93, Tumca XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi94 arc mkacri kritika
dahklebia mecnierTa Tu xelisufalTa mxridan95. d.guliam ki uaryo Zveli
absurduli Sexedulebebi, magram separatistuli istoriografia dRemde
iziarebs maT.96
egvipte-abisiniidan afxazTa gamosvlis idea seriozulad aravis miuRia,
samagierod araerTi cnobili avtori, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, umTavresad
fonetikur msgavsebaTa safuZvelze qaSqa-abeSlas tomebs CerqezTa winaprebad
miCneul kerketebTan da afxazur-afsuur tomad monaTlul afSilebTan
aigivebda. erT-erTi pirveli iyo germaneli mecnieri edmund maieri, romelmac
sxva evropel mecnierebTan erTad jer kidev 1884 wels kolxebi, savaraudod,
qaSqebad miiCnia.97 igive mosazreba gamoTqva miSel TamaraTim (mixeil
TamaraSvilma) 1910w. romSi frangul enaze gamocemul wignSi `qarTuli eklesia
dasabamiTgan dRemde~98. qasqebs kolxebad Tvlida iv. javaxiSvilic99.
gansxvavebuli varaudebi gamoTqves i.diakonovma, i.dunaevskaiam,
g.meliqiSvilma100. am ukanasknelis azriT, qaSqa-abeSla protoxeTebis (xaTebis)
monaTesave krebiTi mniSvnelobis erTi da igive tomobrivi saxelis ori
sxvadasxva variantia. qaSqebis saxeliT xeTebi moixseniebdnen Crdilo-aRmo-
savleT mcire aziis mTielebs, romelTa Soris, TiTqos, iyvnen, - werda
g.meliqiSvili, - rogorc afxaz-adiRTa, ise qarTvelTa winaprebic101.
XX saukunis 50-60 wlebidan aqtiurad muSavdeboda afxazTa samxreTuli war-
moSobis Teoria, rac dakavSirebuli iyo p.ingoroyvas fundamenturi naSromis _
`giorgi merCules~ (Tb., 1954) oficialur dagmobasTan. masSi dasabuTebulia
afsua-afxazTa Crdilokavkasiuri warmoSobisa da gvian Sua saukuneebSi
samegrelos samTavros Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi Camosaxlebis, rogorc qvemoT
iqneba naCvenebi, adrec arsebuli Teoria. amis gamo aRelvebuli afxazuri sa-
zogadoebis daSoSminebis mizniT da aseve politikuri motivebiT sabWoTa
kavSiris kompartiis centralurma komitetma (romlis gansakuTrebuli
kontrolis qveS imyofeboda istoriuli mecniereba) 1956 wlis 10 ivlisis
dadgenilebiT qarTvelebi afxazTa (aseve osTa da somexTa) erovnuli kulturis
viTom likvidaciisa da asimilaciis mcdelobaSi daadanaSaula. `braldeba~
aRiares saqarTvelos kompartiis centraluri komitetisa (1956 wlis 6-8 ag-
visto) da afxazeTis saolqo komitetis (1956 wlis 16 agvisto) plenumebma102.
ararsebuli `qarTuli Sovinizmis~, afxazTa erovnul-kulturuli `Cagvris”
dagmobam gza gauxsna istoriografiaSi p.ingoroyvas Teoriis sapirispiro
varaudebis, maT Soris afxazTa samxreTuli warmoSobis koncefciis
damkvidrebas.
93 . . . « ». , 1951.
94 . 30-ani wlebidan sabWoTa istoriografiaSi damkvidrda zemodan dakveTiT damuSavebuli n. maris axali
koncefcia xalxTa adgilobrivi warmomavlobis Sesaxeb; amiT uari eTqva migraciul Teoriebs, brZola
gamocxadda nacionalizmisa da Sovinizmis winaaRmdeg (ix. . Шни . , gv. 290).
95 . d.gulias, aseve s.basarias ( . , 1923) da s. aSxvawaas ( . .
. , 1925) antimecnieruli publikaciebis kritika (maT Soris partiuli organizaciebis mxridan) ix.:
. . , . I. , 1934. gv. 13-18; В. Шнирельман. Войны памяти, gv. 290-291.
96 . . , 1991, gv. 9-11; . . ж , . . . , gv. 4-5.
97 . А. С. Хаханов. Древние пределы разселения грузин по Малой . ., 1903, gv. 17; g.meliqiSvili. saqarTvelos,
kavkasiis ..., gv. 32.
98 . Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 515.
99 . iv. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria, w. I-II. Tb., 1913, gv. 26.
100 . И. М. Дьяконов. Языки древней Передней Азии. М., 1967; misive: Предыстория армянского народа. М., 1968, gv. 12-13;
misive: Урарту, Фригия, Лидия. – История древнего мира. Расцвет древних обществ. Изд. III. М., 1989, gv. 40, 46-49; И. М.
Дунаевская. О структурном сходстве хаттского языка с языками Северо-Западного Кавказа. – Исследования по истории культуры
народов Востока. М., - Л., 1960; Г. А. Меликишвили. Наири – Урарту. Тб., 1954, с. 77, 401; misive: К истории древной Грузии. Тб.,
1959, с. 97, 120-122; misive: saqarTvelos, kavkasiisa da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis mosaxleobis sakiTxisaTvis. gv.
32; misive: Ziebani saqarTvelos, kavkasiisa da axlo aRmosavleTis Zveli istoriis dargSi. Tb., 1999, gv. 84-96.
101 . saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. 1, gv. 360.
102 . komunisti,1956, 9, 25 agvisto.
38
aRniSnul Temas Seexo k.Sayrili. mas miaCnda, rom qaSqebi adiRTa winaprebi
arian, abeSla ki _ afsua-afxazebisa; daaxloebiT III-II aTaswleulebis mijnaze
isini TiTqos nel-nela daiZrnen kavkasiisaken da Zv.w. I aTaswleulSi
Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriamde moaRwies; avtoris azriT, mosuli
afxazur-adiRuri tomebi ganviTarebis ufro maRal safexurze idgnen, vidre
adgilobrivi mosaxleoba, romelsac Tavs moaxvies TavianTi ena da kultura103.
amasTanave k.Sayrili arafers ambobs (da verc ityoda) imis Sesaxeb, Tu raSi
gamoixateboda viTom mcire aziidan gadmosaxlebulTa kulturuli upiratesoba
da sad gaqra igi SemdgomSi. amasTanave unda aRiniSnos, rom arqeologiuri
masala ar adasturebs mosaxleobis Semadgenlobis radikalur cvlas Zv.w. I
aTaswleulSi, an mis gadaadgilebas mcire aziidan CrdiloeT kavkasiis
mimarTulebiT.
qaSqa-abeSlas tomebis mcire aziidan kavkasiaSi, maT Soris dasavleT
saqarTveloSi gadmosaxlebis Teorias mxars uWerda arqeologi l.soloviovi.
misi azriT, dolmenebi afxazeTSi qaSqebma daamkvidres, Tumca TviTonve
aRniSnavda, rom SavizRvispireTSi es dolmenebi mcireazieli tomebis savaraudo
gadmosaxlebamdec aris dafiqsirebuli104. aRniSnul mosazrebas emxroboda
z.anCabaZec; igi amtkicebda, rom afxazuri eTnosis Camoyalibeba moxda kavkasiis
SavizRvispireTSi adgilobrivi aborigenuli mosaxleobisa da Crdilo-dasavleT
mcire aziidan mosuli tomebis konsolidaciis xangrZlivi procesis (neoliTis
xanidan wina antikuri xanis bolo saukuneebamde) Sedegad;105 SemdgomSi
z.anCabaZem ramdenadme gansxvavebuli mosazreba warmoadgina. misi mtkicebiT,
afxazur-adiRur-qarTvelur tomebs uxsovari droidan ekavaT kavkasiis
dasavleTi nawili da mimdebare raionebi mcire aziaSi. e.w. dolmenuri
kulturis ayvavebis periodi, III aTaswleulis dasasruli - II aTaswleulis
pirveli naxevari, unda ganvixiloT, _ werda mecnieri, _ rogorc Zvelafxazuri
eTnosis Camoyalibebis periodi, vinaidan ufro metad swored maSin moxda
protoafxazur-adiRuri eTnikuri erTobis saboloo rRveva106. z.anCabaZesTan ver
vpoulobT sarwmuno monacemebs III-II aTaswleulebSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi,
kerZod, engur-fsous monakveTze maincdamainc Zvelafxazuri tomebis mkvidrobis
Sesaxeb. S.inal-ifas azriTac, xaTur-afxazur-adiRuri tomebi samxreTidan Camo-
sulni ki ar arian, aramed III-II aTaswleulebSi saxlobdnen teritoriaze
CrdiloeT kavkasiidan mcire aziamde107.
eTnikuri istoriis sakiTxebs Seexo o. jafariZec. kavkasiis kulturul-
enobrivi daSlis Semdeg (IV-III aTaswleulebi) mis dasavleT nawils (afxazeTis
CaTvliT) xaTur-afxazur-adiRuri tomebi ikaveben, _ werda igi, _ qarTveluri
tomebi ki am dros amierkavkasiis dasavleT da centralur olqebSi arian.
dasavleT kavkasiaSi aRmoCenili kultura o.jafariZem afxaz-adiRTa
kuTvnilebad miiCnia108. samwuxarod, imaves amtkicebda mecnieri mogvianebiTac109.
o.jafariZis pozicia amJamadac TiTqmis ucvleli rCeba _ gvianneoliTis xanaSi
(III aTaswleuli) afxaz-adiRTa winaprebi yubanispireTSi arian, magram dasavleT
kolxeTSi maTi yofna gamoricxuli ar aris; aq isini viTom qarTveluri tomebis
mezoblad mosaxleobdnen, ramac, SesaZloa, ganapiroba afxazur-adiRur da qarT-
103 . К. Шакрыл. К вопросу об этногенезе абхазско-адыгских народов. – Ученые записки Адыгейского НИИ, IV. Краснодар,
1965, с. 205-221.
104 . Л. Н. Соловьев. Новый памятник культурных связей Кавказского Причерноморья в эпоху неолита и бронзы – стоянки
Воронцовской пещеры. – Труды АБНИИ, т. ХХ1 . , 1958, . 163-165.

105 . З. Анчабадзе. История и культура древней Абхазии. М., 1964, с. 121.
106 . З. Анчабадзе. Очерк этнической истории абхазского народа. Сухуми, 1976, с. 21
107 . Ш. Д. Инал-ипа. Вопросы этнокультурной истории абхазов. Сухуми, 1976, с. 423-424.
108 . o. jafariZe. qarTvel tomTa eTnikuri istoriis sakiTxisaTvis arqeologiuri masalebis mixedviT.
Tb., 1976, gv. 61, 266, 305.
109 . О. Джапаридзе. На заре этнокультурной истории Кавказа. Тб., 1989, с. 393.
39
velur enebSi asaxuli Sexvedrebi110. sinamdvileSi aseTi Sexvedrebi bevrad
ufro gviandeli xanisaa.
arsebobs sapirispiro Sexedulebebic. mcire aziidan dasavleT kavkasiaSi
qaSqebis gadasaxleba, ar dasturdeba arqeologiuri masalebiT111, maT Soris
dolmenebiT, romlebic ar arian dafiqsirebuli mcire aziaSi112. mxedvelobaSia
misaRebi is garemoebac, rom qaSqebis eTnikuri jgufi dRemde arsebobs iranSi113.
afxaz-adiRTa lingvistur kavSirebs xaTebTan uaryofs germaneli mecnieri
a.kamenhuberi. igi miiCnevs, rom xaTuri da kavkasiuri enebis genetikurad
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebis mcdeloba warumatebeli iqneba imis gamo, rom
xaTuris kvdomidan kavkasiuri enebis werilobiT fiqsaciamde 3000 weliwadia
gasuli; Sesabamisad, daskvnebis gamosatanad aucilebeli masala ar darCa;
aqedan gamomdinare, igi uaryofs i.dunaevskaias pretenziebs imis Taobaze, rom
jerovnad ar mimdinareobs xaTur da afxazur-adiRur enebs Soris stru-
qturuli Tu SesaZlo genetikuri kavSirebis Seswavla; mecnieri darwmunebulia,
rom am enebSi arsebul msgavsi JReradobis sityvebs kavSiri erTmaneTTan ara
aqvT114.
genetikuri kavSiris arseboba Cerqez-adiRTa winaprebis aRmniSvnel `qasag~,
`qaSag~ terminebsa da qaSqas Soris gamoricxulad miaCnia n.volkovas, vinaidan
wyaroebSi isini ori aTasi wlis intervaliT moixseniebian115. aseTive Sualedia
lursmuli warwerebis àbeSlasa~ da `qarTlis cxovrebis~ àfSils~ Soris.
marto did wyvetilobas drosa da agreTve sivrceSic damajerebel
argumentad ar miiCnevs gr.giorgaZe. mecnieris azriT, ufro mTavari is gaxlavT,
rom `qaSag~ _ `qaSqas~ igiveobis dasadgenad mxolod terminTa fonetikuri
msgavseba (romelic SeiZleba SemTxveviTi iyos) sakmarisi ar aris; xeTuri
wyaroebis `qasqa~ msgavsi an identuria sxvadasxva epoqis xalxTa saxelwode-
bebisa, romlebic cxovrobdnen (zog SemTxvevaSi axlac cxovroben) msoflios
sxvadasxva mxareSi (kamerunSi aris tomi `qasqa~, indoeTSi _ gaSqa, pamfiliaSi -
samxreT mcire aziaSi – cxovrobda qerqoi da a.S.); gr.giorgaZe yuradRebas
aqcevs im garemoebasac, rom `qaSagi~ s.-s. orbelianTan ganmartebulia rogorc
`mozrdili tyve~, xolo zaza fanaskertelTan sityva `qaSqi~ _ niSnavs `wueni
qeris korkotisa~ (gamoiyeneboda ludis aRsaniSnavadac)116. ufro zustad, s.-s.
orbeliani aseT ganmartebas iZleva: `qaSagi mozrdili tyve, da baRana-Cvili~117.
d.CubinaSvili ufro akonkretebs am qarTuli sityvis mniSvnelobas: `qaSagi,
tyved gasayidad daniSnuli mozdili yrma~118. aqve, gansjisaTvis SegviZlia
davsZinoT, rom Cingiz-xanis pirad gvardias qeSigi erqva. amrigad, mtkicebas
`qaSag”-`qaSqas” identurobis Sesaxeb mtkice safuZveli ar gaaCnia.
gr.giorgaZem Seiswavla qasqebis eTnikuri vinaoba; man ar gaiziara mosazreba
xaTebTan maTi identificirebis Sesaxeb im mizeziT, rom es tomebi ganviTarebis
sxvadasxva safexurebze imyofebodnen; afxazur-adiRur tomebTan qasqebis
dakavSirebac aradamajereblad miiCnia tomTa saxelebis bgeriTi siaxlovis
garda sxva argumentebis uqonlobis gamo; ar arsebobs agreTve qasqebis
gadasaxleba-gadmosaxlebis damadasturebeli raime masala. xeTur da lursmul
110 . o. jafariZe. qarTveli eris eTnogenezis saTaveebTan. Tb., 2006, gv. 248.
111 . Е. Алексеева. Древняя и средневековая история Карачаево-Черкессии. М., 1971, с. 186-198.
112 . В. Марковин. Дольменная культура и вопросы раннего этногенеэа абхазо-адыгов. Нальчик, 1974, с. 29.
113 . . . а . –
- . , 1980, . 166.
114 . А. Камменхубер. Хатский язык. – Древние языки Малой Азии. Под редaкцией И. М. Дьяконова и Вяч. Вс. Иванова. М.,
1980, с. 23-98.
115 . Н. Г. Волкова. Этнонимы и племенние названия Северного Кавказа. М., 1973, с. 22.
116 . gr. giorgaZe. uZvelesi axloaRmosavluri eTnosebi da qarTvelTa warmomavloba. Tb., 2002, gv. 96-97.
117 . sulxan-saba orbeliani. leqsikoni qarTuli, II. Tb., 1993, gv. 218.
118 . d. CubinaSvili. rusul-qarTuli leqsikoni. Tb., 1984, gv. 1330.
40
teqstebSi asaxuli qasquri toponimebis119, sakuTari saxelebisa120 da calkeuli
sityvebis121 pirveladma analizma mecnieri im daskvnamde miiyvana, rom qasqebi met
erTobas avlenen qarTvelebTan (megrel-lazebTan da svanebTan), vidre afxaz-
adiRebTan122.
gr.giorgaZe ganixilavs abeSlaelTa123 vinaobis sakiTxsac. asureTis mefis
tiglaTfalasar I-is (Zv.w. 1115-1077ww.) saxeliT Sedgenil teqstebSi isini
moxseniebuli arian qasqebis variantad, rac imas unda niSnavdes, rom lursmuli
teqstebis qaSqac aseve sinonimia imave abeSlasi, _ wers mecnieri da daaskvnis:
`Tuki am Sexedulebas (`qaSqa~ _ àbeSlas~ sinonimobis Sesaxeb) gaviziarebT,
maSin xeTuri da asuruli wyaroebis qasqebi (qaSqebi) da asuruli teqstebis
abeSlaelebi (saerTo jamSi afsilebic _ àbeSla~ da àfsili~ terminebis
gaigivebis SemTxvevaSi) erTi da imave Camomavlobis _ samxreTkolxuri war-
moSobis tomebia~124.
mTeli rigi argumentebis moSveliebiT (uzustobebi asurul teqstebSi,
abeSlaelTa lokalizacia, xeTur teqstebSi maT Sesaxeb informaciis uqonloba,
politikur asparezze SedarebiT gvian gamoCena da a.S.) gr. giorgaZe uaryofs
`qaSqa~ _ àbeSlas~ igiveobas da gamoTqvams varauds, rom abeSlaelebi
qaSqebTan da muSqebTan erTad dasavlurqarTveluri warmoSobisani arian;
amasTanave, hipoTeturs uwodebs àbeSla~ _ àfsil~ _ àfsuas~ _ sul
sxvadasxva epoqisa da regionis xalxebis gaigivebis mcdelobas, romelic
mxolod da mxolod terminTa miaxloebiT msgavsebas efuZneba; Tuki aseT
igiveobas davuSvebT, `maSin afsilebic kolxuri (megrul-lazuri)
warmomavlobis tomad unda CavTvaloT, radgan abeSlaelebi qaSqebTan erTad
swored aseT tomad migvaCnia~125. aseTia gr.giorgaZis mosazreba, romelic
principulad gansxvavdeba am sakiTxze sxva mecnierebis, maT Soris g. meliqiS-
vilis126 daskvnebisagan. imedia, momavalSi es mosazreba damatebiTi argumentebiT
gamyardeba.
mcire aziis Crdilo-dasavleTidan afxazur-adiRuri tomebis winaparTa
dasavleT kavkasiaSi gadasaxlebis Tu am tomebis kavkasiidan mcire aziamde
gavrcelebis Teoriis dasabuTebas dasavleT saqarTveloSi amJamad arsebulo
toponimebiTac cdiloben. rogorc ukve iTqva, erT-erTi pirveli iyo n.mari, ro-
melmac dasavleT saqarTvelos zogierT regionSi (aWara, guria, svaneTi, raWa)
arsebuli calkeuli toponimebi viTom aq 3 aTasze meti wlis win mosaxle
afxazTa winaprebs miakuTvna. sabWoTa periodSi es mosazreba ganaviTares d.
guliam, s. janaSiam, iv. javaxiSvilma da sxvebma. àfxazur-Cerqezuli
etimologiis mdinareTa da pirTa saxelebis~ safuZvelze d. guliam mTeli
119 .asxarbaia/aSxarbaia, eluria/iluria, ciTaxaria (mTa), gaxaria/qaxaria (dasaxleba), faTxaria, faTalia,

susuria/Suxuria, Tifia, cixaria (qveyana), saria/Saria (mdinare), Texulia/Tixulia, Tasqulia/TaSquria
(dasaxleba), Timia (dasaxleba), culia (mdinare), dudusqa/duduSqa (qasqebis mTavari dasaxleba),
munisqa/muniSqa, TaTisqa/TaTiSqa, cianTisqa/cianTiSqa, xaTencuva, qaransuva, Tafasava, qaTaladuva, qaTiTimuva
da a. S.
120 .psxafala, xacina, qasqamuva, faaTa (paaTa), faTalia, fixunia, fia (bia), suismeli (SuiSmeli), dadi
(daTa, TaTa), dadidu, TemeTi, TiTa (diTa), qasqaili (qasqeli), sameTili (samTeli), dadilu (dadieli) da a. S.
121 . fegafilu, figuriali, fifalala, fiTauria, fiTunTuS da a. S. (maTi mniSvneloba ucnobia)
122 . gr.giorgaZe. dasax. naSromi, gv. 108-111; n. xazaraZe Tvlis, rom urTierTkavSiri muSqebsa da mosxebs,
muSqebsa da qaSqebs, qaSqebsa da mosxebs Soris aSkaraa, rac mosxebisa da muSkebis aRmniSvneli terminebis
igiveobis erT-erT mowmobad SeiZleba CaTvaloT (n. xazaraZe. mesxi eTnikuri terminis istoriisaTvis.
saqarTvelos da qarTvelebis aRmniSvneli ucxouri da qarTuli terminologia. Tb., 1993, gv. 39).
123 . i. gelbi àbeSla~ termins akavSirebda mesopotamiuri wyaroebis àfSil~ (àbSil~) saxelwodebasTan,
xolo abeSlaelebis teritorias _ md. tigrosisa da vanis tbas Soris mdebare raionebTan. sityva àbeSla~
Tavisi fonetikuri SemadgenlobiT axlos dgas agreTve erT-erTi asureli mefis saxelTan _ abiaSal
(afiaSal); igive sityva SeiZleba gagebul iqnas rogorc mamakacis saxeli àbiSalam~. gr.giorgaZe dasaSvebad
miiCnevs, rom abeSlaelebi semituri warmoSobisa iyvnen (gr. giorgaZe. dasax. naSromi, gv. 119)
124 . gr. giorgaZe. dasax. naSromi, gv. 115. gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba, rom Zv.w. III-II saukuneebSi
winare qarTveluri ena jer kidev ar iyo dialeqtebad dayofili.
125 . iqve. gv. 121.
126 . g. meliqiSvili. Ziebani ... gv. 93-96.
41
dasavleT kavkasia, somxeTi da TurqeTi, rogorc zemoT iTqva, afxazTa
winaprebis istoriul sacxovrisad gamoacxada127.
s.janaSias moxsenebaSi `Cerqezuli (adiReuri) elementi saqarTvelos
toponimikaSi~ (1933w.) àraqarTuli~ saxelwodebebis (akamfsi, sufsa, agidayva,
aWyva, malTayva, boboyvaTi, bereyva da a.S.) analizis safuZvelze gakeTebulia
daskvna: `saqarTvelos teritoriis garkveul nawilSi Cerqezuli toponimika
udavod dadasturebulad unda CaiTvalos... es ki aq Cerqezuli mosaxleobis
odindeli mosaxleobis nakvalevia~128. igive mosazreba gamoTqva iv.javaxiSvilma.
fs-bolokiduriani hidronimebi man Cerqezulad aRiara, xolo fS-
bolokiduriani saxelebis saxelmdeblad yabardoelebi miiCnia, yva, yuara ki
afxazebs miakuTvna129. manve sabWoTa kavSiris mecnierebaTa akademiaSi 1939w.
maisSi wakiTxul moxsenebaSi im motiviT, rom Cerqezulad yva Ze-s niSnavs,
qarTuli gvarebi ingoro-yva, Wanu-yva-Ze, Rele-yva adiRuri warmoSobis gvarebad
gamoacxada. aseve adiRur toponimebad CaTvala xofa, sinopi. sofel bJinevis
(xaragaulis r-ni) saxelwodebac Cerqezulad (niSnavs niors) iqna axsnili.
àmrigad, _ askvnis iv.javaxiSvili, _ istoriamdel xanaSi adiRevelebi unda
yofiliyvnen dasaxlebuli dasavleT amierkavkasiaSi, istoriuli xanis
saqarTvelos teriroriaze~130.
fs-, fS-, yva- elementebis Semcveli onomastika, mTel rig garemoebaTa gamo,
Cerqez-adiRTa winaprebis nakvalevad ver CaiTvleba. pirvel rigSi, moyvanili
toponimebi da hidronimebi laTinuri, berZnuli da qarTuli warmoSobisaa,
razec yuradRebas iv.javaxiSvilic amaxvilebda131; meorec, maTi nawili ekuTvnis
ara 3-5 aTasi wlis winandel periods, aramed gvianantikuri, an, SesaZloa
adreuli Sua saukuneebis xanas, roca md.rionis samxreTiT mdebare TiTqmis
ukacriel teritoriebze (Tanamedrove guria, imereTisa da aWaris nawilebi)
kvlav qarTuli mosaxleoba damkvidrda132; meore nawili Zvel werilobiT
wyaroebSi saerTod ar ixsenieba. Cerqez-adiRTa nakvalevad miCneuli
saxelwodebebis daTariRebis aucileblobaze ki savsebiT samarTlianad
gaamaxvila yuradReba m.inaZem133; mesamec, msgavsi toponimebi mravlad gvxvdeba
rogorc saqarTveloSi, ise evraziisa da afrikis kontinentebze134. yva- (kva), fs-,
fS- komponentebis Semcveli sityvebic sakmarisad moipoveba sxvadasxva enebSi,
127 . Д. Гулиа. dasax. naSromi, gv. 76-77.

128 . s. janaSia. Sromebi, t. III. Tb., 1949, gv. 120-122.
129 . i. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoriis Sesavali. saqarTvelos, kavkasiis da maxlobeli
aRmosavleTis istoriul-eTnologiuri problemebi. Tb., 1950, gv. 43-46.
130 . Вестник Древней Истории, 1939, №4, с. 35-46.
131 . iv. javaxiSvili. saqarTvelos, kavkasiis..., gv. 34-38. mogvianebiT g. axvledianma uaryo q. lomTaTiZis
mier gamoTqmuli Sexedulebebi da aRniSna, rom, savaraudod, fs- da yva- kompleqsebi saerTo unda yofiliyo
adiRursa da qarTvelur enebSi. _ g. axvlediani. afxazeTis istoriuli toponimikis zogierTi sakiTxisaTvis.
_ mnaTobi, 1957, #2, gv. 113-114.
132 . bizantieli istorikosi pr. kesarieli (VI saukune) aRniSnavda, rom md. fazisis marcxena mxares
lazebs petras garda sxva dasaxlebuli punqtebi ar hqondaT, rom es mxare moklebulia mniSvnelovan
samosaxloebs, an mTlianad dausaxlebelia (georgika, t. 2, gv. 101, 182). es sarwmuno cnoba (d. musxeliSvili
mas Secdomad miiCnevs. _ ix. misi: saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, I. Tb., 1977, gv. 102-
104) aRwerili viTarebis Tanamedrove kompetenturi avtorisa gvexmareba sakiTxis qronologiis garkvevaSi.
sadavo geografiuli saxelwodebebi uZveles xanaSi maTi warmoqmnis SemTxvevaSi ueWvelad gaqrebodnen
(isedac arc erT wyaroSi ar moixseniebian), maTi gavrcelebis TiTqmis mTeli arealis didi xniT
mosaxleobisgan daclis gamo. axali, maT Soris CvenTvis saintereso onomastikis formireba lazeTis
xsenebul nawilSi VI saukunis Semdgom periods unda mivaweroT.
133 . m. inaZe. Zveli afxazeTis eTno-politikuri istoriis sakiTxebi. _ macne. istoriis... seria, 1992, #2, gv.
52.
134 . afSi (sof. duSeTis r-Si), akvi/ayvi (amJ. q. eqse safrangeTi), q. akvanendente (italia), q. akvilea (Zveli
italia), kvanjou (samxreT korea), kvaleia (kunZ. norvegiaSi), fsaxia, fserimosi (kunZ. saberZneTSi), q. fskovi
(ruseTi), q. fsodoritosi (saberZneTi), fsatura, fsara/ifsari/ifsara (kunZ. saberZneTSi). fseleckoe (sof.
kurskis olqSi), fskenti (raionuli centri uzbekeTSi), fSemisli (Tanamedrove peremiSli poloneTSi); fSia
(md. qarTlSi), akvitaniis auzi (safr.), kva (md. zairSi), kvango, kvanza (md. angolaSi), kvando (md. namibia-zambia-
angola-botstvanaSi), kvarkeni (srute baltiis zRvaSi), kvalifordi (ube Crd. yinulovan okeaneSi), kvarnero
(adriatikis zRvis yure), mdinare da qalaqi mos- kva (moskovi), fsioli (md. dnepris Senakadi), fskeni (md.
uzbekeTSi), fskova (md. ruseTSi) da a. S.
42
maT Soris qarTulSic135; meoTxec, daujerebelia, rom daaxloebiT 3-4 aTasi
wlis win afxaz-adiRebs saqarTveloSi hqonodaT soflebi, romelTa
saxelwodebebi ucvlelad dRemde SemorCa; igive exeba hidronimebs, miT umetes _
gvarebs136, romelTa Camoyalibeba gviandeli (ax.w. VII saukunisa da Semdgomi
periodis) movlenaa; mexuTec, SeuZlebelia fs-, fS-, yva- elementebiani ono-
mastika afxaz-adiRTa winaprebs im Soreul warsulSi daetovebinaT
teritoriaze, romelic viTom gamoiares (an droebiT ekavaT) maSin, roca aseTi
saxelwodebebi Sesabamisi uZvelesi xanisa ar gvxvdeba separatistuli
istoriografiis mier afxazTa mudmiv sacxovreblad miCneul adgilebSi _ mcire
aziasa137 da afxazeTSi, agreTve mis Crdilo-dasavleTiT mdebare raionebSi.
gamodis, rom afxazur-adiRurad Tu Cerqezulad gamocxadebuli toponimika
Soreul warsulSi arsebobda yvelgan, garda dasavleT saqarTvelos engur-
fsous monakveTisa. fs- kompleqsis Semcveli saxeli Crdilo-dasavleT
kavkasiaSi pirvelad klavdios ptolemaiosTan (ax.w. Is.) gvxvdeba _ q.amfsalida,
romelic daaxloebiT md.Saxes napiras, golovinis koncxTan mdebareobda138; V
saukunis anonimi avtori aseve Tanamedrove afxazeTis farglebs gareT axsenebs
`nikofsias~ (yofili `Zveli lazika~ mdebareobda dRevandeli tuafses Crdilo-
dasavleTiT), `fsaxafss~ (mdinarea q.nikofsiasTan), `tofsidas~ (md.tuafse)139.
savaraudod, laTinur, berZnul, an qarTul enebTan dakavSirebuli es saxelebi
gaiTavises V saukunisaTvis nikofsiaSi damkvidrebulma jiqebma, sxva CrdiloeT
kavkasielma xalxebma. SeuZlebelia, piriqiT momxdariyo: igive yva – XIX-XX
saukuneebamde udamwerlobo afsuur-afxazuridan Sesuliyo laTinurSi,
berZnulSi da msoflios sxvadasxva xalxTa enebSi.
asea Tu ise, mosazreba dasavleT saqarTveloSi winare afxazur-adiRur
tomTa mosaxleobis Sesaxeb safuZvels moklebulia. akad. simon janaSiam
qarTvelTa eTnogenezis axali Teoriis SemuSavebiT faqtobrivad Tavadve uaryo
igi. afxazur-adiRur tomTa winaprebis dasavleT saqarTveloSi yofnas
`TavisTavad sakmaod saeWvod~ miiCnevs n. lomouri1. aRniSnuli Sexeduleba
uaryofilia Tanamedrove enaTmecnierebaSi (ix. aqve, Tavi XI).
istoriamdel xanaSi dasavleT saqarTvelos (afxazeTis CaTvliT) mosax-
leobis Sesaxeb sarwmuno cnobebis Semcveli ZvelberZnuli Tqmulebebi da sxva
masalebi aRniSnul teritoriaze, rogorc zemoT davinaxeT, mxolod qarTvelTa
winaprebs da Zvel qarTul saxelmwifos afiqsireben.
varaudoben, rom Zv.w. VIIIs. bolos CrdiloeT kavkasiidan samxreTis
mimarTulebiT salaSqrod daZrulma kimerielebma kolxeTis samefos teri-
toriaze gamoiares da TiTqos qveyanas mZime dartyma miayenes. rogorc
o.lorTqifaniZe miiCnevs, Tu marTla ganxorcielda kimerielTa Semosevebi,
maSin, albaT, mxolod samxreT-aRmosavleT kolxeTi dazaralda2. T.beraZe aseve
135 . amfsoni, afsida, afsindi, afsioreba, afski, akvalangi, akvamarini (minerali), akvaparki, ayva (laT.
wyali), ayvaviTi (macocxlebeli wyali), elifsisi (berZn.), elifsoidi (beZrn.), fsalmuni, fsaltiri, fsati,
fsevdonimi, fseli, fsveni, fsoni, fsiadi (sasakmevle), fsiti (arCvi), fsilebi (msubuqi qveiTi jari
saberZneTSi), fsolefiti (mcenare), fsilomelani (minerali), fsilosi (berZn. SiSveli), fsini, fsiqo, fskeri,
fsovi, fsoriazi, fstvini, fSani, fSati, si-yva-ruli, yvavi, yvavili, yvanCala da a. S.
136 . yva-s Semcveli gvarebis Cerqezul-adiRur warmoSobas Tu davuSvebT, es mxolod imas niSnavs, rom
aseTi gvarebis matarebelTa winaprebi sxvadasxva socialuri mizezebis gamo arc Tu ise Soreul warsulSi
CrdiloeT kavkasiidan saqarTveloSi Camosaxlebulan (Sdr. gruzinovebi ruseTSi, sokolovebi, gogolebi
saqarTveloSi, gvari afxazi kaxeTSi, marSaniebi guriaSi, da a. S.).
137 . gr. giorgaZe axloaRmosavlur eTnosebs Sumerebis CaTvliT, sakmaod dasabuTebulad, ara afsua-
afxazebTan, aramed dasavlur-qarTul samyarosTan akavSirebs (gr. giorgaZe. dasax. naSromi, gv. 22-26 da a. S.).
138 . n. lomouri. klavdios ptolemaiosi, `geografiis saxelmZRvanelo~, cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. _
masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriisaTvis, nakv. 32. Tb., 1955, gv. 52.
139 . georgika, t. 2. Tb., 1965, gv. 11.
1. n. lomouri. Zveli afxazeTis eTno-kulturuli istoriidan. Tb., 1998, gv. 5; ix. agreTve misive: Некоторые
вопросы ранней истории Абхазии (Ответ проф. Ш. Д. Инал-ипа). _ macne istoriis... seria, 1990, #3, gv. 165-166.
2. o. lorTqifaniZe. òqromravali kolxeTi~ (miTi da realoba). _ samegrelo, kolxeTi, odiSi. Tbilisi-
zugdidi, 1999, gv. 61.
43
ar eTanxmeba mosazrebas Zv.w. VIIIs. bolo meoTxedSi kolxeTis samefos
arsebobis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb da varaudobs, rom kimerielTa SesaZlo Semosevas
katastrofuli Sedegebi ar mohyolia; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, es faqti
aisaxeboda arqeologiur masalaSic (ix. aqve, gv. 26-27) da berZnul-somxur
mwerlobaSic3. unda iTqvas, rom pirdapiri Tu iribi monacemebi sxva
varaudebisaTvis _ kimerielebis mier kolxeTis sruli ganadgurebis, samefos
teritoriaze mezobeli mTielebis SemoRwevisa da damkvidrebis, `ZalTa
Tanafardobis Secvlis~ Sesaxeb4 ar arseboben. roca danamdvilebiT isic ki ar
aris cnobili, kimerilebma aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi marTlac gamoiares da
miayenes Tu ara dartyma Crdilo-dasavleT kolxeTs, yovelgvar azrs kargavs
Semdgomi varaudebis mTeli seriali am `dartymis~ negatiuri Sedegebis Taobaze.
meti safuZveli arsebobs sxva varaudisaTvis _ kolxeTis samefom gansakuTre-
bul Zlierebas swored Zv.w. VIII saukunidan miaRwia (diauxis samefos
ganadgureba da SemoerTeba da a.S.). im droidan daiwyo da momdevno saukuneebSi
ufro intensiurad mimdinareobda Savi zRvis sanapiroebis berZnuli
kolonizacia, ramac gavlena iqonia politikuri procesebis Semdgom
ganviTarebaze. marTebulia m. lorTqifaniZis mosazreba qarTuli saxelmwifos
istoriis uwyveti xazis arsebobis Sesaxeb5. es uwyvetoba dadasturebulia
T.miqelaZiseuli periodizaciiTac6, romlis Tanaxmad, Zv.w. XIII s-dan dawyebuli
kolxeTis samefos istoriis pirveli periodi Zv.w. VIs. Sua xanebSi dasrulda.
mecnieri mas `Zveli samefos periods~ uwodebs; amis Semdeg iwyeba da Zv.w. I
saukunemde grZeldeba `Sua samefos~ axali periodi, romelic gviandeli (I-IV
ss.) samefos periodma Secvala7.
2. eTnopolitikuri viTareba Zv. w. VI-I ss.
Zv.w. VI saukunis dasasrulisaTvis Savi zRvis sanapiroebi berZnuli

koloniebiTaa dafaruli. es sakiTxi detaluradaa Seswavlili qarTul
3. T. beraZe. Zveli egrisis (kolxeTis) samefo, gv. 34.

4 . saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. I, gv. 392-393; Н. Берулава. Город Диоскурия-Себастополис и район
Сухумской бухты в античную эпоху (VI в. до н. э. и III в. н. э.). Тб., 2005, gv. 28.
5. qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis saTaveebTan, gv. 136-141.
6. T.miqelaZe. Ziebani kolxeTisa da samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis uZvelesi mosaxleobis
istoriidan (Zv. w. II-I aTaswleulebi). YTb., 1974, gv. 179-182.
7. v. Snirelmani pirveli ZvelqarTuli saxelmwifos istorias, mosazrebas saxelmwifoebriobis
uwyvetobis Sesaxeb `kolxidis miraJs~, xolo T. miqelaZis periodizacias fantastikurs, Zveli egviptis
istoriis periodizaciis ganmeorebas uwodebs, magram qarTvel mecnierTa argumentebs RvarZliani Sefasebebis
garda verafers upirispirebs ( . . . , gv. 336-349).
44
istoriografiaSi140. dadgenilia, rom afxazeTis Tanamedrove teritoriaze Zv.w.
VIs. warmoiSvnen axalSenebi dioskuriasa (soxumi) da gienosSi (md.moqvis
SesarTavTan)141; Zv.w. I aTaswleulis meore naxevriT TariRdeba eSeris
naqalaqari, sadac aseve arsebobda berZnuli faqtoria. axalSenebis dafuZneba
moxda adre arsebul savaWro-ekonomikur centrebSi, qalaqebSi, rasac jer kidev
diubua de monperem miaqcia yuradReba142; berZnuli koloniebi, miuxedavad
damfuZnebelTa dampyrobluri miznebisa, adgilobrivTa mxridan medgari
winaaRmdegobis gamo Camoyalibdnen ara damoukidebel polisebad, aramed
savaWro faqtoriebad. n.lomouri damajereblad asabuTebs, rom dasavleT
saqarTveloSi arsebuli da `berZnulad miCneuli axalSenebi Tavidanve ar
warmoadgendnen wminda berZnul qalaqebs da erTgvar `Sereul xasiaTs~
atarebdnen: berZen kolonistTa gverdiT am qalaqebSi, sxva berZnul
koloniebTan SedarebiT, mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda adgilobrivi, qarTuli
mosaxleoba~143. berZnuli koloniebi ZiriTadad saSuamavlo vaWrobiT
ifarglebodnen, rac, o.lorTqifaniZis azriT, imas niSnavda, rom isini swored
emporionebs, e.i. savaWro qalaqebs warmoadgendnen; maT ver moaxerxes msxvil
berZnul qalaqebad Camoyalibeba, risi ZiriTadi mizezi gaxldaT `politikuri
viTareba _ kolxuri saxelmwifoebrioba da adgilobrivi demografiuli
situacia. am ukanaskneli faqtoris sagangebo Seswavlam gviCvena swored, rom
berZnuli kolonizaciis dawyebamde Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiro mTlianad
iyo sameurneo TvalsazrisiT adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mier aTvisebuli da
aseve yovelgvari demografiuli Zvrebis gareSe darCa igi imave teritoriaze~.144
amasTan dakavSirebiT, damatebiT argumentacias moiTxovs mosazreba mxolod
Zv.w. VIs. ukanasknel meoTxedSi kolxuri tomebis saxelmwifo gaerTianebis
saboloo formirebis, faqtobrivad saxelmwifos aRdgenis Sesaxeb, rasac
niadagi, TiTqos, ukanaskneli periodis ekonomikurma da kulturulma
aRmavlobam moumzada (m. inaZe), agreTve mtkiceba, viTom berZnuli koloniebis
daarseba emTxveva jer kidev `gasaxelmwifoebriobis gzaze~ Semdgari `mZlavri
da farTo gaerTianebis arsebobas~ (n.lomouri)145. movlenaTa ganviTarebis
logikidan da mkvlevarTa xelT arsebuli mwiri monacemebidan gamomdinare,
pirvel rigSi, unda iTqvas, rom jer aravis daumtkicebia aia-kolxeTis samefos
arsebobis Sewyvetis faqti; Zv. w. VIII-VII ss. saxelmwifoebriobis wyvetas Tu
davuSvebT, maSin unda gvqondes pasuxi kiTxvaze: vin marTavda, romel
dampyrobels ekuTvnoda am periodSi istoriuli kolxeTi? Mmeorec, imJamindeli
sakmaod mdidari arqeologiuri masala dasavleT saqarTvelos (afxazeTis
CaTvliT) ekonomikuri, kulturuli da socialuri ganviTarebis iseT maRal
dones afiqsirebs, romlis miRweva saxelmwifo organizaciis gareSe
warmoudgenelia; mesamec, berZen kolonizatorebTan gamklaveba, axalSenebis
TviTmmarTvel polisebad CamoyalibebisaTvis xelis SeSla aseve SeuZlebeli
iqneboda Zlieri saxelmwifo xelisuflebis gareSe; Crdilo-dasavleT
SavizRvispireTSi berZnebs saxelmwifo rom ar daxvedrodaT, isini aucileblad
damoukidebel polisebs Seqmnidnen (rogorc es CrdiloeT da samxreT-
aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi gaakeTes) da SemdgomSi maTi uflebebis
SemzRudavi saxelmwifos formirebas nebiT ar dauSvebdnen; Zv.w. VIs.
ukanaskneli meoTxedidan mTel kolxeTSi saxelmwifos mier moWrili vercxlis
140 . n. lomouri. kolxeTis sanapiros berZnuli kolonizacia. Tb., 1962; m. inaZe.EaRmosavleT
SavizRvispireTis berZnuli kolonizacia. Tb., 1982; Н. Берулава.. Город Диоскурия-Себастополис da a. S.
141 . n. lomouri savsebiT damajerebels uwodebs m. inaZis mosazrebas dioskuriisa da gienosis Zv. w. VI s-
Si daarsebis Sesaxeb, Tumca TviTon maT dafuZnebas Zv. w. V s-ze adre ar varaudobs (n. lomouri. kolxeTis
sanapiros..., gv. 46-52; m. inaZe. aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis ..., gv. 100, 101, 105-106 da a. S.).
142 . Фредерик Дюбуа де Монпере. dasax. naSromi, gv. 11.
143 . n. lomouri. kolxeTis sanapiros..., gv. 57.
144 . o. lorTqifaniZe. iyo Tu ara saxelmwifo kolxeTi? _ qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis saTaveebTan, gv.
68, 72.
145 . n. lomouri. kolxeTis sanapiros..., gv. 54; m. inaZe. aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis..., gv. 126-127.
45
monetebis (kolxuri TeTris) mimoqceva146 berZnebis mosvlamde aq Zlieri samefo
xelisuflebis arsebobaze miuTiTebs. amrigad, Zv.w. VIs-Si kolxeTis samefo ki
ar Camoyalibda147, aramed gadavida ganviTarebis ufro maRal safexurze, rac
SavizRvispireTis berZnuli koloniebis meSveobiT mTel antikur samyarosTan
ekonomikurma da kulturulma daaxloebam, aseve SedarebiT xelsayrelma
sagareo pirobebma (mSvidobiani da garkveulwilad megobruli urTierToba
aqmenidur sparseTTanac) ganapirobes148.
adreantikuri xanis Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze arsebuli
eTnopolitikuri situacia asaxulia werilobiT wyaroebSi. gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba eniWeba berZeni logografosebis149 hekate mileTelis (Zv.w. VIs),
skilaqs kariandelis (Zv.w. VIs.; misi cnobebi Semonaxulia Zv.w. IVs. Sua xanebis
avtorTan _ fsevdo skilaqs kariandelTan), helanike mitilenelis (Zv.w. Vs.
meore naxevari), ìstoriis mamis~ _ herodotes (Zv.w. Vs.) da sxvaTa cnobebs.
hekate mileTelis Txzulebis (`dedamiwis aRweriloba~) fragmentebi,
romlebic ax.w. VIs. avtoris _ stefane bizantielis leqsikon èTnikaSi~150 aris
SemorCenili, Semdegnairad gvixataven Crdilo-dasavleT saqarTvelos eTnikur
suraTs: `koraqsebi, kolxuri tomi, kolebis mezoblad; hekate àziaSi~ (ambobs)
`koraqsebis kedeli da koraqsikes mxare~.
kolebi, tomi kavkasionTan; hekate àziaSi~ (ambobs): `xolo kavkasionis qveda ferdebs
ewodeba kolikis mTebi; qveyana (iwodeba) koliked~151.
skilaqs kariandelis naSromSi `dasaxlebuli evropis, aziisa da libiis
zRvis irgvliv mogzauroba~152 aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi aRwerilia
CrdiloeTidan _ md.tanaisidan (doni) samxreTisaken, dasaxelebulia aq
macxovrebeli xalxebi, agreTve qalaqebi da mdinareebi. igi werda:
`70. savromatebi. mdinare tanaisidan iwyeba azia da misi pirveli tomi pontosTan
aris savromatebi, xolo savromatTa tomi aris qalTa mier marTuli.
71. maiotebi. qalTa mier marTulTa Semdeg arian maiotebi.
72. sindebi. maiotebis Semdeg aris tomi _ sindebi. maTi (sacxovrisi) vrceldeba tbis
iqiTac. maTSi aris Semdegi elinuri qalaqebi: fanagoriis qalaqi, kepo, sindis
navsadguri, patusi.
73. kerketebi. sindis navsadguris Semdeg aris tomi kerketebi.
74. toretebi. kerketebis Semdeg aris tomi _ toretebi, elinuri qalaqi torikosi da
da navsadguri.
75. aqaiebi. toretebis Semdeg aris tomi _ aqaiebi.
76. henioqebi. aqaiebis Semdeg aris tomi _ henioqebi.
77. koraqsebi. henioqebis Semdeg aris tomi _ koraqsebi.
78. kolebis (tomi). koraqsebis Semdeg aris kolebis tomi.
79. melanqlainebi. kolebis (tomis) Semdeg aris tomi _ melanqlainebi. maTSi aris md.
metasorisi da mdinare aigiposi.
80. gelonebi. melanqlainebis Semdeg arian gelonebi.
81. kolxebi. amaT Semdeg aris tomi kolxebi, qalaqi dioskurisi, elinuri qalaqi
gienosi, mdinare gienosi, mdinare qerobiosi, mdinare qorsosi, mdinare ariosi, mdinare
fasisi da elinuri qalaqi fasisi, mdinaris zeviT ayolebiT 180 stadionis manZilze
146 . Д. Капанадзе, К. Голенко. К вопросу о происхождении колхидок. _ Вестник Древней Истории , 1957, №4, gv. 88-95; o.
lorTqifaniZe. Zveli qarTuli civilizaciis saTaveebTan. Tb., 2002, gv. 206.
147 . З. В. Анчабадзе. Очерк, gv. 27 da sxv.
148 . ix. ufro vrclad: o. lorTqifaniZe. antikuri samyaro da Zveli kolxeTi. Tb., 1966; misive: argonavtika
da Zveli kolxeTi. Tb., 1986.
149 . istorikosebi, romlebic proziT werdnen. ix.: n. lomouri. berZeni logografosebis cnobebi
saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. _ masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriisaTvis, nakv. 35. Tb., 1963, gv. 3-35.
150 . georgika, t. III. Tb., 1936, gv. 272-289.
151 . n. lomouri. berZeni logografosebis cnobebi..., gv. 29.
152 . skilaqs kariandelis pirovnebisa da naSromis Sesaxeb ix.: n. lomouri. berZeni logografosebis
cnobebi...; ak. uruSaZe. Zveli kolxeTi argonavtebis TqmulebaSi. Tb., 1964; ufro vrclad: T. yauxCiSvili.
berZeni mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, I (skilaqs kariandeli, skimnos qioseli, dionisios
periegeti). Tb., 1967.
46
aris didi barbarosuli qalaqi, saidanac iyo medea. aq aris mdinare risi, mdinare isisi,
mdinare lestoni (yaCaRTa wyali) da mdinare afsarosi~153.
helanike mitilenelis `tomTa da qalaqTa dafuZneba~, agreTve palefate
abidoselis (Zv.w. IVs.) Txzulebebi sindebisa da meoteli skviTebis samxreTiT
macxovrebel xalxebze aseT informacias gvawvdian:
`qarimatebi _ tomi pontos gayolebaze. palefate `troikis~ meSvide wignSi (ambobs):
`kerketebs esazRvrebian mosxebi da qarimatebi, romlebmac aiRes parTenioni evqsinis
pontosTan. (moixsenebs) helanikec `tomTa da qalaqTa dafuZnebebSi~: `kerketebis zemoT
cxovroben mosxebi da qarimatebi, qvemoT henioxebi, zemoT ki koraqsebi~~154
uaRresad mniSvnelovan cnobebs Seicavs herodotes ìstoria~:
`xolo meotidis tbidan md. fazisamde da kolxebamde aris 30 dRis savali msubuqad
SeiaraRebuli (kacisaTvis), xolo kolxididan midiaSi didi araa gadasavali (1. 104)...
cxadia, rom kolxebi egvipetelebi arian. amas me TviT mivxvdi uwin, vidre
movismendi... SevekiTxe orives, kolxebs ukeT axsovdaT egviptelebi, vidre egviptelebs
kolxebi. egviptelebi amboben, rom maT miaCniaT, rom kolxebi arian sesostrisis
laSqridan, xolo TviT mec ase meCveneboda, radgan (kolxebi) arian Savgvremanebi da
xuWuWTmianebi..., magram amasTanave da ufro metad (amas mowmobs is), rom yvela
xalxTagan mxolod kolxebi, egviptelebi da eTiopelebi arian, romlebic imTaviTve
misdeven winadacveTas...
kidev sxva ramec SeiZleba, rom kolxebis Sesaxeb vTqva maTi egviptelebTan
msgavsebis Sesaxeb: mxolod eseni da egviptelebi amuSaveben sels erTnairad; mTeli
cxovreba da ena msgavsi aqvT erTmaneTisa... (2. 104).
kolxebmac daiweses saCuqrebi da maTma mezoblebmac, vidre kavkasionis mTebamde
(radgan am mTebamde vrceldeba sparseTis mmarTveloba, xolo kavkasionidan
CrdiloeTisaken mdebare qveynebs araferi undaT icodnen sparselebisa), amaT saCuqrad
daiweses Cven dromde, yovel mexuTe wels rom gadaixadon asi yrma da asi qalwuli...
(III. 97).
sparselebi cxovroben da aRweven samxreTis zRvamde, romelsac uwodeben mewamuls.
amaT zemoT CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT cxovroben midielebi, midielebs zemoT
saspeirebi, saspeirebs zemoT kolxebi, romlebic aRweven CrdiloeTis zRvamde,
romelsac erTvis md. fazisi. es oTxi tomi mosaxleobs zRvidan zRvamde (4. 37).
yvela adamianebze ufro veluri Cveulebebi androfagebsa aqvT. isini arc
samarTalsa scnoben da arc raime kanons iyeneben. isini momTabareebi arian. tanisamoss
atareben skviTuris msgavss, xolo ena ki sakuTari aqvT. am xalxebidan mxolod eseni
Wamen adamianis xorcs (4. 106).
yvela melanxlenebi Sav tansacmels atareben, aqedana aqvT maT es saxelic, xolo
Cveulebebs skviTebisas misdeven (4. 107).
marebs hqondaT Tavebze adgilobrivi mownuli muzaradebi, tyavis patara farebi da
xelSubebi. xolo kolxebs Tavebze xis muzaradebi hqondaT. gamouqneli tyavis patara
farebi da mokle Subebi, amas garda _ danebi. marebsa da kolxebs ganagebda farandate
teaspis Ze. alarodielebi da saspeirebi laSqroben kolxebis msgavsad SeiaraRebulebi.
maT winamZRolobda masistios siromitresis Ze (7. 79)~155.
mivmarToT kidev erTi avtoris _ herodore heraklelis (Zv.w. V-IVss.) cnobas,
romelic kolxeTis miaxloebiT lokalizaciaSi dagvexmareba: `kavkasia arme-
nielTa qveynidan kolxTa (mxaremdea) gadaWimuli~156.
motanili cnobebis mimoxilvamde, sxvadasxva tomebis vinaobis garkvevamde
upriania, gaverkveT `tomi~-s cnebaSi, gaverkveT, ras aRniSnavdnen Zveli avtorebi
153 . T. yauxCiSvili. berZeni mwerlebis cnobebi..., I, gv. 46-49; T. yauxCiSvilis, n. lomourisa da ak. uruSaZis
Targmanebs Soris umniSvnelo gansxvavebaa, isic mxolod stilisturi xasiaTisa; aris mcire sxvaoba
saxelebis transkrifciaSic. magaliTad, `maiotebi~, `kepo~, `melanqlainebi~, àigipiosi~ (n. lomouri, T.
yauxCiSvili) da `meotebi~, `kepebi~, `melanqlenebi~, ègipiosi~ (ak. uruSaZe); `henioqebi, kolebi~ (T.
yauxCiSvili) da `penioxebi~, `kolike~ (n. lomouri, ak. uruSaZe); àqaiebi~ (T. yauxCiSvili), àxaiebi~ (n. lo-
mouri), àqeelebi ~ (ak. uruSaZe) da a. S. ix. n. lomouri. berZeni logografosebis cnobebi..., gv. 33-34; ak.
uruSaZe. Zveli kolxeTi..., gv. 288-289.
154 . ak. uruSaZe. Zveli kolxeTi..., gv. 278; ix. agreTve n. lomouri. berZeni logografosebis cnobebi..., gv. 32.
155 . T. yauxCiSvili. herodotes cnobebi..., gv. 65, 71-73, 76, 82, 88, 113.
47
am terminiT da yovelTvis marTebulad gamoiyeneba Tu ara igi
istoriografiaSi.
ZvelqarTul literaturaSi, aseve `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ termini `tomi~ sami
mniSvnelobiT ixmareba: zogadad adamianTa modgmis; konkretuli eTnosis (eri,
xalxi); eris nawilis, ganStoebis _ naTesauri, administraciul-teritoriuli da
sxva niSniT gamoyofili erTobis157. bibliis sxvadasxva drois qarTul
TargmanebSi `tomi~ ZiriTadad xalxisa (eris) da misi ganStoebis
mniSvnelobebiT gamoiyeneba158. sulxan-saba orbeliani ki am termins ase
ganmartavs: `naTesavi, romlis naTesavisaganacaa, vityviT israelisa; Semdgomad
vityviT: romeli tomisagan? vityviT: rubenis tomisagan, gina levisa, gina sxvaTa;
rameTu erTi naTesavi ganiyofebis tom-tomad, tomi ganiyofebis saxlad-saxlad
da saxli ganiyofebis kacad-kacad; tomad iTqmis gvamovanTa ganyofilebaica
simravled-dasdasobaTa... tomad iTqmis gvamoanTa ganyofilebaica simravled
das-dasobaT~159. mokled, tomi aris xalxis, eris garkveuli nawili da Sedgeba
ramdenime saxlisagan _ jgufisagan, saTavadosagan, sanaTesaosagan, gvarisagan.
rogorc vxedavT, s.-s. orbelianis mixedviT, tomi ar warmoadgens eTnikur
kategorias. ZvelqarTulad `tomebai~ niSnavs naTesaobas, `tomebiT~ _ igivea, rac
`STamomavlobiT~160.
SemdgomSi cneba `tomi~ (племя) upiratesad eTnosis, xalxis mniSvnelobas
imkvidrebs; am terminiT aRiniSneba eTnikuri erToba misi pirvelyofili formiT
_ gvariT dawyebuli da zogjer eriTac damTavrebuli. dasavluri
sociologiuri da istoriuli mecniereba eris warmoSobas ganixilavs rogorc
gvartomobrivi kavSirebis gagrZeleba-ganviTarebas161. sabWoTa sociologiisa da
istoriografiisaTvis tomi aseve iyo eTnikuri erTobisa da klasobrivamdeli
sazogadoebis socialuri organizaciis tipi, eTnosis pirvandeli forma,
winareeTnosi; momdevno formad ganixileboda xalxi (erovneba), bolos _ eri.
qarTul-afxazuri istoriografia xSirad am sabWouri162 kategoriebiT
(samsafexuriani eTnogenezi) udgeboda (arc Tu ise iSviaTad, amJamadac udgeba)
antikuri wyaroebis mixedviT aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi dafiqsirebuli
mosaxleobis vinaobis dadgenis sakiTxs da ganixilavda maT calke eTnosebad.
ase, magaliTad, z.anCabaZes mxedvelobaSi hqonda kolxeTis samefoSi arsebuli
viTareba da aRniSnavda, rom tomebi warmoadgendnen teritoriul-eTnikur
jgufebs, romlebic qveynis administraciuli dayofisas ar iyvnen erTmaneTSi
organulad Serwymulni; mas miaCnda, rom termini `tomebi~ yovel konkretul
SemTxvevaSi garkveuli mniSvnelobiT unda gamoiyenebodes. erT SemTxvevaSi eseni
iyvnen pirvelyofili Temuri wyobilebis eTnikuri erTeulebi, meore SemTxvevaSi
157 . gamoTqmebSi _ `misgan kide sanaxavad ara unda kacTa tomi” (SoTa rusTaveli. vefxistyaosani. _
qarTuli mwerloba, t. 4. Tb., 1988, str. 990, gv. 207), agreTve `naTesavi adamisi da tomni noesni~ (qarTlis
cxovreba, t. IV. Tb., 1973, gv. 14) adamianTa modgma igulisxmeba (`tomni noesni~ SeiZleba gavigoT agreTve
rogorc calkeuli erebi). konkretuli eri (erebi) ivaraudeba frazebSi: `yovelni tomni qveyanisani~ (giorgi
merCule. grigol xanZTelis cxovreba. _ qarTuli mwerloba, t. I. Tb., 1987, gv. 536.); `vin xar, mzeo, anu Svili
visTa tomTa~ (SoTa rusTaveli. iqve, str. 1130, gv. 236); `SeiZra razmi indoTa tomisa~ (iqve, str. 1336 gv. 276);
`tomman ebraelTaman~ (qarTlis cxovreba, t. II. Tb., 1959, gv. 8.); àRvwereT tomoba da Camomavloba
qarTvelTa~ (iqve, t. IV, gv. 14.). eris nawilis ganStoebis mniSvnelobiT termin `tomi~-s gamoyenebis
magaliTebia: àginebda varsqen Tesl-tomsa missa~ (sanaTesavos _ avt.). – ix.: iakob xucesi. SuSanikis wameba. _
qarTuli mwerloba, t. I, gv. 230; `tomni didisa efrem mawyverel episkoposisani~ (giorgi merCule. grigol
xanZTelis cxovreba. _ qarTuli mwerloba, t. 1, gv. 611.); `mun xel-yos ganbrwyinebad xelmwifobasa da
Saravandedobasa tomis-guarisa Tquenisa~, àw ismineT Cemi, tomno da erT-nebanno~, àw ismineT Cemi, tomno da
erT-nebanno~ (qarTlis cxovreba, t. II, gv. 26, 312.); `xolo ese qarTvelTa tomni...~ (iqve, t. IV, gv. 14.);
`Semdgomad mokuda dedofali Tamari, coli mefisa, romeli iyo kaxT—batonTa tomisa~ (iqve, gv. 459.) da a.S.
158 . ix. amis Sesaxeb: d. meliqiSvili. Zveli qarTuli filosofiur-Teologiuri terminologiis istoriidan.
Tb., 1999, gv. 208-229. gamoTqma `vefxistyaosnis” proloogSi `tomi gvarTa zenaTa” (str. 20), z.gamsaxurdias
azriT, samebas gulisxmobs (z.gamsaxurdia. vefxistyaosnis saxismetyveleba. Tb., 1991, gv. 124).
159 . s.-s. orbeliani. leqsikoni qarTuli, II. Tb., 1993, gv. 142.
160 . z. sarjvelaZe. Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni. Tb., 1995, gv. 197.
161 . r. TofCiSvili. qarTvelTa eTnikuri istoria da saqarTvelos istoriul-eTnografiuli mxareebi. Tb., 2002,
gv.
162 . ix.: i. b. stalini. marqsizmi da nacionaluri sakiTxi. Txz. t.2.
48
_ adreklasobriv urTierTobaTa doneze myofi eTnikuri erToba, mcire erovneba.
sruliad usafuZvlod, magram konkretuli miznebidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos
didi nawilis momcveli kolxeTis samefo mecnierma èTnikurad daqucmacebul~
saxelmwifod gamoacxada, sadac kolxebis garda, viTom cxovrobda eTnikuri
individualobiT gamorCeuli bevri sxva xalxi; am samefos Crdilo-dasavleTi
nawili _ Tanamedrove afxazeTic, z.anCabaZis azriT, eTnikuri siWreliT
gamoirCeoda163.
moviyvanT kidev erT magaliTs. m.inaZe wuxs imis gamo, rom berZen-romaeli
avtorebi Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze sxvadasxva tomebs maTi eTnikuri
vinaobis miTiTebis gareSe asaxeleben, rac arTulebs afxazeTis Zveli
mosaxleobis eTnopolitikuri procesebis kvlevas da xelsayrel pirobebs qmnis
am sakiTxze msjelobisas azrTa sxvadasxvaobis gaCenisaTvis. pativcemuli
mecnieri ar iTvaliswinebs im garemoebas, rom aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi,
yovel SemTxvevaSi, istoriuli saqarTvelos farglebSi moxseniebuli tomebi,
SesaZloa, sulac ar warmoadgendnen calke eTnikur jgufebs. aqve unda
davazustoT, rom antikur periodSi ki ar daiwyo `satomo erTeulebidan
erovnebis Camoyalibebis rTuli procesi~164, aramed im droisaTvis es procesi
ZiriTadad dasrulda.
rogorc zemoT ukve iTqva, qarTveli eri antikur xanamde, kerZod, II
aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi rom ar yofiliyo sakmaod myar erTobad (saerTo
TviTSegnebiT, eniT, kulturiT, saxelmwifoebriobiT) Camoyalibebuli,
gardauvali iqneboda sxvadasxva eTnosebad misi daSla,165 radganac xelsayreli
pirobebi monaTesave qarTvelur tomTa konsolidaciisa da istoriuli
saqarTvelos mTel sivrceze ganfenil erTian eTnosad formirebisaTvis
SemdgomSi ax.w. VIII-X saukuneebamde mxolod epizodurad (Zv.w. IIIs., ax.w. Vs.) Tu
arsebobda. gareSe faqtorebis zegavleniT, antikuri xana, sinamdvileSi iyo erSi
dezintegraciuli procesebis mimdinareobis, ganStoebebad misi dayofis
periodi; rogorc t.futkaraZe asabuTebs, saerToqarTveluri enis divergenciac
im epoqaSi _ welTaRricxvaTa mijnaze xdeba166. gamomdinare aqedan, droa, uari
vTqvaT Teoriaze sami viTom sxvadasxva tomis (qarTebis, megrelebisa da
svanebis) Serwymis Sedegad qarTveli eris formirebis Sesaxeb. samive ganStoeba,
piriqiT, erTi mTlianis nawilobrivi dezintegraciis gziT Camoyalibda;
amasTanave rRvevis procesi Sors ar wasula, ar gaRrmavebula, zogadqarTuli
TviTSegnebisa da saerTo kulturuli enis daSla ar gamouwvevia. es ki
xelsayrel viTarebaSi Zlier qarTvel mefeebs droebiT an xangrZlivi periodiT
qveynisa da eris mTlianad Tu nawilobriv gaerTianebis saSualebas aZlevda.
gareSe mtruli Zalebi rogorc eris, ise misi ama Tu im ganStoebis mcire
èTnosebad~ daSlas cdilobdnen. gansakuTrebiT rTuli viTareba Seiqmna am
mxriv dampyrobTaTvis yvelaze mimzidvel saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTSi, sadac,
romaul-bizantiuri wyaroebis mixedviT, mravali èTnosia~ dafiqsirebuli.
msgavsi `tomebis~ Tu `xalxebis~ vinaoba Tavidanve ainteresebdaT mwerlebs,
mematianeebs. jer kidev straboni (Is.) akritikebda helanikes, herodotes da
evdoqses Crdilo-dasavleT SavizRvispireTis satomo saxelebis
damaxinjebisaTvis167. XIX saukunis rusi istorikosi p.buraCkovi werda, rom
163 . З. В. Анчабадзе. Очерк..., gv. 27-28.

164 . m. inaZe. Zveli afxazeTis eTno-politikuri istoriis sakiTxebi. _ macne. istoriis... seria, 1992, #1, gv. 7.
165 . SedarebisaTvis SeiZleba ebraeli xalxis magaliTi movitanoT. Zv.w. 722 wels israelis samefos, xolo
Zv.w. 586w. iudevelTa samefos ganadgurebamde da msoflios sxvadasxva qveynebSi gansaxlebamde ebraelebi myar,
erTian erad rom ar yofiliyvnen Camoyalibebuli, ver SeinarCunebdnen erTianobas da 1948w. ver aRadgendnen
israelis saxelmwifos.
166 . t. futkaraZe. qarTvelebi, gv. 50-51; saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis drois Sesaxeb ix. gv. 280-297.
167 . strabonis rusul gamocemaSi naTqvamia, rom es damaxinjebuli satomo saxelebi `нам наболтали Гелланик,
Геродот и Евдокс~. – . 17 . , . . .
. . . ., 1964,gv. 516.
49
ruseTis samxreTiT dafiqsirebuli axali geografiuli saxelebi, aseve eT-
nonimebi warmoadgendnen erTi da imave saxelis sxvadasxva enaze Targmans;
zogjer ki toponimikisa da eTnonimikis cvlilebebi sacxovrebeli adgilebis
Tu mmarTvelTa gamocvlas ukavSirdeboda. Tavis mosazrebas igi ganamtkicebda
cnobiT erT-erTi rusuli matianedan, romelSic naTqvamia, rom Zvel tomebs
`saxelebi daerqvaT im adgilebis mixedviT, sadac isini damkvidrdnen~168.
yabardoeli istorikosi g. kokievi aseve amtkicebda, rom Zveli avtorebi èrTi
da imave tomis nawilebs, sacxovrebeli adgilis cvlilebisa da maT mier
dakavebuli miwebis geografiuli Taviseburebebis mixedviT, sxvadasxva saxele-
biT moixseniebdnen~169.
satomo saxelebis mikuTvneba sxva mizezebiTac xdeboda, kerZod, saqmianobis,
profesiis, garegnobis, ama Tu im dasaxlebisaTvis (`tomisaTvis~) miniWebuli
funqciis mixedviT da a.S. igive koraqsebi ZvelberZnuli enidan iTargmneba
rogorc yvavebi; henioxebi _ meetleebi, mxedrebi, sadavis damWerebi; savromatebi
_ xvlikisTvalianebi; melanqlenebi _ SavebSi (nabadSi) Cacmulebi; kerketebi _
mesaWeebi; xarimatebi _ sasiamovno Tvalebianebi; telonebi _ xarkis amkrefni;
fterofagebi _ girCis mWamelebi, tilis mWamelebi; makrocefalebi _
grZelTavianebi da a.S.170 amis Taobaze a.diaCkov-tarasovi werda: `saerTod
elinebi ar eridebodnen adgilobrivi tomebisaTvis saxelebis moZebnas: SeamCnies
usufTaoba toms, daarqves fTirofagebi (tilismWamelebi), unaxes grZeli
wverebi _ makropogonebi; henioxebis erT-erT mezobel toms, SeiZleba TviT
henioxTa erT-erT toms ubralod kefalotomebi (Tavis mWrelebi, baSibuzukebi)
uwodes. TviT `henioxi~ berZnuli saxelwodebaa, romelic miRebulia
dioskuriadis saxelis asociaciiT~171. zogjer xdeboda adgilobrivi saxelis
berZnul-romauli gaazreba da amis Sesabamisad saxelis Secvla.
rogorc vxedavT, umetes SemTxvevaSi satomo saxelebis etimologia maTi
matarebeli xalxebis eTnikur TavisTavadobaze sulac ar miuTiTebs. garkveul
problemas da gaugebrobas qmnis is garemoeba, rom berZen-romaeli avtorebis
`toms~ mkacri definicia ar gaaCnia. is xan ers, eTnoss niSnavs172, xan kidev,
rogorc zemoT iyo naCvenebi, sxvadasxva niSniT misgan gamoyofil nawils
(nawilebs) Tu administraciul-teritoriul erTeuls (erTeulebs).
ZvelberZnulSi termin èTnoss~ mravali mniSvneloba hqonda; igi aRniSnavda ara
mxolod `toms~ an `xalxs~, aramed mas hqonda zogadmadiferencirebeli
mniSvneloba da aRniSnavda saxelmwifos, `barbarosul~, araelinur
sazogadoebas173 da a.S. stefane bizantielis cnobil èTnika~-Sic am terminiT,
garda eTnikuri erTeulebisa, aRiniSneba saxelmwifoebi, qalaqebi, kunZulebi,
mTebi, ubralod adgilebi, dasaxlebebi da a.S. magaliTad: `gogarene, adgili
kolxebsa da aRmosavleTis iberebs Sua. eTnikuria gogareni~; `tvienosi, kolxTa
qalaqi... eTnikuria tvienites~174 (igulisxmeba q.gienosi). am sakiTxs yuradReba
miaqcia g.meliqiSvilmac. igi marTebulad miuTiTebda, rom mravali satomo
saxelis arseboba jer kidev ar niSnavs sxvadasxva eTnikuri warmoSobis tomebis
arsebobas. `zogieri saxelwodeba zogadi (aRwerilobiTi) berZnulia
(magaliTad, `makrokefalebi~ _ `grZelTavianebi~) da ar unda ganixilebodnen
168 . П. Бурачков. О местоположении древняго города Каркинитеса и монетах ему принадлежащих. – Записки Императорского
Одесского Общества Истории древностей, т.IX. Одесса, 1875, gv. 118.
169 . Г. А. Кокиев. Некоторые сведения из древней истории адыгов (кабардинцев). Нальчик, 1946, gv. 7.
170 . Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 28-30; b. gogia. Zveli kolxeTis zogierTi tomis eTnonimebTan
dakavSirebiT. parizi, 2003, gv. 51-54.
171 . a. diaCkov-tarasovi. gagra da misi Semogareni. rusulidan Targmnes da komentarebi daurTes z.
papasqirma da b.xoravam. Tb., 2003, gv. 63. SedarebisaTvis gavixsenoT, rom Turqebi imerlebs `baSiaCukebs~
(TavSiSvelebs) eZaxdnen; yizilbaSi niSnavs wiTelTavians da a.S.
172 . ix. magaliTad, `strabonis terminologia~. _ T. yauxCiSvili. strabonis geografia. cnobebi
saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. Tb., 1957, gv. 26-30.
173 . o. lorTqifaniZe. iyo Tu ara saxelmwifo kolxeTi? gv. 41-43.
174 . georgika, t. 3, gv. 277, 286.
50
rogorc saxelebi garkveuli tomebisa, romlebsac sxva SemTxvevaSi SeeZloT
sxva saxelebiT gamoCena, _ werda g.meliqiSvili. _ rig SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs
satomo saxelebis damaxinjebasTan an modifikaciasTan... erTi da igive eTnikur
koleqtivs SeeZlo wyaroebSi gamoCeniliyo sxvadasxva saxelebiT am
ukanasknelTa sxvadasxvaenovani wyaroebisa an sxvadasxva mezoblebisagan
gadmoRebis Sedegad. amitom Cven, ra Tqma unda, ar SegviZlia antikur wyaroebSi
Cvenamde moRweuli SavizRvispira tomTa saxelebi ganvixiloT rogorc
sxvadasxva tomTa realuri saxelebi da maTi gaqrobis SemTxvevaSi visaubroT am
eTnikuri jgufebis raRacnair gadaadgilebebze an ganadgurebazec ki da a.S.~175
es absoluturad swori daskvna iSviaTad Tu aris mkvlevarebis mier gaTvalis-
winebuli; samwuxarod, istoriografiaSi kvlavac grZeldeba nebismieri `tomis~
eTnikur warmonaqmnad ganxilva, Sesabamisad, kvlavac mimdinareobs usafuZvlo
da simarTlis dadgenis TvalsazrisiT sruliad uperspeqtivo dava-kamaTi
(gansakuTrebiT qarTvel da afxaz istorikosebs Soris), `varaudebis~ wamoyeneba
maT eTnikur kuTvnilebasTan dakavSirebiT. `tomis~ araswori gageba xdeba
safuZveli araswori daskvnebisa istoriografiaSi kolxeTis
`mravaltomianobis~, mTielTa `Tavdasxmebis~, CrdiloeTkavkasiidan mudmivi
`Semosevebis~, xalxTa `gadasaxlebebis~ Sesaxeb. sakiTxisadmi amgvari mcdari
midgoma saSualebas aZlevs separatistebs gaayalbon da `miiTvison~ kolxeTis
istoria.
termin `tomis~ xmarebisas mudam unda gvaxsovdes yvela es momenti da ara
sazogadoebriv-politikuri formaciebi, rogorc amas mkacrad moiTxovda
sabWoTa ideologia. antikuri xanis bolomde da adre Sua saukuneebSic
dasaSvebia saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTSi mosaxle kolxebis (laz-megrelebis,
svanebis) mimarT termin `tomis~ gamoyeneba eris ganStoebis mniSvnelobiT, Tumca
Tanamedrove gagebiT `tomi~ namdvilad aris winareeTnosi176. saubaria mxolod
antikuri wyaroebis `tomis~ swor definiciaze. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom xSirad
terminebs `tomi~, `Sto~ (ganStoeba) paraleluri mniSvnelobiT iyenebdnen iv.
javaxiSvili, s. janaSia, p.ingoroyva da sxvebi177. dasavlurqarTuli tomebisagan
(laz-megrelebisa da svanebisagan) gamoyofil da wyaroebSi calke dasaxelebul
wvril administraciul erTeulebs ufro miesadageba termini `Temi~. am termins
zogjer xmarobda iv.javaxiSvili178. TezisebSi `qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis
genezis istoriidan~ s.janaSia kolxeTis samefos Sesaxeb werda: igi Seicavs
`mravaltomians Tu mravalTemian mosaxleobas~; `mravaltomiani (Tu mra-
valTemiani) kolxuri samyaros mTlianoba...; `kolxeTis samefosaTvis damax-
asiaTebeli mravaltomianoba (mravalTemianoba)...~179 da a.S. Tanamedrove
saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeebis mosaxleobis aRsaniSnavad termin `Temis~
gamoyenebis mizanSewoniloba daasabuTa t.futkaraZem. misi azriT, termini `tomi~
mxolod winareeTnosis aRsaniSnavad unda iyos gamoyenebuli, sxva SemTxvevaSi
ki _ Temi180. r TofCiSvilisaTvis aseve misaRebia `Temis~ imave mniSvnelobiT
xmareba, Tumca sxva variantebsac (èTnografiuli jgufi~, èTnografiul-
dialeqturi erTeuli~ da a.S.) gvTavazobs181. aRniSnuli mosazrebebi ZiriTadad
gasaziarebelia, magram antikur xanasTan mimarTebaSi garkveuli koreqtivebia
saWiro. magaliTad, kolxTa mimarT termin `Temis~ gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi
marTebuli ar iqneboda imave terminiT misi ganStoebebis aRniSvna. amitom
175 . Г. Меликишвили. К истории древней Грузии, gv. 83.

176 . t. futkaraZe. qarTvelebi, gv. 37.
177 . iv. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria w. I-II. Tb., 1913, gv. 59; s. janaSia. Sromebi, II. Tb., 1952, gv. 21; p.
ingoroyva. giorgi merCule, gv. 143, 145.
178 . iv. javaxiSvili. saqarTvelos, kavkasiisa..., gv. 12.
179 . s. janaSia. Sromebi, II. Tb., 1952, gv. 19,20.
180 . t. futkaraZe. qarTvelebi, gv. 37-41.
181 . r. TofCiSvili. qarTvelTa eTnikuri istoria..., gv. 26, 28, 78, 83, 90 da a. S.; misive: eTnoistoriuli
etiudebi, w. I. Tb., 2005, gv. 53.
51
antikur wyaroebSi dafiqsirebul mosaxleobas saukeTesod miesadageba
terminebi `tomi~ da `Temi~ (sxva wvrili erTeulebi).
adreantikuri xanis avtorTa zemoTmoyvanili cnobebi saqarTvelos
SavizRvispireTSi kolxebs da kolxur Temebs aTavseben. afxazeTis Tanamedrove
teritoriaze da mis mezoblad dafiqsirebuli arian koraqsebi, kolebi,
henioxebi, mosxebi, kerketebi. qarTul istoriografiaSi garkveulia hekate
mileTelTan moxseniebuli koraqsebisa da kolebis vinaoba. koraqsebis
kolxebisadmi kuTvnileba pirdapir wyaroSia miTiTebuli da mis sizusteSi eWvi
aravis epareba. kolebTan erTad maT kolxebTan aigivebdnen iv.javaxiSvili182,
p.ingoroyva183, n.lomouri184, m.inaZe185 da mravali sxva. z.anCabaZe cdilobda,
magram ver moaxerxa koraqsebis sanigebTan an afsilebTan dakavSireba. saboloo
jamSi, man is zogadi daskvna gaakeTa, rom ar arsebobs sakmarisi safuZveli
koraqsebisa da kolebis eTnikur kolxebTan gaigivebisaTvis186. sainteresoa, rom
TviT d.guliac ki koraqsebs qarTvelebad, kerZod, svanebad miiCnevda187.
hekaTe mileTelTan moxseniebuli `koraqsebis kedeli~ sxvadasxva avtorebis
mier lokalizebulia kodorTan (frederik diubua de monpere)188, kelasurTan
(k.kudriavcevi, p.ingoroyva)189. mkvlevarebisaTvis jer kidev XIXs. dasawyisSi iyo
cnobili, rom biWvinTidan viwro gasasvleli zRvasa da mTas Sua uZveles
xanaSi berZnebma Caketes kedliT; igi biWvinTasTan iwyeboda190. swored es aris
`koraqsis kedeli~. avtorTa umetesoba (b.kuftini, n.lomouri, d.kaWarava, g.
kvirkvelia, b.gogia da a.S.) mis lokalizacias axdens md. bzifis xeobaSi, sadac
uZvelesi nagebobis kedlis naSTebia aRmoCenili191. Sesabamisad, md. bzifisa da
gagris midamoebSi unda moxdes `koraqsikes mxaris~, `kolikes qveynisa~ da
`kolikes mTebis~ lokalizaciac. p.ingoroyvas azriT, kolxeTis (kolikes) mTebi
erqva kavkasionis qedis qluxoris zonas; misi saxelwodeba iyo kolxori,
saidanac momdinareobs am terminis gviandeli saxenacvali forma qluxori192.
mecnierTa gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ipyroben henioxebi (henioqebi),
romlebic Zv.w. VI-V saukuneebidan (skilaqs kariandeli, helanike mitileneli)
ax.w. I saukunemde uamrav avtorTan Crdilo-dasavleT kolxeTSi moixseniebian193.
ariane (IIs.) henioxebs samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi aTavsebs. plinius
ufrosis (Is.) cnobiT, meetle sanebi _ henioxebi trapizonis CrdiloeTiT
cxovrobdnen; igive avtori sxvadasxva saxelebis matarebel henioxebs Crdilo-
dasavleT SavizRvispireTSi moixseniebs194. flavius ariane (IIs.) ki henioxebs
182 .iv. javaxiSvili. saqarTvelos, kavkasiis..., gv. 12.

183 .p. ingoroyva. giorgi merCule..., gv. 132, 141.
184 .n. lomouri. berZeni logografosebis cnobebi..., gv. 8, 10.
185 .m. inaZe. Zveli afxazeTis..., macne, 1992, #1, gv. 9-10.
186 .З. В. Анчабадзе. Очерк..., gv. 30-31.
187 .g. gasviani. afxazeTi. Zveli da axali afxazebi. Tb., 1998, gv. 17-18.
188 . Фредерик Дюбуа де Монпере. Путешествие вокруг Кавказа. Сухуми, 1937, gv. 148. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom
kaTolike misionerebi qr. kasteli da arq. lamberti md. kodors koraqsTan aigivebdnen. _ Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия.
dasax. naSromi, gv. 251, 252.
189 . К. Кудрявцев. Сборник…, gv. 28-29; p. ingoroyva. giorgi merCule, gv. 141.
190 . Новейшие географические и историч. известия о Кавказе, собранные и пополненные С. Броневским, ч. I. M., 1823, gv.
293.
191 . Б.А.Куфтин. Материалы по археологии Колхиды, т.1. Тб., 1949, gv.124; n.lomouri. berZeni logografosebis
cnobebi, gv.9; Д.Качарава. Города и поселения Причерноморья антической эпохи. Тб., 1991, gv. 141; b.gogia. Zveli
kolxeTis, gv. 49-50.
192 . p. ingoroyva. giorgi merCule, gv. 143.
193 . ix. Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 168 (straboni), 170 (pomponius mela), 171 (pliniusi), 175
(dionise periegeti), 177 (amiane marcelinusi), 182 (Vs. anonimi), 189 (stefane bizantieli); n.lomouri. klavdios
ptolemaiosi, gv. 44. I saukunis avtori valerius flaviusi axsenebs mrisxane henioxebs medeasTan kavSirSi.
misi cnobiT, medeas hyolia ZiZa _ henioxi qali (T. yauxCiSvili. kavkasiuri tomebis sakiTxisaTvis antikuri
wyaroebis mixedviT. 2. henioxebi. _ macne, istoriis... seria, 1980, #4, gv. 68).
194 . l. arboliSvili. plinius ufrosis `bunebis istoria~ rogorc saqarTvelos istoriis wyaro. Tb., 2006
gv.146, 148.
52
samxreTiT aTavsebs195. Vs. anonimis mixedviTac henioxebi fiqsirdebian rogorc
Crdilo-aRmosavleT, ise samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi196. aristotele
(Zv.w. Vs.), II saukunis aleqsandrieli swavluli heraklide lembusi (qarTul is-
toriografiaSi igi miCneuli iyo Zv.w. III-IVss. berZen mweral heraklide
pontoelad) henioxebs fazisis macxovreblebad Tvlian, romlebic SemdgomSi mi-
leTelebma Secvales197.
erT-erTi pirveli mecnieri, romelmac specialuri naSromi miuZRvna
henioxebs, gaxldaT i. orbeli. werilSi `tyupebis qalaqi dioskuria da henioxTa
meetle tomi~ (rus. en.) avtoris mier Camoyalibebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad,
soxumi uZvelesi droidan qarTvelebis (an maT monaTesaveTa) kuTvnileba iyo,
xolo qalaqis (dioskuriis) daarsebasTan kavSiris mqone meetleebi _ henioxebi
(`heniqi~) igive sanigebi anu svanebi arian198. am Temas n.maric Seexo. man mxaric
dauWira i.orbelis im daskvnas, rom `henioxi~ aris swori pirveladi formis _
`heniqi~//`sanigi~-s berZnuli damaxinjeba; sufiqs `q~-s gaTvaliswinebiT, es
sityva, TiTqos, ekuTvnis iafetur enaTa im Stos, romlis warmomadgenelicaa
afxazuri. n.mari ar eTanxmeba i.orbels imaSi, rom ZvelqarTul `hune~-s (cxeni)
kavSiri ara aqvs `henioq~-ebTan//henioxebTan199, romlebic berZnul-romauli
wyaroebis mixedviT, ganTqmuli iyvnen yaCaRobiT, avazakobiT, mekobreobiT;
somxuri `heun~, _ dasZens n.mari, - niSnavs aseve yaCaRs, mekobres, avazaks; es
ukanaskneli sityva qarTulSi Sesula, viTom misgan yofila nawarmoebi
avazgi//abazgi//afxazi200. amrigad, xelovnuri lingvisturi kombinaciebiT n. marma
`henioxi~ (`henioqi~) mainc afxazebs daukavSira.
àfxazeTis istoriis~ II Tavi (`henioxebi_inioxebi=abasgebis_abasebis_
afxazebis winaprebi~) d.guliam henioxebs miuZRvna da isini kolxebTan gaaigiva,
orive erTad afsua-afxazTa winaprebad gamoacxada201. z.anCabaZe
202
henioxebs//sanigebs jiq-saZebad miiCnevda . am mosazrebas, romelic pirvelad
1903 wels a.diaCkov-tarasovma gamoTqva203, iziarebda204 da iziarebs
separatistuli istoriografia . 205
henioxebs SesaqmeTa wignis enoqs206//henoxs ukavSirebda da Wan-megrelebad
miiCnevda iv.javaxiSvili207. aseTive mosazreba hqonda s.janaSias208. p.ingoroyvas
azriT, henioxebi, igive sanixebi anu sanebi, megrul-lazur Stos ekuTvnodnen;
`maTi gansaxlebis teritoria sam nawilad iyofoda: Zveli samxreT henioxeTi _
195 . flavius ariane. mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo. Targmani, gamokvleva, komentarebi da ruka n.
keWaymaZisa. Tb., 1961, gv. 42.
196 . georgika, t. 2. Tb., 1965, gv. 3-4, 11.
197 . T. mibCuani. dasavleT saqarTvelos qarTvel mTielTa eTnogenezis, gansaxlebisa da kulturis
istoriidan. Tb., 1989 gv.51; b. gogia. Zveli kolxeTis..., gv. 83-93.
198 . . , . XXIII, 1911, май. СПБ., 1911, gv. 202-215. kislingi
henioxebs qarTvelur tomad miiCnevda, akavSirebda maT sanebsa da lazebTan, am ukanasknelebs ki _ kerketebTan
(T. yauxCiSvili. kavkasiis tomebis sakiTxisaTvis... 2. henioxebi. _ macne, istoriis... sesia, 1980, #4, gv. 72).
199 . i. orbelis zogierT mosazrebasTan dakavSirebiT m. inaZe wers: `satomo saxelwodebas` `heni~ da mis
variantebs `honi~, `huni~ ZvelqarTul saxelwodebas `hune~ ukavSirebda i. orbeli... eTnonim `henis~ variantuli
saxesxvaobidan `Weni~ SesaZlebelia nawarmoebi iyos zmna `Weneba~ (m. inaZe. Zveli afxazeTis..., macne, 1992, #1,
gv. 14.). aseT dakavSirebas axdenda ara i. orbeli, aramed n. mari. `Нельзя однако решительно примкнуть к мнению И.
А. Орбели, _ werda igi, _ что с henioq-ами не имеет ничего общаго древнегрузинский hone hone>hune hune конь... Трудно
отказаться от мысли о связи древне-грузинского названия лошади hone hone>hune hune-с этническим термином hon, двоиником
henioq...~. `heni~, `Weni~, `Weneba~-s erTmaneTTan dakavSirebasac n. mari axdenda (Н. Марр. Из лингвистической поездки
в Абхазию…, gv. 327).
200 . Н. Марр. Из лингвистической поездки в Абхазию, gv. 325-330.
201 . Д. Гулия. История Абхазии, т. 1, gv. 35-52.
202 . З. Анчабадзе. Очерк..., gv. 31-36.
203 . a. diaCkov-tarasovi. gagra da misi Semogareni, gv. 74-75.
204 . Ю. Воронов. Материальная культура гениохских племен в VI-I вв. до н. э. – Сборник работ молодых учених-историков
Абхазии. Сухуми, 1974; misive: Диоскурия-Себастополис – Цхум. М., 1980 da a.S.

205 . О. Х. Бгажба, С. З. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 62-68.
206 . dabadeba, IV. 17, 18; V. 18, 19, 21-24.
207 . iv. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria, I. Tb., 1981, gv. 401, 403.
208 . s. janaSia. Sromebi, III. Tb., 1959, gv. 8.
53
Semdgomi zRvispira afxazeTi soxumidan adleramde; Sida henioxeTi (soWis
raioni) da Crdilo henioxeTi _ SemdgomSi afxazeTis jiqeTi (tuafses raioni)~.
sakuTar Sexedulebas p.ingoroyva henioxTa gansaxlebis teritoriaze mxolod
qarTveluri toponimebis arsebobiTac asabuTebda209.
henioxTa vinaobis sakiTxs Seexo g.meliqiSvili. igi iziarebda p. uSakovis
Sexedulebas maTi urartuli warmoSobis iganiexTan gaigivebis Sesaxeb210.
g.meliqiSvili henioxebs qarTvelTa dasavluri Stos _ Wanebisa da svanebis
winaprebad Tvlida211. specialur gamokvlevebSi henioxebi qarTvelebad hyavT
gaazrebuli ak. uruSaZes212 da b. gigineiSvils213. es ukanaskneli uaryofs
`henioxis~ kavSirs enox//enuqTan (iv. javaxiSvili) da agreTve iganiexTan (p.
uSakovi, g. meliqiSvili).
henioxebisadmi miZRvnil gamokvlevaTa Soris dRemde saukeTesod rCeba
T.yauxCiSvilis naSromi214. masSi moyvanili, Sejerebuli da Rrmad
gaanalizebulia TiTqmis yvela uZvelesi cnoba am jgufis Sesaxeb,
gaTvaliswinebulia qarTvel da ucxoel (kislingi da sxv.) specialistTa
naazrevi; naCvenebia, rom `wyaroebis umravlesobis mixedviT, Zv.w. V-IVss-dan Is-
mde henioxebi cxovrobdnen soWidan pitiunt-dioskuriamde~; warmomavlobiT ki es
xalxi aris `WeSmaritad erT-erTi uZvelesi qarTuli tomi~; avtori miiCnevs,
rom mxolod I saukunidan xdeba henioxTa samxreTiT gadaadgileba jiqTa
mowolis Tu sxva mizezebis gamo215.
henioxebs eZRvneba vrceli paragrafi T.mibCuanis monografiaSi. avtori maT
qarTul samyaros miakuTvnebs216. seriozuli istoriografiuli analizis Semdeg
imave daskvnas akeTebs g.gasviani217. henioxebis Temas ramdenime naSromSi
sainteresod aviTarebs m.inaZe da mohyavs garkveuli argumentebi qarTvelTa ama
Tu im Stosadmi maTi kuTvnilebis Sesaxeb218. n.berulavas azriT ki henioxebs
Soris iyvnen svanebi, megrelebi, qarTebi (mosxebis saxiT) da afxazTa
winaprebic219.
henioxTa vinaobisa da gansaxlebis sakiTxs vrclad exeba b.gogia. `saboloo
jamSi unda davaskvnaT, _ wers igi, _ rom arsebobda henioxTa ZiriTadi
kolxuri tomi dioskuriasa da mis mimdebare teritoriebze, xolo henioxTa
ramdenime tomi (kolonia) ki aqedan wasula da damkvidrebula: kimeriul
bosforTan, tuafsesTan, rizesTan da fazisTan~220. Tavis daskvnas is afuZnebs
qarTvel da evropel mecnierTa Sromebze, agreTve pirvelwyaroebze.
yvelasagan gansxvavebuli mosazreba aqvs n. lomours. adre gamoqveynebul
werilebSi man damajereblad ar miiCnia henioxebisa da sanigebis identuroba,
Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze henioxTa mkvidroba, qarTveluri Stos (gan-
sakuTrebiT svanebis) warmomadgenlebad maTi gamocxadeba, Tumca adre ar
gamoricxavda, `rom henioxebi Tavdapirvelad das. saqarTvelos samxreT nawilSi
binadrobdnen da Semdgom TandaTan gadaiwies Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT
sanapiroze221~; amasTanave n.lomouri uSvebda henioxebis `kuTvnilebas megrul-
209 . p. ingoroyva. giorgi merCule, gv. 129, 134-136.

210 . П. Ушаков. К походам урартийцев в Закавказье. – Вестник Древней Истории, 1946, №2, с. 38.
211 . . . . , gv. 91, 93, 115, 210, 214, 223, 373-734; g. meliqiSvili. saqarTvelos,
kavkasiis..., gv. 67.
212 . ak. uruSaZe. henioxebis Sesaxeb. _ Tsu-s Sromebi, t. 96. Tb., 1963, gv. 243-248.
213 . b. gigineiSvili. eTnonim henioxis warmomavlobisaTvis. _ macne. istoriis.. seria, 1975, #1, gv. 115-124.
214 . T. yauxCiSvili. kavkasiis tomebis sakiTxisaTvis antikuri wyaroebis mixedviT. _ macne, istoriis...
seria, 1980, #4, gv. 57-77.
215 . iqve, gv. 69, 75, 76.
216 . T. mibCuani. dasavleT saqarTvelos... gv. 48-83; ix. agreTve misive: afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis
istoria. Tb., 2003, gv. 36-44.
217 . g. gasviani. afxazeTi, gv. 21-25.
218 . m. inaZe. Zveli afxazeTis... _ macne, 1992, #1, gv. 10-14.
219 . Н. Берулава. Диоскурия-Себастополис, gv. 129.
220 . b. gogia. Zveli kolxeTis..., gv. 93.
221 . n. lomouri. klavdios ptolemaiosi... gv. 54.
54
Wanuri Stosadmi~222. bolo periodSi misi pozicia ufro kategoriuli gaxda.
àrsebiTad gamoricxulia, _ wers n.lomouri, _ henioxebis mosaxleoba
kolxeTis da e.i. afxazeTis teritoriaze, maTi qarTveloba, megrul-Wanuri Tu
svanuri warmomavlobis tomad gamocxadeba, isev dausabuTebelia maTi kavSiri
sanigebTan~223. mecnieri fiqrobs, rom mxolod amgvari poziciis dacviT aris
SesaZlebeli afxazeTSi qarTvelTa yofnis dasabuTeba da mogerieba
separatistulad ganwyobili istorikosebisa, romlebic henioxebs (aseve
sanigebs) afxazebad miiCneven da maTi gansaxlebis arealad mTel kolxeTs
moiazreben; henioxebs afxazeTidan Tu `gavasaxlebT~, miaCnia n.lomours, yvela
problema TiTqos mogvardeba224. Znelia, daeTanxmo am, erTi SexedviT,
keTilSobiluri miznebiT nakarnaxev, magram mcdar da Tanac miamitur
mosazrebas. n.lomouris Sexedulebebi henioxebTan mimarTebaSi detaluradaa
ganxiluli da uaryofilia b. gogias monografiaSi225. amjerad ki upriania
vaCvenoT, ramdenad aris dasabuTebuli mecnieris erT-erTi mTavari argumenti:
èrTaderTi cnoba, romelic gancalkevebiT dgas da henioxebis lokalizacias
dioskuriis olqSi axdens, ekuTvnis ax.w. I saukunis geografs, pomponius melas~,
romelic viTom `sakmaod zerele~avtoric yofila226.
n. lomouris Targmanis mixedviTac, fsevdo-skilaqs kariandelTan `henioxebis
iqiT (samxreTiT _ avt.) aris koraqsebis tomi~227. rogorc zemoT iyo naCvenebi,
n.lomouri aris erT-erTi, vinc damajereblad moaxdina koraqsebis lokalizeba
bzifis midamoebSi. am versias Tu miviRebT, cxadia, fsevdo-skilaqs kariandelis
henioxebi Tanamedrove afxazeTis farglebSi _ gagraSi da mis Crdilo-
dasavleTiT arian savaraudebeli.
strabonTan damowmebuli artemidores (II-Iss.) cnobiT, kerketebisa da
aqavelebis Semdeg modian henioxebi, romelTa 100 stadionis sigrZis sanapiro
did pitiuntamde aRwevs (XI. 2,14)228. n.lomouris mier dawunebuli pomponius
melas Tanamedrove pliniusi, rogorc ukve iTqva, henioxebs kolxeTis samxreTiT
(VI. 12) da aseve CrdiloeTiTac (VI. 14) aTavsebs. igi werda: `zogierTTa azriT,
es qalaqi (dioskuria) dasaxlebuli iyo tyupi Zmebis, kastorisa da poluqsis,
amfitis da telxiusis mier, romelTagan, rogorc iuwyebian TiTqmis sruliad
sando (wyaroebi), Tavis warmomavlobas iRebs henioxTa tomi~229. msgavsi cnoba
aqvs solinussac (IIs.): `kolxidis qalaqi dioskuriada daaarses kastorisa da
poluqsis meetleebma, romelTaganac warmosdga henioxTa tomi~230.
mivmarToT n. lomouris naSroms _ klavdios ptolemaiosis (IIs.)
`geografiuli saxelmZRvanelos~ miseul Targmans Sesabamisi winasityvaobiTa da
komentarebiT. am wyaroSi henioxebi Crdilo-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi
suano-kolxebis samxreTiT arian dasaxelebuli231. es ki utyuari mtkicebaa imisa,
rom henioxebi kolxeTis (maT Soris afxazeTis) farglebSi arian moqceulni.
n.lomouri faqtobrivad uaryofs sakuTar Teorias henioxebis afxazeTis miRma
(CrdiloeTiT) mkvidrobis Sesaxeb, roca svano-kolxebis lokalizacias sworad
axdens `md.bzifis (ptolemaiosis koraqsi) gaswvriv~232. gamodis, rom henioxebi
sadRac dioskuriasa da md. bzifs Soris arian. n.lomouri aRniSnavs da asec
aris, apiane (IIs.) henioxebs uSualod dioskuriis Semdeg (CrdiloeTiT)

223 . n. lomouri. Zveli afxazeTis eTnokulturuli istoriidan. Tb., 1998, gv. 20.
224 . .iqve. piriqiT, henioxTa `gasaxleba~ ufro wamgebiania.
225 . b. gogia. Zveli kolxeTis..., gv. 36-39, 54-60, 77-93. ix. agreTve: j. gamaxaria. afsil-abazgTa eTnikuri
vinaobis sakiTxisaTvis. Tb., 1989, gv. 34-36.
226 . n. lomouri. Zveli afxazeTis..., gv. 12.
228 . T. yauxCiSvili. strabonis geografia. cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. Tb., 1957, gv. 120.
229 . l. arboliSvili. plinius ufrosis `bunebis istoria~, gv. 149.
230 . T. yauxCiSvili. kavkasiis tomebis sakiTxisaTvis... _ macne, 1980, #4, gv. 58.
231 . n. lomouri. klavdios ptolemaiosi..., gv. 44.
55
aTavsebs233. amianus marcelinusi (IVs.) q.dioskurias, gadmocemebis safuZvelze,
kastor-poluqsis meetleebisa da henioxebis winaprebis daarsebulad miiCnevs
(XXII. 24)234.
Aamrigad, n.lomouris mtkiceba, TiTqos `zerele~ pomponius melas garda
Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze aravin axdens henioxTa lokalizacias,
sinamdviles ar Seefereba. xSirad henioxebi namdvilad moixseniebian gagris
Crdilo-dasavleTiTac, magram ara afxaz-adiRTa garemocvaSi, rogorc n.
lomouri wers, aramed ueWvelad qarTuli qalaqis _ Zveli lazikis midamoebSi,
rac TavisTavad mravlismTqmelia da im mecnierTa mosazrebas amyarebs, vinc
SavizRvispira mosaxleobis am jgufs qarTvelTa dasavlur Stos miakuTvnebs.
henioxebis vinaobasTan dakavSirebiT n.kvezerel-kopaZes miiCnevs, rom isini ar
warmoadgendnen gansakuTrebul eTnikur jgufs; isini iyvnen profesionali
mzidavebi (Tu gamcileblebi)235, romlebic vaWrebs emsaxurebodnen erTi
adgilidan meoreze gadasvlisas236. marTalia, es mosazreba mecnierebis mier
gaziarebuli ar aris237, magram mxolod misi meSveobiT (da ara imdenad
gadasaxlebebiT) SeiZleba aixsnas henioxTa erTdrouli moxsenieba aRmosavleT
SavizRvispireTis ramdenime regionSi, maT Soris samxreT-aRmosavleT
SavizRvispireTSi.238 sxva qarTuli Temebisagan profesiuli niSniT gan-
calkevebulobaze miuTiTeben `henioxis~ etimologia, `mravaltomianoba~ (anu
mravali dasaxlebis mqone), agreTve istoriuli arenidan SeumCneveli gaqroba
regionSi romaelTa poziciebis ganmtkicebis, adgilobrivi politikuri
warmonaqmnebis gaZlierebisa da vaWarTa momsaxureba-dacvis funqciis sakuTar
Tavze aRebis kvalobaze.
arsebobs safuZveli `sxvadasxva saxelwodebis~ henioxebs mivakuTvnoT ara
mxolod sanebi (pliniusi), aramed kerketebic. damkvidrebuli mosazreba, rom
isini Cerqezebi arian, eyrdnoba mxolod TiTqmis ararsebul an Zalian
miaxloebiT fonetikur msgavsebas. T.yauxCiSvili yuradRebas amaxvilebs im
garemoebaze, rom henioxTa legendaruli winaprebi _ dioskurTa meetleebi
wyaroebSi sxvadasxva saxelebiT moixseniebian. erTs hqvia amfistratosi
(straboni, trogus iustinusi), an amfitosi (pliniusi, amianus marcelinusi);
meore saxelis oTxi variantia cnobili _ rekasi an krekasi (straboni),
Telxiosi (pliniusi), frigiasi (trogus iustinusi) da kerkiosi (amianus
marcelinusi). `krekasi~ da `kerkiosi~ `SeiZleba erTi saxelis gadasxvafereba
iyos da masSic `kerketebis~ eponimi imalebodes~239, _ wers T.yauxCiSvili.
kerketebis vinaobasTan dakavSirebiT g.meliqiSvili marTebulad SeniSnavda,
rom `Cerqezi~ ar aris adgilobriv niadagze warmoqmnili saxeli (marTlac,
`Cerqezi~ Turqulad `Sara-gzis yaCaRs~ niSnavs) maSin, roca `kerketebi~
SeiZleba davukavSiroT ègr~-s, romelic pliniusTan (VI. 14) `kegritiki~-s, xolo
ptolemaiosTan (9. 4) èkrektikas~ saxeliT ixsenieba. am mosazrebas adasturebs,
_ Tvlis g.meliqiSvili, _ kerketebis teritoriaze q. Zveli lazikis
arsebobac240.
aRniSnul Sexedulebas arsebobis sruli ufleba aqvs. garda amisa,
kerketebis semantika am saxelis henioxebTan dakavSirebis saSualebasac iZleva.
233 . apiane. miTridates omebis istoria, gv. 195.

234 . georgika, t. 1. Tb., 1961, gv. 112.
235 . d. gulias azriT, mekobre henioxebis dacvis Tanxlebis gareSe SeuZlebeli iyo aRmosavleT
SavizRvispi-reTSi mogzauroba da amitomac uwodes maT berZnebma meetleebi. _ Д. Гулия. История Абхазии, т.1, gv.
45-46.
236 . Н. Квезерели-Копадзе. Дорожные сооружения древней Абхазии. Сухуми, 1955, gv. 30-55.
237 . T. yauxCiSvili. kavkasis tomebis sakiTxisaTvis... _ macne, 1980, #4, gv. 71; m. inaZe. Zveli afxazeTis...,
macne, 1992, #1, gv. 13-14.
238 . ax. w. I s. samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi dafiqsirebulma henioxebma, SesaZloa, Caanacvles Zv.
w. 64 w. pompeusis mier ganadgurebuli kilikieli yaCaRebi da mekobreebi.
239 . T. yauxCiSvili. kavkasis tomebis sakiTxisaTvis... _ macne, 1980, #4, gv. 58-59.
240 . Г. А. Меликишвили. История древней Грузии, gv. 89.
56
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, `kerketi~ berZnulad niSnavs `mesaWe~-s (Sdr. henioxi _
meetle, mxedari, sadavis damWeri). gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa misi qarTuli
ganmarteba: `kerketni... eseni arian kacni Ramis mcvelni, raTa borotad mavalni
Seipyran. kerketni arian kacni RameTa mcvelni, raTa borotad moqmedni ara
uteon~241. amrigad, `kerketis~ berZnul da qarTul semantikaSi asaxulia sakmaod
mWidro kavSiri henioxebTan242, orivesi erTad ki _ qarTul samyarosTan.
arsebobs aseTi ganmartebac _ kerketi _ maRali da Casxmuli kaci243, rac aseve
amyarebs gakeTebul daskvnas. kerketebi ax.w. Is. avtorebis _ strabonis (XII. 3,
18)244, kvintus kurcius rufusis245 mier samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi
moixseniebian. es garemoeba kidev ufro safuZvlians xdis kerketebis qarTvelur
samyarosTan, maT Soris henioxebTan dakavSirebis albaTobas. m.inaZe, piriqiT,
cdilobs viTom Cerqezuli warmoSobis kerketebis Is. samxreT saqarTveloSi
yofna yva-Ti warmoebul toponimebs daukavSiros246 maSin, roca im periodSi
msgavsi toponimebi samxreT saqarTveloSi dafiqsirebuli ar aris. aseTi
saxelebi kerketebs ar dautovebiaT Crdilo-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSic,
sadac adre mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi mkvidrobdnen.
Vs. anonimis mier kerketebTan gaigivebuli toretebic247, savaraudod,
henioxTa erT-erT jgufs da qarTul Tems miekuTvneba248. b.gogias sakmaod
dasabuTebuli mosazrebiT, henioxebi arian telonebic (`xarkis amkrefni~,
`moZaladeni~), romelTa saxelwodeba meetle telqiusis saxels ukavSirdeba249.
adreantikuri xanis afxazeTis teritoriaze, helanike mitilenelisa da
palefate abidoselis zemoT moyvanili cnobebis Tanaxmad, saxlobdnen
mosxebic250. amas adastureben strabonTan daculi miTridate didis omebis
istorikosebic, `romelTac metad daejerebaT. amboben, rom jer arian zigebi,
mere henioxebi, kvlav kerketebi, mosxebi, kolxebi, Semdeg amaT fTirofagebi,
svanebi da sxva patara tomebi kavkasionTan~ (XI. 2,14)251. sarwmuno cnobebi
(`romelTac metad daejerebaT~) xels ar uSlian strabons sam nawilad
(kolxebis, iberebisa da armenielebis) gayofili `mosxebis qveyana~ samxreT
saqarTveloSic daafiqsiros Tavisi `mosxuri mTebiT~ (XI. 2, 15, 17; XI 12, 4; XI. 14,
1; XII. 3, 18)252. motanil cnobebSi straboni winaaRmdegobas ver xedavs. mosxebis
samxreTSi yofna araviTar eWvs ar iwvevs. maT jer kidev herodote d
moixseniebda ariosis XIX satrapiis SemadgenlobaSi253.
diskusiis sagania CrdiloeTSi, maT Soris Tanamedrove afxazeTis farglebSi
mosxebis mosaxleoba-armosaxleobis sakiTxi. pomponius melas monacemebiT,
mosxuri mTebi ukve CrdiloeTiT (kavkasiaSi) arian dasaxelebuli254. ax.w. VIs.
iseTi kompetenturi avtori, rogoric iyo prokopi kesarieli, mosxebis qveyanas
kavkasiis mTianeTSi aTavsebs da iqauri mosaxleobis sameurneo saqmianobasac
aRwers255.
241 . s.-s. orbeliani. leqsikoni qarTuli, I, gv. 367.

242 . T. yauxCiSviliseuli qarTuli Targmanis mixedviT (magram ara rusuli TargmaniT), henioxebi da
kerketebi strabonTan erTi da igive xalxi Cans: àmis Semdeg (arian) aqeelebi, zigebi, henioxebi _ kerketebi~
(XI. 2,1). _ T. yauxCiSvili. strabonis geografia, gv. 111; Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 168.
243 . d. CubinaSvili. qarTul-rusuli leqsikoni, gv. 604.
244 . T. yauxCiSvili. strabonis geografia, gv. 203.
245 . T. yauxCiSvili. kavkasiis tomebis sakiTxisaTvis... _ macne, 1980, #4, gv. 75.
246 . m. inaZe. Zveli afxazeTis... _ macne, 1992, #1, gv. 15-16.
247 . georgika. t. 2. gv. 12.
248 . s. yauxCiSvili Tvlida, rom toretebs, evdusinebs da sxvebs `qarTvelur elementTan SeiZleba Zalian
Soreuli kavSiri hqondeT~ (georgika, t. 2, gv. 28).
249 . b. gogia. Zveli kolxeTis..., gv. 57.
250 . terminis istoriis Sesaxeb ix.: n. xazaraZe. `mesxi~ eTnikuri terminis istoriisaTvis. _ saqarTvelos
da qarTvelebis aRmniSvneli ucxouri da qarTuli terminologia. Tb., 1993, gv. 21-42.
252 . iqve, gv. 121, 124, 125, 174, 185-186, 203.
253 . T. yauxCiSvili. herodotes cnobebi, gv. 45.
255 . georgika, t. 2. gv. 127.
57
aseTia wyaroTa cnobebi, romelTa mixedviTac mosxebi arian rogorc
CrdiloeTiT, ise samxreTiT. n.marma isini, pirvel rigSi, afxazebTan daakavSira.
saxelwodeba `mcxeTa~, _ werda igi, _ ètyoba danergilia abxaz-abazxebis,
saxeldobr, maTi winaprebis _ mosxebisa da ara qarTebis mier~256.
saintereso mosazreba gamoTqva iv.javaxiSvilma. `pr. n.mari marTali unda
iyos, _ werda igi, _ rodesac afxazebis Zvel saxelwodebas àbasxi~-s am `mas-
xi~-s ukavSirebs, mxolod mas TavSi Cveulebrivi afxazuri TavsarTi à~ uzis...
amgvarad, afxazebs da mesxebs erTi da igive tomobrivi saxeli aqvT, magram
marto amiT, rasakvirvelia, tomobrivi igiveoba ver damtkicdeba, metadre sanam
am sityvis `mas~, `mos~, `mes~-xis ZiriTadi mniSvneloba gamorkveuli ar aris.
piriqiT, SesaZlebelia igi sazogado saxeli iyos. mainc da mainc sagulisxmoa,
rom es saxeli marto am or toms _ afxazebs da mesxebs ki ar rqmeviaT, aramed
lekebi TuSebs axlac `moseqebs~, e.i. `mosoxebs~ eZaxian~257. iv.javaxiSvilis
msjelobaSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania varaudi `mesxi~-s sazogado
mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb, rac imas gulisxmobs, rom msgavsi saxeli SeiZleba
Segvxvdes qarTvelTa gansaxlebis farTo arealSi _ afxazeTSi, samxreT
saqarTveloSi, TuSeTSi da a.S.
p. ingoroyvam gaiziara n.marisa da iv.javaxiSvilis mosazrebaTa is nawili,
romelic mosxisa da abasxis identurobas Seexeboda; radganac mesxebi
saxeldebodnen, mecnieris azriT, kelasuris xeobaSi (sinamdvileSi ki bzifis
mxareSi) mcxovrebi koraqsebis Semdeg, maTi gansaxlebis arealad sakuTriv
afxazeTi (dioskuria-bzifis monakveTi) miiCnia258. vinaidan mesxebis qarTveloba
eWvs ar iwvevda (da arc iwvevs), p.ingoroyvam gaakeTa originaluri daskvnebi
(mesxisa da afxazis igivveobis Sesaxeb), romelTa Sesaxeb qvemoT iqneba saubari.
p.ingoroyvas winaaRmdeg z.anCabaZem gailaSqra. man aRniSna, rom damowmebul
wyaroebSi (helanike, palefate, miTridates omebis istorikosebi) mosxebis
gansaxlebis zusti adgili miTiTebuli ar aris, amitom am èrTeuli avtorebis
saeWvo cnobebze~ dayrdnobiT afxazeTis Tanamedrove teritoriaze maTi
lokalizeba ar SeiZleba; mosxebis namdvili sacxovrisi ki samxreT-aRmosavleT
SavizRvispireTSia, sadac n.maris mtkicebiT, SesaZloa, afxazebic
mosaxleobdnen259.
n.lomourmac CaTvala, rom helanikes cnobebi zogadia, sizustiT ar
gamoirCevian, amitom mis mier dasaxelebul tomTa samosaxlo teritoriis
gansazRvrisaTvis ar gamodgebian260. radganac palefate abidoselis fragmentis
Tanaxmad, mosxebis mezobeli xarimatebi flobdnen md.parTenions mcire
aziaSi261, n.lomourma mxari dauWira n.xazaraZis Sexedulebas262 mosxebis mcire
aziaSi, matienebis mezoblad mosaxleobis Taobaze da gaakeTa kategoriuli
daskvna: àbsoluturad gamoricxulia mosxebis moTavseba afxazeTis
teritoriaze~; amasTanave dasZina, rom `Tu Cven vaRiarebT afxazeTis
teritoriaze mesxTa odesme mosaxleobas, p.ingoroyvas momxre-mimdevarTa
pozicia SeiZleba erTgvarad ganmtkicdes~263.
xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTvelur TemTa zogadi saxeli `mesxi~
(iv.javaxiSvili) romel regionSic ar unda dafiqsirdes, amiT aranairad ar ga-
moiricxeba am saxelis matarebeli xalxis afxazeTSic yofna; imavdroulad,
256 . Н. Марр. История термина «Абхаз», gv. 704.

257 . iv. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria, w. I-II, gv. 21-22.
258 . p. ingoroyva. giorgi merCule, gv. 137-140.
259 . З. В. Анчабадзе. Вопросы истории Абхазии в книге П. Ингороква «Георгий Мерчуле – грузинский писатель X века». –
Труды Абхазского института языка, литературы и истории им. Д. И. Гулия. XXVII. Сухуми, 1956, gv. 262-264.
260 . n. lomouri. berZeni logografosebis cnobebi, gv. 10-12, 26.
261 . rogorc b. gogia wers, parTenioni arsebobda ara mxolod mcire aziaSi, aramed xersonesTan da
feodosiasTanac (anu xarimatebis siaxloves). _ b. gogia. Zveli kolxeTis..., gv. 127.
262 . n. xazaraZe. saqarTvelos Zveli istoriis eTno-politikuri problemebi. Tb., 1984, gv. 34.
263 . n. lomouri. Zveli afxazeTis..., gv. 24, 25.
58
afxazeTSi mosxTa mosaxleobis daSveba-ardaSvebaze naklebad aris da-
mokidebuli p.ingoroyvas koncefciisa da misi mimdevrebis poziciis simtkice Tu
sisuste. es martivi WeSmariteba kargad esmiT mecnierebs. g.Citaiam jer kidev
1955w. p.ingoroyvas `giorgi merCule~-ze daweril recenziaSi ar gaiziara
`mesxisa~ da àfxazis~ urTierTkavSiri, magram mxari dauWira istoriul
afxazTa qarTvelobis ideas264. T.miqelaZem, romelic ar unda iyos p.ingoroyvas
mimdevari, SesaniSnavad daasabuTa mesxebis afxazeTSi yofna265. adre m.inaZe
Tvlida, `rom mosxTa binadroba Zv.w. I _ ax.w. Iss-Si Savi zRvis Crdilo-
aRmosavleT sanapiroze sakmaod saeWvod gamoiyureba da met dasabuTebas
moiTxovs~266. damatebiT sabuTebad SemdgomSi man gamoiyena strabonis,
gansakuTrebiT prokopi kesarielis cnobebi da gaakeTa daskvna mesxebis erTi
jgufis afxazeTis mTianeTSi mosaxleobis Sesaxeb; amasTanave, m.inaZe adasturebs
Zv.w. VIs. mesxebis mcire aziaSi binadrobis cnobil faqtsac267. b.gogia aseve
aRniSnavs, rom uZveles wyaroebSi arsebobs mosxTa binadrobis ori
(CrdiloeTsa da samxreTSi) gansxvavebuli tradicia268.
amrigad, adreantikur xanaSi zogadi saxelis matarebeli erT-erTi qarTuli
Temis _ mosxebis afxazeTis Tanamedrove teritoriaze yofna dadasturebulad
unda CaiTvalos, Tumca am faqtis mxolod aRiarebiT damajereblad ver
dgindeba mosxisa da abasxis identuroba.
afxazeTis siaxloves dasaxelebuli arian aqaiebi269 da melanqlenebi270,
romelTa Sesaxeb cota ram aris cnobili; s.yauxCiSvili am Temebsac qarTul
samyaros miakuTvnebs271.
adreantikuri xanis wyaroebis mixedviT, afxazeTis mTeli Tanamedrove
teritoria kolxeTis samefos SemadgenlobaSia da kolxebiTaa dasaxlebuli.
miuxedavad aqemeniduri sparseTis eqspansiisa da Zv.w. VIs. qveynis samxreT
raionebis damorCilebisa, kolxeTi inarCunebda damoukideblobas, Tumca
herodotes cnobiT, yovel mexuTe wels nebayoflobiTi saCuqris saxiT
sparseTSi 100 Wabuks da 100 qalwuls agzavnida (III. 97). samefos qarTveluri
mosaxleoba Zveli avtorebis mier kolxebad miCneul koraqsebTan da kolebTan
erTad bzifamde Tu kavkasionis qedamdea gavrcelebuli. herodotes cnobiT ki
kolxebs eWiraT uzarmazari sivrce meotis tbamde (azovis zRvamde)272; samxreTis
sazRvari afsarosTan (Woroxi) Tu trapezund-kerasuntis midamoebSia
savaraudebeli273. wyaroTa monacemebiT, aRniSnul teritoriaze ucxo eTnikuri
jgufebi dasaxlebuli ar arian. gansakuTrebiT naTelia situacia engur-fsous
monakveTze, sadac sxva eTnosis kvali ar Cans..
separatistTa politikuri ambiciebis dakmayofilebas emsaxureba versia
termin `kolxeTi~-s krebiTi anu farTo (geografiuli) da viwro (eTnikuri)
mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. terminebs `kolxeTi~, `kolxi~ zogjer marTlac aqvT
krebiTi mniSvneloba; maTSi igulisxmeba qarTuli regionebi, qarTveli eris
sxvadasxva ganStoebebi da Temebi. ase esmoda ivane javaxiSvils `kolxeTis
264 . g. Citaia. Zveli afxazeTis mosaxleobis eTnikuri Camomavlobis Sesaxeb. _ Sromebi xuT tomad, II. Tb.,
2000, gv. 119.
265 . T. miqelaZe. Ziebani..., gv. 21-24.
266 . m. inaZe. antikuri xanis...,_ moambe, 1960, #2, gv. 148.
267 . m. inaZe. afxazebis..., _ macne, 1992, #1, gv. 16-20;. . .
. – // . ., 1999. gv. 66.
268 . b. gogia. Zveli kolxeTis..., gv. 127-130.
269 . T. yauxCiSvili. kavkasiis tomebis sakiTxisaTvis antikuri wyaroebis mixedviT. 1. aqaiebi. _ macne, 1980,
#3, gv. 31-40.
270 . n. lomouri. berZeni logografosebis cnobebi.., gv. 32, 33.
271 . georgika, t. 2, gv. 28.
272 . herodote axsenebs kolxTa mezoblebs vidre kavkasionis mTebamde. m. inaZem sxva wyaroTa monacemebis
gaTvaliswinebiT kolxTa mezoblebad, savsebiT marTebulad, isev kolxebi _ kolebi da koraqsebi miiCnia (T.
yauxCiSvili. herodotes cnobebi, gv. 76; М. Инадзе. Вопросы..., gv. 63).
273 . З. В. Анчабадзе. Очерк, gv. 27; T. yauxCiSvili. berZeni mwerlebis cnobebi, I, gv. 31; d. musxeliSvili.
saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi. Tb., 1977, gv. 46 da sxv.
59
saxelis zogadi SemkreblobiTi mniSvneloba~274. TviT sabWoTa istoriul
enciklopediaSi `kolxebi~ (`Колхи~) ganmartebulia rogorc `qarTvelur tomTa
krebiTi saxelwodeba~275.
sruliad gansxvavebuli mosazreba ganaviTara g.meliqiSvilma. adreantikuri
xanis avtorebis mier dioskuria-biWvinTis nawilSi da kavkasionamde miTiTebuli
kolxeTis sazRvari yovelgvari dasabuTebis gareSe CaTvala geografiul da
ara eTnikur sazRvrad276. amaSi mas mxari dauWira z.anCabaZem277. aRniSnuli
Sexeduleba gaiziara n.lomourma278. antikuri drois avtorebi, _ wers igi, _
aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi `mxolod erT xalxs _ kolxebs asaxelebs
(herodote, fsevdo-skilaqs kariandeli, straboni da sxv.). araa gamoricxuli,
rom eTnonimi kolxi am SemTxvevaSi politikuri Sinaarsisaa da mas krebiTi
xasiaTi aqvs. e.i. faravs yvela im toms, romelic kolxeTis samefos
teritoriaze saxlobda da berZnul-romauli wyaroebisaTvis gvian gaxda
cnobili, Tumca aseTi varaudebisaTvis pirdapiri cnobebi ar mogvepoveba~279.
swored, cnobebis ararsebobis gamo varaudebi adreantikur xanaSi afsua-
afxazebis dRevandeli maTi gansaxlebis teritoriaze yofnis Sesaxeb280 yovlad
usafuZvlo da ararealuria. Sesabamisi utyuari monacemebis gareSe, gaugebaria,
rogor unda daadgino, Tundac ivaraudo afxazTa winaprebis afxazeTSi yofna,
roca xSirad Wirs, SeuZlebelic ki xdeba wyaroebSi araerTgzis miTiTebuli
zogierTi tomis Tu Temis vinaobis garkveva.
terminebis `kolxeTi~, `kolxi~ mniSvnelobis damaxinjebas saTavisod
iyenebda da amJamadac iyenebs separatistuli istoriografia, romelic saerTod
gamoricxavs qarTvelTa gansaxlebas afxazeTis teritoriaze281; wyaroebi ki,
rogorc davinaxeT, sruliad sapirispiros amtkiceben. zemoxsenebul terminebs
uZvelesi droidan hqondaT konkretulad istoriuli kolxeTis (Zveli
saqarTvelos) da eTnikuri kolxis (qarTvelis) mniSvneloba. ucnobia sxva
araqarTvel eTnosebze am terminebis gavrcelebis Tundac erTi faqtic ki.
piriqiT, berZnul-bizantiuri wyaroebi asaxavdnen `gaTiSe da ibatones~
oficialur saxelmwifo politikas an sxvadasxva mizezebiT gamowveul ama Tu
im etapze arsebul realur mdgomareobas (politikur daqucmacebas da a.S.) da
erTian toms umetes SemTxvevaSi wvril-wvrili erTeulebis saxiT (da ara
`farTo~ geografiuli gagebiT) warmogvidgenen. am viTarebaSi `kolxis~ `krebiT
mniSvnelobaze~ saubars aqvs mxolod politikuri mizani: Zveli kolxeTis
teritoriaze Tanamedrove afsua-afxazTa winaprebs rogorme miuCinon adgili,
romelic istoriuli wyaroebiT dadasturebuli ar aris. mkvlevar-
separatistebs es aZlevs mTeli kolxuri civilizaciis miTvisebis mcdelobis
saSualebas.
istoriografiaSi tendenciurad aris gaSuqebuli Zv.w. III-I saukuneebis eTno-
politikuri movlenebi. rogorc cnobilia, Zv.w. IIIs. pirveli naxevridan,
qarTuli saistorio tradiciis Tanaxmad, dasavleT saqarTvelo qarTlis
samefos nebayoflobiT SeuerTda282 da erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos nawils
warmoadgenda. es ar yofila gamowveuli egrisis samefos dasustebiTa da
274 . iv. javaxiSvili. saqarTvelos, kavkasiisa..., gv. 12.

275 . Советская Историческая Энциклопедия , т. 7. М., 1965, gv. 546.
276 . Г. Меликишвили. К истории древней Грузии, gv. 62-63; misive: saqarTvelos, kavkasiis..., gv. 87.
277 . З. В. Анчабадзе. Очерк..., gv. 29; missive: История и культура..., gv. 132.
278 . n. lomouri. berZeni logografosebis cnobebi..., gv. 25; misive: `kolxidis~ da `kolxebis~ gagebisaTvis.
_ Tsu Sromebi, t. 1. . 1971, gv. 19-31. daaxloebiT igive pozicia aqvs m. inaZesac (Zveli afxazeTis..., macne, 1992,
#1, gv. 8; misive: Вопросы..., gv. 63).
280 . iqve. ix. agreTve: Н. Ломоури. Некоторые вопросы ранней истории Абхазии (Ответ проф. Ш. Д. Инал-Ипа), _ macne,
istoriis..., seria, 1990, #3, gv. 161.
281 . Ш. Д. Инал-Ипа. Вопросы…, gv. 200; misive: О моем народе, его истории и отечестве. – Советская Абхазия, 1989, 16
сентября; О. Х. Бгажба, С. З. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 60-84 da sxv.

282 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. 1, gv. 22-24.
60
daSliT. farnavazma daxmarebisaTvis qujis imitom mimarTa283, rom egrisi im
droisaTvis kvlav Zlier saxelmwifos warmoadgenda. aRmosavleT-dasavleT
saqarTvelos maSindeli gaerTianeba iyo, rogorc ukve iTqva, nebayoflobiTi,
saerTo erovnuli interesebiT ganpirobebuli istoriuli aqti, romlis
realizebas xels uwyobda saerTaSoriso viTarebac_elinuri saxelmwifoebis
rRvevisa da urTierTdapirispirebis xangrZlivi procesis dawyeba284. am process
ar SeeZlo ar gamoewvia saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri aqtiurobisa da kavSirebis
Sesusteba, axal saxelmwifoTa warmoSoba Tu aRdgena, seriozuli
geopolitikuri Zvrebi. Seqmnil viTarebaSi qarTl-egrisis gaerTianeba da
Zlieri gaerTianebuli qarTuli saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba arsebuli realobiT
nakarnaxev obieqtur aucileblobas warmoadgenda. rogorc n.berulava
asabuTebs, maSin qarTls SeuerTda ara mxolod centraluri egrisi
md.RaliZgamde,285 aramed mTeli samefo dioskuriis CaTvliT286. daqucmacebuli da
gamudmebuli SinaomebiT dakavebuli saberZneTis mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT,
namdvilad saeWvod gamoiyureba leonti mrovelis cnoba egriswylis (RaliZgis)
Crdilo-dasavleTiT mdebare teritoriis berZnebis (Tundac, Zv.w. III saukunis
ganmavlobaSi galatiasTan mZime brZolebSi dasustebuli pontos samefos)
xelSi gadasvlis Sesaxeb.
Zv.w. IIs. dasawyisidan, roca qarTlze selevkidebis saxelmwifos rRvevis
Sedegad warmoqmnili somxeTi gabatonda, egrisi isev calke samefod Cans, razec
imave saukunis meore naxevris mefe savlakis monetebi mowmoben.287 soxumis
raionSi misi aRmoCena samefos kvlav Zvel sazRvrebSi aRdgenaze unda
miuTiTebdes288. pliniusis cnobiT, `kolxeTSi mefobda aietis STamomavali
savlaki, romelmac miiRo samTavrod mTeli miwa; amboben, mas Semosdioda didi
raodenobiT oqro da vercxli svanTa tomebis miwidan da saerTod mTeli Tavisi
samflobelodan, romelic saxelganTqmuli iyo oqros sawmisebiT~289. aqedanac
irkveva, rom savlaki mTlianad flobda egriss (`mTel miwas~) Tanamedrove
afxazeTis teritoriisa da svaneTis CaTvliT.
Zv.w. II-I ss. mijnaze pontos mefe miTridate VI evpatorma (111-63ww.) mTeli
aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi, sakuTari samefos SemadgenlobaSi moaqcia290.
egrisi agrZelebda arsebobas calke erTeulis saxiT. misi mmarTveli gaxda
miTridate umcrosi (mefis vaJi), romelic male RalatSi iqna eWvmitanili da
sikvdiliT dasajes291. mmarTvelebad kolxeTSi miTridate VI-Tan daaxloebuli
pirovnebebi igzavnebodnen. aseTi iyo strabonis `dedis biZac mamis mxridan~ _
moaferne; pontos mefes egrisidan `mosdioda meti wili Zalebisa sanaosno
samsaxurisaTvis~292.
Zv.w. I saukunis Suaxanebidan, roca romaelebma daamarcxes miTridate VI,
TviTon daeuflnen yofili kolxeTis samefos da aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTs,
maT Soris afxazeTis Tanamedrove teritorias. romaelTagan devnilma
283 . iqve, gv. 22.

284. farnavaz mefes megobruli urTierToba hqonda dasustebul selevkidebTan (siria), `msaxurebda igi
antioqoss~ (qarTlis cxovreba, t. 1, gv. 25).
285 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. 1, gv. 24.
286 . . . dasax. naSromi, gv. 90.
288 . m. inaZis mosazrebas kolxeTis samefos mxolod RaliZgamde aRdgenis Sesaxeb sakmao damajereblobiT
uaryofs n. berulava ( . . dasax. naSromi, gv. 89-90).
289 . l. arboliSvili. plinius ufrosis `bunebis istoria~, gv. 154.
290 . Zv.w. IVs. bolos Seqmnil da Zv.w. IIs. gaZlierebul pontos samefos qarTuli istoriografia
ganixilavda qarTuli samyaros nawilad, romlis mosaxleobas Seadgendnen mesxebi, tabal-tibarenebi (iberebi),
xaldebi, xalibebi, kolxebi, mosinikebi da sxvebi; am samyaros RviZli Svilis, _ miTridate VI-is
xelmZRvanelobiT warmoebuli omi ki, zogierTi mecnieris azriT, iyo didi qarTuli saxelmwifos brZola
Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobisaTvis (l. sanikiZe. pontos samefo. Tb., 1956, gv. 3; saqarTvelos istoria, I.
Tb., 1958, gv. 58; g. gozaliSvili. miTridate pontoeli. Tb., 1965, gv. 278-279).
291 . saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. I, gv. 475.
292 . T. yauxCiSvili. strabonis geografia, gv. 124-125.
61
miTridatem 66/65ww. zamTari dioskuriaSi gaatara da aq SeimuSava grandiozuli
samoqmedo gegmebi, romelTa ganxorcieleba ver moaxerxa293.
kolxeTi//egrisi aqtiurad iyo Cabmuli elinistur samyarosTan
gacxovelebul savaWro-ekonomikur urTierTobebSi. elinistur xanas
ganekuTvneba strabonis cnobac dioskuriaSi aTobiT erovnebis
warmomadgenelTa, ZiriTadad kavkasielebis Tavmoyris Sesaxeb.294 n.berulavas
varaudiT, es cnoba exeba kolxeTSi romaelTa batonobis, kerZod, aristarxis
mmarTvelobis periods; rogorc energiulma mmarTvelma, man gaaerTiana
kolxeTi, Wrida monetebs dioskuriaSi, sadac erT-erTi, Tu erTaderTi
(g.gamyreliZe, T.Todua) rezidencia hqonda; moaxerxa vaWrobis gamococxleba
aReb-micemobaSi romaelTa CarTvis gziT.295 Zv.w. 48w. pompeusis daRupviTa da
aristarxis poziciebis SesustebiT isargebla bosforis mefe farnakem
(miTridates vaJma) da mZime brZolebis gadaxdis Semdeg kolxeTs daeufla,
daibruna pontos samefo da Tavi aziis mefed gamoacxada. 47w. iulius keisarma
(Zv.w. 49-44ww.) iolad daamarcxa farnake296; kolxeTi kvlav rCeboda romis
provinciad.
ar arsebobs arqeologiuri masala an werilobiTi cnobebi Zv.w. II-Iss-Si
afxazeTis amJamindel farglebSi da mis siaxloves eTnikuri situaciis
Secvlis Sesaxeb. miuxedavad amisa, g.meliqiSvili wers afxazeTis mTianeTSi
viTom mcxovreb meomar tomebze, CrdiloeT kavkasiidan mTielTa SemoRwevaze,
jiqebis Semosevaze da kerketebis miwebis mitacebaze, baris mosaxleobis
awiokebaze da a.S.297. es daskvna agebulia strabonis cnobaze zigebis Crdilo-
aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi pirvelad gamoCenis Taobaze; berZeni mwerali
saubrobda kargad cnobil Temaze _ aqeelebis, zigebis da henioxebis yaCaRoba-
mekobreobaze, mosaxleobis Seviwroebaze, xalxis gatacebaze (XI. 2, 12)298.
strabonTan ar aris cnoba mTielTa Semosevebis, kerketebis zigebiT
Canacvlebis, mTisa da baris dapirispirebis, eTnikuri da, aqedan gamomdinare,
politikuri viTarebis Secvlis Sesaxeb. gaugebaria, ratom aniWebs
g.meliqiSvili gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas wyaroSi zigebis gamoCenas. es xalxi
miTridate VI-s dros ukve cxovrobda aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi299. zigis
semantika (ùRelSi Sebmulni~ _ berZn.) raRacnairad mosaxleobis saqmianobaze
unda migvaniSnebdes; Crdilo-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi am xalxis gamoCenas
araviTari politikuri Tu teritoriuli cvlilebebi ar mohyolia, arc maTi
eTnikuri vinaobaa (Zveli wyaroebiT, pelazguri warmoSobisani arian) sabolood
dadgenili, xolo damkvidrebuli mosazreba zigebis adiRelobis Sesaxeb
damajereblad dasabuTebuli ar aris. asec rom iyos, ra SuaSia aq afxazeTi?
zigebi xom aqedan Sors _ Tanamedrove tuafses midamoebSi saxlobdnen da
mxolod Vs-Si daeuflnen q.Zvel lazikas1.
mZime, magram aseve ararealur suraTs gvixatavs m.inaZec, romlis azriT,
straboniseuli `skeptuxiebi~2 warmoadgendnen jer kidev adreklasobrivi
sazogadoebis wina xanaSi arsebul satomo organizaciaTa safuZvelze
warmoqmnil administraciul erTeulebs, romlebmac saukuneebis manZilze
SeinarCunes eTnikuri TavisTavadoba, midrekileba samefosagan gandgomisa,
riTac, saboloo jamSi, Ziri gamouTxares kolxeTis saxelmwifos da
293 . apiane. miTridates omebis istoria, gv. 195-196, 261; g. gamyreliZe, T. Todua. romis samxedro-
politikuri eqspansia saqarTveloSi. Tb., 2006, gv. 28-32.
295 . Н. Берулава. dasax. naSromi, gv. 97-98; g. gamyreliZe, T. Todua. dasax. naSromi, gv. 40.
296 . g. gamyreliZe, T. Todua. dasax. naSromi, gv. 41-42.gamarjvebulma iulius keisarma roms saswrafod
upataka: `mivedi, vnaxe, gavimarjve~ ( . Р . . ., 1998, gv. 604).

297 . Г. Меликишвили. К истории древней Грузии, gv. 307-310; saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. 1, gv. 478-482.
299 . iqve, gv. 119.
1 . georgika, t. 2, gv. 11.
62
adreantikuri xanis dasasrulisaTvis igi TiTqos wvril politikur
erTeulebad daqucmacda.3 SemdgomSi m.inaZem odnav Searbila pozicia, magram
`skeptuxiebis~ arsi (viTom, eTno-teritoriuli erTeuli) ucvleli datova4.
kolxeTis samefos eTno-teritoriul erTeulebad daSlis Tema xelovnuradaa
Seqmnili da miznad isaxavs ax.w. pirvel saukuneebSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi
dafiqsirebuli `mravaltomianobis~ mizezebis àxsnas~; m.inaZe am movlenis
mizezebs mTielTa etapobriv CamosaxlebebSi, xan kidev kolxeTis viTom
mravaltomianobaSi, skeptuxiebSi xedavs5.
aRniSnul problemas sakmaod vrclad Seexo o. lorTqifaniZe. kolxeTis
samefos mravaltomianoba `Znelad sarwmunoa, _ wers mecnieri. _ yvela wyaro,
romelic ki CvenTvis saintereso xanas exeba... dRevandel dasavleT saqarTvelos
teritoriaze zRvispireTSi CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken (romelic strabonTan
`kolxeTis zRvad~ iwodeba.... XI. 1, 6) pitiuntidan (dRevandeli biWvinta)
md.afsarosamde (md. Woroxi) da aRmosavleTiT iberiamde _ asaxelebs yovelTvis
da mxolod (!) erT xalxs _ kolxebs (sxva arcerTi tomi am teritoriaze
arianemde ar ixsenieba)~6. skeptuxiebs eTnopolitikur erTeulebad ar miiCnevs T.
beraZe. misi daskvniT, skeptuxia aris saerisTavo, romelic zog SeTxvevaSi
mxolod teritoriul-administraciul erTeuls warmoadgenda, zogjer ki maTSi
erTi qarTuli modgmis tomi iyo gaerTianebuli7.
amrigad, wyaroTa monacemebiT, Zv.w. VI – Iss. afxazeTis Tanamedrove
teritoriaze eTnopolitikuri xasiaTis cvlilebebi ar momxdara, igi kvlav
qarTul regionad rCeboda. aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis didi xniT romaelTa
xelSi gadasvlam ganapiroba mniSvnelovani politikuri Zvrebi momavalSi.
Tavi IV. Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoria I saukunidan

VIII saukunis Sua xanebamde
3 . m. inaZe. kolxeTis samefos skeptuxiaTa sakiTxisaTvis. _ saq. sssr mecn. akademiis moambe, t. 26, #6, 1961,
gv. 783-789; misive: Zveli kolxeTis sazogadoeba. Tb., 1994, gv. 54.
4 . m. inaZe. kidev erTxel eTno-teritoriuli erTeulis Sesaxeb. _ qarTveli xalxis eTnogenezi. Tb., 2002,
gv. 93-111.; skeptuxiebis `separatizmze~ da `Sidadapirispirebebze~ saubrobs n. berulavac ( . . dasax.
naSromi, gv. 87, 88, 121, 131 da a. S.).
5 . m. inaZe. Zveli afxazeTis... - macne, 1992, #2, gv. 47, 48, 58; misive: ..., gv. 64, 71, 77-78, 80 da a. S.
6 . o. lorTqifaniZe. iyo Tu ara saxelmwifo kolxeTi, gv. 49-50.
7 . T. beraZe. samegrelos istoria. _ aia, 2001, #9-10, gv. 39.
63
1. eTnikuri viTareba
welTaRricxvaTa mijnaze kolxeTi Tanamedrove afxazeTis CaTvliT war-
moadgenda romTan vasalur damokidebulebaSi myofi pontos samefos Semadgenel
calke administraciul erTeuls. Zv.w. 14 wlidan pontoSi (Sesabamisad egrisSi)
mefobdnen jer polemon I, Semdeg misi meuRle piTodorisi; ax.w. 38w. taxti,
romis nebiT, maTma SviliSvilma polemon II-m daikava. 63 wels imperatorma
neronma (54-68ww.) uaryo buferul qveynebze dayrdnobis politika, amitom pontos
samefo gaauqma, gadaaqcia igi imperiis provinciad da egrisTan erTad galatiis
SemadgenlobaSi Seiyvana. 72 wlidan imperator domicianes (81-96ww.)
mmarTvelobamde egrisi Sedioda `kapadokiur kompleqsSi~ _ kapadokiisa da
galatiisagan Semdgar erTian provinciaSi, mogvianebiT ki igi kapadokiis nawili
gaxda300.
kolxeTis zRvispira qalaqebSi _ fazissa da dioskuriaSi I saukunis 60-ni
wlebidan romauli samxedro garnizonebi idgnen. es qalaqebi imavdroulad
iTvlebodnen imperiis sazRvao flotis sayrden punqtebad. ioseb flaviusis
sityvebiT (66w.), iudevelTa mefes herode agripas (29-93ww.) ganucxadebia, rom
henioxebi da kolxebi, tavrebi da bosforelebi, saerTod pontosa da meotidis
garSemo mcxovrebi xalxebi, `romlebic uwin sakuTar mflobelebsac ki ar
scnobdnen, axla 3000 hoplits hyavT isini morCilebaSi da 40 xomaldi icavs
mSvidobas zRvaze, romelzedac uwin curva ar SeiZleboda da SemaZrwunebeli
iyo~301. aqedan SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom romaelebi sakmaod mtkiced
akontrolebdnen aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis did nawils, gansakuTrebiT
samxedro garnizonebis mimdebare regionebs, maT Soris afxazeTis Tanamedrove
teritorias.
eTnopolitikuri istoriis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovan cnobebs gvawvdian
straboni (I saukunis dasawyisi), pomponius mela (Is. pirveli naxevari), plinius
ufrosi (79 w-mde), flavius ariane (131w.), klavdios ptolemaiosi (IIs. 20-60-ani
wlebi) da sxvebi.
strabonis `geografiaSi~ kolxeTTan dakavSirebiT ZiriTadad wina sau-
kuneebis mweralTa wyaroebia gamoyenebuli, magram masSi aris avtoris Tana-
drouli monacemebic. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs pontos mefeebis polemon I-isa da pi-
Todorisis mmarTvelobis periodi (XI. 2, 18)302; kolxeTis farglebSia
moxseniebuli dioskuria da biWvinTa (XI. 2, 14)303. uaRresad didi mniSvneloba
aqvs cnobas dioskuriis Tavze da mis irgvliv svanTa Zlieri tomis dominirebis
Sesaxeb. straboni wers, rom svanebi `TiTqmis saukeTesoni arian simamacisa da
Zalis mxriv: floben isini irgvliv (yvelafers) da upyriaT kavkasionis
mwvervalebi, romlebic dioskuriis zemoT aris: hyavT maT basilevsi da sabWo
300 mamakacisagan Semdgari da, rogorc amboben, hkreben laSqars 200000 (kacis
raodenobiT): marTlac mTeli xalxi meomaria, magram araa organizebuli~ (XI.
2,19)304. ara aqvs principuli mniSvneloba, ramdenad Seesabameba sinamdviles
svanuri laSqris savaraudo raodenoba. aSkaraa, rom dioskuriis mxare da
kavkasiis zekarebi kvlav qarTvelTa xelSia. amasTanave, xazgasmiT unda
aRiniSnos, rom aranair pirdapir Tu irib cnobebs Tanamedrove afxazeTis
teritoriaze eTnikuri situaciis Secvlis Sesaxeb strabonis `geografia~ ar
Seicavs. igive SeiZleba iTqvas Is. pirveli naxevris moRvawis _ pomponius melas
300 . Г. Меликишвили. К истории древней Грузии, gv. 363-364; saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. 1, gv. 537-538;
T. Todua. romauli samyaro da kolxeTi. I-IV ss. Tb., 2003, gv. 7-8.
301 . georgika, t. 1, gv 274; T. Todua. dasax. naSromi, gv. 6.
302 . T. yauxCiSvili. strabonis geografia, gv. 120-121, 125 – 126.
303 . iqve, gv. 120-121.
304 . iqve, gv. 125-126.
64
`qveynis aRwerilobazec~. am naSromis pirvel wignSi moyvanilia cnobebi
aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis Sesaxeb; fazisis Semdeg miTiTebulia qalaqi,
romelic `berZeni vaWrebis daarsebulia da kiknosi hqvia~305. T.yauxCiSvilis
azriT, saubari unda iyos q.gienosze306 (oCamCiresTan), romlis Semdegac
pomponius mela asaxelebs `velur da gaunaTlebel tomebs, farTo zRvasTan
mcxovrebT _ melanxlenebs, toretikas, eqvs koliks, koraqsikebs, fTirofagebs,
henioxebs, aqeebs, kerketebs da, ukve meotidis axlos _ sindonebs. henioxTa
sazRvrebSia dioskuria...~307 am cnobis Sefasebisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT , rom
pomponius mela, rogorc al. gamyreliZe werda, marTalia, `sapatio adgils
ikavebs antikuri geografiis warmomadgenelTa Soris~, magram misi naSromisadmi
mainc `didi sifrTxiliT midgomaa saWiro, radgan sxvadasxva drois avtorebis
cnobebi xSirad erTmaneTis gverdiT aqvs moTavsebuli~308. swored, es aris
mizezi dasaxelebul `tomTa~ Tanmimdevrobis aRrevisa, Tumca qarTveluri
warmomavlobis henioxTa sazRvrebSi dioskuriis moqcevas garkveuli sicxade
Seaqvs danarCenTa lokalizaciis sakiTxSic. SeuZlebelia melanqlenebi,
romlebic, zogierTi mkvlevris azriT, dRevandel moskovTan, xarkovTan,
zogadad, skviTebis CrdiloeTiT fiqsirdebian309, sxvebTan erTad henioxebis
samxreTiT yofiliyvnen. pomponius melas mier dasaxelebuli `tomebidan~
afxazeTis Tanamedrove teritoriaze unda vivaraudoT henioxebi, kolikebi,
koraqsebi da, albaT, fTeirofagebic, romlebsac svanebTan aigiveben310.
sakmaod rTul suraTs gvixatavs plinius ufrosi. misi monacemebiT, md.
fazisis `Semdeg aris sxva mdinare qarienti, saltiebis tomi, romelTac Zvelad
fTeirofagebi ewodeboda da sxvebi sannebi. svanebis gavliT kavkasionidan moedineba
mdinare xobusi, Semdeg _ roani, kegritikes mxare. mdinareebi: sigania, Tersosi,
asTelefosi, qrisoroasi. absilTa tomi, cixesimagre sebastopolisi, fasisidan 100000
nabijia; sanikebis tomi, q. kignumi, mdinare da qalaqi peniusi da bolos henioxTa
tomebi, romlebic ganirCevian bevri saxelwodebebiT.
maT (henioxebs) esazRvreba pontos mxare kolika, romelSic, rogorc naTqvamia,
kavkasiis mTebi mibrunebulia rifeebis mTebisaken... danarCeni sanapiro uWiravT tomebs:
melanqlenebsa da koraqsebs, kolxuri qalaqiT dioskuriadiT, romelic mdebareobs
mdinare anTemuntTan, axla is gaukacrielebulia... dioskuriadidan Semdegi qalaqia
heraklea. sebastopolisidan is daSorebulia 70000 nabijiT. aq cxovroben aqaelebi,
mardebi, kerketebi, maT miRma arian _ serebi, kefalotomebi; am sivrcis SigniT aris
umdidresi qalaqi pitiunti, gaZarcvuli henioxebis mier. mis ukan kavkasiis mTebSi
cxovroben savromatebis xalxi _ epageritebi, xolo maT Semdeg savromatebi~ (VI. 14-
16)311.
aSkarad Cans, rom pliniusi, msgavsad pomponius melasi, sxvadasxva drois
mweralTa cnobebs iyenebs312, amitomac geografiuli punqtebisa da mosaxleobis
ama Tu im jgufis lokalizacias arasworad iZleva. avtori sxvadasxva qalaqe-
bad warmogvidgens sebastopolissa da dioskurias; cnoba melanqlenebisa da
koraqsebis Sesaxeb kolxuri qalaqiT dioskuriadiT aSkarad Zvelia da Is.
mdgomareobas ar asaxavs; simarTles unda Seesabamebodes mtkiceba dioskuriis
gaukacrielebis Sesaxeb, rac gamowveuli iyo, albaT, rogorc kolxeTis samefos
gauqmebiT, savaWro faqtoriebis moSliT, ise faqtobrivad axali qalaqis _
305 . al. gamyreliZe. pomponius melas cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. _ qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba, kr. I.
Tb., 1965, gv. 29.
306 . T. yauxCiSvili. kavkasiis tomebis sakiTxisaTvis... _ macne, 1980, #4, gv. 64; m. inaZis azriT, kiknosi
md. xobis SesarTavTan mdebare sof. yulevia (m. inaZe. Zveli kolxeTis qalaqebi kignumi da ea-aia. _ qarTuli
wyaroTmcodneoba. X. Tb., 2004, gv. 36-42)..
307 . al. gamyreliZe. dasax. naSromi, gv. 29.
308 . iqve, gv. 12, 13.
309 . T. yauxCiSvili. fsevdo-sqilaqsis zogierTi cnobis Sesaxeb. _ qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba, kr. I, gv. 6.
311 . l. arboliSvili. plinius ufrosis `bunebis istoria~, gv. 147-149.
312 . ix. amis Sesaxeb: m. inaZe. kolxeTis aRweriloba plinius ufrosis `bunebis istoriaSi~. _ kavkasiur-
axloaRmosavluri krebuli, X. Tb., 2001, gv. 211-212, 218; l. arboliSvili. dasax. naSromi, gv. 10, 13-14.
65
sebastopolisis gaSenebiT Tavisi samxedro garnizoniT, saiTkenac gadainacvla
aqtiurma cxovrebam. sebastopolisis Crdilo-dasavleTiT SecdomiT miTiTebuli
q.kignumi, savaraudod, unda iyos pomponius melas kiknosi//gienosi.
gasaziarebelia g.lorTqifaniZis mosazreba peniusisa da pitiuntis identurobis
Sesaxeb; am versiis Tanaxmad, md.peniusi SeiZleba md.bzifTan gaigivdes313.
dioskuriis Crdilo-dasavleTiT dasaxelebuli q.heraklea identificirebuli
unda iyos flavius arianes herakles koncxTan314, romlis lokalizacias
s.janaSia xostasTan axdens315.
aSkara Secdomaa, rodesac pliniusi fTeireofagebs (saltiebs) amJamindel
samegreloSi (kegritikes mxareSi) ixseniebs maSin, roca isini ufro adrindel
(straboni)316 da gviandel (flavius ariane)317 avtorebTan gagris midamoebSi
arian dafiqsirebuli. sinamdviles unda Seesabamebodes mdidari qalaqis _
biWvinTis Is. gaZarcva henioxebis mier. amave dros, gaugebaria am faqtis, aseve
dioskuriis dacarielebis axsna kavkasiel mTielTa `TavdasxmebiT~, razec
sruliad usafuZvlod mudmivad amaxvilebs yuradRebas g.meliqiSvili318.
biWvinTis ukan kavkasiis mTebSi (arsebiTad, afxazeTis farglebs gareT)
savromatuli tomebis moxsenieba aranairad ar gamodgeba afxazeTSi eTnikuri
situaciis Secvlis dasadastureblad. pliniusis cnoba principuli
mniSvnelobis erTaderT siaxles Seicavs. es aris istoriaSi absilTa pirvelad
moxsenieba. maT lokalizaciasTan da vinaobasTan dakavSirebuli diskusiebi
dRemde grZeldeba (ix. qvemoT).
afxazeTis istoriis umniSvnelovanesi wyaroa kvintus epius flavius arianes
`mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo~319. naSromi warmoadgens moxsenebas, romelic
avtorma (kapadokiis mmarTvelma) miarTva romis keisar adrianes (117-138ww.) mas
Semdeg, rac misi davalebiT 134w. moinaxula Savi zRvis sanapiro zoli
(trapizonidan sebastopolamde) da Caatara romauli garnizonebis inspeqcia.
danarCeni sanapiro aRwerilia sxvaTa zepiri gadmocemebis, an adrindeli
mwerlebis cnobaTa safuZvelze. trapizonis Crdilo-dasavleTiT flavius
ariane asaxelebs kolxebs, drilebs anu sanebs da wers: àmaT gverdiT arian
makronebi da henioxebi, maTi mefe anqialea. makronebisa da henioxebis mezoblebi
Zidritebi arian, eseni farsmanis qveSevrdomni arian. Zidritebis gverdiT lazebi arian.
lazebis mefe malasaa, romelsac taxti Sengana aqvs miRebuli. lazebis mezoblebi
afsilebi arian, maTma mefem iulianem mefoba Seni mamisagan miiRo. afsilebis mezoblebi
abaskebi arian. abaskTa mefe resmagaa, amasac taxti Sengana aqvs miRebuli. abaskTa
mezoblebi sanigebi arian, maT miwaze imyofeba sebastopolisi. sanigTa mefe spadagam
Sengan miiRo taxti... hiposidan dawyebuli astelefamde da dioskuriamde Cven vxedavdiT
kavkasionis mTas, romelic simaRliT waagavs yvelaze metad keltur alpebs. gviCvenes
erT-erTi mwvervali kavkasionisa _ strobili, romelzedac miTis mixedviT zevsis
brZanebiT promeTeosi Camokidebul iqna hefestos mier~320. dioskuria ukve aRar aris
dacarielebuli qalaqi: `sebastopolisi Zvelad dioskuriad iwodeboda,
mileTis axalSenia~, _ naTqvamia `mogzaurobaSi~; trapizonidan igi 2260
stadioniTaa321 daSorebuli, sebastopolisidan biWvinTamde ki 350 stadionia;
aqedan stenitikis mxaremde (Zv. trigliti) iyo 150 stadioni; am mxareSi
313 . g. lorTqifaniZe. biWvinTis naqalaqari. Tb., 1991, gv. 12; ix. agreTve: l. arboliSvili. dasax. naSromi,
gv. 35-36 (sxva mdinareebis lokalizaciis Sesaxeb ix. iqve, gv. 32-35).
314 . flavius ariane. mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo, gv. 92.
315 . s. janaSia. Sromebi, t. 6. Tb., 1988, gv. 267.
317 . flavius ariane. mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo, gv. 52.
318 . Г. А. Меликишвили. К истории древней Грузии, gv. 364.
319 . veyrdnobiT n. keWaRmaZis gamocemas: `mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo~ arianes sxva SromebTan erTad
Targmna da winasityvaoba-komentarebiT gamoaqveyna T. yauxCiSvilmac. ix.: berZeni mwerlebis cnobebi
saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, V. Tb., 1983.
320 . flavius ariane. mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo, gv. 42-44.
321 . erTi stadioni udrida daaxloebiT 178-180 metrs. ix.: Н. Ломоури. Из исторической географии древней
Колхиды. – Вестник Древней Истории, 1957, #4, gv. 97.

66
girCismWamelebi (fTeirofagebi) cxovrobdnen. manZili stenitikidan md.
abaskosamde322 (fsou Tu mZimTa) 90 stadions Seadgenda, aqedan md.aqeuntamde
(Saxe) _ 420 stadions. am mdinareze gadioda sanixebis sazRvari zixebTan,
romelTa mmarTvels `mefoba~ adrianesagan miuRia. es faqti ki imaze miuTiTebs,
rom romaelTa batonoba ar mTavrdeboda dioskuriasTan, sadac ukanaskneli
garnizoni idga. manZili md. Saxedan q.Zvel lazikamde 450 stadions Seadgenda;
aqedan Zvel aqaiamde _ 150 stadions323.
mTel sivrceze trapizonidan Zvel lazikamde flavius arianesTan aSkarad
erTi _ qarTuli samyaroa warmodgenili, magram, garemoebaTa gamo, wvril-wvril
politikur erTeulebad aris dayofili. gansakuTrebul interess iwveven
wyaroebSi pirvelad moxseniebuli abaskebi, aseve afsilebi. sayuradRebo faqtia
agreTve Crdilo-dasavleT kolxeTSi henioxTa Canacvleba pliniusTan da
arianesTan moxseniebuli sanikebiT (ix. qvemoT).
flavius arianes teqstTan Tavisi SinaarsiT axlos dgas Vs. anonimis
`mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo~. zogjer igi sityva-sityviT mihyveba
winamorbedis teqsts, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca aRwers trapizonidan
dioskuriamde, agreTve qalaq `Zvel lazikamde” da `Zvel aqaiamde” mcxovreb
mosaxleobas. anonimi asaxelebs imave politikur erTeulebs da mmarTvelebsac
ki (paragrafi 8-9, 13-17)324. gansxvavebiT flavius arianesagan, man `tomTa~ aRweras
win aseTi cnoba daurTo: `dioskuriidan (romelsac agreTve sebastopoli
ewodeba) vidre afsaris wylamde (Woroxi) winaT cxovrobda is xalxi,
romlebsac kolxebi ewodebodaT da (mere) gadaerqvaT lazebi~.325 amrigad,
anonimis cnobiT, dioskuria-Woroxis monakveTi, miuxedavad aq arsebuli sami
politikuri erTeulisa (lazeTi, afsileTi, abazgia), eTnikurad erTferovania.
Zvel aqaiamde teritoriis aRweris Semdeg avtori ganmartavs: `”Zveli
aqaiidan~ vidre `Zvel lazikamde~ da Semdeg vidre aqeuntis mdinaremde winaT
cxovrobdnen tomebi, romelTac ewodebodaT henioxebi, koraqsebi da kolikebi,
melanqlenebi, maqelonebi, kolxebi da lazebi, amJamad ki cxovroben jiqebi~326.
anonimi ar uTiTebs, aqac ubralod saxelis gadarqmeva moxda (rac ar aris
gamoricxuli), Tu adrindeli mosaxleobis ayra maTi sacxovrebeli adgilebidan
(aseTi ram ki wyaroebSi ar aris dafiqsirebuli) da sxva tomis dasaxleba.
afxazeTis eTnopolitikuri istoriisaTvis axal da uaRresad mniSvnelovan
cnobebs Seicavs klavdios ptolemaiosis `geografiis saxelmZRvanelo~,
romelic Targmna da winasityvaoba-komentarebiT gamosca n. lomourma. mexuTe
wignis merve TavSi _ àziis sarmatiis mdebareoba~ _ geografiuli punqtebis
dasaxeleba iwyeba hermonasadan327 da mTavrdeba md. korakosis (bzifis)
SesarTavTan. miTiTebul punqtebs Sorisaa q.taZosi (q. Zveli lazika), md. burkas
(mzimTas) SesarTavi, oinanTea (arianes nitika//gagra), karteron teixosi
(koraqsis kedeli)328. aRniSnul teritoriaze `pontos gaswvriv~, klavdios
ptolemaiosis mixedviT, cxovrobdnen axaielebi, kerketebi, henioxebi da sxva
imJamindeli wyaroebisaTvis ucnobi suanno-kolxebi329.
322 . sanigebis teritoriaze, kerZod, gagris zeviT dasaxelebuli md. abaskosis saxelis dakavSireba imave
sanigTa qalaq dioskuriis samxreTiT lokalizebul abaskebTan (m. inaZe. Zveli kolxeTis..., _ macne, 1992, #2,
gv. 49) veranair kritikas ver uZlebs. piriqiT, aRniSnulma mdinarem abaskebisagan ki ar miiRo, aramed swored
maTi mosvlis Semdeg dakarga Tavisi saxelwodeba.
323 . flavius ariane. mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo, gv. 52-53.
324 . georgika, t. 2, gv. 6-11.
325 . iqve, gv. 6.
326 . iqve, gv. 11.
327 . savaraudebelia tamanis naxevarkunZulze; aq da qvemoT, Tu sxva ar aris miTiTebuli, geografiuli
punqtebis lokalizacia naCvenebia n. lomouris komentarebis mixedviT. _ n. lomouri. klavdios ptolemaiosi,
gv. 52-57.
328 . Д. Качарава, Г. Квирквелия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 141-142.
329 . Seesabameba favstos buzandis egersvanebs (История Армении Фавстоса Бузанда. Перевод с древнеармянского М.
А. Геворкяна, 1953, gv. 15).

67
`geografiis saxelmZRvanelos~ mexuTe wignis mecxre Tavi eZRvneba kolxeTs,,
romelic md. bzifidan iwyeba330. dasaxelebulia `dioskuria anu sebastopolisi~,
md. hiposis (aq kodoris) SesarTavi, md. kianeosis (moqviswyali) SesarTavi,
siganeoni (eriswyali), neapolisi (lokalizacia ucnobia), aia331 da a.S.
sayuradReboa is faqti, rom, miuxedavad pliniusisa da arianes Sromebis ga-
moyenebisa, klavdios ptolemaiosma ar daasaxela wvril-wvrili politikuri
erTeulebi da kolxeTis (e.i. md. bzifidan kapadokiamde) mTeli mosaxleoba
qarTvelebad warmoadgina: `kolxeTis zRvispira nawilSi mosaxleoben lazebi,
zeviT mdebare adgilebSi manralebi da ekrektikis qveynis mcxovrebni332~.
sayovelTao aRiarebiT, manralebi _ megrelebi arian, ekrektikis qveyana _
egrisia333.
egrisis teritoriaze I-II saukuneebis mijnaze wvril-wvril politikur
erTeulTa warmoqmnis mizezebTan dakavSirebiT qarTul istoriografiaSi
erTiani mosazreba ar arsebobs. iv. javaxiSvili gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis
Rirsad im garemoebas miiCnevda, `rom mTliani dasavleT saqarTvelos magier
134w. qr. S. qveyana ukve oTx samefod daqucmacebuli yofila. rogorc Cans,
romaelebs TavianTi sayvareli politikuri mcneba divide et impera aqac
ganuxorcielebiaT da gaerTianebuli kolxeTis magier oTxi samefos
SeqmnisaTvis SeuwyviaT xeli334.”
sxva mosazreba hqonda s. janaSias. misi azriT, àrianesdroindeli zogierTi
samTavro warmoadgens uwyebuli skeptuxiebis Semdgom ganviTarebas~335.
straboniseul skeptuxiebs (aqve, gv. 55) _ kolxeTis samefos administraciul-
teritoriul erTeulebs _ s. janaSia satomo organizaciebad, kolxeTs ki `mra-
valtomian samefod~ miiCnevda336. `skeptuxiebis Semdgom ganviTarebaSi~
igulisxmeboda arianes `samefoebis~ primitiuli `socialuri diferenciaciis~,
feodalizaciis niadagze aRmoceneba337. afsilebis, abaskebis, sanigebis (da sxva)
politikur warmonaqmnebs s.janaSia `tomobriv samTavroebs~ (племенные княжества)
uwodebda, romelTa Seqmna, TiTqos, damoukideblobisaTvis mebrZoli
adgilobrivi Zalebis winaSe romis iZulebiTma daTmobam ganapiroba338.
IIs. egrisis politikuri erTeulebi `tomobrivi samTavroebi~ rom
yofiliyvnen, s.janaSias mier afsua-afxazTa winaprebad miCneuli, erTmaneTis
mezoblad mcire teritoriaze mcxovrebi afsilebi da abazgebi erT gaerTianebas
Seqmnidnen. ase imitom ar moxda, rom, etyoba, imperiis interesebSi marTlac
Sedioda mravalsaukunovani saxelmwifoebriobis mqone da am saxelm-
wifoebriobis dakargviT aSkarad ukmayofilo kolxebis politikuri
daqucmaceba, raTa gamoricxuliyo samefos kvlav aRdgena339.
s.janaSias mosazreba sxvadasxva formiT araerTma avtorma gaimeora. niko
berZeniSvili Tvlida, rom kolxeTis samefo warmoadgenda tomTa did
gaerTianebas, romlis daSlis Semdeg `TavSemonaxuli~ aRmoCndnen sxva tomebic
_ afSilebi, afxazebi da a. S.340 g. meliqiSvili werda CrdiloeT kavkasiidan I s.
axali `mrisxane stiqiis~ moZalebis, centraluri kolxeTidan uZvelesi
330 . klavdios ptolemaiosi kolxidas msoflios did qveynebs Soris moixseniebda (`tetrabiblosi~) da
kavkasiis qedis qvemoT aTavsebda. _ Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi , gv. 532.
331 . n. lomouri. klavdios ptolemaiosi, gv. 43-45.
332 . iqve, gv. 45.
333 . iqve, gv. 57; Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi , gv. 523.
334 . iv. javaxiSvili. Txz., t. I . Tb., 1979, gv. 214.
335 . s. janaSia. Sromebi, t. II. Tb., 1952, gv. 311.
336 . iqve, t. I. Tb., 1949, gv.210; t. II, gv. 311.
337 . iqve, t. II, gv. 312.
338 . С. Н. Джанашиа. Абхазия в составе Колхидского царства и Лазики. Образование «Абхазского царства» _macne,
istoriis... seria, 1991, #2, gv. 23.
339 . amitomac mcdaria n. keWaymaZis mtkiceba imis Sesaxeb, rom imperias arc ainteresebda da arc gasCenia
kolxeTSi àxali wyobis damyarebis survili~. _ flavius ariane. mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo, gv. 13.
340 . n. berZeniSvili. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, w. VIII. Tb., 1975, gv. 245-246, 251; misive: saqarTvelos
istoriis sakiTxebi. Tb., 1990, gv. 554.
68
mosaxleobis gandevnisa da ùeWvelad~ im `stiqiis~ Semadgeneli afSilebis,
abazgebisa da sanigebis iq damkvidrebis Sesaxeb. es iqca, misi azriT, kolxeTSi
wvrili politikuri erTeulebis Camoyalibebis mTavar mizezad. aRniSnuli
warmonaqmnebi TiTqos warmoadgendnen tomTa kavSirebs `saxelmwifoebriobis
Zlieri CanasaxiT~, `mefeebi~ ki _ tomTa kavSirebis beladebs.341
g. meliqiSvilis mTeli es msjeloba da daskvnebi efuZneba ara wyaroTa
monacemebs, aramed I saukunidan kolxeTis teritoriaze mis mier mTiel afsua-
afxazebad miCneuli `tomebis~ gamoCenis faqtis Tavisebur interpretacias.
gaugebaria, henioxebs (romelTac mecnieri svanebad da megrelebad Tvlis) ratom
miakuTvnebs Crdilokavkasiur `mrisxane stiqias~, ratom acxadebs am `stiqiis~
nawilad aseve qarTvelebad aRiarebul sanigebs? sxvaTa Soris, arc pirveli
saukuneebis jiqebi (`mrisxane stiqiis~ viTom avangardi) Canan ucxo Zalad da ar
warmoadgenen gansakuTrebul safrTxes. arianes mixedviT, maTac romaelTa
daniSnuli mefe hyavdaT; jiqTa teritoriaze mdebareobda qarTuli qalaqi
Zveli lazika. `mrisxane stiqiis~ kidev erTi `mTavari Zala~ _ aqeelebi
g.meliqiSvilis mier aRwerili viTom masobrivi Semotevebis Semdeg henioxebTan
erTad male saerTod qrebian istoriuli asparezidan. es yovelive dasturia
imisa, rom axali welTaRricxvis dasawyisSi araviTari `mrisxane stiqia~ ar
arsebula.
g.meliqiSvilis mosazrebas `metad meryev safuZvelze~ damyarebulad Tvlis n.
lomouric, magram aviTarebs aranakleb mcdar da ukve nacnob Sexedulebas (s.
janaSia) kolxeTis samefoSi damoukideblobisaken miswrafebis tendenciebis
mqone teritoriul-tomobrivi erTeulebis (skeptuxiebis) arsebobis Sesaxeb.
adre Zlieri samefo xelisufleba (jer kolxeTis, mere romisa) boWavda
partikularizms, magram ax. w. pirvel saukuneebSi, roca viTareba Seicvala,
romi iZulebiT daTmobaze wavida da cno `kolxeTis calkeul teritoriul-
eTnikur erTeulTa beladebis pretenzia, maT mier faqtiurad damoukideblobis
mopoveba, raTa formalurad suzerenoba da erTgvari gavlena mainc SeinarCunos
kolxeTSi~, - wers n. lomouri; mTavari daskvna ki, romelic wyaroTa monacemebs
ar eyrdnoba da, amdenad, miuRebelia, aseTia: `kolxeTis samefos arsebobis
xanaSive moqmedi tendenciebis gaZlierebis winaaRmdeg brZolis SeuZlebloba,
gamowveuli amierkavkasiaSi saerTo politikuri situaciis romis sazianod
SecvliT, kolxeTis calkeul `skeptuxiaTa~ gaaqtiurebiT da iberiis
momZlavreba-gaagresiulobiT, aris, Cveni azriT, kolxeTis teritoriaze
calkeul samefoTa warmoqmnis obieqturi pirobebi da realuri mizezebi~342.
n.lomouri faqtobrivad imeorebs g.meliqiSvilis Sexedulebas gaZlierebuli da
dasavleTis mimarTulebiT gaaqtiurebuli iberiis faqtoris Sesaxeb343. viTom
es faqtori aiZulebda SavizRvispira wvril èTnikur~ erTeulebs romTan
garkveuli kavSiris damyarebas; am TvalsazrisiT, romauli garnizonebis
fazissa da dioskuriaSi ganlagebac aRniSnul erTeulTa mmarTveloebisaTvis
yofila sasargeblo; n.lomouris azriT, romis xelqveiToba egrisSi warmoqmnil
`samefoebs~ saqarTvelos Crdilo-dasavleT periferiaze mcxovreb tomTa
Tavdasxmebisagan icavda da a.S.344
VI saukuneSi afxazeTis Tanamedrove teritoriaze dafiqsirebulia kidev
erTi politikuri erTeuli _ misimianeTi. agaTia sqolastikosi (VIs.) gvawvdis
vrcel informacias bizantielTa winaaRmdeg misimielebis ajanyebisa da
imperiis mier misi sastikad CaxSobis Sesaxeb .345
341 . Г. Меликишвили. К истории древней Грузии, gv. 365, 373-375.

342 . n. lomouri. egrisis samefos istoria. Tb., 1968, gv. 21-23.
344 . n. lomouri. egrisis samefos istoria, gv. 24, 25, 27.
345 . georgika, t. 3. Tb., 1936, gv. 85-90; 154-157; 159-174.
69
amrigad, gvianantikur xanaSi da adreul Sua saukuneebSi enguridan fsoumde
monakveTze (mis Crdilo-dasavleTiTac) garda lazebisa mkvidrobdnen afsilebi,
abazgebi, sanigebi, svanokolxebi da misimianebi. maTi eTnikuri vinaobis garkveva
warmoadgens regionis eTnopolitikuri istoriis sakvanZo sakiTxs.
uZveles mosaxleobas miekuTvnebian sanigebi. maTi vinaoba istoriografiaSi
faqtobrivad dadgenilia, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT afxaz istorikosTa
akviatebul azrs md.enguridan (ufro samxreTidanac) fsoumde mxolod afxazTa
mkvidrobis Sesaxeb. z.anCabaZes, aseve S.inal-ifas da sxva avtorebs sanigebi
saTanado dasabuTebis gareSe saZebis winaprebad miaCndaT346 maSin, roca maTi
(saZebis) saxeli ara antikur, aramed mxolod gviandeli Sua saukuneebis
wyaroebSi Cndeba.
Zv.w. I saukunis Suaxanebis movlenebTan kavSirSi sanigebs axsenebs memnoni (I-
IIss.). igi werda, rom `pontos ukidures aRmosavleT mxareSi~, saiTkenac
`gaiqcnen miTridates momxreebi..., saxlobdnen sanigebi da lazebi~347.
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT pompeusisagan devnili miTridate VI-is yofnas diosku-
riaSi da am qalaqis sanigTa miwaze mdebareobas (ariane), unda gaviziaroT T.
yauxCiSvilis varaudi Zv.w. I saukuneSi sanigebis dioskuriis midamoebSi
mkvidrobis Sesaxeb348. arianes cnobiT, isini md.Saxemde _ jiqTa sazRvrebamde
saxlobdnen. zemoT ukve iTqva, rom jer kidev i.orbelma `henioxi~ (`henixi~)
daakavSira `sanig~-Tan da orive qarTvelur (svanur) toms miakuTvna (aqve, gv. 46).
sanigebs qarTvelTa ama Tu im Stos (megrul-Wanuris, svanuris an orives)
warmomadgenlebad miiCneven n.mari, s.janaSia, s.yauxCiSvili, p.ingoroyva,
g,meliqiSvili, n.keWaymaZe, m.inaZe, n.lomouri, T.mibCuani, g.gasviani, b.gogia,
d.leTodiani da mravali sxva349. qarTuli istoriografia am sakiTxis
gadawyvetisas, pirvel rigSi, wyaroTa zust monacemebs efuZneba. ase, magaliTad,
ipolite romaeli (IIIs.) wers, rom kapadokiis Semdeg arian `marcxena mxareebSi
skviTebi, kolxebi da bosforelebi... savnebi, egreTwodebuli sanigebi, romlebic
gadaWimuli arian vidre pontomde, im adgilamde, sadac aris afsarosi (da
sebastopolisi), hisos navsadguri da mdinare fazisi. da vidre trapezuntamde
cxovroben da gadaWimuli arian es tomebi350~. amrigad, motanil wyaroebSi
istoriuli kolxeTis teritoriaze, sadac viTom mravali `samefo~ arsebobda da
mravali `tomi~ cxovrobda, saxeldebian mxolod kolxebi da savnebi
(svanebi)//sanigebi. am tomebs mciredi koreqtiviT uklebliv asaxelebs evstaTi
kesarieli (260-340ww.). igi saubrobs sannebze, `romelTac sannigebi ewodebaT~351.
aRniSnuli avtoris mixedviTac, istoriuli kolxeTi mxolod sanne-
bis//sannigebisa da kolxebis samkvidroa.
VI saukunis avtori prokopi kesarieli eyrdnoba wina epoqebis avtorTa
sarwmuno cnobebs da araerTxel axsenebs sanigebs//saginebs, romelTa `qveynamde
dafuZnebul iqna romael jariskacTa razmebi~ romis `TviTmpyrobel traianes
dros~ (98-117wlebi); sanigebis//saginebis `miwa-wylis, zRvispira nawili, _ agrZe-
lebs prokopi kesarieli, _ ZvelTaganve epyraT romaelebs. romaelebma aq zRvis
piras ori simagre gaaSenes: sebastopolisi da pitiunti... da imTaviTve Caayenes
iq mcveli razmi~352.
346 . З. В. Анчабадзе. Очерк..., gv. 34-36; Ш. Инал-Ипа. Абхазы…, gv. 97-98.

347 . berZeni mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, VI. Zveli berZnulidan Targmna , gamokvleva da
saZieblebi daurTo T. yauxCiSvilma. Tb., 1987, gv. 46.
348 . iqve, gv. 22-23.
349 . literaturis mimoxilva am Temaze ix.: T. mibCuani. dasavleT saqarTvelos... gv. 83-94; m.
inaZe. Zveli afxazeTis... macne, 1992, #2, gv. 45-47; З. В. Анчабадзе. Очерк... gv. 34. ix. agreTve: d.
leTodiani. afxazeTis, afSileTis da sanigeTis politikuri damokidebuleba egrisTan
(lazikasTan) IV-VIII ss-Si. Tb., 1991, gv. 120-140.
350 . georgika, t. I, gv. 19-20.
351 . iqve, gv. 32.
352 . iqve, t. 2, gv. 125, 126.
70
sanigebTan dakavSirebul cnobas Seicavs VII saukunis wyaro - `pasqaluri
qronika~, sadac saubaria miwa-wyalze ègreTwodebuli sallebisa, romlebsac
sanitebsac eZaxian~353. sallebi unda iyvnen fazisis CrdiloeTiT lokalizebuli
pliniusis saltiebi, romlebsac Zvelad fTeirofagebi erqvaT, sxvebi ki
uwodebdnen sannebs (aqve, gv. 57). aq ar SeiZleba ar gavixsenoT plinius ufrosis
`sanTa henioxTa tomi~ (VI. 12), agreTve makronebisa (stefane bizantielis
mixedviT _ sanebi354) da henioxebis `samefo~ flavius arianesTan (aqve, gv. 58),
raTa kidev erTxel gavusvaT xazi sanebis//sanigebis da henioxebis rogorc
identurobas, ise maT qarTvelobas. savnebze//svanebze da sanebze `pretenzia~
TviT separatistulad ganwyobil mkvlevarebsac ara aqvT., vinaidan maTi
(Sesabamisad, sanigebis) qarTveloba udavoa. prokopi kesarieli werda, rom
`trapezuntelTa mosazRvreni arian sanebi, romelTac axla Wanebi ewodebaT, an
kolxebi, sxvanairad lazebs rom eZaxdnen, romelnic axla imave saxels atare-
ben~355. amrigad, istoriuli wyaroebis mixedviT, sanigebi, igive sanebi//Wan-
kolxebi da svanebi, qarTvelebi arian. aRsaniSnavia, rom am ueWvel faqts,
Tanamedrove separatistebisagan gansxvavebiT, aRiarebda TviT d.gulia356.
sanigebis qarTvelobis utyuari sabuTia Tanamedrove gagris zonaSi
kl.ptolemaiosis mier svanokolxebis moxsenieba (aqve, gv. 59), agreTve flavius
arianesTan da V saukunis anonimTan Tanamedrove tuafses Crdilo-dasavleTiT
xsenebuli q.Zveli lazika (aqve, gv. 58,59), V saukunidan _ nikofsia357. am
faqtebTan dakavSirebiT separatistuli istoriografia srul dumils
amjobinebs, vinaidan isini mTlianad arRveven afsua-afxazTa avtoqTonobis yalb
koncefcias. q. Zveli lazikis arsebobas m. inaZe savsebiT logikurad da
damajereblad ukavSirebs uZveles saistorio tradicias egrosis samflobelos
gavrcelebis Sesaxeb zRvamde, `sada warswuTebis wueri kavkasisa~ da aRniSnavs,
rom kavkasionis qedis dasavleTi kalTebi swored Zvel lazikasTan eSvebian
zRvaSi.358
sanigTa qarTvelobis sasargeblod moyvanil istoriul mtkicebulebebs ver
uaryofs afxaz avtorTa yvelaze mTavari argumenti _ `sanig~-isa da `saZ~-is
fonetikuri msgavseba, romelic iolad gaabaTiles m. inaZem da n. lomourma359.
bevrad ufro rTuli aRmoCnda afsil-abazgTa vinaobis garkveva.am sakiTxze
TviT qarTul istoriografiaSic ar aris azrTa sruli erTianoba, rom araferi
vTqvaT afxaz istorikosebze. specialistTa erTi nawili afsil-abazgebs
afxazTa winaprebad miiCnevs im motiviT, rom àfsili~, TiTqos, aris àfsuas~ -
afxazis TviTsaxelwodebis identuri, àbazgi~ _ àfxazisa~. sxva ufro
seriozuli argumentebi am Sexedulebis avtorebs ar gaaCniaT. arsebobda da
arsebobs sapirispiro mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmadac istoriuli engur-fsous
monakveTi uZvelesi droidan gvian Sua saukuneebamde qarTvelebiT iyo
dasaxlebuli; istoriuli afxazi igive qarTvelia, Tanamedrove afsua-afxazebi
ki XVI-XVIIss. Camosaxlebuli Crdilokavkasiuri modgmis xalxia. es mosazreba
XVI saukunidan TandaTanobiT ixveweboda da dasrulebuli saxe XXs. miiRo.
afxazeTis uZveles istorias, maT Soris afsua-afxazTa warmoSobis Temas
gvian Sua saukuneebidan exebodnen mogzaurebi, misionerebi, diplomatebi,
mecnierebi. germaneli diplomati s.gerberStaini, romelic XVIs. pirvel
meoTxedSi sagangebo misiiT orjer imyofeboda ruseTSi, md.yubanis samxreTiT
353 . iqve, t. 4, w. 1, gv. 10.

354 . iqve, t. 3, gv. 281.
355 . iqve, t. 2, gv. 120.
356 . »Санны (саниги, суани, нынешние свани) родственное племя абазгов, до Рождества Христова долгое время
и после Р. Хр. жили около Диоскурии». – Д. И. Гулиа. Собр. соч., т. 6, gv.. 100-101.
357 . saqarTvelos istoriuli sasazRvro punqti XIV s. meore naxevramde mainc. _ qarTlis
cxovreba, t. 4. Tb., 1973, gv. 201.
358 . m. inaZe Zveli afxazeTis... macne, 1992, #2, gv. 47.
359 . m. inaZe. antikuri xanis..., moambe, 1960, #2, gv. 148-156; n. lomouri. Zveli afxazeTis... gv. 31-33.
71
mdebare teritoriebs, rusebis mier miwodebuli informaciis safuZvelze,
samegrelos miakuTvnebda; iqve aRniSnavda, rom `mdinare yubanTan cxovrobda
afxazi xalxi~360.
XVIIs. Sua xanebis Turqi istorikosi qaTib Celebi afxazebs ebrauli
warmoSobis xalxad miiCnevda; ebraelebSi is, savaraudod, gulisxmobda xaza-
rebs, romelTa umetesoba iudaizms misdevda; afxazTa uSualo winaprebad Turqi
istorikosi yara aJdahanis (astraxanis) mosaxleobas (sadac yvelaze metad iyo
iudaizmi gavrcelebuli xazarTa Soris) Tvlida361. qaTib Celebis mosazrebas
amyarebs pliniusis cnoba abzoas tomis kaspiis zRvis CrdiloeTiT binadrobis
Sesaxeb.
kaTolike misioneri arqanjelo lamberti, romelic 1633-1649 wlebSi
samegrelos samTavroSi imyofeboda da kargad icoda saqarTvelos istoria,
werda: `...saqarTvelos samefo midioda kafamdi~362. mniSvnelovania, rom 1672w.
saqarTveloSi Camosuli Jan Sardeni samegrelos mkvidrTa istoriul
mexsierebaze dayrdnobiiT werda: `kolxTa samefos aseTi mcire teritoria
rodi eWira, rogorc dRes. igi erTi mxriv ganvrcobili iyo meotidis (azovis _
avt.) Waobamde, meore mxriv ki _ iberiamde~363.
qarTul saistorio literaturaSi pirvelad XVIIIs. gaCnda termini
àfsari~//àfsua~, romelic CanarTis saxiTaa Setanili XIIIs. TxzulebaSi
ìstoriani da azmani SaravandedTani~364. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ teqstebis dam-
dgenisa da gamomcemlis _ s.yauxCiSvilis ganmartebiT, àfsari~ aris èrT-erTi
qarTveli tomi dasavleT saqarTveloSi~365. vaxuSti batoniSvilis mixedviT,
ànakofiis dasavleTi aris afxazeTi, pirvelad wodebuli egreTve egrisi~. es
teritoria, `daipyres ra berZenTa, uwodes abasa, xolo qarTvelTa _ afxazeTi.
garna umetes sagonebeli ars ZeTagan anu Zis ZeTagan egrosisaTa ewoda saxeli
ese366~. amrigad, abazgTa gansaxlebis teritoria aris ara mTiel kavkasianTa,
aramed egrosianTa kuTvnileba. Tanamedrove afsua-afxazebma, rogorc vaxuSti
werda, miwebi ègrisis mdinaredmde~ daipyres XVIIs. bolos367.
afxazeTis Temas Seexo pirveli rusi profesionali istorikosi da sax-
elmwifo moRvawe v.tatiSCevi (1686-1750ww.), romlis Sromebs rusul isto-
riografiaSi wyaros mniSvneloba eniWeba. misi sityvebiT, Tanamedrove afxazeTis
teritoria _ CrdiloeT samegreloa, romlis `meti nawili~ amJamad sxva xalxiT
_ yubanelebiT gaivso368 (кубанцы наполняют). v.tatiSCevma termini àvxazos~
rusul matianeTa òbezebs~ daukavSira da es ukanasknelni qarTvelebTan
gaaigiva. òbezTa qveynidan anu qarTveli dedofali~369, _ ase uwodebs igi kievis
mTavris iziaslav II-is (1146-1154ww.) meuRles. Sexeduleba, rom afxazeTi
samegrelos CrdiloeTi nawilia, anu igive samegreloa, XVIIIs. bolomde da
XIXs. dasawyisamde myarad iyo gabatonebuli rusul mecnierebasa da politikur
azrovnebaSi.
generali pietro _ simeon palasi (1741-1811ww.), peterburgis mecnierebaTa
akademiis wevri, romelmac 1794w. kavkasiaSi imogzaura, afxazebs (àbsne~)
abazebad moixseniebda da maT Sesaxeb werda: ès xalxi, rogorc Cans,
360 . С. Герберштейн. Записки о Московии. М.,1988, gv. 181.

361 . qaTib Celebis cnobebi saqarTvelos da kavkasiis Sesaxeb. Turqulidan Targmna, Sesavali, SeniSvnebi
da saZieblebi daurTo g. alasaniam. Tb., 1973, gv. 132, 133.
362 . a. lamberti. samegrelos aRwera. Tb., 1938, gv. 9-10.
363 . Jan Sardenis mogzauroba sparseTsa da aRmosavleTis qveynebSi. cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb.
frangulidan Targmna, gamokvleva da komentarebi daurTo m. mgalobliSvilma. Tb., 1975, gv. 108.
364 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. 2. Tb., 1959, gv. 58.
365 . iqve, gv. 636.
366 . iqve, t. IV, gv. 783, 784.
367 . iqve, gv. 845.
368 . В. Н. Татищев. История Российская, т. 1. М., - Л., 1962, gv. 171.
369 . iqve, gv. 422..
72
warmoSobiT aris kavkasiis mTebis Crdilo-dasavleTi nawilidan~370. amdenad,
palasis mixedviT, SeuZlebelia Tanamedrove afxazebi afsil-abazgTa
STamomavlebi iyvnen.
afsilebis lokalizacia samegreloSi moaxdina da megrelebad miiCnia
istorikosma da geografma, ruseTis sagareo uwyebis TanamSromelma Jan (ian)
potockim (1761-1815ww.), romelmac kavkasia 1799 wels moinaxula371.
abazebis saxeliT icnobs afxazebs minas mediCi-bJiSkiani, romelmac aRmo-
savleT SavizRvispireTSi 1815-1819ww. imogzaura. misi daskvniT, àbasi skviTuri
tomia, rogorc Cans, didi saTaTreTidan mosuli da aq dasaxlebuli da, cxov-
robdnen ra megrelebis mezoblad, maT JamTa ganmavlobaSi miiRes qristianoba
da Seerivnen megrelebs Savi zRvis sanapiroze. Semdgom maT, abasebma, dauteves
qristianoba da xis Tayvanismcemlebi Seiqmnen~. m.mediCi-bJiSkianis dakvirvebiT,
ùTuod soxumeli abasebic am tomebs (megrelebs _ avt.) ekuTvnian. SemdgomSi
isini, gaxdnen ra xis Tayvanismcemlebi, SeuerTdnen ZiriTadad abasebs~.372
afxazeTs da afxazebs (abaziebs) kargad icnobda germaneli mogzauri da
enaTmecnieri hainrix iulius klaproTi (1783-1835ww.); kavkasiaSi mogzaurobis
(1807-1808ww.) Semdeg man gamosca ramdenime naSromi germanul da frangul enebze.
afxazTa (àbsne~) Sesaxeb 1812w. igi werda: `fiqroben, rom isini Crdilo-
dasavleT kavkasiis aborigenebi arian da mogvianebiT gavrceldnen sxva
raionebSi...~373 klaproTi, rogorc vxedavT, eyrdnoba im droisaTvis gabatonebul
mosazrebas (`fiqroben~ sxvebic) afsua-afxazTa CrdiloeT kavkasiidan
Camosaxlebis Sesaxeb. morig naSromSi (1823w.) ki man aRniSna: abazebi (àbsne~),
`rogorc etyoba, mTeli antikuri epoqa cxovrobdnen kavkasiis Crdilo-dasav-
leT nawilSi~, saidanac gamodevnes Cerqezebma374. es daskvna gansakuTrebulad
mniSvnelovania. Tanamedrove afxazTa winaprebs antikur xanaSi dasavleT
saqarTveloSi rom ar ucxovriaT da es winaprebi afsil-abazgebi ar arian,
damajereblad mtkicdeba afxazuri enobrivi masalisa da xalxis zne-
Cveulebebis analizis safuZvelze. sxvebisagan gansxvavebiT375, amas iolad mixvda
germaneli mecnieri. 1827 wels gamoqveynebul naSromSic i.klaproTma kidev
erTxel daadastura: afsua-afxazebi `Zalian didxans cxovrobdnen kavkasiis
Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi~376. kavkasiaSi, saqarTveloSi, maT Soris afxazeTSi
mogzaurobas (1833w.) seriozuli mecnieruli gamokvleva miuZRvna Sveicarielma
frangma, parizis mecnierebaTa akademiis wevrma frederik diubua de monperem.
avtori paraleluri mniSvnelobiT xmarobda terminebs àfxazeTi~ da `lazika~;
aRniSnavda, rom mTielTa Semotevebis Sedegad samegrelos sazRvarma ori
saukunis win jer anakofiamde, SemdgomSi ki md.RaliZgamde gadainacvla377;
exeboda ra uZveles istorias, kerZod, arianesTan dasaxelebul `tomebs~, diubua
de monpere kolxeTSi eTnikur cvlilebebs ver xedavda378. is specialurad ar
ikvlevs aRniSnul `tomTa~ eTnikuri vinaobis sakiTxs, magram komentarebSi

371 . Б. Гогия, Абхазия, gv. 7.
372 . citirebulia naSromidan: g. Citaia. Zveli afxazebis eTnikuri Camomavlobis Sesaxeb. _ Sromebi xuT
tomad, II. Tb., 2000, gv. 118.
373 . Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 289-290.
374 . iqve, gv. 298.
375 . rusi istorikosi m. selezniovi gaocebas ver malavda, misi TqmiT, niWier afxazTa CamorCenilobis
gamo. `saocaria, _ werda igi, _ rom afxazebma, romlebsac mudmivi urTierToba hqondaT berZnebTan,
romaelebTan, bosforelebTan, genuelebTan, ar gadmoiRes imaTgan arc samoqalaqo mowyoba, arc ganaTleba, an
miiRes igi da ver SeiTvises Tavis zne-CveulebebSi~ (М. Селезнев. Руководство к познанию Кавказа, кн. II. СПБ, 1847, с.
203).. m. selezniovi ver mixvda, rom afsua-afxazebs arasodes hqoniaT uSualo mWidro urTierToba berZnebTan
da romaelebTan. Sdr. Т. Гванцеладзе. О пути заимствования греческой христианской лексики в абхазском языке. – Rocznik
orientalistychny. T. L. I, z. 2, Wafrszawa, gv. 130-134.
377 . iqve, gv. 312-313, 681.
378 . Фредерик Дюбуа де Монпере. Путешествие вокруг Кавказа, т I. Сухуми., 1967, gv. 148.
73
miTiTebuli aqvs: àfsilebi _ megruli mosaxleoba (adre henioxebi erqvaT)~379.
igi ganmartavda, rom egrisi aris kolxeTis mkvidri georgianebis sacxovrisi;
maT àxsenebs pliniusi èkrektikes~ formiT da am saxeliT Tanamedrove
380
samegrelos moixseniebs~ . mokled, fr. diubua de monpere istoriul
kolxeTSi, egrisSi, samegreloSi araqarTvel tomebs ar icnobda.
Teimuraz bagrationis mixedviT, afxazeTi aris qvemo iveria, `romelsaca
egrisi saxelsZevs~; saxeli àfxazi~, misi azriT, ukavSirdeba egrosis STamo-
mavlis, gmirisa da afxazeTis pirveli mefis _ afxazosis saxels381. rogorc
Cans, Teimurazi emyareba vaxuSti batoniSvilis versias _ legendas egrosisa
da misi STamomavlebis Sesaxeb (aqve, gv. 63). magram es aris istoriuli realobis
Semcveli legenda, romelic xazs usvams uZveles afxazTa qarTul warmomav-
lobas. am dros, arsebobs kavkasiis xalxebis, maT Soris afsua-afxazebis leg-
enda _ narTebis eposi, romlis gmirebis ZiriTadi samoqmedo areali yu-
banispireTia; afxazeTis Tanamedrove teritoriasTan ki isini dakavSirebuli ar
arian. eposis yvelaze Zveli da mniSvnelovani nawili yubanispireTSi mcxovrebi
xalxis Semoqmedebis nayofia~382, _ askvnis n.anTelava.
afsilTa eTnikur vinaobaze aris saubari prokopi kesarielis Txzulebis
frangul gamocemaSi (1856w.), romelic m. isambers ekuTvnis. masSi naTqvamia:
àfsilebi arian lazebi, romlebic Crdilo-dasavleTiT cxovroben da abazgebs
esazRvrebian (isini ueWvelad, Tanamedrove megrelebi arian)~383.
i.Sopenis azriTac, afsilebi (henioxebTan da sanigebTan erTad) qarTuli
(megruli) warmomavlobisani arian, abazg (апгасы)-afxazebi ki `didxans cxov-
robdnen mTis (kavkasionis) xeobebSi~384.
d.baqraZe axali epigrafikuri da arqeologiuri masalis gaTvaliswinebiT
daweril wignSi Crdilo-dasavleTis mxridan qarTuli enisa da misi megrul-
svanuri dialeqtebis gavrcelebis arealad Tvlida Tanamedrove afxazeTs
gagramde, Tumca `megrelebs ekavaT, _ werda igi, _ mTeli SavizRvispireTi,
yubanidan trapizonamde da TviT trapizonic~385. e.i. d.baqraZe mTielTa yofnas
megrelebTan erTad Tanamedrove afxazeTis Crdilo-dasavleTiT varaudobda.
mogvianebiT igi kvlav miubrunda afxazeTis Temas. `Cven vfiqrobT, _ werda d.
baqraZe, _ rom afxazni, Semdeg imaTis gadmoxvewnisa mTas-iqidam, rogorc ufro
Zlierni, moawvnen megrelebs da am ukanasknelebma Tavis sisustis gamo dauTmes
maT Tavisi miwawyali... cxadi unda iyos, rom afxazuri ena Zveladganve cota-co-
tad iWerda megrulis enis adgils _ miwasa da, rogorc Cven vfiqrobT, im dros,
romelsac zemoT xsenebuli naSTebi ekuTvnis, mTeli webeldi da afxazeTi,
mTlad Tu ara, mometebuli nawili mainc, jer isev megruls toms eWira.
rogorc winaTac gviTqvams, Zveli geografiuli saxelwodebani STebian
adgilobriv, Tumca SecvliT, SemdegSiac, rodesac am saxelwodebaTa enis
adgili ucxo _ toms enas dauWeria. ai mizezi, rom mTels afxazeTSi aqamomde
mravali megruli saxelwodeba ismis; imaT Soris TviT istoriuli cxumi anu
cxomi (soxumi), romelic didi xania xmarebidam gamovida da romelsac aqamomde
afxazni uwodeben erTs cixis nangrevs soxumis maxloblad~386. d. baqraZis
379 . Б. Гогия. Абхазия – историческая провинция Грузии, gv. 7.

380 . iqve, gv. 4.
381 . Teimuraz batoniSvili. istoria dawyebidan iveriisa, ese igi giorgiisa, romeli ars sruliad
saqarTveloisa. spb., 1848, gv. 56.
382 . n. anTelava. afxazuri miTebi, ritualebi, simboloebi. enciklopedia. Tb., 2006, gv. 56.
384 . Иван Шопен. Новыя заметки на древния истории Кавказа и его обитателей. С-Пб, 1866, gv. 282-283, 286.
385 . Д. Бакрадзе. История Грузии на основе новых изысканий. СПБ., 1873, gv. 2-3.
386 . d. baqraZe. istoria saqarTvelosi. Tb., 1889, gv. 272-273. `cxumi~, d. baqraZis azriT, `cxels~ niSnavs
(iqve).
74
azriT, abazgebi ki arian afsua-afxazTa winaprebi387, magram cxovrobdnen `mTas
iqiT~ da mxolod mogvianebiT (XVIIs.) gavrceldnen maTi Tanamedrove
gansaxlebis teritoriaze.
orive - afsilebi da abazgebi afsua-afxazTa winaprebad, rogorc irkveva,
pirvelad mari brosem aRiara. abazgia//afxazeTSi, _ werda igi, _ `garda
afxazebisa cxovrobdnen abJuelebi=afsilebi~; mari broses mtkicebiT, àb-
Jua=afsilia bizantielebisa da somexi mwerlebis àfSeRi~388 niSnavs `Sua~-s
imitom, rom afsilebi misimianebsa da abazgebs Soris cxovrobdnen RaliZgasa
da kodors Sua~389. unda iTqvas, rom afsilebi namdvilad iyvnen `Sua soflis~
(afx. abJua) mkvidrTa _ qarTvelTa winaprebi. mari brosem, samwuxarod, ar
icoda, rom RaliZga-kodoris monakveTi uZvelesi droidan XVIIs. bolomde me-
grelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli da mas `Sua sofeli~ erqva. XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi
aq damkvidrebulma afsua-afxazebma es saxeli ubralod TavianT enaze Targmnes.
mari brosem ki qarTuli `Sua soflis~ mkvidrTa winaprebi _ afsilebi
Camosaxlebul àbJuelTa~ winaprebad gamoacxada. unda iTqvas, rom igi sulac
ar Tvlida afxazTa da CerqezTa warmoSobis sakiTxs gadawyvetilad390.
XX saukunis dasawyisamde istoriul mecnierebaSi mainc is azri iyo gaba-
tonebuli, rom saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTis uZveles mosaxleobas qarTvelebi
warmoadgendnen. am mosazrebis momxre gaxldaT afxazeTis mkvidri Tedo
Jordaniac. mxolod XVIIs. bolodan kelasuris samxreTiT afsua-afxazTa
gavrceleba man SinaaSlilobebs, TurqeTis intrigebsa da mis gadamwyvet
daxmarebas daukavSira391. manamde afsuebs am teritoriaze (arianes afsil-
abazgTa gansaxlebis arealSi), Tedo Jordanias azriT, ar ucxovriaT.
SavizRvispireTis eTnikuri istoriis Temas Seexo ilia WavWavaZe Tavis `qvaTa
RaRadSi~, romelic rCeba mecnieruli publicistikis nimuSad. misi azriT,
ZvelisZvel `qarTvel naTesaobas sWeria mTeli sivrce Ralisis mdinaridgan
mcire aziaSi _ Savi zRvis piramde da mTeli aRmosavleTis mxare am zRvisa,
agreTve igi adgilebi, romelnic mtkvarsa da araqs Sua mdebareoben~.
k.patkanovis msgavsi antiqarTvelebi (maT Soris niko maric; is mkacradaa
gakritikebuli `qvaTa RaRadSi~), romelTac am adgilebis daCemeba surT an
`qarTulis kuTvnilebis gauqmeba~, _ agrZelebs ilia WavWavaZe, _ amtkiceben,
TiTqos mesxebi, tibarenebi, kolxebi da a.S. `qarTvelTa naTesaobisa arc iyvnen
da arc arian~392O. aseTi iyo da darCa dResac saqarTvelos istoriis
falsifikatorTa mizani.
1899w. gaz. `Cernomorski vestnikis~ furclebze gaimarTa pirveli Ria
diskusia afxazeTis istoriis sakiTxebze393. oponentebad gamodiodnen k.maWavari-
ani da mama ambrosi xelaia (`samurzakanec~). pirveli im poziciaze idga, rom
samurzayanoelebi arian afsua-afxazebi, rom afxazeTi saqarTvelo ar aris;
amasTan, igi ususur argumentebs iSveliebda (afxazur gvar saxelebs, uxucesTa
gamonaTqvamebs). meore _ ambrosi xelaia im droisaTvis cnobil istoriul
wyaroebze dayrdnobiT mowinaaRmdeges sruliad sapirispiros umtkicebda.
wyaroTa mokle mimoxilvis Semdeg ambrosi xelaia oponents ekiTxeboda: `xom ar
aris swori istorikosTa azri imis Sesaxeb, rom Tanamedrove soxumis olqi
fsircxamde dasaxlebuli iyo megrelebiT, romlebsac samurzayanos Tanamedrove
387 . d. baqraZe ase imitom werda, rom mas jer ar hqonda pasuxi kiTxvaze: `berZnulis saxelwodebidam
warmosdga qarTuli afxazi, Tu qarTulis saxelwodebidam _ berZnuli abazgi~? (d. baqraZe. istoria
saqarTvelosi, gv. 271-272).am kiTxvaze pasuxi T. gamyreliZem gasca (aqve, gv. 71).
388 . Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 191, 547-548.
389 . Мари Броссе. О Сочинении г. Верещагина под заглавием: «Путевые заметки по Черноморскому округу». М., 1874, gv. 2.
390 . iqve, gv. 3. igive mosazrebas iziarebda v. Cerniavski. ixile: . . , gv. 11,
15.
391 . Ф. Жордания. Абхазские католикосы. Ставрополь, 1893, gv. 21.
392 . ilia WavWavaZe. rCeuli nawarmoebebi xuT tomad, t. V. Tb., 1987, gv. 40.
393 . wminda aRmsarebeli ambrosi da afxazeTi. krebuli Seadgina, gamokvleva da komentarebi daurTo j.
gamaxariam. Tb., 2006, gv. 62-75; 425-439.
75
sazRvramde daaxevines~?394 orive mxare, Rrmad iyo dauflebuli istoriul
literaturas da wyaroebs afxazeTis Sesaxeb, isini afsilebs uyoymanod me-
grelebad miiCnevdnen. uTanxmoeba iyo mxolod maTi lokalizaciis sakiTxSi.
k.maWavarianis mtkicebiT, Tanamedrove samegreloSi afsilebi md.enguramde
vrceldebodnen, Sesabamisad, megrelebi am mdinaris marjvena mxares ar
cxovrobdnen; mama ambrosi, pr. kesarielze dayrdnobiT, pasuxobda, rom
afsilebi fsircxamde Tu ara, kodoramde mainc vrceldebodnen, Sesabamisad, am
teritoriis uZvelesi mkvidrni megrelebi arian. Ambrosi xelaia SemdgomSic
araerTxel Seexo afsil-abazgTa vinaobis, afxazeTis saqarTvelosadmi
kuTvnilebisa da afsua-afxazTa gvian Camosaxlebis Temas395.
al. xaxanaSvilis azriT, afxazeTis Tanamedrove teritoriaze XIs. bolomde
mainc megrelebi cxovrobdnen396. kavkasiaSi kargad cnobili rusi istorikosi a.
diaCkov-tarasovi ki, romelic afxazeTSi gaizarda da webeldaSi mamis
(n.diaCkov-tarasovis) mier datovebul mamulebsac flobda, 1903, 1905 da 1909-1910
wlebSi Seqmnil sxvadasxva naSromSi afxazeTis Tanamedrove teritoriaze
afsua-afxazTa XVI-XVIIss. Camosaxlebis versias aviTarebda (aqve, gv. 167-168).
afxazeTis uZvelesi istoriis sakiTxebiT dainteresebuli iyo ivane javax-
iSvilic. strabonis, pliniusis, arianes, ptolemaiosisa da pr. kesarielis cno-
bebis safuZvliani analizis Sedegad man Semdegi daskvna gaakeTa: `rogorc
vxedavT, kolxeTis mosaxleoba qarTvelTa sam Stos hkuTvnebia: laz-megrelebs,
afSil-afxazebs da svanebs~397. SemdgomSi iv.javaxiSvilma ramdenadme Seicvala
aRniSnuli Sexeduleba, magram didma mecnierma gardacvalebamde ver moaswro am
sakiTxze kvlevis dasruleba da argumentirebuli saboloo azris Camoyalibeba.
amitom zemoxsenebuli daskvna afSil-afxazebis qarTvelobis Sesaxeb Sevida
`qarTveli eris istoriis~ pirveli tomis 1951 da 1961 wlebis gamocemebSi398.
imave tomis bolo gamocemidan (1979w.) ki igi amoRebulia da datovebulia
iv.javaxiSvilis pasuxi n. maris kritikaze afxazTa eTnikuri vinaobis Taobaze:
àfxazebs me qarTvelTa monaTesaved vTvli, magram qarTvelebs ar vuwodeb~399.
avtori, rogorc Cans, Segnebulad ar akonkretebs, viszea saubari _ Tanamedrove
afxazebze, romelTac aravin Tvlis qarTvelebad, Tu istoriul afsil-
abazgebze. gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac, rom iv.javaxiSvili faqtobrivad
erTaderTi aRmoCnda, vinc arianes `samefoebSi~ calkeuli eTnosebi ki ar
dainaxa, aramed `dayavi da ibatone~-s romauli politikis gamovlineba (aqve, gv.
60). amiT man iribad mianiSna sakuTari `Zveli~ poziciis sisworeze afsil-
abazgTa qarTvelobis Sesaxeb.
niko marma, romelic iyo afxazeTis separatistuli istoriografiis
fuZemdebeli, afxazi erovnebis istorikosebis pirveli Taobis erTgvari
sulieri moZRvari, 1912w. 23 maiss ruseTis saimperatoro mecnierebaTa akademiis
saistorio-filologiur ganyofilebas warudgina moxseneba `termin àfxazi~-s
istoriidan~400. àbaski~ (ariane), òbezi~ (rusuli matianeebi), àfsili~
(pliniusi, ariane) am naSromSi afsuaTa aRmniSvnel saxelebadaa miCneuli;
afsilTa lokalizacias momxsenebeli md.rionis marjvena mxares axdenda. ufro
metic, zaqaria mitilenelis (V-VIss.) ìstoriis~ siriuli teqstis `bazguni,
Tavisi eniT, romelic emijneba da vrceldeba kaspiis karebamde da zRvamde~,
394 .iqve, gv. 423.

395 .iqve, gv. 330, 554-555, 593, 602, 667.
396 А. Хаханов. Древнейшие предели расселения грузии по Малой Азии. Тифлис, 1903, gv. 62-63.
.
397 .iv. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria. w. I-II, Tb., 1913, gv. 55.
398 .iv. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria. t. I, Tb., 1951, gv. 420; iqve. Tb., 1961, gv. 427.
399 .
iqve, Tb., 1979, gv. 152; iv. javaxiSvilma `dauTmo~ n. mars am erT – afxazTa eTnikuri vinaobis sakiTxSi,
magram kategoriulad ar daeTanxma megrelebisa da svanebis, aseve Wanebis araqarTvelebad gamocxadebis
moTxovnas (ix. iqve).
400 . Н. Я. Марр. История термина «абхаз», gv. 697-706.
76
n.marma afsua-afxazebad gamoacxada, rogorc es manamde gaakeTes h.gelcerma da
J.markvartma401.
n.maris kalams ekuTvnis mravali naSromi afxazTa enisa da istoriis
Sesaxeb402. mas oficialurad ar uaruyvia Tavisi arcerTi adrindeli daskvna,
magram XXs. 20-iani wlebidan aSkarad SeimCneva poziciis gadasinjvis mcdeloba.
kerZod, igi afxazTa fesvebs ukve ara samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelosa da wina
aziaSi, aramed CrdiloeTSi, ruseTis mezoblad eZebda403. àfxazuri enac, _
werda mecnieri, _ ZiriTad Tavis fenebSi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi Camoyalibda~404.
amasTanave, n.maris mtkicebiT, megrel-Wanebs uZvelesi droidan ekavaT `mTeli
SavizRvispireTi sinopidan da halisidan anapamde da pantikapeamde~405; afxazebi
Camovidnen CrdiloeT kavkasiidan, Sesabamisad, megrel-Wanebma datoves Crdilo-
dasavleT SavizRvispireTi. es moxda ara antikur xanaSi, rogorc n.mari werda,
aramed gvian Sua saukuneebSi. n.marma mSvenivrad icoda istoriuli simarTle,
magram mas jer ruseTis imperiis, Semdeg sabWoTa xelisuflebis dakveTiT mainc
ayalbebda.
XXs. 20-iani wlebis dasawyisidan qveyndeba afxazi erovnebis avtorTa wignebi
da broSurebi afxazeTis istoriis sakiTxebze, romlebsac safuZvlad edo
n.maris zemoxsenebuli `Zveli~ ideebi, Sovinistebis mier SeTiTxnili
wignarebi.406. mxedvelobaSi gvyavs s.basaria, s.aSxvawaa, d.gulia407, romelTa
Sromebs istoriografiaSi ukve mieca saTanado Sefaseba408.
30-40-ian wlebSi afxazeTis uZvelesi istoriis sakiTxebs Rrma gamokvlevebi
miuZRvna s.janaSiam. afsil-abazgebs igi afsua-afxazTa winaprebad miiCnevda409.
miuxedavad amisa, 1950w. niko berZeniSvili sulac ar Tvlida sabolood
dadgenilad, `Tu vin iyvnen awindel afxazeTis teritoriaze mosaxle is
tomebi... saqarTvelos istoriis mSeneblobaSi organulad rom monawileobdnen
am istoriis mTels sigrZeze uZvelesi droidanve mokidebuli~410.
afxazeTis eTnopolitikuri istoriis Temaze Seqmnil naSromebs Soris
saetapo mniSvnelobisa aRmoCnda pavle ingoroyvas `giorgi merCule~ (Tb., 1954),
afxazTa vinaobisa da eTnogenezis sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnili misi IV Tavi:
`dasavleT saqarTvelos feodaluri saxelmwifo (afxazeTis samefo) da cnobebi
mis Sesaxeb giorgi merCules ZeglSi~. p.ingoroyvam, arsebiTad, aRadgina da
damajereblad daasabuTa viTarebaTa gamo miviwyebuli wina saukuneebis
evropeli, rusi, qarTveli mecnierebis zemoTmotanili daskvnebi aRmosavleT
SavizRvispireTSi qarTvelTa mkvidrobisa da afsua-afxazTa gvian Camosaxlebis
Sesaxeb411. amiT myari mecnieruli safuZveli Caeyara afxazeTis istoriografias.
401 . georgika, t. 3, gv. 18; Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 187-188, 542-544. n. maris lingvisturi
hipoTezebis kritika ix. qvemoT (Tavi XI).
402 . Н. Я. Марр. О языке и истории абхазов. М.,-Л., 1938.
403 . iqve, gv. 167-211.
404 . iqve, gv. 247.
405 . Н. Я. Марр. Избранные работы, т. V. М., - Л., 1935, gv. 24-25. n. maris mtkicebiT, megrel-Wanebi da iberebi arian
skviTTa STamomavlebi; skviTebis SigniT soliseburad SeWrilma afxazebma TiTqos gayves isini CrdiloeT
skviTebad da samxreT kolxebad, mogvianebiT, iberielebad (Н. Я. Марр. О языке и истории абхазов, gv. 240-241).
406 . Л. Воронов. – . ., 1907; . . . - б., 1908; . .
й ( ). , 1919, da a.S.
407 . С. Басария. Абхазия в географическом,этнографическом и экономическом отношении. Сухуми, 1923; С. Ашхацава. Пути
развития абхазской истории. Сухуми, 1925 (redaqtori n. mari); Д. Гулиа. История Абхазии., т. 1. Тб., 1925.
408 . T. mibCuani. d. gulia afxazTa eTnogenezis Sesaxeb. _ afxazeTis istoriis problemebi. Tb., 1998, gv.
167-179; g. gasviani. qarTveli mecnierebi pavle ingoroyvas Sexedulebebze afxazeTisa da afxazebis Sesaxeb. Tb.,
2003, gv. 41-53; z. papasqiri. narkvevebi Tanamedrove afxazeTis istoriuli warsulidan, nakv. II. Tb., 2007, gv. 110-
111. ix. agreTve: Шнирельман. Войны памяти, gv. 280-289.
409. s. janaSias Sromebis mimoxilva ix.: e.xoStaria-brose. afxazeTis istoriis sakiTxebi qarTul
istoriografiaSi. Tb., 2000, gv. 7-9.
410 . n. berZeniSvili. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, w. III. Tb., 1966, gv. 278.
411 . gansxvavebuli mosazreba ix.: z. papasqiri. narkvevebi Tanamedrove afxazeTis istoriuli warsulidan,
nakv. I. Tb., 2004, gv. 28.
77
rogorc mosalodneli iyo, p.ingoroyvas monografiis gamosvlam afxaz
separatistTa ukmayofileba gamoiwvia, Tumca pirveli ori-sami wlis
ganmavlobaSi (1954-1956ww.) is ar igrZnoboda. separatistTa Ria gamosvlebs biZgi
misca skkp centraluri komitetis 1956 wlis 10 ivlisis cnobilma dadgenilebam,
romelSic saubari iyo saqarTveloSi afxazi, somexi da osi xalxebis viTom
diskriminaciis Sesaxeb (aqve, gv. 33). separatistebma `diskriminaciis” erT-erT
gamovlinebad miiCnies p.ingoroyvas `giorgi merCule~. am wignis Sesaxeb 1956w.
saqarTvelos kompartiis centralur komitets misive moTxovniT waredgina
sakmaod zomierad Sedgenili moxsenebiTi baraTi saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa
akademiis istoriis institutis direqtoris n.berZeniSvilis xelmoweriT412. amis
Semdeg gadawyda, gamarTuliyo diskusia saqarTvelos mweralTa kavSiris
Jurnal `mnaTobi~-is furclebze. unda aRiniSnos, rom 1956 wlamdec p.ingoroyvas
naSromis is nawili, romelic afxazeTis istorias exeba, istorikosma da
eTnografma giorgi Citaiam Seafasa413 (1955w). man gaiziara `giorgi merCules~
mTavari debuleba, romlis Tanaxmadac afxazeTi Zireuli qarTuli qveyanaa;
uZvelesi droidanve, maT Soris antikur xanaSi igi qarTvelebiT iyo
dasaxlebuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom dasabuTebulad ar miaCnda àfxazis~
dakavSireba `mosxTan~, g.Citaias azriT, amiT ar irRveva p.ingoroyvas ZiriTadi
debuleba, iseve, rogorc ar ixsneba sakiTxi istoriuli afxazebis qarTuli
warmoSobis Sesaxeb. man mimoixila n.maris, arn. Ciqobavas, l. blaixStaineris,
kislingis, a.namitokis, m.mediCi-bJiSkianis, aseve sxvaTa Sexedulebebi afxazTa
warmoSobis Sesaxeb, gaiTvaliswina eTnografiuli masalebic da daaskvna:
`cxadi unda iyos, rom afxazebi, sakuTriv Zveli afxazebi gansxvavdebian abasa-
afsua-afsilebisagan. rom es ukanaskneli mTis iqidan mosuli tomia, xolo
sakuTriv afxazebi _ adgilobrivi Zveli mosaxleobaa~414.
1955w. p.ingoroyvas naSroms maRali Sefaseba misca agreTve g.axvledianmac,
romlis recenzia saTauriT `mniSvnelovani naSromi qarTuli kulturis
istoriaSi~ saqarTvelos kompartiis rusulenovan organoSi, _ `zaria vostoka~-
Si gamoqveynda. `giorgi merCules~ erT-erT mTavar Rirsebad recenzentma
afxazeTis istoriis axleburi gaSuqeba, afsil-abazgTa da istoriul afxazTa
qarTvelebad aRiareba miiCnia. `p.ingoroyvas am Tezisis istoriulma
dasabuTebam, _ werda g.axvlediani, _ ara mgonia, raime Sepasuxeba gamoiwvios~415.
seriozuli gamokvleva uwoda man specialur eqskurss _ àfxazeTis mxareTa
geografiuli saxelwodebani da maTi kavSiri qarTul enobriv samyarosTan~,
Tumca yvela toponimis etimologia, misi azriT, erTnairi damajereblobiT ar
iyo axsnili.
orive mecnieris pozicia imaze miuTiTebda, rom qarTulma istoriulma da
filologiurma mecnierebam imTaviTve gaiziara p. ingoroyvas mTavari
debulebebi416.
xelisuflebis mier organizebuli diskusiis farglebSi pirvelad
gamoqveynda s.yauxCiSvilis recenzia, romelic p. ingoroyvas monografiis
ZiriTad _ filologiur nawils Seexeboda da naSroms maRal Sefasebas
aZlevda417.
412 . e. xoStaria-brose. mecnieris arqividan. _ mnaTobi, 1990, # 5, gv. 138-145.

413 . g. Citaia. Zveli afxazeTis mosaxleobis eTnikuri Camomavlobis Seasxeb. _ Sromebi xuT tomad, II. Tb.,
2000, gv. 112-122.
414 . iqve, gv. 119.
415 . Заря Востока, 1955 , 9 ivlisi.
416 . z. papasqiris mosazrebiT, qarTulma istoriografiam ar gaiziara p. ingoroyvas Sexedulebebi. ix. z.
papasqiri: narkvevebi..., nakv. I, gv.28.
417 . s. yauxCiSvili. axali masalebi Zveli qarTuli poeziis istoriisaTvis. _ mnaTobi, 1956, #10, gv. 109-119.
78
kritikuli recenziebi gamoaqveynes n. berZeniSvilma da q.lomTaTiZem418.
soxumSi gamoqveynda agreTve z. anCabaZisa da x. bRaJbas uaryofiTi
gamoxmaurebebi419.
p.ingoroyvas oponentebs Soris gansakuTrebuli pozicia n.berZeniSvils ekava.
rogorc xelmZRvaneli, akademiuri institutis direqtori, xelisuflebas
oficialurad is ar daupirispirda, magram im mkvlevrebma, romlebic
n.berZeniSvilze dayrdnobiT icaven e.w. oraborigenobis Teorias (am Teoriis
sasargeblo gamonaTqvamebi mecniers namdvilad aqvs), unda gaiTvaliswinon, rom
swored am didi mecnieris Sromebis mesame tomis gamosvla da masSi afxazeTis
istoriis p.ingoroyvas suliskveTebiT `gayalbeba~ gaxda 1967w. separatistTa
morigi saprotesto gamosvlebis sababi. gairkva, rom n.berZeniSvili jer kidev
1951 wels afxazeTis enis, literaturisa da istoriis institutis direqtors
p.ratians swerda: `maincdamainc mecnierebas ar moepoveba imis sabuTi, afxazeTSi
mobinadre es tomebi (afsil-abazgebi _ avt.) ufro Sors idgnen iber-
lazebisagan, vidre vTqvaT svanebi, mesxebi, herebi. marto is rada Rirs, rom
qarTuli gadmocemiT qveyana lixis mTidan vidre yubanis mdinaremde da maS Sua
saukuneebis àfxazTa saerisTaoc~ _ uZveles droidanve egrosis wili iyo da
rom qalaqi bedia (afSileTSi) daarsebulia imave megrelTa eponimis
(mamamTavris) egrosis mier~420. e.i. `giorgi merCules~ gamosvlamde da
gansakuTrebiT zemoTnaxsenebi partiuli direqtivebis miRebamde n.berZeniSvili
faqtobrivad iyo p.ingoroyvas Tanamoazre, rac SemdgomSiac araerTxel
dadasturebula. magaliTad, igi werda, rom egrosis wili qveynebis, maT Soris
svaneTisa da afxazeTis mimarT àr SeiZleba sxvadasxva erovnebaze, rogorc
eTnokulturul cnebaze saubari~421. amrigad, n.berZeniSvilis poziciis
calmxrivi Sefaseba, oraborigenobis Teoriis aSkara momxred, an
mowinaaRmdeged misi gamocxadeba swori ar aris. aRniSnuli Tema mecniers
specialurad ar ukvlevia; sakiTxis aqtualurobidan gamomdinare, igi ga-
moTqvamda ama Tu im mosazrebas rogorc mecnieri da rogorc xelmZRvaneli422.
p.ingoroyvas ZiriTadi debulebebi mtkiced da argumentirebulad daicves
g.axvledianma, s.yauxCiSvilma da d.kobiZem423. vinaidan diskusiis masalebi
safuZvlianad ganixila g.gasvianma424, SeiZleba SemovifargloT im faqtis
konstataciiT, rom 50-iani wlebis bolodan qarTul istoriografiaSi mxolod
wminda politikuri motivebiT damkvidrda afxazeTis oraborigenobis Teoria425.
afsil-abazgebi upirobod afsua-afxazTa winaprebad gamocxaddnen, danarCen
TemebTan dakavSirebiT mkvlevrebs SeeZloT sakuTari,gansxvavebuli mosazreba
hqonodaT426.es Teoria iqca Tavisebur `maSvel rgolad~, romlis wyalobiT
qarTveli mecnierebi afiqsirebdnen uZvelesi droidan afxazeTSi qarTvelTa
mosaxleobas, rasac yovelnairad ewinaaRmdegeboda separatistuli
418 . n. berZeniSvili. p. ingoroyvas wignis _ `giorgi merCules~ gamo. _ mnaTobi, 1956, #12, gv. 125-131; q.
lomTaTiZe. afxazTa vinaobisa da ganlagebis zogierTi sakiTxis Sesaxeb. _ iqve, gv. 132-139.
419 . З. В. Анчабадзе. Вопросы истории Абхазии в книге П. Ингороква «Георогий Мнрчуле – Грузинский писатель X века. –
Труды Абхазского института языка, литературы и истории им. Д. И. Гулиа, т. XXVII. Сухуми, 1956, с. 261-278; Х. С. Бгажба.
Некоторые вопросы этнонимики и топонимики Абхазии (В связи с работой Павле Ингороква «Георгий Мерчуле»). _ iqve, gv. 279-
303.
420 . n. berZeniSvili. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, t. III, gv. 278.
421 . n. berZeniSvili. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi. Tb., 1990, gv. 607-608.
422 . xelmZRvanelis (romelic valdebuli iyo daecva oficiaaluri Sexeduleba) poziciebidan aris
dawerili `p. ingoroyvas wignis _ `giorgi merCules~ gamo~ (mnaTobi, 1956, #12, gv. 126).
423 . g. axvlediani. afxazeTis toponimikis zogierTi sakiTxisaTvis. _ mnaTobi, 1957, #2, gv. 107-114; s.
yauxCiSvili. `giorgi merCules gamo~. _ iqve, gv. 115-125; d. kobiZe. termini àbxazis~ mniSvneloba sparsuli
wyaroebis mixedviT. _ iqve, gv. 126-128.
424 . g. gasviani. qarTveli mecnierebi p. ingoroyvas Sexedulebebze...
425 . Очерки истории Абхазской АССР I. Сухуми, 1960; saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. 1 da a.S.
426 . amis nimuSad gamodgeba m. inaZis werili àntikuri xanis Savi zRvis Crdilo aRmosavleTi sanapiros
mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenlobis sakiTxisaTvis~ (saq. mecn. akad. sazogad. mecn. gany. `moambe~, 1960, #2,
gv. 145-163), romelSic kritikulad aris ganxiluli z. anCabaZis monografiis (Из истории средневековой Абхазии.
Сухуми, 1959) calkeuli debulebebi.
79
istoriografia. am garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT didad dasafasebelia
g.meliqiSvilis, m.lorTqifaniZis427, m.inaZis, n.lomouris428, z.anCabaZis da yvela
imaTi Rvawli, vinc sabWoTa reJimis pirobebSi upirispirdeboda aRviraxsnil
separatizms istoriul mecnierebaSi.
Tanamedrove etapze ki oraborigenobis dausabuTebeli Teoria im gagebiT,
rogorc mas XX saukunis 50-iani wlebis meore naxevridan sabWoTa
istoriografia gvTavazobda da dResac zogierTi avtori gvTavazobs,
anaqronizmad iqca. mtkiceba, TiTqos afxazeTis mTianeTi welTaRricxvaTa
mijnidan Tu ufro adrec TandaTanobiT ivseboda velur mTielTa axal-axali
nakadebiT (g.meliqiSvili, m.inaZe da a.S.), rom iq binadrobdnen mTeli eTnosebi
TavianTi politikuri warmonaqmne-
biT, veranair kritikas ver uZlebs; werilobiTi wyaroebi da arqeologiuri

monacemebi msgavs faqtebs ar adastureben.
Tanamedrove qarTuli istoriografia nel-nela Tavisufldeba sabWoTa
periodSi Tavsmoxveuli Sefasebebisagan, axali argumentebiTa da damatebiTi
mtkicebulebebiT ubrundeba miviwyebul tradiciul Sexedulebebs429, romlebsac
jer kidev hyavT mowinaaRmdegeebi430. amitom kvlav aqtualuri rCeba afsil-
abazgTa vinaobis sakiTxi. saintereso mosazreba gamoTqva akad. T.gamyreliZem.
man uaryo mtkiceba, TiTqos, saxeli àbazgi~ Seesabameba àbazas~. termini
àfxazi~ (àbxazi~), T.gamyreliZis mtkicebiT, aris pirveladi qarTuli forma,
romelic berZnulSi abazg//abazRis saxiT Sevida431 (berZnulisTvis ucxo fx/bx
TanxmovanTkompleqsi zg/zR kompleqsma Secvala); rac Seexeba saxel àbaza~-s,
igi pirveladi rom yofiliyo, yovelgvari saxecvlilebis gareSe Sevidoda
berZnulSi, xolo berZnulidan imave formiT _ qarTulSi; mecnieris
avtoritetuli azriT, afxaz-abazgebi `Zvel kolxeTSi mobinadre svanuri da
megrul-lazuri tomebis axlo monaTesaveni unda yofiliyvnen432~.
427 . m.lorTqifaniZis azriT, istoriul afxazTa eTnikuri warmomavlobis sakiTxis garkveva,

wyaroTmcodneobiTi bazis simwiris gamo Zalian Znelia, `magram vin iyvnen isini TavianTi moRvaweobiT? isini
iyvnen qarTvelebi, radganac emsaxurebodnen qarTul saqmes, erovnul saxelmwifos~ (ix.: marTlmadidebloba
afxazeTSi da erovnuli TviTidentifikaciis sakiTxebi. Tb., 2005, gv.7).
428 . n. lomouri adre p.ingoroyvas pozicias iziarebda. 1963w. igi werda: `Tavis gamokvlevaSi `giorgi
merCule~ p.ingoroyva, rogorc cnobilia, ayenebs TavisTavad, Cveni azriT, sakmaod swor debulebas afxazTa
tomebis (abazgebis, afsilebis) qarTuli warmomavlobis Sesaxeb, magram am hipoTezis dasamtkiceblad zogjer,
Cvenis azriT, aradamarwmunebel sabuTebs iSveliebs~ (n.lomouri. berZeni logografosebis cnobebi..., gv. 25-26).
SemdgomSi n.lomouri p.ingoroyvas Teorias daupirispirda (ix. misi: afxazeTis.)
429 . T. mibCuani. dasavleT saqarTvelos...; misive: afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis istoria, I nawili.
Tb.,2003; g. gasviani. Zveli da axali afxazeTi; misive: qarTveli mecnierebi...; d.gogolaZe. àfxazTa~
saerisTavos, dRevandeli afxazeTis Zvel eTnosTa vinaobisa da eTnosis mkvidrobis sakiTxi. Tb., 1995; .
, . . и – ; j.gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba. Tb., 2005;
misive: afsil-abazgTa eTnikuri vinaobis sakiTxisaTvis. Tb., 1998; Б. Гогия. Абхазия – историческая провинция Грузии.
Тбилиси-Париж, 2005; misive: Zveli kolxeTis...; z.ratiani. wyaroTa RaRadi anu piriqiTa saqarTvelo. Tb., 1995;
a.sonRulaSvili. afxazi Tu afsua? Tb., 2007 da a.S. qarTul istoriografias zurgs umagrebs enaTmecniereba
(T.gvancelaZe. afxazeTis istoriografiis lingvisturi safuZvlebi. sadoqt. dis. Tb., 1997; t.futkaraZe.
qarTvelebi) da anTropologia (Tavi X).
430 . n. lomouri. Zveli afxazeTis...; e.xoStaria-brose. afxazeTis istoriis sakiTxebi...; o.jafariZe.
qarTveli eris eTnogenezis saTaveebTan. Tb.,2006; М. Инадзе. Вопросы этнологической истории древней Абхазии. –
Разыскания по истории Абхазии/Грузия. Тб., 1999, gv. 61-88, da a. S.
431 . s. janaSias azriT, piriqiT, berZnuli abazgi qarTulSi afxazis formiT Sevida (С. Джанашиа. Абхазия в
составе Колхидского царства и Лазики, gv. 39).

432 . T. gamyreliZe. Zveli kolxeTis satomo saxelTa istoriidan. _ saqarTvelos da qarTvelebis
aRmniSvneli ucxouri da qarTuli terminologia. Tb., 1993, gv. 582, 587, 588.
80
afsilTa vinaobis sakiTxi specialurad Seiswavla d.musxeliSvilma da im
daskvnamde mivida, rom àfSils~ geografiulad, qronologiurad, formalur-
lingvisturad araferi aqvs saerTo afsuasTan da erT-erT dasavlur-qarTul
tomad unda CaiTvalos433.. man es Tezisi ufro adrec (1999w.) wamoayena da Tamaz
gamyreliZis mosazrebebze dayrdnobiT daaskvna, rom arc abazgebis gamocxadeba
afsua-afxazTa winaprebad aris udavo (не бесспорен)434.
T.gamyreliZisa da d.musxeliSvilisgan gansxvavebiT, n.lomouri ar cdilobs
sakuTari mosazrebis _ afsil-abazgTa araqarTvelobis dasabuTebas. vinaidan
wyaroebSi amaze araferia naTqvami, _ wers igi, _ `rCeba erTaderTi gza _ TviT
am eTnonimebis lingvisturi analizisa, xolo es analizi ueWvels xdis
saxelwodebis afsili kavSirs afxazTa TviTdasaxelebasTan afsua da abazgisa
_ erT-erTi afxazur-adiRuri tomis _ abazinebis saxelTan~435. es aris mTeli
àrgumentacia~. aRsaniSnavia, rom araviTari lingvisturi analizi xsenebuli
eTnonimebisa n.lomours ar Cautarebia da terminebis mxolod garegnul
msgavsebaze miTiTebiT Semoifargleba, rac ar aris sakmarisi afsilis _
afsuasTan, xolo abazgis _ abazebTan identificirebisaTvis. magaliTad, afsili
berZnulad niSnavs vinc ar aris SiSveli, meloti, qaCali (fsili _ SiSveli,
meloti, qaCali da a.S.). absili iTargmneba agreTve, rogorc asxltoma, aqeT-iqiT
gafrena (отскакивать, разлетаться) da a.S.436 zusti fonetikuri msgavsebis
miuxedavad, araferi saerTo Tanamedrove af-
suasTan ara aqvT afsar/afsaras-s (Zvelinduri naxevarRvTaeba), ofs-s
(romauli RvTaeba), afsati-s (svanebis, agreTve yaraCaelebis, balyarebisa da
osebis RvTaeba) da a.S. abasko berZnul enaze gauvals, Znelad gasavlels
niSnavs, abaskia _ gauval mxares437. aqedan ukve Cans, ramdenad saxifaToa
mxolod terminebis garegnuli msgavsebis safuZvelze seriozuli daskvnebis
gamotana. afsil-abazgis berZnuli etimologia araviTar kavSirSi ar aris
afsua438-abazasTan, zogadad eTnonimTan. SeuZlebelia Tanamedrove afsua-
afxazebs//abazebs davukavSiroT zaqaria mitilenelis (VIs.) bazguni, Tumca
fonetikuri msgavseba aSkaraa439; Sua saukuneebis qalaqebs abeskursa da abxazs
Tanamedrove azerbaijanis teritoriaze araviTari kavSiri afsua-abask-abxazTan
ara aqvT, miuxedavad absoluturi fonetikuri msgavsebisa440. erTdroulad ori
q.abxazis arseboba Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos Crdilo-dasavleT (soWTan)441
da Crdilo-aRmosavleT sazRvrebTan safuZvels iZleva varaudisaTvis, rom
aRniSnuli saxelis matarebel qalaqebs erTnairi funqciuri (da ara eTnikuri)
datvirTva hqondaT, msgavsad ori darubandisa (kari _ zRude) _ Tanamedrove
433 .. d. musxeliSvili. afSilTa eTnikuri kuTvnilebis sakiTxisaTvis. _ artanuji, 2000, #10, gv. 17-24.
manamde aseTive mosazreba sxva argumentebis moSveliebiT n. afxazavam gamoTqva. _ ix. misi: afSilTa eTnikuri
vinaobisaTvis. _ afxazeTis istoriis problemebi. Tb., 1998, gv. 6-13.
434 . Д. Мусхелишвили. Исторический статус Абхазии в грузинской государственности. – Разыскания по истории
Абхазии/Грузия. Тб., 1999, gv. 124.

436 . Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 28-30. termin àfsilis~ àfs~ fuZis materialuri kavSiri
àfsua~ saxelTan udavoa, Tumca mas erTvis sadaurobis aRmniSvneli qarTuli sufiqsi il//el; ufro
mniSvnelovania is garemoeba, rom àfsilis~ da àfsuas~ semantika aris gansxvavebuli. msgavsi magaliTebi ki
istoriaSi mravlad moipoveba (magaliTad, kavkasieli da balkaneli albanebi da a.S.). _ ix.: T. gvancelaZe.
enobrivi monacemebi da maTi mniSvneloba afxazeTis eTnikuri istoriis kvlevisaTvis. _ afxazeTis istoriis
problemebi, gv. 34-35.
438 . imisaTvis, rom fTeirofagebis (girCismWamelebis) afsua eTnosisadmi kuTvnileba `daemtkicebina~, S.
inal-ifam afsua axsna rogorc soWis Tu soWnaris xalxi (afsa afxazurad niSnavs soWs). _ ix. Ш. Инал-Ипа.
Вопросы ..., gv. 255. imave monografiaSi vkiTxulobT, rom afsua aris afsiliis xalxi (iqve, gv. 354); d. gulia
Tavis droze acxadebda, rom afsua _ absua aris abasiis, abisiniis xalxi (ix. misi История Абхазии, t. 1, gv. 95);
g. fifias azriT, afsTa (xeoba)+uaa niSnavs `xeobaSi macxovrebels~ (saxalxo ganaTleba, 1990, 5 ivlisi).
439 . georgika, t. 3, gv. 17-19; Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 187, 542-544.
440 . Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 543, 553, 577-578.
441 . iqve, gv. 221,590.
81
gagrisa442 da derbendisa.amrigad, n. lomouris lingvisturi ànalizi~ da
daskvna mraval winaaRmdegobas awydeba.
afsil-abazgTa da Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze mosaxle sxva `tomTa~
qarTuli eTnosisadmi kuTvnileba, pirvel rigSi, wyaroTa monacemebiT
dasturdeba. mivmarToT flavius arianes `mogzaurobas Savi zRvis garSemo~
(aqve, gv. 58). kolxuri tomi avtors ramdenime nawilad hyavs daqucmacebuli:
drilebad, anu sanebad//Wanebad makronebad//sanebad (aqve, gv. 62), henioxebad,
Zidritebad (iberiis nawili), lazebad; ar SeiZleba eWvs iwvevdes (da arc iwvevs)
`kolxebidan~ `lazebamde~ ganTavsebuli `tomebis~ qarTveloba. lazebis Semdeg
modian afsil-abazgebi, romelTa Crdilo-dasavleTiT kvlav qarTvel sanigebs
vxedavT qalaqebiT _ dioskuria-sebastopolisi, biWvinTa da Zveli lazika. jer
aravis daumtkicebia, rogor aRmoCndnen àraqarTveli~ afsil-abazgebi
qarTvelTa gansaxlebis SuagulSi. pirvelad es m.inaZem scada. I saukuneSi
pliniusTan kaspiis zRvis CrdiloeTiT, TiTqos, SecdomiT lokalizebuli
àbzoas~ tomi man jer samxreT-dasavleTiT `gadmoswia~, Semdeg gaaigiva
àbazasTan~, bolos gamoTqva varaudi imave pirvel saukuneSi afxazeTSi maTi
Camosaxlebis, II saukuneSi ki `samefos~ Seqmnis Sesaxeb443. m. inaZis versia imden
àlbaTobazea~ damyarebuli da imdenad sustia, rom Znelia misi gaziareba. ar
aris damtkicebuli, marTla cdeba Tu ara pliniusi àbzoas~ lokalizaciisas.
piriqiT, avtorma met-naklebi sizustiT icis tomis gansaxlebis areali –
sarmatebis `meores mxares~; Tu pliniusi cdeba, maSin gaurkvevelia, sad iyo
abzoas namdvili samosaxlo teritoria? ar aris realuri kavkasionis qedis
gadmolaxva mravalricxovani organizebuli masis mier, Tavisuflad
Camosaxleba jer pontos samefos, Semdeg ki romaelebis kontrolirebad
kolxeTis teritoriaze da uceb `samefos~ Camoyalibeba, Tanac `TanamoZme~
afsilTa gverdiT. am dros saxelmwifoebriv warmonaqmnebs ver ayalibeben
CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi darCenili abzoa//abazebi, romlebic gvian Sua
saukuneebamde wyaroebSi arc ixseniebian444. ucnauria isic, rom arcerT
werilobiT wyaroSi ar aris aRnusx-
uli aseTi maStaburi faqtebi. miuxedavad amisa, m.inaZis versiaSi SeiZleba
simarTlis marcvalic davinaxoT. es aris àbzoas~ identificireba àbazasTan~.
istoriografiaSi ukve arsebobs Sexeduleba àbzoa~ _ àfsuas~ igiveobis, misi
TandaTanobiTi gadaadgilebisa, azovisa da yubanis mimarTulebiT, monRolTa
Semosevebis periodSi md.yubanis samxreTiT gavrcelebis (istoriuli
saqarTvelos Crdilo-dasavleT sazRvrebamde Tu sazRvrebSic ki), xolo gvian
Sua saukuneebSi Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze Camosaxlebis Sesaxeb445. es
mosazreba efuZneba XIVs. berZeni istorikosis nikifore grigorasis koncefcias
aziis nawilis skviTizaciis Taobaze446. am koncefciis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe
ki SeuZlebelia Crdilo-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi mimdinare eTnikuri
procesebis swori gaazreba. afsua-abzoas urTierTkavSiris damamtkicebeli Cans
qaTib Celebis zemoTmotanili mosazreba afxazebis yara aJdaxanis (astraxanis)
mosaxleobis STamomavlebad gamocxadebis Sesaxeb (aqve, gv. 63).
davubrundeT pirvelwyaroebs. elementaruli logika gvkarnaxobs, fl.arianes
mier aRweril teritoriaze kolxebidan da lazTa samefodan dawyebuli q.Zvel
442 . g. alasania. saqarTvelo `jihan numas~ kavkasiis rukaze. _ macne, istoriis... seria, 1971, #2, gv. 101.
443 . m.inaZe. antikuri xanis Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiros..., gv. 162; misive: Zveli afxazeTis... _
macne, 1992, #2, gv. 58; ix. aseve: Н. Берулава. dasax. naSromi, gv. 140-141.
444 . m. inaZis varaudi I-II saukuneTa mijnaze abzoa//abazgebis CrdiloeT kavkasiidan Tanamedrove afxazeTis
teritoriaze Camosaxlebis Sesaxeb ewinaaRmdegeba missave varaudebs Tu mosazrebebs adreantikur xanaSi
samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi Cerqezul-adiRuri tomebis mkvidrobis Sesaxeb, aseve mtkicebas, TiTqos,
strabonTan moxseniebul kavkasielebSi (Zv. w. II-I ss. monacemebi) abazg-afsuaTa winaprebic igulisxmebian (m.
inaZe. Zveli afxazeTis..., macne, 1992, #1, gv. 15-16; #2, gv. 57).
445 . Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 26, 31, 528; Б. Гогия. Абхазия – историческая провинция Грузии, gv.
11, 12.
446 . georgika, t. 7. gv. 124-131; Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 221-223; 590-593.
82
lazikamde mainc `dayavi da ibatones~ principiT warmodgenili qarTuli
mosaxleoba vigulisxmoT. amas adasturebs IVs. meore naxevris avtori rufinus
avieniusi, romelmac zigebis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT mxolod ènergiuli
kolxebi” da `mkacri iberebi” daafiqsira447. mis mosazrebas kidev ufro amyarebs
Vs. anonimis zemoTmotanili cnoba dioskuriidan Woroxamde adre kolxebad
cnobili, imJamad ki lazebad saxeldebuli xalxis mkvidrobis Sesaxeb (aqve, gv.
59). amiT Vs. wyaro afsil-abazgebs uyoymanod aigivebs lazebTan. jer
arianesTan, Semdgom Vs. anonimTan dasaxelebuli `tomebi~ da `samefoebi~ sxva
araferia, Tu ara msxvili kompaqturi dasaxlebebi _ Temebi TavianTi beladebiT.
am sakiTxze msjelobisas mniSvnelovania agreTve Vs. anonimis cnoba `Zveli
aqaiidan~, vidre `Zvel lazikamde~ da md.aqeuntamde (Saxe) qarTvelTa saxlobis
Sesaxeb (aqve, gv. 59) maSin, roca masSi abzoa//abazebze saubari arc aris.
amrigad, pirveli saukuneebis eTnopolitikuri situaciis amsaxveli ori
ZiriTadi wyaro (ariane, Vs. anonimi) md.enguridan md.fsoumde mxolod
qarTvelebs icnobs. rogorc vnaxeT, kl. ptolemaiosmac bzifidan kapadokiamde
mxolod qarTvelebi daasaxela (aqve, gv. 59).
am daskvnas amyarebs IVs. sxva avtori _ agaTangelosic. mis mier somexTa
moqcevis Sesaxeb dawerili naSromis VII-VIIIss. redaqcia, romelic Semdeg
arabul enaze iTargmna, 1902w. niko marma sinas mTaze aRmoaCina da mas miuZRvna
vrceli gamokvleva `somexTa, qarTvelTa, afxazTa da alanTa moqceva~448.
dokumentSi abazgebi lazebis mniSvnelobiT moixseniebian. n.maris aRiarebiTac
àfxazebSi... aq, aSkaraa, lazebi igulisxmebian~449. agaTangelosis naSromis
adrindel redaqciaSi àfxaz~-is nacvlad marTlac `lazi~ figurirebs450.
afsil-abazgebs calke erovnebad ar Tvlis arcerTi avtori, visac mocemuli
aqvs xalxTa genealogiuri sqemebi. Zveli literatorebi cdilobdnen
kacobrioba noes ZeTa _ semis, qamisa da iafetis STamomavlebad daeyoT da am
dayofaSi yvela cnobili eTnosisaTvis Tavisi adgili mieCinaT. evstaTi
antioqielTan (280-360ww.) da ioane zonarasTan (XIIs.) iafetis modgmaSi
qarTvelTagan mxolod iberebi moixseniebian451; zonara icnobda abazgebs,
pr.kesarielze dayrdnobiT, maTi moqcevis Sesaxebac werda, magram genealogiur
sqemaSi ar Seiyvana, vinaidan afxazebad iberielebs miiCnevda.
bizantieli mwerlebi: 334 wels dawerili Liber generationis–is (`modgmaTa
wignis”) avtori, epifane kvipreli (314-403ww.), `pasqaluri qronikis~ Semdgeneli
(630-640ww.), romelic Tavis mxriv ipolite romaelis (IIIs.) monacemebs eyrdnoba,
giorgi singelozi (VIII-IXss.), leon gramatikosi (XIs.), giorgi kedrene (XIs.)
genealogiur
sqemebSi kolx-iberebs, agreTve xalibebs, mosinikebs, tibarenebs, sanebsa da
kolebs moixsenieben, magram ara afsil-abazgebs an afxazebs452. mxolod, ioane
antioqielTan (VIIs.), naTqvamia, rom iafets sxva teritoriebTan erTad abazgebis
qveyanac xvda wilad453. avtori am dros kolx-iberebs ar axsenebs. ioane
antioqielis naSromis is fragmenti, romelSic genealogiuri sqemaa mocemuli,
SemorCenilia mxolod XIVs. xelnawerSi, rac seriozul safuZvels gvaZlevs
vifiqroT, rom gadamweri termin abazgias (afxazeTi) sruliad saqarTvelos
mniSvnelobiT xmarobs, rogorc bevri sxva imdroindeli avtori454. yovelive amis
Semdeg meti ndobiT unda movekidoT leonti mrovelis eTnogenetur
447 . . . , .II, . 2- . ., 1906, gv.

358-359.
448 . Записки Восточного Отделения , . 16, . 2-3. ., 1905., .
36-211.
449 . iqve, gv. 160.
450 . georgika, t. 1, gv. 71.
451 . georgika, t. 1, gv. 35; t. 6, gv. 191.
452 . iqve, t. 1, gv. 11-20, 39-41; t. 4, w. 1, gv. 6-9, 61-63; t. 5, gv. 3-4, 10.
453 . iqve, t. 1,gv. 2.
454 . iqve, t. 7, gv. 90-91; t. 8, gv. 25-26 da a. S.
83
koncefcias455, romelic afxaz ers ar axsenebs, xolo afxazeTis Tanamedrove
teritorias egrosis samkvidrod acxadebs456.
roca bizantieli avtorebisaTvis kargad cnobili abazgi da afsili semis,
qamisa da iafetis, xolo afxazi leonti mroveliseul TargamosianTa modgmaSi
ar figurireben, roca isini sruliad miukerZoebel avtorebTan ar fiqsirdebian,
es mxolod imas niSnavs, rom am saxelebis matarebeli calke erebi, xalxebi im
periodSi ar arsebobdnen. amitomac ver moxvda àfxazi~ Tundac `pasqalur
qronikaSi~, romelic dawvrilebiT informacias Seicavs maSindeli (VIIs.)
msoflios mosaxleobis tomobrivi Semadgenlobis Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli qronika
bosforidan trapizonamde macxovrebel xalxebs Soris im droisaTvis
uZlieresi samTavros mqone abazgebis nacvlad kolx-iberebs asaxelebs.457
afxazebs ar axsenebs XII-XIIIss.Bbizantieli avtori niketa xoniate, roca
CamoTvlis qveSevrdomebs imperator manuel porfirogenetisa (1143-1180ww.),
romelic iyo `lazTa, iberTa, bulgarTa, serbTa, jiqTa, xazarTa, guTTa
RvTivmmarTveli”.458 motanili masalis safuZvelze SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom
afxazeTis Tanamedrove teritoriaze pirvel saukuneebSi dasaxelebuli xalxebi
eTnikurad qarTul samyaros miekuTvnebian.
z.anCabaZe ar iyenebda bizantiel mweralTa cnobebs eTnosTa klasifikaciis
Sesaxeb da aRniSnavda, rom afsua-afxazTa individualobas eqvTime aTonelisa
(XI) da XIIIs. qarTveli anonimis mier Sedgenili xalxTa siebi adastureben459.
eqvTime aToneli eyrdnoba epifane kviprelisa da sxva avtorTa monacemebs.
igi marTlac amatebs am monacemebs afxazebs, osebs, jiqebs da herebs; cal-
calke asaxelebs kolxebsa da megrelebs. XIIIs. anonimi asaxelebs qarTvelebs,
afxazebs, svanebs, megrelebs, dvalebs da TuSebs460. z.anCabaZis azriT, qarTvel
avtorTa siebs safuZvlad udevs enobrivi gansxvaveba; amdenad, afxazi am
dokumentebSi viTom calke eTnosad aris warmodgenili461. sruliad
sapirispiros wers TviTon eqvTime aToneli: àmaT yovelTa naTesavTa ara Tu
yovelTa Tuisi enai aqus, aramed mravalni erTiTa eniTa zraxven, xolo tom-
tomadni da naTesav-naTesavni aRweril arian~462. namdvilad ar SeiZleba
sxvadasxva enebis matareblebad miviCnioT dokumentSi dasaxelebuli qarTuli
Temebi. eqvTime aToneli da XIIIs. anonimi termin `toms~ xmaroben s.s.orbelianis
leqsikonSi mocemuli mniSvnelobiT (aqve, gv. 42), anu àfxazi~ zemoxsenebul
dokumentebSi qarTveli eris Semadgenel nawilad aris warmodgenili da ara
calke eTnosad. adreul Sua saukuneebamde afxazeTSi mosaxle Temebis, maT
Soris afsil-abazgebis eTnikur vinaobaze aSkarad miuTiTeben qarTuli toponi-
mebi463. uZvelesi maT Soris gaxlavT legendaruli egrisi, romelic egrosis
455 . qarTlis cxovreba. t. 1, gv. 3-6.

456 . aseT mosazrebas ar iziarebs z. anCabaZe. ix.: Из истории средневековой Абхазии, gv. 222-226.
457 . georgika, t. 4, w. 1, gv. 10.
458 . iqve, t. 6, gv. 133.
459 . З. В. Анчабадзе. Из истории средневековой Абхазии, gv. 216-217.
460 . k. kekeliZe. xalxTa klasifikaciisa da geografiuli ganrigebis sakiTxebi Zvels qarTuls
mwerlobaSi (Liber Generationis-is qarTuli versia). _ Tsu-s Sromebi, 1938, VII, gv. 7, 11, 12.
461 . З. В. Анчабадзе. Из истории средневековой Абхазии, gv. 217-218.
462 . k.kekeliZe. xalxTa klasifikaciisa da geografiuli ganrigebis sakiTxebi, gv. 12.
463 . vrclad amis Sesaxeb ix.: p.ingoroyva. giorgi merCule, gv. 145-189; g.gasviani. afxazeTi, gv. 83-134;
T.mibCuani. afxazeTis toponimika. _ afxazeTis istoriis problemebi, gv.154-166; d.gogolaZe. dasax. naSromi,
gv. 29-30; d.musxeliSvili. saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, I. Tb., 1977, gv. 108-123;
T.gvancelaZe. afxazeTis istoriografiis lingvisturi safuZvlebi, gv. 183-200; misive: biWvinTis
Tavdapirveli saxelwodebis sakiTxisaTvis. _ quTaisis universitetis moambe, 1995, #1, gv. 25-32; afxazeTis
qarTveluri toponimia: gagra. _ qarTvelur enaTa struqturis sakiTxebi, t.6. Tb., 1996, gv. 44-49; toponim
`tyvarCelisa~ da yoCivardas megruli saxelwodebis etimologiisaTvis. _ qarTveluri onomastika, t.1. Tb.,
1998, gv.102-108; qarTveluri substratuli toponimebi afxazeTSi (soxumi, gagra, tyvarCeli)._artanuji, 2000,
#10, gv.87-92; qarTveluri substratuli toponimebi afxazeTSi: avadhara, oThara. _ qarTvelologiuri
krebuli, t.1. Tb., 2002, gv. 34-41; qarTveluri leqsika oCamCiris raionis afxazur sofelTa
mikrotoponimiaSi. _ arn.Ciqobavas sax. enaTmecnierebis institutis 61-e samecniero sesiis masalebi. Tb.,
2002, gv. 16-18; T. Gvantseladze, R. Chanturia. Kartvelian substrate toponyms in Abkhazia. _ Lund
University. Working Papers, 47, Lund, 1999, gv. 99-105; p.cxadaia, v.jojua. samurzayanos geografiuli
84
saxels ukavSirdeba464. m.janaSvilis mixedviT, es qalaqi Zv.w. XXI saukuneSia
dafuZnebuli465. Zv.w. IIIs. I naxevarSi _ farnavaz-qujis xanaSi mas bedia
ewodeboda466.
uZvelesi qalaqia aseve dioskuria467, romelic Zv.w. IVsaukunidan (fsevdo
skilaqs kariandeli) ax.w. I saukunemde (plinius ufrosi) ixsenieba; I saukunidan
mas sebastopolisi ewodeba, VIII saukunidan _ cxumi468. fsevdo skilaqsTan
gvxvdeba q.gienosi (oCamCire), romelic ixsenieba agreTve pomponius melasTan
(kiknosi) da pliniusTan (kignumi). Zv.w. II saukunidan ixsenieba biWvinTa//pitiunti,
pitiota (artemidore efeseli, straboni)469. IV saukunidan aris cnobili
ziganeosi//gudayva (gudava)470, V saukunidan _ komani, aseve md. moqvi471.
VI saukuneSi ixsenieba traqea, tibeleosis//webeldis cixe472, agreTve
darini473, Zaxaris (CxalTis) cixe, buqlosi//bukolusi (qarT. bokeri)474. VIIs.
ierusalimelma monazonma Teodosi gangrelma Semogvinaxa lazika//egrisSi
gadasaxlebuli anastasi apokrisiaris (VIIs.) werili, romelic Seicavs cnobebs
Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze lokalizebuli araerTi qarTveluri
toponimis Sesaxeb: sxemaris cixe, sqimari (sqiomari, himari), Tusume, moqvi,
jixaxora, fustas cixe, skotori, svanidis cixe, mukorisi475; amaTgan arcerTs ar
eZebneba afxazuri etimologia (ix. aqve, gv. 192).
xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom engur-fsous monakveTze gvian Sua
saukuneebamde ar aris dafiqsirebuli arcerTi sxva toponimi, romelic afsua-
afxazTa enaze aixsneba. es faqti gamoricxavs am teritoriaze araqarTvelTa
mosaxleobas. ufro metic, toponimikuri masala, romelic warmodgenilia
k.meretukovis wignSi - àdiReuri toponimikuri leqsikoni~ (m., 1990)476, TviT
avtoris aRiarebiT mraval aSkarad qarTul geografiul saxels Seicavs. es
aris kidev erTi damatebiTi argumenti ara mxolod md.fsoumde, aramed md.yu-
banamde qarTvelTa gavrcelebisa.
2. qristianobis gavrceleba
afxazeTSi eTnikur-politikuri viTarebis garkvevaSi gvexmareba I saukunidan

qristianobis gavrcelebisa da TandaTanobiT damkvidrebis istoria. qarTuli
saistorio tradiciiT, iveria RvTismSoblis wilxvedri qveyanaa. uflis nebiTa
da
saxelwodebani. Tb., 2003; p.cxadaia. samurzayanos istoriuli da Tanamedrove toponimia (enaTmecnieruli

gamokvleva). Tb., 2004, gv. 166.
465 . wm. aRmsarebeli ambrosi da afxazeTi, gv. 606.
467 . dioskuriis qarTuli etimologiis Sesaxeb saintereso mosazreba aqvs a.tuRuSs. ix. misi: `dioskuriSi
_ dedai wylisa~ (aia, 1999, #7, gv. 62-76). masve ekuTvnis gamokvleva òikonim gagra-s etimologiisaTvis~
(aia, 1999, #7, gv. 77-81.).
469 . T. yauxCiSvili. strabonis geografia, gv. 120, 121.
470 . o.akiSbaia. gudava. Tb., 1998; pliniusi axsenebs md. siganias (aqve, gv. 57), ariane_ sigames (n. keWaRmaZis
azriT, eriswyali, romelic ziganeosTan//gudavasTan erTvis Sav zRvas. ix.: flavius ariane. mogzauroba, gv. 69,
70, 90).
471 . georgika, t. 2, gv. 6; iqve, t. 6, gv. 187-188; 203-204.
472 . iqve, t. 3, gv. 160; ariane axsenebs strobilis (webeldis?) mwvervals (aqve, gv. 58); georgika, t. 2, gv. 159.
473 . georgika, t. 3, gv. 236-237. s. s. orbelianTan darani ganmartebulia rogorc kldeSi, miwis qveS
samalavi (leqsikoni, t. 1, gv. 197). darini megrulad sacxovriss, sadgoms niSnavs. `darinis gza~ SeiZleba
gavigoT rogorc usafrTxo (sparselebisagan), sicocxlis gza.
474 . georgika, t. 3, gv. 85-87, 163; t. 4, naw. I, gv. 42., d. musxeliSvili. saqarTvelos istoriis..., I, gv. 122.
475 . georgika, t.4, naw. I, gv. 42-46, 50-51; maTi lokalizaciis Sesaxeb ix. d.musxeliSvili. saqarTvelos
istoriuli geografiis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi. II, Tb., 1980, gv. 52-57.
476 . leqsikoni daamuSavebulia monografiaSi: z.ratiani. wyaroTa RaRadi anu piriqiTa saqarTvelo. Tb.,
1995.
85
RvTismSoblis TxovniT saqarTveloSi, konkretulad afxazeTSi mociqulebi _
andria pirvelwodebuli da svimon kananeli Camovidnen477. es moxda daaxloebiT
30-35 wlebSi478, sxva monacemebiT, mociqulebi afxazeTSi 55w. imyofebodnen479.
maTi misioneruli moRvaweoba aRwerilia X-XI saukuneebis mijnaze moRvawe
eqvTime aTonelis TxzulebaSi `mosaxsenebeli mimosvlaTaTvis da qadagebaTa
mociqulisa andriaisa~. mas safuZvlad udevs VIII saukunis meore naxevris av-
toris epifane konstantinopolelis àndrias cxovreba~; igi, Tavis mxriv,
gacilebiT ufro adrindel avtorTa (klementi romaeli, evagre sicilieli,
epifane kvipreli) naSromebsa da sxva masalebs emyareboda480.
wm.simon kananeli (ziloti) afxazeTSi daiRupa da, savaraudod, jer
nikofsiaSi, mere ki anakofiaSi daikrZala; wm.andriam ki moaqcia `megrelni da
afxazni da warvida skviTed~481. anania jafariZis azriT, skviTebSi Zalian
xSirad kolx-iberebi igulisxmebian482. epifane kviprelis cnobiT, wm.andriam
skviTebi, sogdianebi da gorsinebi, marTlac, saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi
damoZRvra _ `did sebastopolisSi, sadac aris afsaris cixe, hisos navsadguri
da md.fazisi; iq mosaxleoben iberielebi, susebi, fustelebi da alanebi~483.
wm.andrias afxazeTSi yofnas adasturebs fustelebis moxsenieba; fusta _
svanuri uzenaesi RvTaebaa; garda amisa, dRemdea SemorCenili gadmocema
Tanamedrove soxumis raionSi fustas saxelis matarebeli ubnis arsebobis Ses-
axeb484. epifane kviprelis mixedviT, wm.andrias mounaTlavs iberebi, svanebi
(susebi, fustelebi), alanebic; monaTlulTa Soris ki ar Canan afxazebi, Tumca
wyaroebis mixedviT isinic gananaTles mociqulebma. I saukuneSi afxazeTi da
afxazebi arenaze jer arc Candnen, magram qarTveli avtorebi eqvTime aToneli,
efrem mcire, leonti mroveli TavianT Tanadroul (XIs.) terminebs iyeneben. T.
gvancelaZe varaudobs, rom leonti mrovels `cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTa~-Si
mociqulebTan mimarTebaSi Tavdapirvelad ar ewera àfxazeTi~, xolo teqstSi
xSirad naxmari ègrisi~, `megrni~ da `megrelni~ mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelosa
(nikofsiamde) da am miwa-wylis mcxovrebTa ganmazogadebeli saxelebia,
romlebsac SemdgomSi imave mniSvnelobiT Caenacvla terminebi àfxazeTi~,
àfxazni~485.
qristianobis gavrceleba mxolod mociqulTa moRvaweobiT ar Semoifar-
gleboda. II-IIIss. es procesi saqarTvelos mTel SavizRvispireTSi mimdinareobda
da lazika-abazgiaSi gadasaxlebul pirvel qristianTa wminda saxelebs
(klimenti palmosi, orentiosi ZmebTan erTad, ioane oqropiri) ukavSirdeba486.
qristianobis gavrcelebisaTvis xeli unda SeewyoT afxazeTis teritoriaze
dislocirebul romael jariskacebs, imperiis Soreul garnizonebSi momsaxure
da mere samSobloSi dabrunebul adgilobriv qarTvelebs. IIs. bolos mcxovrebi
lionis episkoposi irinei adasturebda iveriaSi qristianobis arsebobas487. im
droisaTvis saqarTveloSi, maT Soris afxazeTSi ukve arsebobdnen qristianuli
Temebi488.

478 . anania jafariZe. saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t. 1. Tb., 1996, gv. 38.
479 . Сказание о Св. Апостоле Симоне Кананите (он же Зилот). М., 1891, gv. 7.
480 . Zveli qarTuli literaturis qrestomaTia, t. 1. Tb., 1946, gv. 27-28; georgika, t. 4, w. 1, gv. 57-59.
482 . anania jafariZe. saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t. 1, gv. 71, 86-102.
483 . georgika, t. 4, naw. I, gv.57.
484 . georgika, t. 4, naw. I, gv. 54; T. mibCuani. afxazeTis materialuri kulturis Zeglebi da epigrafika. Tb.,
1999, gv. 22. qarTvelur enobriv sivrceSi RvTaebis saxelis gamoyeneba geografiuli punqtebis saxelwodebad
sakmaod gavrcelebulia. Aam tipisaa, magaliTad, toponimebi: sameba, dali (dalis xeoba), mTavarangelozi (Sdr.
afxazeTis teritoriaze fiqsirebuli Targelozi_ mTavarangelozi) da a. S.
485 . T. gvancelaZe. afxazeTis istoriografiis lingvisturi safuZvlebi, gv. 40, 44-45.
486 . j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba. Tb., 2005, gv. 47-56.
487 . iqve, gv. 51.
488 . anania jafariZe. saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t. 1, gv. 133.
86
axali sarwmunoebis gavrcelebas afxazeTSi didad Seuwyo xeli IVs. pirvel
meoTxedSi qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebam rogorc romis
imperiaSi, ise saqarTveloSi _ iberiaSi, lazikaSi, am ukanasknelisadmi
daqvemdebarebul abazgiasa da afsiliaSi. wm.nino kapadokieli, savaraudod,
dasavleT saqarTvelos ganmanaTlebelicaa. Vs. avtoris gelasi kvizirelis
cnobiT (eyrdnoba ge-
lasi kesariels), imperator konstantine I-is (306-337ww.) dros `RmerTis mcneba
miiRes pontos gaswvriv mdebare miwa-wyalze mcxovrebma iberebma da lazebma~489,
rasac igi `tyve dedakacis~ _ wm.ninos damsaxurebad miiCnevda. nikeis I msoflio
saeklesio krebaze (325w.) biWvinTis episkopos stratofiles, agreTve trapizonis
episkopos domnusis daswreba490 dasavleT saqarTveloSi qristianobis farTod
gavrcelebaze miuTiTebs. mTeli am regionis mTavari saeklesio centri im
periodidan vidre hunebis Semosevamde biWvinTa unda yofiliyo491. V saukuneSi _
vaxtang gorgaslis epoqaSi - saqarTvelo erTiania, Sesabamisad erTiani iyo
eklesiac; igi mcxeTas emorCileboda, wirva-locva qarTulad aResruleboda;
kelasurTan sazRvris gavlebis Semdeg am sazRvris Crdilo-dasavleTiT mdebare
afxazeTi, anania jafariZis dasabuTebuli varaudiT, saxelmwifoebrivad da,
Sesabamisad, eklesiuradac bizantiis nawili gaxda492.
Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze qristianoba sakmao doneze iyo
gavrcelebuli, razec komanis episkopos vasiliskos moRvaweobac miuTiTebs. igi
didmowame Tevdore tironis naTesavi yofila. vasiliskos, rogorc qristianis,
wameba daaxloebiT 308w. momxdara. swored is gamoecxada gardacvalebis win
ioane oqropirs493. wmindanebi vasilisko da 407w. gardacvlili ioane erTmaneTis
gverdi-gverd iyvnen komanSi dasaflavebulni. aqauri mosaxleobis
sarwmunoebrivi mdgomareobis maCvenebelia komanis episkoposisa da adgilobrivi
mrevlis Tayvaniscema ioane oqropiris saflavisadmi. roca imperatorma Teodosi
II-m (408-450ww.) wmindanis konstantinopolSi gadasveneba gadawyvita (438w.),
komanis mRvdelmTavrisa da mosaxleobis did winaaRmdegobas waawyda.
adgilobrivi qristianebi ar Tmobdnen ioane oqropiris neSTs; iyo mwuxareba,
sevda da moTqma-godeba; roca wmindanis uxrwneli neSTi sarkofagidan amoasve-
nes, Sekrebili mosaxleoba samRvdeloebasTan erTad mTeli Rame galobda,
anTebuli sanTlebiT xelSi Tayvans scemda mas. xalxma winaaRmdegoba bolomde
mainc ver gaswia da gulamoskvnili tiriliT gaacila ioane oqropiris neSTi494.
udidesi siwminde _ sarkofagi maSin komanSi darCa da saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
morwmuneTa Tayvaniscemis sagans warmoadgens495.
qristianobis gavrcelebis masStabebze metyveleben biWvinTasa da mis
SemogarenSi aRmoCenil sakulto nagebobaTa (IV-VIss.) mTeli kompleqsi
unikaluri nivTebiT; aranakleb mniSvnelovani qristianuli ganZia aRmoCenili
webeldaSic496. aq mopovebuli masala adasturebs webeldaSi mcxovrebi
afsilebis Sesaxeb pr.kesarielis cnobis WeSmaritebas: àfsilebi lazebis
qveSevrdomni arian da isini ZveliTganve qristianebi iyvnen~497. is faqti, rom
489 . georgika, t. I, gv.186, 245-246.

490 . iqve, gv. 1-10.
491 . b. diasamiZe. qristianoba dasavleT saqarTveloSi (I-X ss.). baTumi, 2001, gv. 105; samegrelo, kolxeTi,
odiSi (T. beraZe), gv. 105.
492 . anania jafariZe. saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t. 1, gv. 16-28.
493 . j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 56.
494 . - . ., 1898, . 200;
. - б., 1902,gv. 158.
495 . saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqma, uwmindesma da unetaresma ilia II-m, roca igi cxum-afxazeTis
mitropoliti brZandeboda (1967-1977 ww.), wm. ioane oqropiris sarkofagi soxumis sakaTedro taZarSi gadaasvena
da amiT ganadgurebas gadaarCina. mogvianebiT iuri (giorgi) anuasa da zoia adamias RvTismosavma ojaxma
komanis eklesia aRadgina. 1990 w. 25 noembers sarkofagi am eklesiaSi gadmoasvenes. meore dRes komanis
eklesiaSi pirveli RvTismsaxureba misma uwmindesobam ilia II-m Caatara. _ madli, 1997, 18 seqtemberi.
496 . Sesabamisi literatura ix.: j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 97, sq. 88.
497 . georgika, t. 2, gv. 128.
87
Tanamedrove afsua-afxazebs sakuTari qristianuli terminologia ar gaaCniaT
da igi literaturuli qarTulidan, an misi megruli dialeqtidan aqvT
nasesxebi (aqve, gv. 190-192), afxazeTis uZvelesi mosaxleobis eTnikur
kuTvnilebaze, maT qarTvelobaze miuTiTebs.
qristianobis gavrceleba iyo sawindari romTan da bizantiasTan mWidro
kavSiris damyarebisa, regionis usafrTxoebisa, misi kulturul-ekonomikuri daw-
inaurebisa, qarTvelTa Semdgomi erovnuli konsolidaciisa. amave dros igi
emsaxureboda politikuri miznebis miRwevasac _ imperiis poziciebis
ganmtkicebas lazikaSi. am miznebis Sesabamisad xdeboda calkeuli politikuri
erTeulebis
Camoyalibeba, SemdgomSi zogierTi maTganis dawinaureba Tu CamoqveiTeba,
agreTve qristianuli centrebis dafuZneba da maTi reorganizacia.
3. afxazeTi egrisis (lazikis) SemadgenlobaSi
rTuli saerTaSoriso viTareba Tavisebur gavlenas axdenda regionSi mim-

dinare politikur procesebze. IIIs. SuaxanebisaTvis gaZlierebuli sasaniduri
irani TandaTanobiT aviwroebda romis imperias, romelic Sida anarqiam moicva;
xSirad icvlebodnen imperatorebi (`jariskacTa imperatorebis~ periodi 235
wlidan 284 wlamde gagrZelda); imperias gamoeyo britaneTi, espaneTi, galia da
siria-egvipte (palmiris samefo); gaxSirda sxvadasxva velur tomTa Tavdasxmebi.
IIIs. meore naxevarSi unda Camoyalibebuliyo lazeTis samefoc, Tumca misi
ganTavisufleba ufro gvianaa savaraudebeli. 50-ian wlebSi kolxeTis sanapiro
goTebma dalaSqres, Tavs daesxnen biWvinTas, magram adgilobrivma romaulma
garnizonma momxdurebi daamarcxa; male goTebi kvlav gamoCndnen jer fazisTan
(sadac Zlier winaaRmdegobas waawydnen), mere biWvinTasTan, romelic aiRes da
pirwmindad gaZarcves, daxoces romaeli jariskacebis498 umetesoba, nawili tyved
waasxes. goTebma aaoxres trapizonic499. IIIs. bolos romis winaaRmdeg bosforis
samefom gailaSqra, aiRo lazeTi da mcire aziamde miaRwia. g.meliqiSvilis
azriT, lazebi marto ebrZodnen dampyroblebs, romaelebi ki, savaraudod,
lazeTSi ukve aRar iyvnen500.
IIIs. dasasruli romis imperiisaTvis aris garkveuli stabilizaciisa da
dakarguli poziciebis aRdgenis periodi. moxerxda warTmeuli teritoriebis
nawilis isev SemoerTeba, sxvadasxva tomTa Semotevis mogerieba, warmatebis
miRweva iranTan omSi. im periodSi imperiuli centri nel-nela
aRmosavleTisaken iwyebs gadmonacvlebas; Zlierdeba poziciebi aRmosavleTis
provinciebSi. IIIs. bolosaTvis aRdga biWvinTis romauli garnizoni, igi male
gafarTovda; aq unda yofiliyo aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi romaelTa
saxmeleTo Tu sazRvao Zalebis ZiriTadi birTvi mTavarsardlobis
rezidenciiTurT; aRdga da gafarTovda sebastopolisis garnizonic
(savaraudod, isic goTebma aaoxres); IVs. I naxevarSi savaraudoa romauli
garnizonis kvlav Cayeneba lazikaSi501. T.beraZis azriT, IVs. 60-ian wlebSi
egrisi ukve imperiis farglebs gareT mdebare qveyanaa502.
498 . romauli garnizoni biWvinTaSi 135-152 ww. Soris Cadga (T. Todua. dasax. naSromi, gv. 26).
499 . n. lomouri. egrisis samefos istoria, gv. 40-42; T. Todua. dasax. naSromi, gv. 32-33.
500 . . . . , gv. 381.
501 . iqve, gv. 381, 385.; T. Todua. dasax. naSromi, gv. 30-36.
502 . samegrelo, kolxeTi, odiSi, gv. 102.
88
s. janaSia lazikis TiTqmis damoukidebeli samefos Seqmnas romis
dasustebasa da iranis gaZlierebas ukavSirebda503. aucileblad aris
gasaTvaliswinebeli g.meliqiSvilis poziciac, romlis azriT, lazikis saxiT
roms sWirdeboda Zlieri mokavSire kavkasiis zekarebis dasacavad, velur tomTa
Semosevebis aRsakveTad. gansakuTrebul safrTxes warmoadgendnen hunebi. maT
gaanadgures bosforis samefo, alanTa gaerTianebebi, SemoiWrnen kavkasiaSi,
aaoxres biWvinTa (IVs. 70-iani wlebi) da a.S. hunebis Sekaveba orive mxaris
interesebSi Sedioda.
mxedvelobaSia misaRebi kidev erTi garemoeba. IVs. dasawyisidan didi
yuradReba eqceoda qristianobis faqtors, romelic romsa da lazikas Soris
samokavSireo urTierTobis damyarebis erT-erTi safuZveli xdeba im viTarebaSi,
roca iranTan dapirispirebis Sedegad Camoyalibebuli ZalTa axali
Tanafardoba imperias ar aZlevda egrisze kontrolis srulad aRdgenis
saSualebas. romi Tu ar exmareboda, Tvals mainc xuWavda lazikis
gafarToebaze CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT. amasTanave, kategoriulad miuRebelia
g.meliqiSvilisa da sxva mecnierTa mtkiceba II saukuneSi lazebis mier `mTieli~
afSilebis, abazgebis da aseve svanebis Crdilo-
dasavleTiT Seviwroebis Sesaxeb504. araviTari gadaadgileba da èTnikuri~
sazRvrebis Secvla afxazeTis teritoriaze arcerTi mimarTulebiT wyaroebSi
ar ixsenieba. miuxedavad amisa, n.lomouri wers: `Vs-is dasawyisisaTvis, Tu
ufro adre ara, lazikis samefos gaZlierebis Sedegad, sazRvarma lazebsa da
afsilebs Soris gadainacvla md.kodoramde; lazebma Seaviwroves afsilebi, am
ukanasknelebma ki _ abazgebi... CrdiloeTisaken gadainacvles abazgebmac _ maT
daikaves teritoria md. gumisTasa da md.fsous Soris. sanigebis gankargulebaSi
darCa sanapiros monakveTi mdinareebis _ fsousa da Saxes Soris~505. mokled,
lazebis `Setevis~ Sedegad afsilebi gumisTamde gadaadgilebulan; afsilebis
mier `Seviwroebul~ abazgebs daukavebiaT gumisTa-fsous monakveTi da a.S. orive
`Seviwroebuli tomi~ bevrad ukeTes da bevrad met teritorias ìkavebs~, vidre
`Seviwroebamde~ flobda. afsil-abazgTa mTielebad gamocxadeba aris mizezi
msgavsi usafuZvlo da alogikuri daskvnebisa. Tanamedrove afxazeTis
teritoriaze maSin cxovrobda romaelebis mier xelovnurad ramdenime `same-
fod~ dayofili erTi xalxi. am erTeulebs Soris sazRvrebis Secvla ar iwvevda
aranair masobriv gadaadgilebebs erTi SuamdinareTidan àucileblad~ meore
SuamdinareTamde. erTsa da imave adgilas calkeuli avtorebis mier sxvadasxva
èTnosTa~ dasaxeleba xazs usvamda mxolod maT eTnikur identurobas da ar
gulisxmobda aRniSnul teritoriaze wyaroebisTvis ucnob gadasaxleba-
gadaadgilebebs. droa, gavTavisufldeT am Tavsmoxveul imperiul-
separatistuli versiebisagan . swori unda iyos T.mibCuani, romelic gagra-
506
biWvinTis monakveTze sxvadasxva avtorTa mier sxvadasxva dros henioxebis,

sanigebis, suano-kolxebis, abazgebis dasaxelebas maTi igiveobiT _ qarTvelobiT
xsnis507. igive suraTi gvaqvs afxazeTis sxva regionebSic.
IVs. meore naxevrisaTvis lazika moicavda mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos
dedaqalaqiT cixe-gojSi508 (arqeopolisi). Crdilo-dasavleTiT misi iurisdiqcia
vrceldeboda afsilebze, abazgebze, svanebze, skvimniaze – Zveli qarTuli
wyaroebis Takverze (raWa-leCxumi), savaraudod, sanigebzec. maTi mTavrebi
Zalauflebas inarCunebdnen, magram iyvnen vasalebi lazTa mefisa, romelic maT
amtkicebda. abazgebs ori Tvistomi mTavari hyoliaT; àmasTan erTi dawesebuli
503 . . . , gv. 24-25.

504 . . . . , gv. 383.
506 . separatistebis mtkicebiT, afsilebi VI saukuneSi lazebma md. enguramde Seaviwroves (?!). ix.: О.
Бгажба, С. Лакоба. , gv. 85.
507 . T.mibCuani. afxazeTis mat. kulturis Zeglebi, gv. 16; misive: afxazeTis avt. resp. istoria, gv. 45-46.
508 . saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. 1. gv. 555-558.
89
iyo dasavleTis nawilSi, _ werda pr.kesarieli, _ xolo meore _
aRmosavleTisaSi~.509 ori mmarTvelis yola abazgiis dabali statusis
maCvenebelia. pr.kesarielis mowmobiT, afsilebi ZvelTaganve lazTa
510
qveSevrdomebi arian ; rogorc irkveva, afSileTi warmoadgenda lazikis
uSualo nawils, magram calke administraciul erTeuls, romelsac lazTa
mefis daniSnuli magistrosebi da sxva moxeleebi marTavdnen; aqaur cixeebSi
lazuri garnizonebi idgnen511. Tavis mxriv, lazTa mefec konstantinopolSi
mtkicdeboda; sxva valdebulebebi romaelTa winaSe mas ar hqonda, Tu
mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT kavkasiis zekarebis dacvis saerTo interesebs. amitom
ambobda Teodore kvireli (Vs.): `bevrma miiRo monobis lagami, magram
dammonebelTa kanonebis mixedviT cxovreba ar SeeZloT... arc lazebi, arc
sanebi, arc abazgebi, arc sxva barbarosebi, romelnic ki romaelTa batonobas
eloliavebian, ar sdeben erTmaneTSi xelSekrulebebs romaelTa kanonebis
mixedviT~512. prokopi kesarieli adasturebda, rom lazebi ki iyvnen romaelebis
qveSevrdomebi, magram àrc xarks uxdidnen, arc sxva rameSi emorCilebodnen
maT, garda imisa, rom rodesac maT mefe moukvdebodaT, romaelTa mefe
ugzavnida samefo taxtis memkvidres Zalauflebis simbolos~513. romi icavda am
qveynis sazRvrebs, raTa hunebi lazeTis gavliT romaelTa miwa-wyalze ar
SeWriliyvnen. lazebs am dros romaelebTan erTad laSqrobac ki ar
evalebodaT. agaTia sqolastikosis cnobiT, `Zliersa da mamac toms
warmoadgendnen lazebi da sxva Zlier tomebsac mbrZaneblobdnen; amayobdnen
kolxTa Zveli saxeliT da zomaze metad qedmaRlobdnen, SesaZlebelia, arc Tu
ise usafuZvlod. im tomebs Soris, romlebic sxva saxelmwifos eqvemdebarebian,
me ar meguleba arc erTi sxva, esoden saxelganTqmuli da morWmuli, rogorc
Tavisi simdidris siuxviT, ise qveSevrdomTa simravliT, rogorc miwawylis
siWarbiT da mosavlianobiT, ise xasiaTis silamaziTa da sicqvitiT~514. es
cnobac romisagan damoukideblobis maRal xarisxze da sxva mezobel
politikur erTeulebze lazikis Zalauflebis gavrcelebaze miuTiTebs.
Vs. 50-60-ian wlebSi warumateblad dasrulda lazeTis mcdeloba bizantiis-
agan sruli damoukideblobis mopovebisa; ufro metic, im periodSi man svaneTze
kontrolic dakarga515, rac, SesaZloa, bizantiis nebiTa da xelSewyobiT
ganxorcielda. qarTuli saistorio tradiciiT, rogorc zemoT ukve iTqva,
daaxloebiT imave periodSi qarTlis mefe vaxtang gorgasalma Vs. SuaxanebSi
isargebla im garemoebiT, rom `mefe berZenTa leon didi (457-474ww. _ avt.)
ucalo iyo brZolisagan sparsTasa da verSemZlebel iyo spaTa gamogzavnad
afxazeTs~, dalaSqra dasavleT saqarTvelo vidre cixe-gojamde516. warmatebuli
aRmoCnda laSqroba berZenTa winaaRmdeg, romelic zaviT dasrulda: `da
gamoikiTxa keisarman sazRvari saberZneTisa, qveyana zRvis pirisa, romel ars
afxazeTi, da rqua esreT: ègris wyliTgan vidre mdinaredmde mcirisa
xazareTisa _ ese sazRvari ars saberZneTisa aleqsandrobiTgan (aleqsandre
makedonelis droidan _ avt.), romeli aw Sen migiRia mklaviTa Cuengan. aw igi
ukumoguec, da odes wariyvanebde colsa Sensa, asulsa Cemsa, maSin mogce misgan
queyana. da dauwera egris wyalsa da klisurasa Sua queyana ziTvad, da sxua
afxazeTi ukusca vaxtang berZenTa~517. es aris istoriuli realobis Semcveli
legenda, romelic asaxavs bizantiis mcdelobas iranisken taqtikuri
509 . georgika, t. 2, gv. 133. d. leTodianis azriT, aq saqme unda gvqondes ori sxvadasxva erTeulis _
sanigebisa da abazgebis saerisTavoebis arsebobasTan (d. leTodiani. afxazeTis.., gv. 145).
510 . iqve, gv. 128, 162-165.
511 . iqve, gv. 162-165; saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. II,. gv. 165-166.
512 . georgika, t. 1, gv. 226-227.
513 . georgika, t. 2, gv. 172.
514 . iqve gv. 50-51.
515 . saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. 2, gv. 167-169.
517 . iqve, gv. 177.
90
mosazrebiT gadaxrili lazikis dasustebisa misgan abazgiis CamocilebiT.
rogorc Cans, V saukuneSi es mizani mainc ver iqna miRweuli518.
VIs. pirvel naxevarSi viTareba gamwvavda. 523w. iranma qarTlSi mefoba
gaauqma da egrisis xelSi Cagdeba gadawyvita; dasavleT saqarTvelo afSileT-
abazgiis CaTvliT bizantia-iranis dapirispirebis asparezad iqca. etyoba, egriss
im droisaTvis ukve hqonda damyarebuli kavSiri iranTan da, SesaZloa,
garkveuli valdebulebac nakisri, magram bizantiis mier saswrafod miRebulma
zomebma mas pozicia Seacvlevina. 523w. gardacvlili egrisis mefis taxtze
bizantiam imave wels kanonieri memkvidre waTe aiyvana; igi, Turme, adre qris-
tianobisagan gamdgara (albaT, es iyo erT-erTi valdebuleba iranis winaSe).
amjerad ki mefed damtkicebis pirobiT kvlav moinaTla da meuRlesTan _ bi-
zantieli didebulis asulTan erTad sakuTar qveyanaSi dabrunda. waTes
gaqristianeba Sahma kavadma bizantiis mier qveSevrdomis gadabirebad Seafasa.
urCi `qveSevrdomis~ dasjis sababiT 528w. iranelTa jari egrisSi SemoiWra,
magram igi egris-bizantiis gaerTianebulma laSqarma ukuaqcia da samefos
sazRvrebidan gandevna519.
532 wels bizantia-irans Soris dadebuli ùvado zavis~ safuZvelze bi-
zantiam dasavleT saqarTveloSi, maT Soris biWvinTasa da sebastopolisSi sa-
kuTari garnizonebi Caayena. swored am jarebis xelmZRvanelTa TviTnebobam
ubiZga lazebs iranTan kavSirisaken. 542w. gubaz mefis mowveuli iranis jari
egrisSi Semovida da adgilobriv ZalebTan erTad bizantielTa mTavari samxe-
dro punqti _ petra gaaTavisufla. bizantielebma maSinve sebastopolisisa da
biWvinTis cixeebi Tavad daangries da iqauroba saswrafod datoves. 545-546ww.
bizantiam da iranma xuTwliani zavi Sekres. amasobaSi gubaz mefem iranelTa
veragoba ver aitana da orientacia kvlav bizantiisaken aiRo. 549w. iranelebi
egrisidan gandevnes. 550w. maT scades dabruneba, magram amaod. iranelTa axali
jari nabedis sardlobiT bizantia-egrisisagan gandgomil abazgiaSi cdilobda
damkvidrebas520.
am istoriuli movlenebis fonze moxda abazgebis moqceva. abazgiaSi
qristianobis gavrceleba da amasTan dakavSirebuli ambebi 542-548 wlebSi
Tavsdeba521. abazgTa moqceva da maTTvis taZris aSeneba522, agreTve fazisis
samitropolitos Seqmna523, VI s.SuaxanebSi sebastopolisis eparqiis dafuZneba, V
msoflio saeklesio krebaze (konstantinopoli, 533w. maisi) misi mRvdelmTavris
miwveva524, sarwmunoebrivi xasiaTis sxva RonisZiebebi525 pirdapir ukavSirdeba
bizantia-iranis dapirispirebas regionSi da emsaxureba dasavleT saqarTveloSi
bizantiis poziciebis ganmtkicebisa da usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis
interesebs. es RonisZiebebi miznad isaxavdnen arasaimedo lazikis dasustebas,
misgan abazgiis Camocilebas, erTmorwmune, morCili politikuri erTeulis
Seqmnas, kavkasiis karebis Caketvas da a.S. abazgiis gaqristianebasTan erTad
mTavrebs aekrZalaT ymawvilebis dasaWuriseba, ramac mosaxleobis didi
kmayofileba gamoiwvia. male abazgebma gadawyvites Tavisuflad ecxovraT da
518 . wyaroebidan ar Cans, rom abazgia V s. Camoscilda lazikas, rogorc werda a. bogveraZe (saqarTvelos
istoriis narkvevebi, t. 2, gv. 258). es moxda SedarebiT gvian (aqve, gv. 83).
519 . samegrelo, kolxeTi, odiSi (T. beraZe), gv. 107-108.
520 . iqve, gv. 109-112.
521 . d. leTodiani. Ziebani. Tb., 2003, gv. 121.
522 . m.uridias gamouqveynebeli werilis mixedviT, iustiniane I-ma abazgebisaTvis taZari aaSena lixnSi,
sadac romauli stilis uZvelesi eklesiis naSTebia aRmoCenili. sxva mosazrebebi ix.: j.gamaxaria. afxazeTi da
marTlmadidebloba, gv. 71-72.
523 . b. kudava. dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesia (IX-XI ss.). sakand. dis. Tb., 2002, gv. 12, 13.
524 . b. diasamiZe. dasax. naSromi, gv. 157; b. kudava. dasax. naSromi, gv. 14. sebastopolisis episkoposis V
msoflio saeklesio krebaze daswrebis faqts saeWvod miiCnevs anania jafariZe. _ ix. misi: msoflio
saeklesio krebebi qarTvel episkoposTa monawileobiT. Tb., 2003, gv.11.
525 . b. diasamiZis azriT, VI s. 60-70-n wlebSi moxda sebastopolisis episkoposis ayvana arqiepiskoposis
xarisxSi, am gziT biWvinTis saepiskopososaTvis pirvelobis CamorTmeva, bizantia-iranis gaWianurebuli omis
pirobebSi erTguli da Zlieri mxardamWeris SeZena.
91
mospes mefoba, magram romaelTa mier SemoRebuli wesebi kidev ufro autaneli
aRmoCnda. isini ganudgnen romaelebsac da lazebsac. ìmis SiSiT, rom amieridan
romaelTa monebad ar gamxdariyvnen, _ werda pr.kesarieli, _ maT kvlav daiyenes
TavisTvis mTavrebi, aRmosavleTis nawilisaTvis ofsite saxelad, xolo
dasavleTisaTvis skeparna~526. T.beraZis varaudiT, amaSi egrisis mefis xelic
eria, rasac adasturebda aRmosavleT afxazeTSi ofsites _ gubaz II-is biZis
gamTavreba; egrisis samefo saxlis am warmomadgenlis STamomavlebi iyvnen, _
fiqrobs T.beraZe, _ afxazTa erisTavebi, romlebsac legitimuri ufleba
hqondaT egrisze527. sayuradRebo mosazrebaa.
abazgebma ara marto mTavrebi daiyenes xelaxla, aramed farulad sparselebs
miekedlnen (maTTan mosalaparakeblad skeparna gaemgzavra), rac male
gamomJRavnda da iustinianes ganrisxeba gamoiwvia. abazgTa winaaRmdeg 550w. man
didZali jari gamogzavna bessas meTaurobiT. gadamwyveti brZolebi traqeas
(axal aTonTan Tu gagrasTan) cixis midamoebSi gaimarTa. romaelebi sastikad
gauswordnen abazgebs; ofsitem gaqceva moaxerxa da Tavi hunebs Seafara;
danarCenebi ki, _ werda pr. kesarieli, _ an ferflad iqcnen gadamwvar
saxlebTan erTad, an mtris xelSi Cavardnen. romaelebma daatyveves mTavarTa
colebi mTeli maTi STamomavlobiTurT, cixis galavani ki miwasTan gaaswores
da mTeli miwa-wyali udabnod aqcies. ase dasrulda abazgebis gandgoma~528.
imave xanebSi (552w.) moxda afsilebis gandgomac. lazTa mefe gubazTan
dapirispirebulma afSileTis magistrosma, warCinebulma lazma Terdetma529 we-
belis cixe sparselebs Caabara. maSveli Zala arsaidan Canda, romaelebi da
lazebi petrasTan iranelebis winaaRmdeg brZoliT iyvnen dakavebulni. inici-
ativa Tavis Tavze aiRo cixis ufrosma, romelmac ver aitana iranelTa jaris
meTauris mxridan misi afSili meuRlis Seuracxyofa da cixeSi Semosuli
sparselebi RamiT erTianad amowyvita. amis Semdeg afSilebi `kolxebs ga-
daudgnen da ambobdnen, rom kolxebma ar isurves daxmareba aRmoeCinaT maTTvis,
rodesac isini sparselebis mxriT gansacdelSi iyvnen Cayenebuli, magram
gubazma gagzavna maT winaaRmdeg aTasi romaeli da ioane Tomas Ze... man Tavi
mouqona maT da ubrZolvelad SeZlo damorCileba da isini kvlav lazTa qve-
Sevrdomebi gaxdnen~530. egriselebma da romaelebma iranelebi afxazeTidan
mTlianad gandevnes.
dapirispireba or did saxelmwifos Soris amiT ar dasrulebula. bizantie-
lebma miwasTan gaaswores petras cixe-simagre, misi mcveli iranelebi ki erTi-
anad amoxoces; sastiki marcxi ganicada iranelTa jarma arqeopolisTan, magram
moaxerxa quTaisSi gamagreba. 552 wels dadebuli xuTwliani zaviT mxolod
iranelebma isargebles. erTma warCinebulma lazma maT uqimerionis cixe
Caabara, ris Semdegac leCxumi da svaneTic iranelTa xelSi gadavida. maT
daikaves agreTve telefisis cixe (tolebis midamoebSi).
gubaz mefe, romelic bizantielTa erTguli darCa, keisars misi sardlebis
samarcxvino saqcielis Sesaxeb acnobebda, rac gaxda mizezi mefis veraguli
mkvlelobisa (554w.). aRSfoTebulma lazebma TaTbiris Semdeg mainc bizantiasTan
kavSiri arCies im pirobiT, rom gubazis mkvlelebi sastikad daisjebodnen.
keisarma lazTa es moTxovna daakmayofila. axali mefe waTe II pativiT
gamoistumres samSobloSi. saSinao sakiTxebSi igi mTlianad damoukidebeli
iyo531.
526 . georgika, t. 2, gv. 156, 157.

527 . samegrelo, kolxeTi, odiSi, gv. 112; s. yauxCiSvilis azriT, gubaz mefis biZa ofsite da afxazeTis
erT-erTi mmarTveli ofsite sxvadasxva pirovnebebi arian. _ georgika, t. 2, gv. 156.
528 . georgika, t. 2, gv. 161.
529 . separatistebi mkiTxvelebs umalaven, rom Terdeti iyo ara ubralod `lazi warCinebuli, romelsac
kargad icnobdnen afsilebi~ ( . , . . , gv. 88.), aramed am mxaris mmarTveli.
530 . georgika, t. 2, gv. 164-165.
531 . saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. 2, gv. 259-265; samegrelo, kolxeTi, odiSi (T. beraZe), gv. 113-115.
92
bizantielma sardalma soteriqem, romelic waTes konstantinopolidan
gamoayoles, Tavisi saqcieliT misimielTa Temi aajanya. dadgenilia, rom es Temi
afxazeTis Tanamedrove teritoriaze, kodoris xeobaSi cxovrobda; eWvs ar
iwvevs misi svanuri warmomavlobac532. rogorc agaTia sqolastikosi werda,
misimianebi `kolxTa qveSevrdomni arian msgavsad afsilebisa, xolo
gansxvavebul enaze laparakoben da sxva kanonebsac misdeven. isini am afsilTa
tomze ufro CrdiloeTiT cxovroben, odnav aRmosavleTisaken~533. afSilebisgan
gansxvavebuli ena _ svanuri metyvelebaa, Crdilo-aRmosavleTi mxare ki _
kodoris xeoba.
555w. buqlosis cixeSi Casuli soteriqe mokavSire kavkasiel xalxTa war-
momadgenlebs fuls urigebda. misimielebma ifiqres, rom bizantiel sardals am
cixis alanebisaTvis gadacema surda, amitom delegacia miugzavnes da iqaurobis
datoveba mosTxoves. soteriqem delegaciis wevrebi acemina, riTac Seuracxyofa
miayena mTel Tems. aRelvebuli mosaxleoba RamiT bizantielTa banakSi SeiWra
da yvela daxoca, waiRo iaraRi da fuli. imavdroulad, misimielebma
daxmarebisaTvis iberiaSi myof iranelebs mimarTes, Tavis mxrivac mxardaWera
aRuTqves. `Cveni qveyana mdebareobs kolxeTis zemoT, is Tqven sando sayrden
adgilad gamogadgebaT da mtris winaaRmdeg sasimagro farad~534., _ ganucxada
misimielTa delegaciam iranel sardals. es yovelive maSinve gaxda cnobili
bizantielebisaTvis. maT jer naxoraganis (vinc miiRo misimielTa delegacia)
sardlobiT egrisSi SemoWrili iranelTa jari daamarcxes da daiwyes mzadeba
misimianeTis dasalaSqravad. iranelTa gaaqtiurebasTan dakavSirebiT,
gazafxulisaTvis dagegmili operaciis ganxorcieleba zamTris dadgomamde ver
moxerxda. bizantielTa laSqari Tavidan afSileTSi Cavida; iqidan misimielebs
elCebi (afSilebi) gaugzavnes da konfliqtis mSvidobiani mogvareba SesTavazes.
es winadadeba ar iqna miRebuli; ufro metic, misimielebma elCebic daxoces.
miuxedavad misimielTa mxridan medgari winaaRmdegobisa da Tavdadebisa,
bizantielebi sastikad gauswordnen amboxebulebs, daxoces 5 aTasamde vaJkaci,
ufro meti qali da kidev ufro meti bavSvi535. amis Semdeg bizantielebma
wamoiyvanes mZevlebi, daibrunes gatacebuli fuli da didZali nadavliT ukan
gabrundnen; misimielebs ki ufleba misces, `kvlav TavianT nebaze ecxovraT
sakuTar qveyanaSi
da Zveleburi cxovreba gaegrZelebinaT~536. misimielTa qarTuli Temi
bizantielTa mier Cadenili barbarosobis Sedegad dasustda da VIIIs. Suaxanebis
Semdeg istoriul arenaze ar Cans. savaraudod, maT kidev ufro CrdiloeTiT,
svaneTisaken gadaiwies da usafrTxo adgilebSi dasaxldnen. adgilze
darCenilebma XVIIs. bolodan afsuizacia ganicades da mogvianebiT muhajirebad
iqcnen.
562 wels `didi omianoba egrisSi~ dasrulda ocwliani zaviT. dasavleT
saqarTveloSi iranelebi mxolod svaneTSi rCebodnen. 575 wels bizantia-egrisis
jarma iranuli orientaciis svaneTis mTavari daatyveva, ris Semdegac
sparselebma mTlianad amoikveTes fexi egrisis samefodan537. egrisSi, romlis
qveSevrdomebad kvlav rCebodnen afSileTi, misimianeTi da abazgia (yvelani er-
Tad ki _ bizantiis gavlenis sferoSi) droebiT mSvidobianobam daisadgura.
z.anCabaZis mtkicebiT, abazgia VIs. Suaxanebidan uSualod bizantias eq-
vemdebareboda, afSileTi da misimianeTi ki lazikis vasalebad rCebodnen538.
532 . s. yauxCiSvili. misimianTa tomi. _ Tsu-s Sromebi, t. 1, Tb., 1936, gv. 277-280; T. mibCuani. dasavleT
saqarTvelos..., gv. 128-143; g. gasviani. vin iyvnen misimianebi. _ cxumi, 1990, #3, gv. 23-42. da a.S.
533 . georgika, t. 3, gv. 86.
534 . iqve, gv. 155.
535 . iqve, gv. 156-157, 160-174.
536 . iqve, gv. 174.
537 . samegrelo, kolxeTi, odiSi (T. beraZe), gv. 117.
538 . . . ..., gv. 48, 49.
93
ufro swori unda iyos p.ingoroyvas mosazreba VIs. pirvel naxevarSi lazeTis
samefosagan abazgiis gamoyofis mxolod mcdelobis Sesaxeb. eklesiuri
gamijvnac bolomde ver ganxorcielda539; politikurad abazgia èrTgvarad
gankerZoebul adgils iWers lazeTis mxareTa SemadgenlobaSi. igi Tumca
lazeTis qveynis nawilad iTvleba (da mosaxleobis SemadgenlobiTac
qarTulia), magram politikuri gavlena bizantiisa aq ufro Zlieria, vidre
lazeTis sxva mxareebSi. aseTi mdgomareoba Seiqmna me-6 saukuneSi da
gagrZelebula me-7-8 saukuneSic~540. p.ingoroyvas am mosazrebis bolo nawili met
dasabuTebas da dakonkretebas moiTxovs iseve, rogorc mtkiceba VIs. meore
naxevarSi lazeTSi mefobis gauqmebis Sesaxeb541. mefobis gauqmeba da lazikisgan
abazgiis gamoyofa SemdgomSi ganviTarebulma movlenebma ganapirobes.
VIIs. dasawyisSi, 604 wels iranma sababad gamoiyena konstantinopolSi
momxdari saxelmwifo gadatrialeba, ganaaxla saomari moqmedebebi da mokle
xanSi bizantias gamanadgurebeli dartymebi miayena, daipyro misi teritoriis
didi nawili. mZime mdgomareobidan imperiis gamoyvanis mizniT senatma
saimperatoro taxtze energiuli mmarTveli herakle (610-641ww.) aiyvana. VIIs. 20-
ian wlebSi man gadawyvita ieriSi mietana iranze. am samkvdro-sasicocxlo
brZolebSi erTxans iberia, lazika da abazgiac monawileobdnen, magram maT
mxari ar dauWeriaT iranSi SeWris herakleseuli gegmisaTvis, xolo roca
sparselTa jari keisars wamoewia da kritikuli mdgomareoba Seiqmna, lazebsa
da abazgebs uari uTqvamT mokavSireobaze da Sinisaken gabrunebulan542. es faqti
cxadad metyvelebs qarTuli politikuri erTeulebis damoukideblobis sakmaod
maRal xarisxze.
iranTan omSi bizantias ufro saimedo da Zlieri mokavSire sWirdeboda.
aseTi aRmoCnda xazareTi, romlis daxmarebiT herakle keisarma 627-628ww.
daamarcxa irani da mTel amierkavkasiaze didi xniT bizantielTa hegemonia
daamyara543. bizantiam swored VIIs. 20-ian wlebSi abazgia gamoiyvana lazikis
samefos daqvemdebarebidan, daimorCila uSualod da anakofiaSi dasva Tavisi
arqonti _ qarTuli wyaroebis àfxazeTis erisTavi~544. imave periodSi unda
momxdariyo eklesiuri gamijvnac, rasac adasturebs herakles mmarTvelobis
dros Sedgenili I noticia _ konstantinopolis sapatriarqo kaTedraTa nusxebi.
Crdilo-dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze dafiqsirebulia jiqeTis eparqiaSi
Semavali nikofsiis avtokefaluri
saarqiepiskoposo, abazgiis eparqiaSi Semavali sebastopolisis avtokefaluri

saarqiepiskoposo da lazikis (fazisis samitropolito) eparqiaSi Semavali
ziganevis (gudavis) saepiskoposo545. abazgiis eparqia moicavda afSileTsac,
romlis mTavar qalaq sebastopolisSi iyo ganlagebuli avtokefaluri saarqie-
piskoposo.
imJamindeli àvtokefaluri saarqiepiskoposo~ Tanamedrove gagebiT samo-
ciqulo eklesiis damoukideblobas ar niSnavda, rogorc es e.ajinjals war-
moudgenia, aramed uSualod konstantinopolisadmi daqvemdebarebul saeklesio
centrs, romlis damoukidebloba iyo formaluri, realur Sinaarss moklebuli.
539 . b. kudavas azriT, sebastopolisis saepiskoposo fazisis mitropolits eqvemdebareboda (b. kudava.
dasax. naSromi, gv. 185-187.)
540 . p. ingoroyva. dasax. naSromi, gv. 194.
541 . iqve, gv. 191.
542 . . . , gv. 36-37; saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t.
2, gv. 379-380.
543 . saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. 2, gv. 281-283.
544 . . . , gv. 37; Д. Мусхелишвили. Исторический статус
Абхазии в грузинской государственности. – Разыскания по истории Абхазии/Грузия, gv. 125.
545 . j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 79, 100 (sqolio 137). b. diasamiZe sebastopolisis
saepiskoposos avtokefalur saarqiepiskoposod gardaqmnas VI s. 70-ian wlebSi varaudobs (b.diasamiZe. dasax.
naSromi, gv. 161).
94
ase esmis àvtokefalia~ meore afxaz mkvlevars d.dbars546. sebastopolisis av-
tokefaluri saarqiepiskoposos dafuZneba ganapiroba, albaT, im garemoebam, rom
misi iurisdiqcia vrceldeboda or, erTmaneTisagan damoukidebel (abazgia da
lazikis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali afSileTi) politikur Tu administraciul
erTeulze; rogorc imperiis interesebis gamomxatveli da damcveli, is iyo
damoukidebeli, savaraudod, ara mxolod fazisis samitropolitosagan547,
aramed bizantiisaTvis naklebad sando abazgia-egrisis mmarTvelTaganac. etyoba,
es ukanaskneli faqtori (saero mmarTvelebisagan damoukidebloba) Zalian mniSv-
nelovan rols TamaSobda. aman ganapiroba, albaT, Crdilo-aRmosavleT
SavizRvispireTSi avtokefalur saepiskoposoTa simravle. mxolod jiqeTis
eparqiaSi sami (xersonis, bosforisa da nikofsiis), mTlianad konstantinopolis
daqvemdebarebaSi ki 41 aseTi kaTedra imyofeboda548. aSkaraa maTi kavSiri
imperiis politikur miznebTan da amocanebTan.
arsebobs mosazreba, rom konstantinopols daqvemdebarebuli da bizantiis
interesebis samsaxurSi myofi kaTedrebis paralelurad arsebobdnen ad-
gilobrivi qarTuli saeklesio centrebic549. eklesiuri gaucxoeba, SesaZloa,
daiwyo ukve VIIs., roca imperiaSi imZlavres monoTelitebma, roca Tanamoaz-
reebTan erTad lazikaSi gadasaxlebuli am mimdinareobis mTavari mowinaaRm-
dege maqsime aRmsarebeli 662w. saqarTveloSi gardaicvala da leCxumSi
daikrZala550. es gaucxoeba kidev ufro gaRrmavda e.w. xatmebrZolobis periodSi
(VIIIs. 20-iani _ IXs. 40-iani wlebi) da saqme ganxeTqilebamdec mivida. anania
jafariZis azriT, ukve VIIIs. I naxevarSi dasavleT saqarTvelo eklesiurad
bizantias gamoeyo. amasTan igi eyrdnoba 1669-1702ww. ierusalimeli patriarqis
dosiTeosis aseT cnobas: èrekles Semdeg (610-641ww. _ avt.) lev isavrosamde
(717-741ww. _ avt.) qvemo iberia ukve iyo avtokefaluri saarqiepiskoposo, magram
Cven ar viciT romeli imperatoris dros da romel krebaze mianiWes mas
avtokefalia. qvemo iberiis kaTalikosi pativiT ufro metia zemo iberiis
kaTalikosze, radganac is ukve isavrosis dros, 720 wels kaTalikosi iyo qvemo
iberiisa~551. antioqiis patriarq makaris (1648-1672 ww.) mixedviT, qarTvelTa
pirveli kaTalikosis _ ioanes kurTxeva (romelsac taxti afxazTa qveyanaSi
edga) moxda Teofilaqte antioqielis dros552. v.goilaZe amtkicebs, rom 744-
750ww. antioqiaSi xeldasxmuli ioane namdvilad iyo dasavleT saqarTvelos
pirveli kaTalikosi553. afxazTa samefos Seqmnamde igi, savaraudod, biWvinTis
kaTalikosis tituls atarebda da imTaviTve gamijnuli iyo konstaninopolis
sapatriarqosagan. biWvinTis kaTedra abazgiis gaZlierebasTan erTad
viTardeboda rogorc xatmebrZolobis sapirwone mniSvnelovani qarTuli
saeklesio centri. savsebiT damsaxurebulad iqca igi dasavleT saqarTvelos
sakaTalikoso kaTedrad. 758w. swored biWvinTaSi moxda guTeli episkoposis

xeldasxmac.
amrigad, dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesiuri gaerTianeba, misi gamijvna
konstantinopolis sapatriarqosagan554 win uswrebda mTeli am regionis
politikur gaerTianebas, imperiisagan gamoyofas da saxelmwifoebrivi
546 . . . dasax. naSromi, gv. 4-5 (d. dbaris winasityvaoba), 85-87.

547 . anania jafariZe miiCnevs, rom fazisis mitropolits eqvemdebarebodnen Crdilo-aRmosavleT
SavizRvispireTis avtokefaluri saarqiepiskoposoebic (ix. misi: msoflio saeklesio krebebi, gv. 25-27).
549 . iqve, gv. 88-89.
551 . anania jafariZe. saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t. 2. Tb., 1999, gv. 90-91.
552 . armaRani. aRmosavluri mwerlobis nimuSebi. Tb., 1932, gv. 89-90.
553 . v. goilaZe. qarTuli eklesiis saTaveebTan. Tb, 1991, gv. 169-178. v. goilaZis mosazrebas ar iziarebs b.
kudava (dasax. naSromi, gv. 135).
554 . afxazeTis sakaTalikosos VIII s. SuaxanebSi Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb mosazrebebs iziarebs d. dbari ( .
. dasax. naSromi, gv. 5-8).
95
damoukideblobis mopovebas. damoukidebeli qarTuli eklesiis arseboba xels
uwyobda eris konsolidacias, qarTul enaze RvTismsaxurebis aRdgena _
erovnuli kulturis aRorZinebasa da ganviTarebas. es yovelive ki uTuod
TamaSobda katalizatoris rols politikuri procesebis daCqarebis saqmeSi.
VIIs. Suaxanebsa da meore naxevarSi afxazeTSi arsebuli politikuri vi-
Tarebis Taobaze warmodgenas gviqmnis ierusalimeli monazoni Teodosi
gangreli, romlis TxzulebaSi avtoris mogonebebTan (668-669ww.) erTad
Setanilia 662w. lazeTSi gadasaxlebuli bizantieli moazrovnisa da
RvTismetyvelis maqsime aRmsareblis cxovrebis ukanaskneli wlebis Sesaxeb
cnobebis Semcveli anastasi apokrisiaris (maqsimesTan erTad iyo lazeTSi
gadasaxlebuli) werili555. misgan vigebT, rom lazika da abazgia erTmaneTisgan
damoukidebeli, bizantiis daqvemdebarebaSi moqceuli politikuri erTeulebia;
maT ar hyoliaT mefeebi da konstantinopolidan daniSnuli patrikiosebis mier
imarTebodnen. Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriis umetesi nawili afSileTisa
(md.kelasuridan md.gumisTamde Tu anakofiamde) da misimianeTis (kodoris xeoba)
CaTvliT lazikis SemadgenlobaSia (sakuTriv lazikis sazRvrebi kelasuramde
aRwevda). aSkarad Cans abazgiis dawinaurebis tendenciac. lazikis damxobili
mTavrebi abazgiaSi garbian; iq miRebuli rCevebisa da mxardaWeris wyalobiT
erT-erTma droebiT pativic daibruna. lazika da abazgia qristesmoyvare
qveynebia; qristesmoyvareni arian abazgiis mmarTvelebic. lazikis mmarTveli
grigoli moixsenieba rogorc `RvTivdaculi patrikiosi da magistrosi~,
romlis pirveli saxli jixaxoraSi (Tanamedrove oCamCiris Tu gulrifSis r-
nSi) mdebareobda; cnobili xdeba lazikis kidev erTi mmarTvelis _
lebarnikiosis saxeli, romelsac Teodosi gangreli piradad esaubra. aRsa-
niSnavia is garemoeba, rom lazikis, gansakuTrebiT abazgiis mmarTvelebi keTil
damokidebulebas amJRavnebdnen gadasaxlebulTa mimarT; amiT isini eurCebodnen
bizantiis monoTelitur saero xelisuflebas da aseve konstantinopolis
monoTelitur sapatriarqos.
VIIs. Suaxanebidan saqarTvelo axali _ arabuli safrTxis winaSe aRmoCnda;
saukunis bolosaTvis muhamedis mimdevrebma mtkiced moikides fexi qarTlSi. 697
wels lazikis patrikiosi sergi barnukis Ze bizantielebs aujanyda da qveyana
arabebs gadasca. VIIIs. dasawyisSi arabebis xelSi aRmoCnda mTeli dasavleT
saqarTvelo abazgiisa da kodoris xeobis CaTvliT556. bizantiam scada dasavleT
saqarTvelodan arabebis gandevna da regionze kontrolis aRdgena. am mizniT
keisarma vardan filipikosma (711-713ww.) qarTlis erismTavar stefanoz III-s (710-
738ww.) egrisis (dasavleT saqarTvelos afxazeTis CaTvliT) erismTavrobac
uboZa da arabTa winaaRmdeg brZola ubrZana557. 712 wels stefanoz III da misi
ufrosi vaJi miri gadavidnen egrisSi, sadac bizantielebTan erTad monawileoba
miiRes cixe-gojis arabTagan ganTavisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi. 714w. Semodgomaze
darubandis gavliT xazareTidan mobrunebuli arabi sardali maslama ibn abd-
al-maliqi stefanozis dasjis mizniT uzarmazari laSqriT jer qarTlSi,
Semdeg ki egrisSi SeiWra. bizantielebi da iberebi iZulebulni gaxdnen
moexsnaT alya cixe-gojisaTvis. bizantielTa Zalebma fazisisaken daixies, mirma
da arCilma (romelic aseve gamoeqca qarTlSi Semosul maslamas) Tavi afxazeTs
Seafares da anakofiaSi gamagrdnen. aq mosuli arabTa laSqari qarTvelebma
sastikad daamarcxes. stefanoz III am dros, rogorc T.beraZe da m.sanaZe
555 . georgika, t. 4, w. 1, gv. 38-56.

556 . . a. , gv. 38; saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. 2,
gv. 285-288.
557 . dasavleT saqarTveloSi arabTa winaaRmdeg brZolis istoriis, stefanoz III-is, arCilis, mirisa da
afxazeTis mTavris leon I-is moRvaweobis gaSuqebisas veyrdnobiT m.sanaZisa da T.beraZis axal, yovelmxriv
dasabuTebul mosazrebebs (m.sanaZe. erismTavrebi arCili da miri da `qarTlis cxovreba~. _ mesxeTi, 2001, IV,
gv. 71-88; T. beraZe, m. sanaZe. saqarTvelos istoria, naw. I. Tb., 2003, gv. 97-99; m. sanaZe, T. beraZe. VIII s.-s I
naxevris qarTlisa da egrisis politikuri istoriidan. _ qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba, 2004, X, gv. 70-81).
96
varaudoben, cocxalia da imyofeba SvilebTan (rac nakleb savaraudoa), an
fazisSi _ bizantielTa banakSi.
stefanozisa da misi vaJebis egrisSi moRvaweobis pirveli periodis zustma
daTariRebam da im arabi sardlis vinaobis garkvevam (maslama), romelTanac 714w.
qarTvelebs brZola mouxdaT, T.beraZes da m.sanaZes saSualeba misca sxvadasxva
wyaroTa (mose kalankatvacis àlvanTa istoria~, mirisa da arCilis cxovrebis
amsaxveli `qronika~, atenis warwerebi, Teofane JamTaaRmwerlis cnobebi)
SejerebiT daedginaT dasavleT saqarTveloSi arabTa orgzis _ jer maslamas
(714w.), SemdgomSi ki murvan yrus (738w.) sardlobiT - laSqrobis faqti, agreTve
iustiniane meoris (705-711ww.) elCis leon spaTaris (bizantiis keisari 717-741
wlebSi leon III isavrieli) egrissa da alaniaSi yofnis vadebi _ 711-714ww. leon
spaTars keisrisagan davalebuli hqonda alanebis mosyidva da waqezeba abazgiis
winaaRmdeg im dros, rodesac sarkinozebs epyraT abazgiac, lazikac da
iberiac558, _ gvamcnobs Teofane JamTaaRmwereli (760-818ww.). alanebi marTlac
SeiWrnen kodoris xeobaSi da didZali nadavliT ukan dabrundnen. abazgTa
mcdeloba, xelSi CaegdoT lev isavrieli alanebisaTvis gagzavnili `didZali
saCuqris~ fasad, alanTa axali SemoseviT, abazgiis darbeviTa da gaZarcviT
dasrulda. amis Semdeg abazgebma siamovnebiT miiRes iustiniane II-is winadadeba
misi elCis maT teritoriaze uvneblad gatarebis Sesaxeb; `samagierod yvela
Tqvens Secodebas gapatiebTo~559, _ SemoTvala keisarma. lev isavrieli ar endo
abazgebs da mxolod àfsilTa Soris upirvelesis~ _ marines (marianes)
meSveobiT samSvidobos gaaRwia. gzaSi man moaxerxa xelSi Caegdo
egreTwodebuli `rkinis cixe~, `sadac mcvelad ijda vinme farasmani,
sarkinozTagan dayenebuli~560. leon isavrielma daikava da daarbia es cixe, amis
Semdeg marianes xelSewyobiT afSileTidan konstantinopolSi dabrunda. mas Tan
gaayoles arabebze gamarjvebis mauwyebeli mociqulic. im periodisaTvis
iustiniane II ukve moeklaT (711w.), filipike daebrmavebinaT (713w.) da artemi
(anastasi II) mefobda (713-716ww.)561. m.sanaZem da T.beraZem daamtkices, rom
arabebTan brZolis konteqstSi moxseniebuli èrisTavi keisrisa leon~,
romelic `Sesrul iyo cixesa Sina sobRisasa~562, aris ara afxazeTis erisTavi
leon I, rogorc es miRebulia istoriografiaSi, aramed alaniidan mobrunebuli
leon isavrieli. man Tavisi misia warmatebiT Seasrula, afxazeTi kvlav imperias
daumorCila, magram samSoblosken gaRweva egrisSi arabTa mZlavrobis gamo
gauWirda; misi xelSemwyobi marine (mariane) aris igive mir stefanozis Ze563.
T.beraZisa da m.sanaZis mtkicebiT, leon III isavrielma rogorc ki keisris taxti
daikava (717-741ww.), amagi daufasa mirs da arCils. 717-718 wlebSi keisarma maT
ori _ egrisisa da qarTlis samefo gvirgvini gamougzavna. Sesabamisad,
stefanoz III-is titulaturam erTi safexuriT `maRla aiwia~ _ is gaxda
`megrelTa da qarTvelTa erisTavT erisTavTa ufali~564.
samxreT kavkasia arabebisa da xazarebis xSiri Setakebebis asparezad iqca,
amitom stefanoz III da misi vaJebi verc qarTlsa da verc egrisSi Tavs myarad
ver grZnobdnen. mxolod 730w. Semdeg, roca stefanoz III-is mowveviT aRmosavleT
amierkavkasiaSi SemoWrilma xazarebma arabebi daamarcxes, qarTlis mefis
Zalaufleba mTel saqarTveloze gavrcelda. qveynis gaerTianebas arabTa axali
sadamsjelo laSqroba mohyva. 738w. xazarTa mokavSire stefanoz mesamesTan
sabrZolvelad arabTa xalifam Tavisi naTesavi, sastiki da daundobeli marvan
558 . georgika, t. 4, w. 1, gv. 106-107.

559 . iqve, gv. 109.
560 . iqve, gv. 111.
561 . iqve, gv. 1113.
562 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. 1, gv. 235
563 . m. sanaZe, T. beraZe. VIII s-is I naxevris qarTlisa da egrisis politikuri istoriidan, gv. 73-75.
564 . iqve, gv. gv. 76.
97
ibn muhamedi (`qarTlis cxovrebis~ murvan yru, 744-750ww. xalifa) gamogzavna.
stefanoz
III arCilTan erTad kvlav egrisSi gadavida. maT murvan yru daedevna. arabebma
daamarcxes da awames argveTis erisTavebi daviTi da konstantine565 (qarTuli
eklesiis wmindanebi), aiRes cixe-goji, moaoxres Sida egrisi, gadalaxes
`klisura, romeli mas Jamsa iyo sazRvari saberZneTisa da saqarTvelosa“,
gaanadgures cxumi da anakofiis cixes miadgnen; cixis SigniT iyo `xati yovlad
wmindisa RmrTismSoblisa, ara kacobriviTa xeliTa dawerili, aramed
zegardamo... mun Sina iyvnen maSin mefeni qarTlisani mir da arCil; xolo mama
maTi gardacvalebul iyo da damarxul egrsa Sina~566. qarTlisa da egrisis
mefeebTan erTad imyofeboda afxazTa erisTavi leon I oriaTasiani razmiT.
anakofiasTan brZolaSi qarTvelebi damarcxdnen, miri ki mZimed daiWra.
738 wels arabebma kodoris xeobaSic ilaSqres da daibrunes rkinis (sobRis)
cixe. aq maT miris (marines//marianes) vaJi evstaTi Seipyres da tyved waiyvanes.
Teofane JamTaaRmwerelis cnobiT, 740w. àrabTa sardalma isamma gaJlita misi
gamgeblobis qveS myof yvela qalaqis qristiani tyveebi, maT Soris iyo netari
evstaTi, brwyinvale patrikiosis marines Ze; is Zalian awvales, magram man ar
uaryo Tavisi wrfeli rwmena da igi WeSmarit martvilad iqmna gamocxadebuli
qaranSi, sadac misi patiosani da wminda neSTi yovelgvar gankurnebas aniWebs
xalxs RvTis wyalobiT~567.
738-739 wlebSi lev isavrielma moawesriga urTierToba mirs, arCilsa da
leon I-s Soris. leons afxazeTi memkvidreobiT gadaeca da erismTavroba eboZa,
amasTanave imperatorma mas `mefeTa da erTa magaT qarTlisaTa~ pativiscema
mosTxova; ubrZana: àmieriTgan nu xelgewifebis vnebad maTda da sazRvarTa
maTTa egrisisaTa, vidremdis iyvnen manda anu ganvidnen mandiT~568.
egrisis mefe miri anakofiaSi miRebuli Wrilobisagan gardaicvala, rogorc
Cans, vaJiSvilis _ evstaTis daRupvis (740w.) Semdeg. amitomac sikvdilis win
Tavis Zmas arCils uTxra: `da ara mivis Ze _ wuli Svili mkvidrad, aramed
misxen Svidni qalni~569. ègriss vidre Sorapnamde~ daemkvidra mefe arCili570.
iuridiulad is iyo sruliad saqarTvelos mefe. afxazeTis mTavar leons man
madloba uTxra, `rameTu keTilad iRuawe stumroba Cueni, da damicven Cuen
adgilTa SenTa mSvidobiT: garna aw uwyies Seneba adgilTa CuenTa klisuriTgan
aRmarT. warval da daveSenebi cixe-gojs da quTaTiss~571. arCili afxazeTis
mTavars nebismieri Txovnis dakmayofilebas dahpirda, `nacvlad keTilisa
msaxurebisa~; leonma ki saqarTvelos mefes qveSevrdomoba sTxova: `momca me
keisarman queyana ese mkvidrobiT keTilad simxniTa TqueniTa. xolo amieriTgan
ars ese mamulobiT samkvidrebel Cemda klisuriTgan vidre mdinaredmde didad
xazareTad, sada daswudebis wueri kavkasiisa amis. SemrTe meca monaTa SenTa
Tana, romelni _ ese dRes Rirs yven Svilad da Zmad Senda. ara minda nawili
Sengan, aramed Cemica ese Sendave iyos~572. mxedvelobaSi Tu ar miviRebT `mcire
xazareTis~ (md.yubanis) nacvlad `didi xazareTis (md.donis) dasaxelebas,
leonis samflobelos Crdilo-dasavleTi sazRvari (`sada daswudebis wueri
kavkasiisa~) zustad emTxveva egrosis samkvidros sazRvars. qarTuli saistorio
tradiciiTac, rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, afxazeTis erisTavebi egrosis memkvidreebi
arian (aqve, gv. 63, 65). vinaidan afxazTa mefeebis qarTuli warmomavloba
565 . daviT da konstantines wameba. – qarTuli mwerloba, t. I. Tb., 1987, gv. 488-501.
566 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. 1, ,gv. 235.
567 . georgika, t. 4, w. 1, gv. 115, 116 (s. yauxCiSvilis mier daSvebulia meqanikuri Secdoma da `netari
evstaTi~ Targmnilia, rogorc `netari makari~; ZvelberZnulSi makariosi niSnavs netars);
. ., 1884, gv. 301,303; j.gamaxaria, l. axalaZe. netari evstaTi. _ iverielni, 2007, #6, gv. 21.
569 . iqve.
570 . iqve, gv. 243.
571 . iqve, gv. 242.
572 . iqve.
98
istoriografiaSi praqtikulad damtkicebulia (aqve, Tavi V), cxadia, erisTavi
leonic (afxazTa pirveli mefis biZa) am dinastiis warmomadgenelia. àfxazeTis
mefeTa divanSi~ misi saxeli, albaT, imitom ar aris Setanili, rom am
dokumentSi moxseniebuli pirebisagan gansxvavebiT, igi ar flobda farTo
gagebiT afxazeTs _ dasavleT saqarTvelos da ganagebda mxolod md.kelasuris
Crdilo-dasavleTiT mdebare teritoriebs573.
arCil mefem Tavisi Zmiswuli _ miris qaliSvili guranduxti colad SerTo
leons da masve gadasca `gvirgvini igi, romeli berZenTa mefesa warmoeca
mirisTvis. da yves aRTqma da fici saSineli, viTarmed ara iyos mteroba Soris
maTsa, aramed erCdes (morCilebdes _ avt.) leon arCils yovelTa dReTa
misTa~574.
744 wlis Semdeg, roca murvan yrum samxreT kavkasia datova da xalifas
taxtic daikava, arCili umcros SvilTan juanSerTan erTad aRmosavleT sa-
qarTveloSi gadavida575, egrisi ki samarTavad ufros vaJs, ioanes gadasca.
amrigad, dasavleT saqarTveloSi arabTa batonobis gadagdebas qarTlis
samefo saxlis meTaurobiT egrisSi mefobis aRdgena da kvlav misi iurisdiq-
ciis afxazeTze gavrceleba mohyva. erisTavi leoni egrisis (da aseve qarTlis)
mefis vasali, morCili, xolo qorwinebis Semdeg samefo saxlis wevric gaxda.
sxva politikuri erTeulebi VIIIs. SuaxanebSi ukve ar Canan; bunebrivad moxda
maTi integrireba egrisisa da afxazeTis SemadgenlobaSi. im viTarebaSi, roca
aRmosavleT saqarTvelo arabTa mZime uRlis qveS gminavda, roca TbilisSi
amira ijda, saxelmwifoebrioba suls Rafavda, dasavleT saqarTvelos
gaerTianebisaken gadadgmuli es pirveli nabiji saetapo mniSvnelobis movlenad
iqca qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis ganviTarebisa da eris Semdgomi
konsolidaciis istoriaSi.
VIIIs. Suaxanebis politikur procesebTan dakavSirebiT wyaroTa mkafio,
calsaxa Cvenebebis miuxedavad, separatistebi utifrad cruoben, SecdomaSi Se-
hyavT sakuTari mkiTxvelebi da weren, rom anakofiasTan brZolis Semdeg leon I-
s, TiTqos, epyra teritoria samxreTiT cixe-gojidan enguramde. CrdiloeTiT _
kavkasiis qedamde; falsifikatorebi arafers amboben, im `fici saSinelis~
Sesaxeb, romlis ZaliT leon pirveli egrisisa da qarTlis mefis vasali,
morCili (èrCdes leon arCils~) gaxda576. VIIIs. Sua xanebSi afxazeTi
damoukideblobis gzas ki ar daadga, rogorc separatistebi tyuian577, aramed
sakuTari nebiT egrisis samefos nawili gaxda, xolo misi erisTavi _ samefo
taxtis kanonieri memkvidre. ufro Zlieri afxazeTis nebayoflobiT Sesvla
dasustebuli egrisis SemadgenlobaSi kidev erTi damatebiTi sabuTia Sua sau-
kuneebis da adrindeli periodis egriselTa da abazgTa (istoriul afxazTa)
eTnikuri erTianobisa; amis utyuari dasturia leonisaTvis qarTuli samefo
gvirgvinis gadacemis faqtic.
gamomdinare aqedan da sxva zemoTmotanili argumentebidan, sruliad usa-
fuZvloa afxazur istoriografiaSi damkvidrebuli mosazreba VI-VII saukuneebSi
viTom arsebuli afxazuri erovnebebis (народности) _ abazgebis, afsilebis,
sanigebisa da misimianebis VIIIs. ukve erTian feodalur erad Camoyalibebis
573 . miri, arCili da ioanec flobdnen dasavleT saqarTvelos, magram àfxazeTis mefeTa divanSi~ ver
moxvdnen, radganac iyvnen sruliad saqarTvelos mefeebi.
575 . 762 wels kaxeTSi SemoWrilma arabTa jarebis sardalma, romelsac arCili Tavisi nebiT eaxla,
saqarTvelos mefes mahmadianobis miReba mosTxova. uaris miRebis Semdeg man arCili daapatimra da Tavadve
ramdenjerme dakiTxa. bolo dakiTxvaze arabi dainteresda: `Sen ukue iyav dacemasa mas sarkinozTa afxazeTs
Sina~? arCilma upasuxa: `me viyav maSin, raJams dascna igini RmerTman~ (qarTlis cxovreba, t. 1, gv. 274). mefe
arCili arabebma sikvdiliT dasajes. qarTulma eklesiam igi wmindanad Seracxa.
576 . . Бгажба, С. Лакоба. dasax. naSromi, gv. 126;
577 . iqve, gv. 127.
99
Sesaxeb578. igi mkveTr winaaRmdegobaSia rogorc ganxilul istoriul
wyaroebTan, ise, rac yvelaze mTavaria, àfxazuri feodaluri erovnebis~
mdidar zogadqarTul politikur da kulturul memkvidreobasTan.
samwuxarod, qarTulma istoriografiam afxaz mkvlevarTa mtkicebas erTiani
e.w. afxazuri feodaluri erovnebis Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb p.ingoroyvas
naSromis faqtobrivad akrZalvis Semdeg mxolod is argumenti daupirispira,
rom VIII saukunisaTvis kavkasiaSi gasuli iyo dro àfxazi feodaluri
erovnebis CamoyalibebisaTvis~; im periodSi, TiTqos, xdeboda ara axal
`feodalur erovnebaTa~ Camoyalibeba, aramed ukve arsebul erTeulebSi
(qarTli, somxeTi) gaerTianeba da a.S.579 unda aRiniSnos, rom `feodaluri
erovnebis~ cneba eris warmoSobis mcdar sabWour Teorias efuZneba. am Teoriis
Tanaxmad (gakvriT masze ukve iyo saubari _ aqve, gv. 42), eri istoriuli
kategoriaa da dakavSirebulia sazogadoebriv-ekonomikur formaciebTan:
pirvelyofil Temur wyobilebasTan, monaTmflobelobasTan, feodalizmTan,
kapitalizmTan da socializmTan; is garkveul epoqaSi warmoiSoba, viTardeba da
bolos qreba. kerZod, pirvelyofili Temuri da monaTmflobeluri
sazogadoebebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli tomebi da tomTa kavSirebi feodalizmis
epoqaSi erTmaneTTan Serwymis Sedegad viTom ayalibeben `feodalur erovnebebs~
(народности); maTi SerwymiT ki kapitalizmis xanaSi ukve yalibdebian Tanamedrove
erebi; am ukanasknelTa Serwyma da erebis gaqroba oficialuri komunisturi
ideologiisa da, Sesabamisad, sabWoTa istoriografiis Tanaxmad, komunizmis
epoqaSi unda ganxorcieldes. ssr kavSiris kraxamde istorikosebi, maT Soris
iseTi gamoCenili mecnierebi, rogorebic iyvnen n.berZeniSvili, z.anCabaZe da a.S.,
antikomunisturi TeoriebiT ubralod ver ixelmZRvanelebdnen, magram dRes sab-
WoTa ideologiis prizmaSi erebis formirebis sakiTxis ganxilvis aucilebloba
da safuZveli ar arsebobs.
jer ar aris sakmarisad dasabuTebuli, Tu ratom ver Camoyalibdnen
àraqarTveli~ afSilebi da abazgebi e.w. feodalur erovnebad. miuxedavad amisa,
n.berZeniSvilis mosazrebas am sakiTxSi hyavs mimdevrebi580. isini ar
iTvaliswineben im garemoebas, rom II-VIIIss. afSil-abazgebs gaaCndaT umTavresi
komponenti erad CamoyalibebisaTvis _ Zlieri saxelmwifoebrioba. bizantiisa da
egrisis gavlenis qveS maTi yofna xelisSemSleli faqtori ver iqneboda iseve,
rogorc arsebobis meti xnis manZilze ama Tu im Zlieri mezobeli imperiis
gavlenis qveS yofnas xeli ar SeuSlia (mxolod process anelebda) qarTuli
tomebisaTvis uZvelesi droidan erTian erad CamoyalibebaSi; xelisSemSlel
faqtorad ver CaiTvleba `drois gasvla~. piriqiT, im periodSi arsebobda
xelsayreli viTareba calke erad CamoyalibebisaTvis: aRmosavleT saqarTvelo
arabTa xelSi iyo, xolo mefe arCili, rogorc vnaxeT, iqiT sTavazobda leon I-
s nebismieri Txovnis dakmayofilebas. VIII saukuneSi afsua eri `drois gasvlis~
mizeziT ki ara, afSil-abazgTa qarTuli eTnosisadmi kuTvnilebis gamo ver
Camoyalibda. amitom ar hqondaT maT sakuTari damwerloba da saxelmwifo ena.
yovlad miuRebeli da realur safuZvels moklebulia egriselTa da svanTa
araqarTvelebad moxsenieba maSin, roca mecnierebaSi aRiarebulia erTiani eris
arseboba aia-kolxeTis xanidan mainc. Zv.w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevridan
qarTvelebma SeinarCunes erTianoba miuxedavad mZime politikuri viTarebisa,
578 . З. В. Анчабадзе. Из истории средневековой Абхазии, gv. 69; misive: ..., gv. 48-51; . , .
, gv. 127 da a. S..
579 . n. berZeniSvili. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, gv. 591-592; n. lomouri. Zveli afxazeTis..., gv. 45 da
a.S.
580 . e. xoStaria-brose. Sua saukuneebis afxazeTi da afxazTa erovnuli konsolidaciis sakiTxi. _
mnaTobi, 1992, #4, gv.160-168. avtori iziarebs n.berZeniSvilis mosazrebebs, magram mainc uSvebs VIIIs. àfxazTa
eTnosis garkveul konsolidacias~ da akeTebs daskvnas: afsil-abazgebs TviTsaxelwodebad àfsua~ aurCeviaT,
radganac isini lazebis qveSevrdomebi iyvnen da ufro ganviTarebulni yofilan (?!?); `garedan (bizantielebi,
qarTvelebi)~ am èrs~afxazebs eZaxdnen wamyvani samxedro potencialis mqone abazgebis saxelwodebis mixedviT
(iqve, gv. 161-162).
100
xangrZlivi droiT qveynis daqucmacebisa da saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi ucxo
dampyrobTa uRlis qveS cal-calke yofnisa; amitom dauSvebelia VIIIs. ègriseli
feodaluri erovnebis~ arCamoyalibebis mizezebze, dasavleT saqarTvelos^viTom
`qarTizaciaze~ saubari581. im periodSi qarTli yofna-aryofnis zRvarze imyofe-
boda, Tavad saWiroebda Svelas; obieqturi mizezebis gamo is ver gaxdeboda da
arc gamxdara maSin eris makonsolidirebeli Zala. `qarTizaciis~ Teoria
efuZneba eris warmoSobis dromoWmul dogmebs da ar iTvaliswinebs, rom
qarTveli eri VIII-IX saukuneebamde TiTqmis 1500 wliT adre Camoyalibda erTiani
eniT, damwerlobiTa da saxelmwifoTi; rom iberebi Zv.w. I aTaswleulis meore
naxevarSi582 da welTaRricxvaTa mijnaze, ukve cxovrobdnen dasavleT
saqarTveloSi, maT Soris SavizRvispireTSi, sadac isini andria
pirvelwodebulma monaTla; angariSi ar eweva somxur versias (uxtanesi)
iberebis dasavleT saqarTvelodan aRmosavleTisaken gavrcelebis Sesaxeb583 da
arc im avtorebs, vinc kolxebsa da svanebs iberebad moixseniebdnen ybadaRebul
`qarTizaciamde~ didi xniT adre.584
àraqarTvel~ egrTa da svanTa `gaqarTvelebis~ Teoria sabWoTa isto-
riografiam q.patkanovisa da n.marisagan isesxa585. carizmis asimilatoruli
politikis konteqstSi SemuSavebuli qarTveli eris gaTiSvis es koncefcia
SesaniSnavad moergo `sxvadasxva xalxebis~ Serwymis Sedegad `feodaluri qar-
Tuli erovnebis~ Camoyalibebis komunistur Teorias. amitomac aitaca igi
sabWourma istoriografiam. am ukanasknelis umaxinjes gadmonaSTad qceuli
`qarTizaciis~ versia safuZvlianadaa ganxiluli da uaryofili anania
jafariZis, tariel futkaraZisa da sxvaTa SromebSi586.
VII-IXss. dasavleT saqarTveloSi mimdinareobda ara qarTvelTa `gaqarT-
veleba~, ara `qarTizacia~, aramed `nacionalizacia~ _ berZnuli gavlenisagan
Tavis daRweva, mSobliuri qarTuli enis uflebebis TandaTanobiTi aRdgena _
gafarToeba eklesiasa da saxelmwifo aparatSi, nacionaluri kulturis ganvi-
Tareba da a.S.
`qarTizaciaSi~ Cveulebriv gulisxmoben arabTa batonobas iZulebiT gamo-
qceuli qarTlelebis nawilis dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadasaxlebas. sruliad
aSkaraa, rom es procesi ar Sexebia egrisis centralur raionebs da gansa-
kuTrebiT afxazeTs. yovelgvari `qarTizaciis~ gareSe afxazeTi warmoadgenda
wminda qarTul regions da istoriul viTarebaTa gamo VIIIs. Suaxanebidan
swored is iqca qarTvelTa makonsolidirebel mZlavr politikur erTeulad.

582 . z. bragvaZe. kolxeTis aRmosavleTi regionebis (yvirilas xeobis) qarTizaciis sakiTxisaTvis. _ macne,
istoriis... seria, 1990, #4, gv. 137-150. plutarqe. rCeuli paraleluri biografiebi, I. berZnulidan Targmna,
Sesavali werili da ganmartebebi daurTo ak. uruSaZem. Tb., 1957, gv. 117. georgika. t. 4, w. 1, gv. 57.
584 . anania jafariZe. saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t. 1, gv. 71, 86-102.
585 . n.mari megrelebs (misi azriT skviTebis STamomavlebs), ar miiCnevda qarTvelebad da Tvlida, rom
`qarTulma solma~ _ qarTlelTa viTom SemoWram egrisSi maT Wanebi CamoaSora ( . . .
, gv. 241 da a.S.).
586 . anania jafariZe. ori Teoria qarTveli xalxis Camoyalibebis drois Sesaxeb. Tb., 2003; t. futkaraZe.
qarTvelebi, da a.S.
101
Tavi V. afxazeTi àfxazTa samefos” SemadgenlobaSi.
VIIIs. meore naxevari - Xs.
afxazTa samefos Camoyalibeba ganpirobebuli iyo VII-VIII saukuneebis
manZilze ganviTarebuli saerTaSoriso da saSinao politikuri faqtorebiT.
erTi mxriv, arabTa batonobis gaZlierebam qarTlSi da, meore mxriv, bizantiis
dasustebam, iq mimdinare saSinao-politikurma da saeklesio ganxeTqilebam587
saqarTvelos istoriul regionebSi xelsayreli pirobebi Seqmna axali qarTuli
politikuri erTeulebis warmoSobisaTvis.
faqtobrivad, VIII saukunis Sua xanebSi qarTul politikur samyaroSi safuZ-
veli Caeyara axal process, romelic imave saukunis 80-ian wlebSi dasavlur-
qarTuli saxelmwifos _ afxazTa samefos CamoyalibebiT dasrulda. afxazTa
erisTavis leon I-is Zmiswulma leon II-m Tavi gaiTavisufla bizantiis vasalo-
bisagan da mefis tituli miiRo. `matiane qarTlisaÁs~ cnobiT, `xolo raJams
mouZlurdes berZenni, gadga maTgan erisTavi afxazTa, saxeliT leon, Zmiswuli
leon erisTavisa, romlisad mieca samkvidrod afxazeTi. ese meore leon asulis
wuli iyo xazarTa mefisa, da ZaliTa maTiTa gaadga berZenTa, daipyra afxazeTi
da egrisi vidre lixamde, saxel-idva mefe afxazTa, rameTu micvalebul iyo io-
vane da daberebul iyo juanSer. da Semdgomad amissa juanSerica miicvala.~588
bunebrivia, aseTi politikuri realoba xelsayrel pirobebs uqmnida leon II-s,
dasavleT saqarTvelos gaerTianebisaTvis, miT ufro, rom mas politikurad da
samxedro TvalsazrisiT mxars uWerda xazarTa xakani. afxazTa samefo moicavda
mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos da TandaTanobiT afarToebda sazRvrebs rogorc
aRmosavleTis, ise samxreT-aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT.
istoriuli wyaroebis mixedviT, VIIIs. 80-ian wlebSi dasavleT saqarTvelos
gaerTianeba afxazTa erisTavis meTaurobiT nebayoflobiTi politikuri aqti
iyo589. leon II-is am nabijs qarTuli wyaroebi uaryofiT konteqstSi ar
moixseniebs, radgan afxazeTi, iseve rogorc dasavleT saqarTvelos sxva is-
toriuli regionebi, saukuneebis manZilze, jer kolxeTis (egrisis) samefos,
xolo Semdeg qarTlis (iberiis), egrisis (lazikis), xolo bolos isev qarTlis
samefos (saerismTavros) nawili iyo. amjerad, VIIIs. 80-ian wlebSi mTeli
dasavleT saqarTvelo gaerTianda afxazTa samefos SemadgenlobaSi. rogorc
zemoT iyo naCvenebi, stefanoz III-is memkvidris _ arCilis epoqaSi saqarTvelo
erTian qveyanas warmoadgenda da arCili mefis tituls atarebda590. bunebrivia,
aseTi erTianoba emyareboda qveynis mTlianobis Zvel tradiciebs, romelic
politikuri memkvidreobis saxiT SemdegSi leon II-m miiRo da moxerxebulad
gamoiyena kidec dasavlurqarTuli saxelmwifos Seqmnis saqmeSi.
VIIIs. Sua xanebidan vidre 80-ian wlebamde, TandaTanobiT farTovdeba termin
àfxazeTis~ mniSvneloba da bolos igi gavrcelda afxazTa erisTavebis mier
gaerTianebul dasavleT saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze.591 niSandoblivia, rom
mogvianebiT erTian qarTul samefos ucxoeli avtorebi uwodeben àfxazeTs~,
xolo saqarTvelos mefeebs àfxazTa mefeebad~ moixsenieben.592
587. igulisxmeba bizantiis eklesiaSi mimdinare xatmebrZoloba, romelmac gaxliCa konstantinopolis

sapatriarqosadmi damokidebuli eklesiebis erToba. frangi istorikosis Sarl dilis sityvebiT, ès brZola
umagaliTo siSmagis, mZvinvarebis, ukiduresi sisastikis saTaved iqca da imperiaSi arnaxuli SinaaSliloba
gamoiwvia.~ Sarl dili. bizantiis imperiis istoria. frangulidan Targmna baCana bregaZem. Tb., 1989, gv. 62.
588. qarTlis cxovreba, t. I., gv. 251.
589. m. lorTqifaniZe. egris-afxazeTi. _ saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. 2, gv. 418.
590. am cnobas adasturebs `matiane qarTlisaÁ~, leonti mrovelis `wmida arCilis wameba~, juanSeri da
vaxuSti bagrationi. ix.: . . . _ ..., gv. 155.
591. p. ingoroyva. giorgi merCule, gv. 119-120; . . , gv. 155.
592. aRniSnul sakiTxze ixileT: n. lomouri. saqarTvelos saxelwodebani bizantiur wyaroebSi. _
saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebis aRmniSvneli ucxouri da qarTuli terminologia, gv. 82, 83; g. jafariZe.
qarTvelebisa da saqarTvelos arabuli saxelwodebebi. _ saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebis aRmniSvneli ucxouri
102
VIIIs. II naxevarSi qarTveli mwerlis ioane sabanis Zis cnobiT, dasavleT
saqarTvelos ganagebs `mTavari afxazeTisa~,593 anu leon II-s VIII saukunis 80-ian
wlebSi dasavleT saqarTvelo gaerTianebuli aqvs, magram mefis tituls jer
kidev ar atarebs. am konteqstSi sayuradReboa afxazTa erisTavis titulis
evolucia. leon II Tavdapirvelad atarebda èrisTavis~, Semdeg `mTavris~, xolo
bolos `mefis~594 tituls. leonis titulis evolucia pirdapirproporciulia
misi xelisuflebis TandaTanobiTi gavrcelebisa mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos
teritoriaze. istoriografiaSi gaziarebulia azri imis Sesaxeb, rom leon II-m
bizantiis imperatoris vasalitetisagan Tavis ganTavisufleba moaxerxa mxolod
mas Semdeg, rac bizantiaSi Sidapolitikuri mdgomareoba daiZaba.595 mkvlevarTa
didi nawili Tvlis, rom leonis politikuri aRzeveba da antibizantiuri
politikuri kursi596 unda dawyebuliyo bizantiis imperatoris irines zeobis
dros _ 797-802 wlebSi.597
afxazTa samefos sazRvrebis sakiTxic araerTgzis aris Seswavlili mkvle-
varTa mier. miuxedavad amisa, am sakiTxze arsebobs gansxvavebuli Sexedulebani.
rogorc aRiniSna, àfxazTa samefos~ teritoria moicavda mTel dasavleT
saqarTvelos. daarsebis dros misi aRmosavleTi sazRvari lixis qedamde aR-
wevda, CrdiloeTi sazRvari _ nikofsiamde da jiqTa samflobeloebamde.
dasavleTiT mas Savi zRva ekvroda. rac Seexeba samxreTis sazRvrebs, igi
dResac sadavo sakiTxs warmoadgens. VIII saukunis mwerali ioane sabanisZe `tra-
pezunts” afxazTa samefos SemadgenlobaSi ganixilavda. misi cnobiT, `netari
habo ufroisRa hmadlobda RmerTsa, rameTu ixila man queyanai igi savseÁ
qristes sarwmunoebiTa da aravin urwmunoTagani mkvidrad ipovebis sazRuarTa
maTTa. rameTu sazRvari maTda ars zRvaÁ igi pontoisaÁ, samkvidrebeli yovladve
qristianeTaÁ, misazRvradmde qaldiaÁsa, trapezuntisaÁ mun ars, sayofeli igi
afsaraÁsaÁ da nafsaÁs...~598. s. janaSias mosazrebiT, trapizoni ar Sedioda
afxazTa samefos SemadgenlobaSi599. aRniSnuli mosazreba gaziarebuli iqna
z.anCabaZisa da m.lorTqifaniZis mier600. k.kekeliZis azriT, trapezunti Sedioda
afxazTa samefos SemadgenlobaSi, rasac ioane sabanisZis cnobis garda sxva
wyaroebic adastureben: kerZod, 787 wlis saeklesio krebis aqtebs xels awers
`qristefore, episkoposi fazisisa anu trapizonisa~9; VIII saukunis II naxevris
da qarTuli terminologia, gv.132,134; z.papasqiri. afxazeTi - saqarTveloa. Tb., 1998, gv. 141-142; z.papasqiri.
narkvevebi..., nakv. I, gv. 67-68.
593 . ioane sabanisZe. wameba wmidisa abosi. - : saqarTvelos samoTxe, sruli aRweraÁ RuawlTa da vnebaTa
saqarTuÀlos wmidaTa, Sekrebili qronologiurad da gamocemuli peterburRis sasuliero akademiis
kandidatis iverielis gobron (mixail) pavlis Zis sabininis mier. peterburRi, 1882, gv. 339.
594 . àfxazTa~ mefeTa titulaturis sakiTxis Seswavlisas qarTul da somxur naratiul da qarTul
epigrafikul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT ukve gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos mefeebi VIII-X
saukuneebSi ar atarebdnen tituls `mefe afxazTa~. amis dasturia somxuri wyaroebi da àfxazTa~ mefeTa
warwerebi, romlebSic isini dasaxelebuli arian rogorc ègrisis mefe~, an ubralod TavisTavs uwodeben
`mefe~-s. epigrafikul Zeglebsa da somxur wyaroebSi termini `mefe afxazTa~ pirvelad Cans gaerTianebuli
saqarTvelos pirveli mefis bagrat III bagrationis titulaturaSi. rac Seexeba qarTul saistorio tradicias
(matiane qarTlisaÁ, sumbati, vaxuSti da sxvebi), igi Seiqmna saqarTvelos gaerTianebis Semdeg, anu mas Semdeg,
rac bagrat III-is titulaturaSi damkvidrda termini `mefe afxazTa~. dawvrilebiT ixileT: l.axalaZe.
qarTuli da somxuri wyaroebi àfxazTa~ mefeTa titulaturis Sesaxeb. _ saistorio Ziebani, t. VII, gv. 26-33.
595 . s. janaSia. Sromebi, t. II. Tb., 1952, gv. 216; . . , gv. 156.
596 . àfxazTa~ mefeTa sagareo politikuri orientaciis sakiTxebze ixileT: z. papasqiri. àfxazTa~
samefos sagareo politikuri orientaciis dazustebis sakiTxisaTvis. _ qarTuli diplomatia. Tb., 1999, gv. 325-
335.
597 . aRniSnul qronologiasTan dakavSirebiT, gansxvavebuli Sexeduleba aqvs S. glovels. misi azriT,
leoni afxazeTis erisTavi iyo 781-782 wlebamde; am periodidan 786-787 wlebamde _ gaerTianebuli egris-
afxazeTis mTavari, xolo 786-787 wlidan _ àfxazTa mefe~. ix. S. gloveli. àfxazTa samefo~. sakan. dis.
avtoreferati. Tb., 2004, gv. 9.
598 . qarTuli literatura, t. 1, gv. 454.
599 . s. janaSia. afxazTa samefos warmoSobis..., gv. 338.
600 . . . . ..., gv. 11-116; m. lorTqifaniZe. feodaluri saqarTvelos politikuri gaerTianeba.
Tb., 1963. gv. 185.
9 . k. kekeliZe. adrindeli feodaluri qarTuli literatura. tf., 1935, gv. 28.
103
bizantieli mwerlis epifane konstantinopolelis TxzulebaSi dadasturebulia
gamoTqma `lazeTis qalaqi trapezunti~. amasve adasturebs somxuri usaxelo
`geografiis~ cnoba, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos farglebSi Sedioda qalaqebi:
aTina, rize da trapezunti10. aRniSnul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT, p. ingoroyvam
samarTlianad gaiziara k. kekeliZis mosazreba afxazTa samefos samxreTi
sazRvrebis Sesaxeb. axlaxan es mosazreba gaiziara S. glovelmac.601
konstantonopolis samwysoSi Semavali ekTezisebis mixedviT, lazikis eparqiis
samitropolito qalaqad trapezuntis mxolod IX saukunis miwuruls
dasaxeleba ar unda iyos sakmarisi argumenti ioane sabanisZis cnobis
gasabaTileblad. aq aucileblad gasaTvaliswinebelia, is faqti, rom
trapezuntis polemonis pontos samwysoSi dasaxeleba ar asaxavs politikur
situacias da igi saeklesio daqvemdebarebis mauwyebel wyaros warmoadgens.
magaliTad, politikuri TvalsazrisiT, VIII saukunis I meoTxedSi stefanoz III,
rogorc zemod vnaxeT, `qarTvelTa da megrelTa erismTavris~ tituls atarebda
da igi flobda qarTlsac da egrisis mniSvnelovan nawilsac. qarTlSi ukve
arsebobda damoukidebeli samociqulo eklesia mcxeTis sakaTalikosos saxiT,
xolo stefanoz III-is samflobelos meore sakmaod didi nawili _ egrisi,
eklesiurad jer kidev konstantinopolis samwysos ekuTvnoda. anu politikuri
xelisuflebis gavrcelebis areali am SemTxvevaSi ar emTxveoda saeklesio
iurisdiqciis gavrcelebis areals. maSasadame, konstantonopolis ekTezisebi
ver gamodgeba àfxazTa samefos~ teritoriuli sazRvrebis dasazusteblad.
davubrundeT p. ingoroyvas mosazrebas, romelmac ioane sabanisZis zemoTxse-
nebuli cnoba Seajera anonimi somxuri geografiis monacemebTan. am wignis 1881
wlis rusul gamocemaSi vkiTxulobT, rom `kolxeTi aris qveyana aziisa da mde-
bareobs pontos zRvidan sarmatiamde, da mdinare drakonidan vidre kavkasiis
mTamde da mis Stomde [lixamde], romelic hyofs mas iveriisagan. . . . igi ganiy-
ofeba oTx mcire qveynad: margveli, egreviki, lazi, Wani, romel ars xalteTi
[xaldia]. . . aqvs xuTi qalaqi: iani, kota, rodopolisi, aTina, rizoni da sxva
mravalni navTsadgurni, e. i. zRvis sanapiro daba-qalaqni, romelTa Soris ars
trapezunti.~602 am oTxi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli wyaros: ioane sabanisZis,
somxuri `geografiis~, epifane konstantinopolelisa da 787 wlis saeklesio
krebis cnobebis urTierTSejerebis safuZvelze, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom
trapezunti garkveuli periodis manZilze mainc namdvilad Sedioda jer
afxazTa samTavros, xolo Semdeg afxazTa samefos SemadgenlobaSi.
àfxazTa samefos~ warmoqmnisTanave, leon II_m gaatara administraciuli
reforma, romelic iTvaliswinebda qveynis saerisTavoebad dayofas da samefos
teritoriul _ administraciul mowyobas. vaxuSti batoniSvilis cnobiT, leon
II-m afxazTa samefo dayo rva saerisTavod: cxomis, egrisis, guriis, raWa-
leCxumis, svaneTis, sruliad argveTis centriT SorapanSi, vakis centriT qu-
TaisSi da sakuTriv afxazeTis.603 yvela saerisTavos Tavisi teritoria hqonda
da gansazRvruli iyo misi farglebi. leon meorem erisTavebi `dasua afxazTa
da misca afxazeTi, jiqeTi, vidre zRuamde da xazarTa mdinaremde; dasua cxoms
da misca egris iqiT anakofia alaniTurT; dasua bedias da misca egrisis
aRmosavleTi cxenis wylamde; vinaÁTgana amasve leons moerTnen oZraxos wilni,
Woroxis samÃreTisani da ganudgnen oZraxos erisTavsa, uwoda guria da dasua
mun erisTavi TÂisi; dasua raWa-leCxumisa; dasua suaneTisa; Sorapnisave, rionisa
da xanis-wylis aRmosavleTisa lixamde sruliad argueTisa; dasua quTaTiss va-

601 . S. gloveli. afxazTa samefo, gv. 11.
602 . VII . . ., 1881, gv. 27-28. dRes mkvlevarTa didi
nawili Tvlis, rom somxuri `geografiis~ avtori aris VII saukunis somexi saeklesio moRvawe anania Sirakaci.
somxur `geografias~ qarTvel mkvlevarTagan 1964-1965 wlebSi ikvlevda n. janaSia. ix.: n. janaSia. somxuri
anonimuri geografia. - : istoriul-wyaroTmcodneobiTi narkvevebi. Tb., 1986, gv. 243-346.
603 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, gv. 796.
104
kisa, okribisa da xanis-wylis dasavleTisa guriamde da rionis dasavleTis
cxeniswylamde.~604 leon meoris mier gatarebuli teritoriul-administraciuli
mowyoba SinaarsiT msgavsebas avlens farnavazis mier qarTlis samefos daarse-
bis dros gatarebul administraciul reformasTan. farnavazis msgavsad, samefo
xelisuflebis ganmtkicebis mizniT, leonic Seecada adgilebze Seeqmna
centraluri xelisuflebis mtkice dasayrdeni saerisTavoebis saxiT, romlebsac
mefis erTguli moxeleebi Cauyena saTaveSi. sakuTriv afxazeTi, rogorc vxedavT
àfxazTa samefoSi” Semavali mxolod erT-erTi saerisTavoa.
leon meoris mier gatarebuli saxelisuflebo RonisZiebebidan aRsaniSnavia
afxazTa samefos dedaqalaqad quTaisis gamocxadeba. vaxuStis mixedviT, àmanve
aRaSena quTaTisi qalaqi da cixe da hyo saydari afxazTa mefisa, viTarca ana-
kofia, hyo taxtad meored ese quTaTisi~. es politikuri aqti iyo logikuri
gagrZeleba im mniSvnelovani saxelmwifoebrivi nabijebisa, romlebic manamde
gadaidga. geografiulad da politikuradac quTaisi ukve àfxazTa samefos~
centri iyo da, bunebrivia, es qmedeba ganapiroba am qalaqis mniSvnelovanma
geopolitikurma mdebareobam. es movlena, Tavis mxriv, dakavSirebuli iyo im
istoriul tradiciasTan, romelic jer kidev kolxeTis samefodan
momdinareobda, roca quTaisi dasavleT saqarTvelos politikur da kulturul
centrs warmoadgenda. istoriuli wyaroebis mixedviT, leon meoresTvis aq
iseTive mSobliuri garemoa, rogorc anakofiis midamoebSi. Tanamedrove afxazur
istoriografiaSi es politika Sefasebulia, rogorc afxazTa mefeebis eqspansia
aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT.605 Tu asea, maSin gaugebaria, ratom gadmoitana
leon meorem Tavisi samefos dedaqalaqi `dapyrobil~ teritoriaze, misTvis
mtrulad ganwyobili da `dapyrobili~ xalxis garemocvaSi?
sayuradReboa, is faqtic, rom leon meoris èqspansias~ dasavleT saqarT-
veloSi `matiane qarTlisaÁs~ ucnobi avtori qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobisaTvis
dadebiT istoriul movlenaTa WrilSi ganixilavs. igi keTilganwyobiTa da
mowiwebiT mogviTxrobs afxazTa mefeebis saxelmwifoebriv saqmianobaze. z.
papasqiri acxadebs, rom erTaderTi axsna qarTvel mematianeTa keTilganwyobisa
àfxazi~ mefeebis e.w. `dampyrobluri~ politikisadmi SeiZleba veZioT mxolod
imaSi, rom isini maTSi ara ùcxoel dampyroblebs~, aramed iseTive qarTvel
politikur liderebs xedavdnen, rogoradac miaCndaT bagrationTa dinastiis
warmomadgenlebi.606 ufro metic, èqspansiis~ SemTxvevaSi qarTveli mematianeebi
Seecdebodnen odnavi guliswyroma mainc gamoexataT `dampyrobeli~ leonis
politikis mimarT, rogorc amas akeTebdnen qarTveli mematianeebi dampyrobelTa
Semosevebisa da arakeTilmosurne mezoblebis politikis gaSuqebisas.
quTaisis àfxazTa samefos~ dedaqalaqad gamocxadebasTan mWidrod aris da-
kavSirebuli àfxazTa mefeTa~ eTnikuri warmomavlobis sakiTxi. XIII s. somexi
avtoris vardan arevelcis mixedviT, afxazTa mefeebi vaxtang gorgasalis
STamomavlebi arian607. mkvlevarebi _ p. uvarova608, d. baqraZe609, d. gulia610 da
sxvebi Tvlidnen, rom àfxazTa~ mefeebi eTnikuri berZnebi iyvnen. rusi
604 . iqve.
605 . erT-erTi pirveli vinc es mosazreba gamoTqva ingliseli qarTvelologi jorj hiuiti, romlis
azriT, termini `daÁpyra~ pirdapir ZaliT dapyrobas niSnavs. j. gamaxariam da b. gogiam, saistorio wyaroebze
dayrdnobiT argumentirebulad daadastures, rom termini `daÁpyra~ Zvel qarTulSi dauflebis, teritoriis
flobis, taxtis dakavebis, axloblis TavisTan darCenis mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneboda. ix. ж. , . .
dasax. naSromi, gv. 567-568; msgavsi ganmarteba aqvs sityva `daipyra~-s qarTuli oTxTavis simfonia_leqsikonSi.
ix. i. imnaiSvili. qarTuli oTxTavis simfonia-leqsikoni, a.SaniZis redaqciiT. Tb., 1986, gv. 129. miuxedavad
amisa, j. hiuitis mosazrebas imeoreben: . . , . . . , gv. 132.
606 . z. papasqiri. narkvevebi..., I, gv. 50.
607 . vardan arevelci. Msoflio istoria. Zveli somxuridan Targmnes n. SoSiaSvilma da e. kvaWantiraZem,
Sesavali komentarebi da saZieblebi daurTo e. kvaWantiraZem. Tb., 2004, gv. 116.
608 . . . . - , IV, ., 1894, gv. 8.
609 . d. baqraZem yuradReba miaqcia im faqts, rom àfxazTa~ mefeebi berZnul saxelebs atarebdnen. ix. d.
baqraZe. istoria saqarTvelosi uZvelesi droidan X saukunis dasasrulamde, naw. I. tf., 1889, gv. 273-274.
610 . . . , . I, gv. 208.
105
mecnieri v.latiSevi maT bagrationTa sagvareulos akuTvnebda.611 afxazi
istorikosebi z. anCabaZe, S. inal-ifa, m. gunba, o. bRaJba, s. lakoba612 da sxvebi
Tvlian, rom isini afxazebi iyvnen. m. lorTqifaniZis azriT, àfxazTa mefeebi~
politikuri da saxelmwifoebrivi saqmianobiT qarTveli saxelmwifo moRvaweebi
iyvnen.613 msgavs Sexedulebas adasturebs àfxazTa~ mefeTa epigrafikuli masala
da sxva istoriuli wyaroebi. maTi Seswavlis safuZvelze SeiZleba davaskvnaT,
rom àfxazTa~ mefeebis erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi da sarwmunoebrivi
identobis maCveneli aris is materialuri da sulieri kultura, agreTve sax-
elmwifoebrivi politika, romelsac isini atarebdnen. aqedan gamomdinare, maTi
erovnuli identifikacia SesaZlebelia mxolod qarTul politikur samyaro-
sTan. Sesabamisad, àfxazTa~ mefeebi Sua saukuneebis SesaniSnav qarTvel
politikur moRvaweTa galereas miekuTvnebian.614 z.papasqiri Tvlis, rom vinc
unda yofiliyvnen àfxazTa~ mefeebi eTno-tomobrivad, isini TavianTi
politikuri da saxelmwifoebrivi moRvaweobiT erTmniSvnelovnad
warmoadgendnen saerTo-qarTul kulturul-politikur da saxelmwifoebriv
samyaros, Tumca ar gamoricxavs maT afxazur-afsuur warmoSobas.615 eTnikurad
àfxazTa mefeebs~ egrisis patrikiosebis STamomavlebad miiCnevda p.ingoroyva.616
am mosazrebis pirdapiri dadasturebaa Xs. somexi avtoris ioane
drasxanakertelisa da fsevdo Sapux bagratunis mier afxazTa mefis
(konstantine III-is) moxsenieba pirvel SemTxvevaSi ègrisis mefed~, meore
SemTxvevaSi _ `lazTa mefed~.617
àfxaz mefeTa divanis~ monacemebze dayrdnobiT, p. ingoroyvas mosazreba ax-
ali argumentebiT gaamyares T. beraZem da m. sanaZem, romlebmac egrisis pa-
trikiosebisa da àfxazTa mefeTa~ divanSi warmodgenili genealogiis Sejerebis
safuZvelze, `leonidebis~ dinastiis warmomavloba damajereblad daukavSires
egrisis patrikiosis sergi barnukis Zis samemkvidreo xazs.618 am mosazrebis
sasargeblod metyvelebs àfxazTa mefeTa~ saxelmwifoebrivi da sarwmunoebrivi
politika, romlis safuZvelze isini Tavad axdenen TviTidentifikacias.
aucileblad yuradsaRebia, is faqtic, rom quTaisis sataxto qalaqad
gamocxadeba veranairad ver jdeba `dampyroblis~, ùcxoelis~ mier gadadgmuli
politikuri nabijis konteqstSi. rogorc iTqva, leon meorisTvis quTaisic da
anakofiis midamoebic erTnairad mSobliuri garemoa. Mman xelsayreli momenti
gamoiyena da dedaqalaqi kolxeTis/egrisis istoriul centrSi gadaitana.
leonis dros quTaisi gafarTovda, Catarda mniSvnelovani samSeneblo
samuSaoebi, aigo axali TavdacviTi simagreebi da sasaxlis nagebobani.619
leon meoris eTnikuri vinaoba kargad Cans mis mier gadadgmuli sxva
politikuri nabijebiTac, aseve im damokidebulebiT, romelsac igi avlenda
danarCeni qarTuli politikuri samyarosadmi. am TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovania
leon II-is urTierToba da mxardaWera qarTlis erismTavar nersesadmi, taxtis
memkvidris dinastiuri qorwineba tao-klarjeTis bagrationebTan da a. S.
gansakuTrebiT unda gaesvas xazi vaxuStis zemoT moyvanil Semdeg cnobas:
`vinaÁTgana amasve leons moerTnen oZraxos wilni, Woroxis samÃreTisani da
611 . . . . ., 1911, gv. 10-11. aRniSnuli mosazreba gaiziara T.mibCuanma.

ix. misi: afxazeTis mefeebi da mTavrebi. Tb., 1977.
612 . . . . ..., gv. 80; . - . ..., gv. 120; . . . .,
gv. 234-244; . . , . . . .
613 . . . , gv. 157.
614 . l. axalaZe. àfxazTa~ mefeTa erovnul-sarwmunoebrivi identobis sakiTxisaTvis. _
disciplinaTaSorisi respublikuri konferencia èrovnuli da sarwmunoebrivi identoba~. Tb, 2004, gv. 12;
615 . z. papasqiri, narkvevebi..., I..gv. 51.
617 . Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 192, 196.
618 . m. sanaZe, T. beraZe. VIII s-is I naxevris qarTlisa da egrisis politikuri istoriidan, gv. 76-77.
619 . . . , gv. 158. m. lorTqifaniZis azriT, es dasturdeba quTaisSi Catarebuli
arqeologiuri gaTxrebis safuZvelze. iqve., gv.171.
106
ganudgnen oZraxos erisTavsa, uwoda guria da dasua mun erisTavi Tvisi~ (aqve,
gv. 93). es cnoba erTmniSvnelovnad adasturebs, rom guriisa da Woroxis
mosaxleoba sakuTari nebiT irCevs afxazTa samefos iurisdiqciaSi Sesvlas.
Sesabamisad, leon mefe maTTvis ucxo da Tanac `dampyrobeli~ ki ar iyo, aramed
eTnikurad da kulturul-sarwmunoebrivi TvalsazrisiT axlobeli, xolo
afxazTa samefo - saimedo TavSesafari arabTa batonobisagan Tavdasacavad.
2006 da 2007 ww afxazi avtorebis o. bRaJbasa da s. lakobas mier gamocemul
SromebSi, ugulvebelyofilia rogorc istoriuli wyaroebis cnobebi, aseve
wina epoqis istorikosTa TiTqmis yvela Sefaseba àfxazTa~ samefos
warmoSobisa da saeklesio politikis Sesaxeb. àfxazTa~ samefos erovnul-
saxelmwifoebrivi iersaxe, mosaxloebis eTnikuri Semadgenloba da àfxazTa~
mefeebis eTnikuri kuTvnileba kargad Cans maT mier gatarebul saeklesio
politikaSi, romelic aSkarad antibizantiur da qarTul xasiaTs atarebda.
o. bRaJbasa da s. lakobas naSromebi farTod mimoixilaven àfxazTa~ samefos
periods, magram miuxedavad amisa, avtorebis yuradRebis miRma `darCa~ iseTi
umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxi, rogoricaa àfxazTa~ mefeebis saeklesio politika.
ufro metic, Tu afxazuri istoriografiis erT-erTi avtoriteti z. anCabaZe
berZnul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT werda, rom afxazeTi iyo `qristesmoyvaruli~
qveyana da misi mmarTvelebi `qristes megobrebi~iyvnen,620 Tanamedrove afxaz
istorikosebs miaCniaT, rom àfxazTa samefos~ saeklesio da sarwmunoebrivi
politika ganxilvis saganic ar unda gaxdes, radgan am mxriv mniSvnelovani
araferi momxdara. maTi mtkicebiT, àfxazTa~ samefos damaarseblis leon II-is
pirovnebis formirebaze didi gavlena iqonia xazarma dedam, igi mxolod
warmarTul religiur tradiciebs scemda pativs da misdevda iudaistur
sarwmunoebas, romelic xazarebma IX saukuneSi saxelmwifo religiadac ki
gamoacxades621. rogorc vxedavT, leon II-is saxelmwifoebrivi da religiur-
sarwmunoebrivi saxis warmosaCenad moTxrobilia ara wyaroebSi dafiqsirebuli
realuri istoriuli faqtebi da warmodgenilia ara realuri istoriuli
suraTi, aramed avtorebis dausabuTebeli varaudi, romliTac mkiTxvels unda
Seeqmnas warmodgena, rom àfxazTa~ samefo da àfxazi~ mefeebi sarwmunoebrivi
TvalsazrisiT Sors iyvnen qristianobisagan, da Sesabamisad, qarTuli
samyarosagan. SesaZlebelia, _ weren avtorebi, _ leon II swored amitom aqcevda
nakleb yuradRebas qristianobas da savaraudod, misi mefobis dros unda
gaCeniliyo `religiuri sinkretizmis~ niSnebi afxazTa samefoSi. amis
argumentad avtorebs mohyavT lixnis sasaxlis CrdiloeT kedelze amokveTili
jvari, romelic eqvsqimian varskvlavSia Cawerili.622 sayuradReboa, is faqti,
rom msgavsi simbolika xSirad gvxvdeba qristianuli samyaros xelovnebaSi da
maT Soris saqarTvelos sxva regionebSic. ufro metic, es qarTuli
ornamentuli xelovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli simboloa. magaliTad, msgavs
nimuSebs vxvdebiT rogorc dasavleT saqarTvelos, ise aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos mcire formis ornamentebSi da es Tavis droze Seswavlili aqvT
r. Smerlings623 da l. xruSkovas624.
o. bRaJba da s. lakoba, exebian ra sarwmunoebriv sakiTxebs weren, rom
afxazebi gansakuTrebul pativs scemdnen Weqa-quxilis RmerTs, aseve
gavrcelebuli iyo Tayvaniscema xeebisadmi (gansakuTrebiT muxisadmi) da a.S.625
am mosazrebiT afxazi avtorebi uaryofen istoriografiaSi miRebul mTel rig
debulebebs afxazTa samefos religiur - sarwmunoebrivi mdgomareobisa da
afxazi mefeebis saeklesio politikis Sesaxeb, romelic kargad aris
620 . . . . , gv. 80.

621 . . . , . . . , gv. 132.
622 . iqve, gv. 133.
623 . . . . ., 1962.
624 . . . V-X . ., 1982.
625 . . . , . . . , gv. 133.
107
Seswavlili z. anCabaZis, m. lorTqifaniZis, p. ingoroyvas, z. papasqiris
zemoTdasaxelebul naSromebSi. ukanasknel xans gamoica a. jafariZis, b. kudavas,
T. qoriZis, S. glovelis, l. axalaZis, j. gamaxariasa626 da sxvaTa naSromebi,
romlebic erTmniSvnelovnad miuTiTeben, rom afxazTa samefo feodaluri
epoqis qristianuli saxelmwifo iyo da afxazi mefeebi gansakuTrebiT aqtiurad
iyvnen CarTuli qristianuli sarwmunoebis ganmtkicebisa da gaZlierebis saqmeSi.
amis naTeli argumentia is aqtiuri saeklesio mSenebloba, romelsac afxazTa
mefeebi eweodnen saqarTvelos TiTqmis mTels teritoriaze. ufro metic, isini
aqtiurad iyvnenen CarTuli mezobeli kavkasieli xalxebis gaqristianebis
saqmeSi. aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom warmarTuli RvTaebebisadmi afxazTa
Tayvaniscemis faqtebi ufro gviani Sua saukuneebis, kerZod, XVII-XVIII saukunee-
bis, an Tundac XIX saukunis realobaa da ara afxazTa samefos epoqisa, rode-
sac àfxazTa mefeTa~ saxelmwifoebrivi da sarwmunoebrivi saqmianoba mTlianad
emsaxureboda qristianuli mrwamsis ganmtkiceba-gaZlierebis saqmes.
afxazTa samefos warmarTul _ religiuri ideologiuri saxis warmoCena av-
torebs dasWirdaT im mcdari daskvnis gamosatanad, romlis Tanaxmad afxazTa
da xazarTa adre Sua saukuneebis saxelmwifoebs hqondaT mWidro kontaqtebi
rogorc politikuri, aseve religiuri TvalsazrisiT, agreTve imis
damadastureblad, rom Tanamedrove afxazebSi SemorCenil warmarTobas
istoriuli safuZveli afxazTa samefos wiaRSi mouZebnon.
TiTqmis yvela naSromi, romelic oponirebas uwevs qarTul istoriografias,
gverds uvlis afxazTa mefeebis religiur-sarwmunoebriv politikas. qarTuli
da ucxoenovani werilobiTi wyaroebi - naratiuli Txzulebebi, saeklesio
sabuTebi da epigrafikuli Zeglebi - argumentirebulad asabuTeben maT
sarwmunoebriv identifikacias. am wyaroebis analizi safuZvels gvaZlevs
axleburad gaviazroT àfxazTa~ mefeebis saeklesio politikis sakiTxebi.
àfxazTa~ samefos saeklesio politikaSi SeiZleba gamovyoT ori periodi:
pirveli etapze _ VIII saukunis 90-iani wlebidan vidre IX saukunis 60-iani
wlebis dasawyisamde, àfxazTa~ mefeebi gacilebiT met yuradRebas aqcevdnen
saxelmwifoebrivi mSeneblobis sakiTxebs. kerZod, am dros leon II-is, Teodosi
II-isa da demetre II-is Zalisxmeva ZiriTadad mimarTuli iyo bizantiis saimpera-
toro karisagan da saeklesio gavlenisagan ganTavisuflebisaken, raTa moepove-
binaT sruli politikuri damoukidebloba. IX saukunis Suaxanebidan mdgo-
mareoba icvleba _ àfxazTa~ mefeebs politikuri TvalsazrisiT xelsayreli
dro daudgaT, raTa gaetarebinaT ufro aqtiuri politika, rogorc qarTuli
eklesiis, aseve danarCeni qarTuli miwebis gaerTianebis TvalsazrisiT. es mis-
wrafeba axal fazaSi gadavida da aSkarad Cans giorgi I_is, bagrat I-is, kon-
stantine III_is, giorgi II_isa da leon III_is saeklesio da saxelmwifoebriv
politikaSi. afxazTa mefeebis saeklesio politikaSi ramdenime mimarTuleba
gamoiyofa:
1. pirveli da ZiriTadi am politikaSi iyo konstantinopolis sapatriarqos
daqvemdebarebidan TandaTanobiT gamosvla.
2. saeklesio mSeneblobis gafarToeba da axali saeklesio centrebis
daarseba.
3. qarTul avtokefalur eklesiasTan gaerTianebisken swrafva
626 anania jafariZe. saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, tomi meore, Tb.1998; b. kudava. dasavleT
saqarTvelos saeklesio centrebi konstantinopolis sapatriarqos daqvemdebarebaSi (VI_IXss). Tb., 2002; b.
kudava. afxazTa sakaTalikosos istoriidan (XI_XIIss). Tb., 2002; b. kudava. dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesia IX-
XI ss. sakand. dis. Tb., 2002; T. qoriZe. afxazeTis sakaTalikosos istoria (IX-X ss). avtoreferati. Tb., 2003; S.
gloveli. àfaxazTa samefo~, sakand. dis. avtoreferati. Tb., 2004; Akhaladze. Inscriptions of Abkhazian kings
on Christian art monuments, International simpozium Christianity: past, present, future. Tb.. 2000, gv. 9; l.
axalaZe. àfxazTa~ mefeTa erovnul-sarwmunoebrivi identobis sakiTxisaTvis, gv. 12; j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da
108
4. mezobeli CrdiloeTkavkasieli xalxebis gaqristianebisaTvis brZola da am
mimarTulebiT saxelmwifo sazRvrebis ufro saimedod dacvis uzrunvelyofa.627
qarTuli wyaroebi - `matiane qarTlisaÁ,~ sumbat daviTis Ze, vaxuSti,
qarTuli epigrafikuli Zeglebi da, rac mTavaria, iseTi berZnuli wyaro,
rogoricaa konstantinopolis samwysoSi Semavali kaTedrebis nusxebi, anu e.w.
èkTezisebis~ cnobebi erTianobaSi iZlevian am sakiTxebze warmodgenas. Tavis
droze am problemas arerTi mkvlevari Seexo da kvlevis Sedegebi Sejamda
kidec m.lorTqifaniZis naSromSi, romelSic dasabuTda, rom dasavleT
saqarTvelos gaerTianebisa da politikurad bizantiis gavlenisagan gamosvlis
Semdeg SeuZlebeli iyo bizantiis saeklesio hegemoniis moTmena. egris-afxazeTis
saxelmwifos qarTuli politika aqtiurad ayenebda eklesiurad mcxeTasTan,
saerToqarTul saxelmwifosTan gaerTianebis sakiTxs. brZola xangrZlivi da
mZime iyo da politikuri damoukideblobis msgavsad bizantiisagan saeklesio
gamoyofac TandaTan xorcieldeboda.628 politikuri damoukideblobis miRebis-
Tanave àfxazTa mefis~ winaSe mTeli simwvaviT dadga eklesiis damoukideblo-
bis sakiTxi; bizantiis saimperatoro karisadmi dapirispirebuli leon II ver
SeZlebda sakuTari saeklesio politikis gatarebas manam, vidre àfxazTa same-
fos~ eklesia konstantinopolis samwysos warmoadgenda. garda amisa imperia
Seecdeboda, eklesiis saSualebiT gavlena moexdina dasavlurqarTuli saxelm-
wifos saSinao da sagareo politikaze da morCilebaSi hyoloda is. vaxuSti ba-
grationis mixedviT, afxazeTis samefo eklesiurad swored leon II-is dros
gamoeyo konstantinopolis samwysos: àmisganve sagonebel ars ganTavisufleba
afxazTa kaTalikozisa, nebiTave berZenTaTa~.629 rogorc Cans, afxazeTis
politikuri damoukidebloba, _ wers m. lorTqifaniZe, _ uSualod ukavSirdeba
afxazeTis eklesiis gamoyofas bizantiis eklesiisagan.630 am periodSi leon
meorisTvis bizantias winaaRmdegoba ver unda gaewia garTulebuli
Sidapolitikuri da sagareo viTarebidan gamomdinare. SesaZloa, mas xels
aZlevda kidec àfxazTa samefosTan~ kargi urTieTobis SenarCunebis fasad,
droebiT daeTmo dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesiis damoukidebloba. miT ufro,
rom zRvispira zolSi garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi SenarCunda
konstantinopolis saeklesio iurisdiqcia. da, rac yvelaze ufro
mniSvnelovania, àfxazTa samefo~ arabTa winaaRmdeg brZolis pirobebSi
mniSvnelovani da gasaTvaliswinebeli Zala iqneboda imperiisaTvis.
sruli saeklesio damoukideblobis misaRwevad saWiro gaxda Semdgomi nabi-
jebis gadadgma. am istoriul faqtze miuTiTebs `matiane qarTlisaÁs~ cnobac:
àman bagrat gaaCina da ganawesa kaTalikosi afxazeTs qristes aqeT y‘ l~631 (anu
830 wels). e. i. wyaros mixedviT, tao-klarjeTis mflobeli bagrat I kurapalati
mxars uWers dasavleT saqarTveloSi sakaTalikosos anu bizantiisagan da-
moukidebeli eklesiis Seqmnas. rogorc Cans, es procesi xangrZlivi da rTuli
iyo da am saqmeSi qarTveli mefe-mTavrebi afxazTa mefeebis mxardamWerebad ga-
modiodnen. rac Seexeba afxazTa sakaTalikosos gaerTianebas mcxeTis saydar-
Tan, es saeklesio reformis meore etapi unda yofiliyo.
leon II-is gardacvalebis Semdeg àfxazTa samefo~ taxtze erTmaneTis
monacvleobiT adian misi vaJebi: Teodosi II (806-825 ww.), demetre II (825-861 ww.)
da giorgi I (861-868 ww.).
Teodosi II gamefda 806 wels. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, leon mefem jer kidev
Tavis sicocxleSi daiWira Tadarigi da gaZlierebuli tao-klarjeTis
627 . l. axalaZe. àfxazTa~ mefeTa erovnul-sarwmunoebrivi identobis sakiTxisaTvis, gv. 12.

628 . m. lorTqifaniZe. axali qarTuli samTavroebis warmoqmna. - saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. II. gv.
422; . . , gv. 155-170.
630 . m. lorTqifaniZe. feodaluri saqarTvelos politikuri gaerTianeba. Tb., 1963, gv. 193.
631 qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 255.
109
politikur wreebTan Tavisi kavSirebi dinastiuri qorwinebiT gaamyara632. am
dros àfxazTa samefo~ jer kidev saxelmwifoebrivi mSeneblobis etapze iyo da
is naklebad aqtiurobda aRmosavleTisaken samefo sazRvrebis gafarToebis
saqmeSi, samagierod, aSot bagrationTan erTad gamodis erTiani koaliciiT
kaxeTis qorepiskoposis _ grigolis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. garda imisa, rom
tao-klarjeTis samTavrosa da àfxazTa samefos~ Soris dinastiur-naTesauri
urTierTobebi arsebobda, es erTianoba saerTo qarTuli interesebiTac iyo ga-
mowveuli, radgan `brZola qarTlsa zeda~, anu qarTlis daufleba niSnavda
pirvelobas saqarTvelos gaerTianebisaTvis brZolaSi. es miswrafeba pirvelad
swored aSot bagrationisa da Teodosi afxazTa mefis erToblivi brZolis
procesSi gamoCnda.
Zalze mniSvnelovani cnobebia daculi istoriul wyaroebSi afxazTa
mefeebis mier warmoebuli saeklesio mSeneblobis Sesaxeb ara marto afxazTa
samefos teritoriaze, aramed saqarTvelos danarCen istoriul regionebSi,
romlebsac TandaTanobiT ierTebdnen àfxazTa~ mefeebi. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania `matiane qarTlisaÁs~ da qarTuli epigrafikuli Zeglebis mona-
cemebi, romlebzec àfxazTa~ mefeTa samSeneblo warwerebia daculi. qro-
nologiurad yvelaze adreuli cnoba afxazTa mefeebis saeklesio mSeneblobis
Sesaxeb daculia X saukunis qarTveli mwerlis giorgi merCules `grigol
xanZTelis cxovrebaSi~, romelic exeba afxazTa mefis demetre II–is (825-861ww.)
TxovniT grigol xanZTelis mier samefos teritoriaze sof. ubeSi taZris agebis
istorias. niSandoblivia, rom giorgi merCule gansakuTrebuli pativiscemiTa da
mowiwebiT aRwers afxazTa mefis demetre II-is, rogorc qristiani da
sarwmunoebisaTvis Tavdadebuli mefis saxes. `wmidao mamao, - mimarTavs demetre
mefe grigols, - aha, iqmna wadierebaÁ nebisa SenisaÁ, aramed ufalman yavn nebaÁca
gulisa CemisaÁ, rameTu maqus sulsa Cemsa monastrisa axlad SenebaÁ. aw brZane
da movixilneT mravalni adgilni afxazeTisani da, sadaca siwmindeman Senman
inebos, monastrad aRvaSenoT adgili igi.~ rogorc vxedavT, afxazTa samefos
teritoriaze taZris mSeneblobis idea demetre II-s ekuTvnoda da swored misi
iniciativiT daiwyo grigol xanZTelma taZris ageba: `maSin mamaman grigol,
sarwmunoebisaebr mefisa, aRaSena monasteri da uwoda saxeli misi ubÀ~. am
istoriul movlenaze miuTiTebs ubisis taZris warwera, romelSic demetre mefe
(825-861ww.) aris dasaxelebuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom dRes es warwera
daTariRebulia XII s. 40-iani wlebiT633, sarwmunoa, rom igi IX s. warweraa da
masSi demetre afxazTa mefe iyo dasaxelebuli da ara daviT aRmaSeneblis vaJi
saqarTvelos mefe demetre I (1025-1056ww.), romlis drosac restavracia Cautarda
am taZars da warweris `mefe demetre~ gaigivebuli iqna demetre I bagrationTan.
am SemTxvevaSi naratiuli da epigrafikuli wyaroebis Sejerebis safuZvelze
SesaZlebelia davaskvnaT, rom aRniSnuli taZris mSenebloba demetre II (825-
861ww.) afxazTa mefis zeobis wlebiT TariRdeba.
demetre II-is gardacvalebis Semdeg, 861 wels, miuxedavad imisa, rom mas
darCa mcirewlovani Svili _ bagrati, afxazTa samefo taxti daikava mefis Zmam
giorgi I-ma (861-868ww.). rogorc Cans, giorgis gamefeba bagratis mcirew-
lovanebiT iyo gamowveuli. msgavsad winamorbedebisa, giorgi pirvelic aqtiur
saxelmwifoebriv da saeklesio politikas agrZelebda. igi afxazTa mefeebs
Soris pirvelia, vinc brZola daiwyo aRmosavleT saqarTvelos SemoerTe-
bisaTvis da aqtiurad CaerTo im politikur procesebSi, romlebsac `matiane
qarTlisaÁs~ avtorma `brZola qarTlsa zeda~ uwoda. Tu IX saukunis dasawyisSi
àfxazTa mefe~ aSot bagrations exmareboda qarTlisaTvis warmoebul
632
. `matiane qarTlisaÁsa~ da vaxuStis cnobiT, Teodosi àfxazTa mefes~ colad hyavda aSot bagrationis
asuli. - `qarTlis cxovreba~, t. I, gv. 252-253; iqve, t. IV, gv. 797.
633 . qarTuli lapidaruli warwerebis korpusi. dasavleT saqarTvelos warwerebi, nakv. I (IX _ XIIIss).
Seadgina da gamosacemad moamzada v. silogavam. Tb., 1980, gv. 140-141.
110
brZolaSi, amjerad IX saukunis meore naxevridan, gaZlierebuli afxazTa me-
feebi cdiloben Tavad CaerTon am brZolaSi. afxazTa samefos Careva Sida
qarTlis saqmeebSi IX saukunis 60-iani wlebidan sruliad realur saxes iRebs
da qarTlisaTvis brZolas ara marto politikuri, aramed ekonomikuri
mniSvnelobac mieca. am TvalsazrisiT niSandoblivia, rom afxazTa mefe,
romelic ibrZvis rogorc Sida qarTlze gamavali, ise darialis gzisaTvis,
amave dros cdilobs xelSi Caigdos bardavidan saqarTvelosaken mimavali gzis
monakveTi, romelic alaznis ayolebiT gavazze gadis.634 momdevo xanebSi
afxazTa mefeebi afarToeben brZolas, amjerad samxreT-aRmosavleTis
mimarTulebiT.
giorgi I (861_868ww.) àfxazTa~ mefis saxeli daculia armazSi (qsnis
xeobaSi), erT-erTi eklesiis saamSeneblo warweraSi, romelic daTariRebulia
giorgi mefis zeobis wlebiT, kerZod, 864 wliT. warweraSi vkiTxulobT:
`s(a)x(e)l(i)T/a R(mr)TisaÁTa, me, g(iorg)[i] [armazelma] m(a)m(a)s(a)xl(isma)n
d(a)[v(i)wy]/e w(mida)Á ek(le)s(ia)Á qr(oni)k(on)sa, pd, Ã(e)lmw(i)f(oba)sa/
g[iorgi]sa.~635
IX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi, 864 wlisaTvis, roca safuZveli Caeyara taZris
mSeneblobas, `xelmwifis tituls~ qarTuli politikuri erTeulebis
liderebidan mxolod àfxazTa~ mefeebi atarebdnen. bunebrivia, warweraSi
dasaxelebuli `Ãelmwife~ unda iyos àfxazTa~ mefe giorgi I.
Tavis droze armazis warweris `giorgi mefis~ identifikacia moxda giorgi
afxazTa mefesTan, radgan swored am dros, 864 wlis maxlobel xanebSi, giorgi
I ganagebda afxazTa samefos qarTliTurT.636 amaze miuTiTebs sxva wyaroc,
kerZod, `matiane qarTlisaÁ~: `gamovida giorgi afxazTa mefe, Zma Teodosesi da
demetresi, Ze leonisi, daipyra qarTli da dauteva erisTavad Cixas Ze
demetresi~.637 matianis es cnoba gaziarebulia qarTul istoriografiaSi. m.
lorTqifaniZis azriT, am periodidan tao-klarjeTis mmarTvelebi ver axerxeben
damoukidebel brZolas qarTlisaTvis, riTac isargebla àfxazTa~ samefom da
igi qarTlis SemoerTebisaTvis brZolaSi aqtiurad CaerTo638, rasac giorgi I-is
mier qarTlis àfxazTa~ samefos saerisTavod gamocxadeba mohyva. mogvianebiT,
afxazTa samefom droebiT dakarga Sida qarTli, magram udavoa, rom swored am
periodSi daiwyo armazis taZris mSenebloba, romlis saamSeneblo warweraSi
asaxva hpova afxazTa mefeebis mier dawyebulma brZolam qarTuli miwebis
gaerTianebisaTvis639.
sayuradReboa, rom am politikas afxazi avtorebi s. lakoba da o. bRaJba
Cveulebriv `dapyrobiT~ politikas uwodeben da aRniSnaven, rom aseTi politi-
kiT afxazma mefeebma ubralod ganavrces afxazuri eTnosis gansaxlebis areali.
am TvalsazrisiT, sayuradReboa is faqti, rom giorgi I gvevlineba ara marto
politikuri sazRvrebis gafarToebis momxred (Sida qarTlis SemoerTeba),
aramed saeklesio politikis aqtiur gamtarebladac (armazis taZris mSenebloba
qarTlSi), anu qarTli misTvis `dapyrobili~ qveyana ki ar aris, aramed misi
mzrunvelobis qveS myofi teritoria, sadac mefis mxardaWeriT saeklesio
mSenebloba mimdinareobs. savaraudoa, rom swored giorgi I unda iyos
saeklesio reformis meore etapis damwyebi, romelic dasavleT saqarTvelos
eklesiis mcxeTis sakaTalikoso taxtTan gaerTianebas isaxavda miznad. es gaer-
634 . m. lorTqifaniZe. feodaluri saqarTvelos politikuri gaerTianeba, gv.196.

635 . qarTuli warwerebis korpusi, t.I. lapidaruli warwerebi, aRmosavleT da samxreT saqarTvelo (V_X
ss). Seadgina da gamosacemad moamzada n. SoSiaSvilma. Tb., 1980.. gv. 168; l. axalaZe. egris-afxazeTis
(àfxazTa~) mefeTa warwerebi. _ afxazeTi, I. Tb., 2004, gv. 56.
636 . l. axalaZe. egris-afxazeTis (àfxazTa~) mefeTa warwerebi, gv. 56.
637 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 258.
638 . m. lorTqifaniZe. feodaluri saqarTvelos politikuri gaerTianeba, gv. 155-170.
639 . l. axalaZe. egris _ afxazeTis (àfxazTa~) mefeTa warwerebi, gv. 56.
111
Tianeba erTbaSad ar momxdara da, rogorc Cans, igi bagrat I-is (881-893 ww.) epo-
qaSi dasrulda.
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqti, rom giorgi I aris
pirveli mefe, romelmac gaafarTova politikuri sazRvrebi aRmosavleTis mi-
marTulebiT. cxadia, saeklesio erTianobis idea, romelic manamdec arsebobda,
amis Semdeg gacilebiT ufro aqtiuri da politikuri TvalsazrisiTac myari
gaxdeboda. realurad swored am dros unda dawyebuliyo mcxeTis taxtTan
àfxazTa sakaTalikosos~ gaerTianebis procesi. rogorc Cans, giorgi I-is mier
dawyebuli saeklesio reformis meore etapi Seaferxa afxazTa samefo taxtze
dinastiurma cvlilebebma 868-881 wlebSi, magram samefo xelisuflebaSi
dabrunebis Semdeg biZis mier dawyebuli saqme, rogorc ukve iTqva, warmatebiT
dagvirgvinda bagrat I-is epoqaSi.
868 wels uSvilo giorgi I gardaicvala. afxazTa samefo taxti arsebuli
memkvidreobis wesiT ekuTvnoda giorgi I-is Zmis demetre II-is vaJs _ bagrats,
romelsac giorgi I-ma qarTlis erisTavoba uboZa640. amieridan afxazTa samefoSi
tradiciad damkvidrda, rom taxtis memkvidreebi mamis sicocxleSi jer
qarTlis erisTavebi xdebodnen. bagrati qarTlis erisTavad Cans giorgis
mefobis ukanasknel wlebSi, magram misi gardacvalebis Semdeg àfxazTa samefo~
taxti droebiT xelSi Caigdo sxva dinastiam. 868 wels samefo taxti daikava io-
ane Savlianma, xolo taxtis kanonierma memkvidrem bagratma Tavi bizantias Sea-
fara. Savlianebis dinastia samefos 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi 881 wlamde ganagebda.
am periodSi afxazTa samefom ver SeZlo Sida qarTlis SenarCuneba da igi
kaxeTis mefeebma daimorCiles. 881 wels bagrat ufliswuls bizantiam realuri
daxmareba aRmouCina da `moscna berZenTa mefeman laSqari, da mogzavna zRviTda
naviT Semovida afxazeTad, mokla (bagratma _ avt.) adarnase, Ze iovanesi, da
daipyra afxazeTi~. bagrati afxazTa samefos istoriaSi Sevida bagrat I-is
saxeliT. misi mefobis dros kidev ufro gaZlierda àfxazTa samefo~.
politikuri mosazrebiT bagrat I daqorwinda adarnase Savlianis qvrivze,
romelic iyo guaram mamfalis asuli. am dros dasavlurqarTulma saxelmwifom
aqtiurad daiwyo samxreTqarTuli saxelmwifos saqmeebSi Careva. IX saukunis 80-
iani wlebidan bizantiis mxardaWeriT afxazTa samefos taxtze ganmtkicebuli
bagrati exmareba bizantiaSi gaxiznul Tavis colisZmas, guaram mamfalis vaJs,
nasrs. man gamoiyvana nasri bizantiidan, `misca laSqari misi. xolo nasrma
Seipyrna samni cixeni samcxes: oZrxes, juarcixe da lomsianTa.~641 bagratis es
Careva amjerad warmatebuli ver aRmoCnda, magram momdevno saukuneSi misi
STamomavali leon III ukve seriozul politikur sayrdens flobda samxreT
saqarTveloSi da mis mniSvnelovan nawils, kerZod, javaxeTs daeufla.
bagrat I-is gardacvalebis Semdeg samefo taxtis memkvidreobis wesi kvlav
gasworda da taxti karga xnis manZilze mamidan ufros Svils gadaecemoda. 893
wels gamefda bagratis vaJi da kanonieri memkvidre _ konstantine III (893-922 ww).
is ufro aqtiur politikas atarebda saqarTvelos gaerTianebis mimarTulebiT.
IX_X saukuneebis mijnaze afxazTa samefom dakarga Sida qarTli, romelsac
droebiT daeufla adgilobriv feodalTa warCinebuli fena, magram 904 wels
konstantine III-m SeZlo, aRedgina Tavisi Zalaufleba Sida qarTlSi da
ufliscixeSi kvlav Tavisi erisTavi dasva.
912 wels amierkavkasia dalaSqres arabebma saji amiras abul-kasimis
meTaurobiT. maTi mTavari mizani somexTa mefis sumbat bagratunis damorCileba
iyo. sumbatma mters ver gauwia winaaRmdegoba da Tavi mokavSire àfxazTa~ me-
640 ..`qarTlis cxovrebis~ xelnawerebis wyaroTmcodneobiTi Seswavlis safuZvelze qarTul

istoriografiaSi gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom giorgi I-ma qarTlis erisTavad `dauteva~ misi Zmis demetre II-is
(825-861ww.) vaJi tinine, da ara ufrosi vaJi bagrati. ix. z. papasqiri, vin iyo èrisTavi Cixisa~. `matiane
qarTlisaÁs~ teqstSi erTi koniunqturis Setanis mizanSewonilobis Sesaxeb. _ `qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba~, t.
XI. Tb., 2006, gv. 64-68.
112
fis konstantine III-is samflobelos Seafara. abul-kasimma dalaSqra qarTli,
romelic am dros àfxazTa~ samefos nawili iyo. verc konstantine III-m SeZlo
winaaRmdegobis gaweva mtrisaTvis. `Semovida qarTlad (abusajisZe), moaoxra
qarTli...~ da raTa ar gamagrebuliyo qarTlSi `moarRÂines zRudeni
ufliscixisani, romel ara daimWiron~.642 marTalia, dasavleT saqarTvelo
gadaurCa am Semosevebs, magram afxazTa mefem, rogorc Cans, axlad gamagrebuli
ufliscixis kedlebi daangria, raTa iq arabebi ver gamagrebuliyvnen. abul-
kasimis wasvlis Semdeg konstantine III-m kidev ufro gaaaqtiura Tavis politika
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. kaxeTis qorepiskoposma kvirikem miiwvia konstantine
III hereTSi salaSqrod. kvirike kaxTa mefem da konstantine III-m hereTi
dalaSqres, romlis Semdeg afxazTa samefos SemadgenlobaSi gadavida ori
simagre hereTSi: ariSi da gavazi. am istoriul movlenebs exmaureba qarTuli
epigrafikuli Zeglebi, romlebic, ZiriTadad, mogviTxroben konstantine mefis
mier warmoebuli saeklesio mSeneblobis Sesaxeb, magram gverds ver uvlian
aRniSnuli periodis politikur movlenebs.
konstantine III-is iniciativiT aigo eredvisa da samwevrisis taZrebi, rasac am
taZrebze daculi saamSeneblo warwerebi miuTiTeben. eredvis wm. giorgis
eklesiis fasadebze 1943 wels r. mefisaSvilma pirvelad gaSifra da amoikiTxa
eklesiis mTavari saamSeneblo warwera, romelic moTavsebulia taZris
samxreTis fasadis mrgvali svetis zeda nawilis irgvliv:
`[sax]eliTa R(mrTisa)ÁTa m[amisa, Zisa da] su[lisa wmidisaÁTa], meoxebiTa
wm(i)d(i)sa R(mr)Ti[smS]obelisaÁTa, [SewevniTa w(mi)d(i)sa gi](orgi)siTa, Ãelmwi-
fobasa R(mr)T(i)vdamyar[e]bulisa wmid[i]sa k[ostanti]ne mefisasa, r(ome)l(ma)n
brZana da Cavida here/Ts [S]igan, herTa mef[e]Á ga(a)[q]cia da muniT mSuido-
biT iqca, ciskrad alaverds iloca, [m]wux(r) breZas gadahÃTa, meored k(u)la
avida, vejin/isa cixe dalewa; qarTlsa Sina uflobasa tbelisa ivanesa,
mTava/re[bi]sko[so]basa sanatrelisa y(uaryuar)esa, j(ua)riTa misiTa; gazraxviTa
niqoz/e[li]sa _ sanatr[e]lisa stefane ebiskosisaÁTa, ZaliTa, SewevniTa
moyuas/TaÁTa, me T(evdor)e TaflaÁsZeman davde saZirkveli _welni iy(u)nes xfi,
qoronik[onsa rkv].~643
warweraSi ikiTxeba eklesiis mSeneblobis dawyebis TariRad _xfi _906 weli,
Tumca masSi dasaxelebuli istoriuli movlenebi odnav gvian moxda.
aRniSnuli movlenebi zust asaxvas pouloben sxva istoriul wyaroebSi, kerZod,
`matiane qarTlisaÁs~ avtori wers, rom abul-kasimis meored laSqrobis Semdeg
ùÃmo kvirike qorepiskoposman kostanti afxazTa mefesa, Cavida hereTad da
moadges cixesa vejinisasa. afxazTa mefe moadga zedaT kerZo da kÂrke qvemoT.
da viTar miswudes waRebad, maSin adarnase patriki movida paraskevis juarsa,
miupyra zavis piri, mosca afxazTa mefesa ariSi, gavazni da kvirikes orWobi.
viTar daizavnes da Semoiqces. movida kostanti, iloca alaverds wm. giorgis
winaSe, Semosa xati misi oqroTa. xolo laSqari misi umravlesi waravlina
gzasa garesa da friad pativ-sca kÂirike qorepiskoposman da warvida qveynad
TÂisad.~644. rogorc vxedavT, orive wyaro, warwera da matianec erTi da imave
monacemebs gvawvdis konstantine àfxazTa~ mefis mier hereTs laSqrobis
Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli laSqroba matianis mixedviT, saqarTveloSi abul kasimis
laSqrobis, e.i. 914 wlis Semdeg moxda. maSasadame, eredvis wm.giorgis eklesiis
mSenebloba konstantine mefis iniciativiT, xuroTmoZRvar Tevdore TaflaÁsZes
906 wels dauwyia da 914 wlis Semdeg dasrulebula.
yuradRebas iqcevs konstantine mefisa da kvirike kaxTa qorepiskoposis
hereTSi erToblivi laSqrobis istoriis calkeuli detalebi, romelSic mema-
642 . iqve, gv. 263.

643 . qarTuli warwerebis korpusi, t. I. gv. 171; l. axalaZe. egris _ afxazeTis (àfxazTa~) mefeTa
warwerebi, gv. 56-57..
644 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. 1,gv. 264.
113
tiane xazgasmiT aRniSnavs dasavleT saqarTvelos mefis damokidebulebas
aRmosavlurqarTuli siwmindeebis mimarT. àfxazTa~ mefes am dros myarad
uWiravs Sida qarTli, romelsac mis mier dasmuli erisTavi ufliscixidan
ganagebda, magram hereTs laSqrobis Semdeg konstantinem miiRo àriSi da
gavazni~645. amieridan, praqtikulad istoriuli qarTli mTlianad (garda Tbi-
lisis saamirosi, romlis teritoria TandaTan mcirdeboda) àfxazTa~ mefes
daemorCila, rac àfxazTa~ mefeTa mier IX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi safuZvelCay-
rili politikis _ qarTuli miwebis gaerTianebisaTvis brZolis erTi brwyin-
vale furceli iyo.
konstantine III-is saeklesio saamSeneblo saqmianobis Seswavlis Tvalsaz-
risiT mniSvnelovani wyaroa samwevrisis warwera, romelic warmoadgens ma-
masaxlis domninosisa da giorgi TualoÁsZis warweras konstantine mefis mox-
seniebiT:
`† z(ed)a welsa k-s kostantine mefisa me, domninos, samwevrisa juarisa ma-
masaxlisman da gi/orgi TualoÁsZeman moviReT ruvi ese juarad./ da aravi[n] ars
sxuaÁ mo[m]xumare da [ufali] ruvisa amis, garna/ patiosani juari da giorgi, vin
ese aRmoikiTxos me, domninos, monaÁ juarisaÁ, [locvasa momiÃseneT da
TualoÁs]Zeca/ g(ior)gi q(riste)m(a)n Se(i)wy(ale)n. amen. iyavn.~646
warwera daTariRebulia konstantine mefis zeobis me-20, e.i. 912 wliT. Tu ga-
viTvaliswinebT, eredvis wm.giorgis eklesiis warwerisa da `matiane qarTlisaÁs~
zemoT moyvanil monacemebs, swored am periodSi flobda àfxazTa~ mefe
konstantine III qarTlis mniSvnelovan nawils.
zogadad, armazis, eredvis, samwevrisis xuroTmoZRvrul Zeglebze àfxazTa~
mefeebis dasaxeleba argumentirebulad asabuTebs, rom adgilobrivi saero da
saeklesio fenis warmomadgenlebisTvis savaldebulo iyo mefis zeobis wlebiT
daeTariRebinaT didi mSeneblobebi.647 rasakvirvelia, es ver moxdeboda `dampy-
robeli~ mefis pirobebSi.
sayuradRebo faqtia, rom afxazi avtorebi s. lakoba da o. bRaJba icnoben
samwevrisisa da eredvis warwerebs, Tumca erT-erTi maTganis (eredvis) lokali-
zacias SecdomiT kaxeTSi axdenen648. avtorebis azriT, es miuTiTebs, rom kon-
stantinem qarTli daipyro, magram xazs usvamen, rom brZola qarTlisaTvis mim-
dinareobda afxazTa da somexTa samefoebs Soris. o. bRaJbasa da s. lakobas
wignSi arsad ar aris naxsenebi `qarTvelTa samefo~, an kaxeTis samefo. mkiTx-
vels STabeWdileba rCeba, rom Tanamedrove saqarTvelos aRmosavleTi da
samxreTi nawili maSin somxeTis samefos SemadgenlobaSi iyo da brZola mimdi-
nareobda afxazur da somxur samefoebs Soris.649 afxazi avtorebi ignorirebas
ukeTeben im faqtsac, rom es epigrafikuli masala _ afxazTa mefeTa warwerebi
qarTul enazea daculi da arsad ar axseneben, ratom werdnen isini TavianTi
saqmianobis Sesaxeb qarTulad da ara berZnulad, an afxazurad? maSin, roca
konstantine II_is berZnulenovan warweraze sagangebod Cerdebian da es er-
TaderTi warwera aRmoCnda argumenti imis, `dasasabuTeblad~, rom àfxazTa~
mefeebi berZnulad awarmoebdnen samefo kancelariis saqmianobas.
davubrundeT isev konstantine III-s, romelic cdilobda gaemagrebina Tavisi
poziciebi qarTlsa da kaxeTSi. am mizniT konstantine III dinastiuri qorwinebiT
645 . ariSi mdebareobda hereTSi, gavazi – Tanamedrove yvarlis raionSia.

646 . qarTuli warwerebis korpusi, t. I, gv. 222; l. axalaZe. egris _ afxazeTis (àfxazTa~) mefeTa
warwerebi, gv. 57.
647 . amis Sesaxeb ix.: qarTuli warwerebis korpusi, t. I. lapidaruli warwerebi. aRmosavleT da samxreT
saqarTvelo (V-Xss.). Semdg. n. SoSiaSvili. Tb., 1980, gv. 34.
648 . О. Х. Бгажба, С. З. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 133.
649 . aqve unda aRvniSnoT isic, rom am wignSi somxuri Tema saerTod Zalze farTo da mravalferovania,
magaliTad, klisuris cixe Turme somxebs augiaT, kerZod, vinme Toma somexs, aseve afxazeTis mTebSi
cibiliumis komendati VIII saukuneSi somexi yofila, 550 wels petras damcvelTa rigebSi ioane somexic iyo
da a. S. qarTli viTom somxebis xelSia, an afxazebisa; sad iyo qarTuli samefo-samTavroebi, ar Cans. ix. О. Х.
Бгажба, С. . Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 156.
114
daukavSirda kaxeTis qorepiskoposs, riTac SeZlo zurgi gaemagrebina Tavisi
politikis Semdgomi gafarToebis pirobebSi. konstantine III Seecada alanTa
karis mimdebare qveynebis damorCilebas, anu man scada qarTlidan CrdiloeT
kavkasiaSi gadamavali strategiuli da ekonomikuri mniSvnelobis gza gaekon-
trolebina. somexi istorikosis ioane drasxanakertelis cnobiT: ègrisis mefe
konstantinem . . . Sekriba jari da gaemarTa CrdiloeTis mxriT kavkasiis mTis
xevebiT, raTa gugarTa qveyana da alanTa karis axlos mcxovrebi mosaxleoba
Tavis xelqveiT daemorCilebina~650. afxazTa mefis am ganzraxvas, drasxanak-
ertelis cnobiT, win aRudga somexTa mefe sumbat bagratuni. marTalia, kon-
stantine III am brZolaSi damarcxda, magram verc sumbatma SeZlo alanTa karis
mimdebare teritoriis dakaveba.
rogorc Cans, konstantine III_s alanTa karis (darialis) xelSi Cagdebis
garda sxva ufro farTo miznebic hqonda. àfxazTa samefos~ istoriaSi erT-
erTi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs alanTa gaqristianebis sakiTxs. bizantiis
imperia aqtiurad cdilobda oseTSi qristianobis gavrcelebas, magram es
problema IX_X saukuneebamde kvlav gadauWreli iyo. marTalia, osebi
qristianobas adridanve icnobdnen, magram miuxedavad amisa, qristianoba aq fexs
ver ikidebda. IX saukunidan osebis gaqristianeba SedarebiT warmatebiT
warimarTa.651 bizantiis imperiisa da gaZlierebuli àfxazTa~ samefosaTvis didi
mniSvneloba hqonda oseTze gavlenis mopovebas. m. lorTqifaniZis azriT,
bizantiis imperia da ègris_afxazeTi erTnairad cdilobdnen osTa
damorCilebas da am mizniT, orive saxelmwifo iyenebda ideologiur
saSualebas, qristianul sarwmunoebas da cdilobda qristianobis Setanasa da
gavrcelebas alanebSi.652 àfxazTa~ samefos alanebisa da saerTod,
CrdiloeTkavkasieli xalxebis mimarT sxva ufro mniSvnelovani miznebi da
miswrafebebi amoZravebda. kerZod, es unda yofiliyo àfxazTa~ samefos
CrdiloeTi sazRvrebis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa. konstantine III, swored am
mimarTulebiT warmarTavda Tavis RonisZiebebs, kerZod, misi mxardaWeriT
alanTa Soris qristianobis saqadageblad gaigzavna arqiepiskoposi. es, ra Tqma
unda, bizantiis interesebSic Sedioda, amitom konstantine mefis am RonisZiebas,
rogorc Cans, bizantiis mmarTveli wreebi da berZeni patriarqic iwonebdnen. am
istoriul movlenebze mogviTxrobs bizantiis patriarqis nikoloz mistikosis
(914-925ww.) werilebi giorgi II àfxazTa~ mefisadmi653, saidanac irkveva, rom
alanebSi qristianobis Setanis saqme konstantine III-is dros dawyebula.
konstantine mefis interesebi alanebisadmi jer kidev maSin gamoikveTa, roca man
alanTa karis (darialis) SemoerTeba gadawyvita, magram misi damorCileba ver
SeZlo. rogorc vxedavT, es brZola im didi politikis nawili iyo, romelic
iTvaliswinebda CrdiloeTkavkasieli xalxebis mxridan àfxazTa~ samefos
sazRvrebis usafrTxoebis ganmtkicebas da, Sesabamisad, iq qristianobis
qadagebas, rac mniSvnelovani ideologiuri dasayrdeni iqneboda àfxazTa~
samefosaTvis.
konstantine III-is mier wamowyebuli didi politikis gamgrZelebeli Cans misi
vaJi giorgi II (922-957ww.). gamefebis pirvel wlebSi giorgi II-s taxts ecileboda
Tavisi Zma bagrati, romelic male gardaicvala da giorgim `daipyra sruliad
afxazeTi~. am periodisaTvis `sruliad afxazeTi~ ewodeboda ara marto sakuT-
650 . ioane drasxanakerteli. somxeTis istoria, somxuri teqsti qarTuli TargmaniT, gamokvleviTa da
saZieblebiT gamosca e. cagareiSvilma. Tb., 1965, gv. 109.
651 . g. TogoSvili. saqarTvelo-oseTis urTierTobis istoriidan. cxinvali, 1958, gv. 108-115; m.
lorTqifaniZe. axali qarTuli samTavroebis warmoqmna, egris-afxazeTis samefo, gv. 443.
652 . m. lorTqifaniZe. axali qarTuli samTavroebis, gv. 443.
653 . cnobilia nikoloz mistikosis sami werili giorgi II afxazTa mefisadmi. ukanasknel xans gamoiTqva
mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmad, nikoloz mistikosis erT-erTi werili konstantine III-is saxelze unda iyos
gagzavnili. ix. Е. Аджинджал. dasax. naSromi, gv. 83, 89, 91; j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv.
112-113, 115.
115
riv afxazeTs, an mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos, aramed afxazTa samefos mTel
teritorias Sida qarTliTa da hereTiTurT.
giorgi II afxazTa mefes wyaroebi axasiaTeben, rogorc eklesiaTa maSenebels,
RvTismosavsa da glaxakTa mowyales. `matiane qarTlisaÁs~ ucnobi avtoris
sityvebiT, ìyo igi sruli yovlisa sikeTisa, simÃniTa da axovanebiTa; RmrTis-
moyuare iyo, umetes maSenebeli eklesiaTa, mowyale glaxakTa, uxvi da mdabali,
da yovliTa keTiliTa da saTnoebiTa sruli.~654 msgavs daxasiaTebas gvawvdis
vaxuSti bagrationic: èse giorgi mefe iyo RuTismoSiSi da moyuaruli, haero-
vani, mÃne, axovani, mowyale, uxvi, eklesiaTa maSenebeli da quriv-obolTa Semwy-
nare~.655 albaT, naklebad warmosadgenia, romelime qveynis mematianes mezobeli
xalxis `dampyrobeli~ mefe aseTi daxasiaTebiT waredginos STamomavlebisaTvis.
qarTveli mematianeebis amgvari damokidebuleba àfxazTa~ mefeebis mier warmoe-
buli, rogorc saxelmwifoebrivi, aseve saeklesio politikisadmi, rogorc
zemoT iTqva, erTmniSvnelovnad miuTiTeben maT eTnikur vinaobaze, adgilsa da
rolze qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis istoriaSi.
IX saukunis II naxevridan bizantiis imperiis saSinao da sagareo mdgomareoba
mkveTrad gaumjobesda, magram dasavleT saqarTveloSi Tavisi Zveli gavlenis
aRdgena ver moaxerxa. amieridan bizantiis imperiam dasavleT saqarTvelos mi-
marT taqtika Seicvala da Seecada formaluri gavlena mainc SeenarCunebina
saqarTvelos am nawilze. àm dros qarTvelTa ymoba, – wers iv. javaxiSvili, _
mxolod garegnuli yofila da ufros-umcros samefoTa Soris kavSirs ufro
udrida vidre namdvils politikur damokidebulebas~.656 miuxedavad amisa, am
formalur damokidebulebas imperiis mesveurebi karga xnis manZilze didi gul-
modginebiT icavdnen ara mxolod saqarTvelos, aramed sxva qristianuli
qveynebis mefeebis mimarT. niSandoblivia àfxazTa~ mefeebisadmi boZebuli
titulatura da mimarTvis wesi. giorgi II afxazTa mefes bizantiis imperiis
patriarqi nikoloz mistikosi èqsusiasts~, an `brwyinvale eqsusiasts~
uwodebda, magram arasodes uwodebda mas `mefes~. miuxedavad imisa, rom
àfxazTa~ mefeebs am tituliT ar moixseniebdnen, bizantia maT mainc
damoukidebel xelisuflad Tvlida. nikoloz mistikosi giorgi II-is `mefuri
Rirsebis~ Sesaxebac laparakobs da arsad ar mimarTavs mas `mefis~ tituliT. es
faqti, maSin roca bizantiis patriarqi kavkasiis arcerT mefesa da mTavars
`mefis~ tituliT ar moixseniebs, giorgi II-is did avtoritetsa da politikur
damoukideblobaze miuTiTebs.
nikoloz mistikosis werilebidan Cans, rom bizantias surs, àfxazTa~
samefom gaagrZelos CrdiloeT kavkasiis mimarT dawyebuli politika, pirvel
werilSi patriarqi giorgi II-s Seaxsenebs Tavisi mamis saqmianobas da urCevs, es
gza manac gaagrZelos. `Sen sakmaod Segnebuli da gonieri xar da mamaSenis
saqmianobasac icnob, rom adamianTa xsnisaTvis, RvTis didi saxelis
didebisaTvis, sazogadod... Seni moRvaweobiT gverdSi amoudge mas~657
(igulisxmeba alanTa arqiepiskoposi). nikoloz mistikosis sxva werilebidan
kargad Cans, rom giorgi II àfxazTa~ mefem warmatebiT gaagrZela mamis saqme da
uSualod miiRo monawileoba alanebSi qristianobis gavrcelebis saqmeSi. `Sen
RvTis cnebis mixedviT, didi amagi dasde da gananaTle alaniis mmarTveli da
yvela isini, vinc masTan erTad Rirsi gaxda wminda naTlisRebisa~, _ wers
bizantiis patriarqi.658 rogorc Cans, àfxazTa~ mefe uSualod monawileobda
alanTa mTavrisa da misi axloblebis gaqristianebis saqmeSi659.

655 . qarTlis cxovreb, t. IV, gv. 799.
656 . iv. javaxiSvili qarTveli eris istoria, t. II, gv. 109.
657 . geogika, t. IV. gv. 213.
658 . iqve, gv. 214.
659 . m. lorTqifaniZe. egris-afxazeTis samefo, gv. 444.
116
afxazTa~ mefeebis mier warmoebuli Crdilokavkasiuri politika mimarTuli
iyo àfxazTa~ samefos politikuri gavlenis gavrcelebisaken am regionSi da,
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, amave dros dakavSirebuli iyo CrdiloeTis mxridan
samefos sazRvrebis usafrTxoebis ganmtkicebasTanac. am faqtze miuTiTebs qar-
Tuli marTlmadidebluri taZrebis arseboba dasavleT saqarTvelodan oseTSi
gadasasvlel gzebze da qarTuli qristianuli terminologia, romelic
dadasturebulia osur enaSi.660
garda `matiane qarTlisaÁsa~ da nikoloz mistikosis werilebisa, giorgi II-
is sarwmunoebrivi politika sxva wyaroebiTac dasturdeba. magaliTad, qarTuli
epigrafikuli Zeglebi, rogorc lapidaruli, ise Weduri warwerebi
mogviTxroben giorgi II-is saqmianobaze am mimarTulebiT. giorgi II–is epoqaSi
misive iniciativiT aigo Wyondidis, xofisa (xvafis) da qiaCis taZrebi.
aRniSnuli informacia daculia zemoTxsenebul qarTul warwerebSi.
Wyondidis (martvilis) taZris mSeneblobis istorias mogviTxrobs `matiane
qarTlisaÁ~: àRaSena saydari Wyondidisa, Seqmna saepiskoposod da ganaSuena
igi.~661 matianeSi dacul informacias taZris mSeneblobis Sesaxeb ewinaaRmdegeba
taZris dRevandeli daTariReba. g. CubinaSvilisa da n. aladaSvilis specialuri
gamokvlevebiT dazustda, rom Wyondidis taZari agebuli unda iyos VII sau-
kuneSi.662 taZris warwerebis Seswavlis safuZvelze, v. silogava mivida im
daskvnamde, rom sworia `matiane qarTlisaÁs~ cnoba giorgi II afxazTa mefis
mier WyondidSi saepiskoposo kaTedris daarsebis Sesaxeb, magram taZari agebu-
lia VII saukuneSi, giorgi II afxazTa mefem garkveuli samSeneblo samuSaoebi
Caatara: ganaxlda da SekeTda taZari, aigo saepiskoposo saxli da sxva nage-
bobani.663 rac Seexeba taZris saamSeneblo warweras, igi mogviTxrobs 996 wels
bagrat III-is (978-1014ww.) mier sanaTlavis agebis istorias.
giorgi II-is mier agebulia xofis wm. nikolozis saxelobis taZari gudauTis
raionSi, romlis saamSeneblo warwera mogviTxrobs:
`[†] aR(a)Sena w(mida)Á e[se eklesiaÁ] [. . .] m(a)m(adm)T(a)v(a)rm[an], [.] m(e)f(o)b(a)sa
g(iorg)Á(s)sa, od(e)s [da]ibada [g(ua)r(a)nd(u)xt] [. . . .] m(i)sa. w(mida)o
n(i)k(o)l(o)z, m(eo)x eyav w(inaS)e q(riste)sa.~664
warweris Sinaarsi gvauwyebs, rom xofis taZari imTaviTve wm. nikolozis
saxelze yofila agebuli. rac Seexeba warweris daTariRebas, v. silogavas va-
raudiT, warweris paleografia XII saukunisaa da `warweraSi dasaxelebuli
giorgi mefe SeiZleba sruliad saqarTvelos mefed _ giorgi mesamed (1156-
1184ww.) miviCnioT, amis mixedviT warwera 1156-1178 wlebiT TariRdeba.~665 magram
warweris pirvelgamomcemlis a. aviZbas monacemebiT, xofis warweraSi misi
aRmoCenis dros ikiTxeboda qalis saxeli guaranduxt666 (l. ServaSiZis
wakiTxviT), rac cvlis warweris daTariRebis adreul variants. cnobilia, rom
guranduxti, egris-afxazeTis mefe giorgi II –is (922-957ww.) asuli, gaTxovili
iyo tao-klarjeTSi `qarTvelTa mefis~ bagrat II bagrationis (958-994ww.)
Svilze gurgenze. warwera guranduxtis dabadebis niSnad aris amokveTili
xofis wm. nikolozis saxelobis taZris fasadze, romlis mSenebloba asulis
dabadebisas unda daesrulebina giorgi meores; amdenad, warweraSi
dasaxelebuli mefe giorgi II aris àfxazTa~ mefe, romlis iniciativiT aigo
xofis wm. nikolozis saxelobis taZari.
660 . s. janaSia. Sromebi. t. I, gv. 215-252; m. lorTqifaniZe. egris-afxazeTis samefo, gv. 445.
661 qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 265.
662 . . . . ., 1948, gv. 31,59; . . .
V_XI . ., 1977, gv. 48-61.
663 . v. silogava. samegrelo-afxazeTis epigrafika. Tb., 2004, gv. 51.
664 . l. axalaZe. afxazeTis epigrafika rogorc saistorio wyaro, I, gv. 147-148.
665 . qarTuli warwerebis korpusi, IIm gv. 142.
666 . . . . - , 1967, 7 октября.
117
qarTuli Weduri warwerebi mogviTxroben giorgi II-is mier qiaCis taZrisadmi
gansakuTrebiT mdidari Sewirulebis Sesaxeb. kerZod, man qiaCis taZars Seswira
vercxlis sacecxluri da samwerobeli, romelsac qiaCis xatsac uwodeben667.
vercxlis sacecxlurze vkiTxulobT: `† w(mida)o eklesiao, meox meyav me,
g(iorg)i mefesa w(inaS)e R(mrT)isa~.668
g. CubunaSvilma vercxlis sacecxluris Seswavlis Semdeg aRniSna, rom es
aris adreuli qarTuli Weduri xelovnebis SesaniSnavi nimuSi da warweraSi
dasaxelebuli giorgi mefe aris àfxazTa~ mefe giorgi II.
qiaCis xatze daculi warwerac mogviTxrobs, rom igi damzadebulia giorgi
mefis iniciativiT.
`s(a)x(e)l(i)Ta R(mr)TisaÁTa, me, g(iorg)I m(e)f(e)m(a)n, davsxen ese samwer-
obelni w(mi)dasa amas eklesiasa qiaCs salocvelad sulisa CemisaTÂs. mRvdelno,
raJams SeswirvideT xorcsa da sisxlsa qristesa da locvas momixseneT, amen.
wmidao RmrTismSobelo, meox meyav winaSe Zesa Senisa da RmrTisa Cvenisa me,
giorgi mefesa.~669
qiaCis xati (samwerobeli) g. CubinaSvilma vercxlis sacecxlurTan erTad
xelovnebaTmcodneobiTi TvalsazrisiT Seiswavla da X saukunis I naxevriT,
giorgi II-is mefobis wlebiT daaTariRa.
rogorc vxedavT, afxazTa samefos saxelmwifoebrivi da saeklesio politika,
romelsac jer kidev IX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi Cauyara safuZveli giorgi I-ma
da Semdeg ufro gafarTovda bagrat I-isa da konstantine III–is mefobis dros,
axal fazaSi gadadis giorgi II-is epoqaSi, romlis moRvaweobis xana aris
àfxazTa~ samefos arsebobis manZilze yvelaze warmatebuli xana. X saukunis
somexi istorikosi uxtanesi am periodis àfxazTa~ samefos Sesaxeb werda, Tu
rogor gafarTovda da ganviTarda es qveyana, gavrcelda pontos napirebze da
misi sazRvrebi aRwevda somexTa da alvanTa sazRvrebamde, . . . es tomi Tavis
Tavdapirvel qveyanaSi iberebs uwodebda Tavis Tavs, xolo aq hqviaT qarT-
velebi. da am qveyanas hqvia afxazeTi670. uxtanesis es cnoba pirdapiri
dadasturebaa im faqtisa, rom afxazTa samefos mosaxleobas eTnikuri
qarTvelebi Seadgendnen. afxazi istorikosebi, maT Soris o. bRaJba da s.
lakoba671, cdiloben gaayalbon Tanamedrove afxazeTis istoria da xSirad
iSvelieben uxtanesis motanili cnobis mxolod pirvel nawils, meore nawils
ki, sadac afxazeTis vrceli saxelmwifos mosaxleobis eTnikuri vinaobaa
miTiTebuli, mkiTxvels umalaven . 672
afxazTa mefis giorgi II-is saxelmwifoebrivi politikis mniSvnelovan
nawils warmoadgenda brZola kaxeTis SemoerTebisaTvis. fadla qorepiskoposis
gardacvalebis Semdeg kaxi feodalebis erTma nawilma ar aRiara kvirike II-is
(929-976ww.) xelisufleba da gadawyvites, kaxeTi giorgi II afxazTa mefisaTvis
gadaecaT. `Semdgomad gadges aznaurni gardabanelni, iwyes zraxvad giorgi
mefisa. gamoilaSqra giorgi mefeman, Cavida kaxeTad, moswua da aswyvida. . . da
kualad dadga atens da Ze misi leon iyo erisTavad qarTlisa~673. kaxeTisaTvis
brZolaSi, rogorc matianis avtori gvamcnobs, mniSvnelovani dasayrdeni iyo
qarTli, sadac giorgis ufrosi vaJi leoni erisTavad ijda. kvirike
qorepiskoposma giorgi mefes Tavisi Zma Surta miugzavna, romelmac àfxazTa~
mefes gadasca cixeebi ujarma, boWorma, lowobani da naxWevani. am cixeebis
667 . aRniSnuli nivTebi aRmoCenilia walenjixis raionis sof. obujis eklesiaSi.

668 . . . . ., 1959, 29, 30, 31. . 148; l. axalaZe. egris _
afxazeTis (àfxazTa~) mefeTa warwerebi, gv. 58.
669 . . . , foto 22, 23, 24, gv. 138.
670 . uxtanesi. istoria gamoyofisa qarTvelTa somexTagan. somxuri teqsti qarTuli TargmaniTa da
gamokvleviT gamosca z. aleqsiZem. Tb., 1975, gv. 66-67.
671 . О. Х. Бгажба, С. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 156.
672 . afxazi istorikosebis r. xonelias, m. gunbas mier uxtanesis am cnobis gayalbebis Sesaxeb ixileT: .
, . . dasax. naSromi, gv. 197, 556.
118
aReba giorgi mefem iolad SeZlo. naxWevanis aRebis Semdeg `viTar ixila kvirike
qorepiskoposman, rameTu arara iyo Rone misi, iTxova simtkice cocxlebiT
gagzavnisa, da dauloca kaxeTi giorgi mefesa~674. rogorc Cans, giorgi mefem
kvirike qorepiskoposi Seipyro, romelmac sicocxlis SenarCuneba iTxova da
giorgi mefes kaxeTi dauloca. miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTlis erisTavs _ leons
ar surda cocxali gaeSva kvirike qorepiskoposi, giorgim Svils ar usmina da
igi cocxali datova. ufro metic, Seiwynara kvirikes Txovna da gazafxulamde
mas boWormis cixe dautova. amasobaSi kvirikesTan qarTlis aznaurebis jgufi
movida da daxmareba aRuTqves giorgi mefis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, romelTa
daxmarebiT `kualad eufla kvirike mamulsa Tvissa~, wers `matiane qarTlisais~
avtori.
miuxedavad amisa, giorgi mefem mainc gaagrZela brZola kaxeTis SemoerTe-
bisaTvis. misi ZiriTadi politika, saqarTvelos gaerTianebisaken iyo mimarTuli
da, bunebrivia, rom kaxeTs Tavs ver daanebebda. 956 wlis axlo xanebSi giorgi
mefem kaxeTis SemosaerTeblad Tavisi vaJi _ leon qarTlis erisTavi gagzavna.
`kualad gagzavna laSqari Tvisi, da Ze misi leon uCina winamZRurad. da mivida
da mowua kaxeTi, da masve laSqrobasa Sina moarTues ambavi: micvaleba didisa
da RmrTis-moyuarisa giorgi mefisa~.675 rogorc vxedavT, leonma SeZlo mamis
davalebis Sesruleba, magram giorgis gardacvalebam aiZula droebiT gadaedo
kaxeTis SemoerTebis sakiTxi. man saswrafod zavi dado kvirike qorepiskoposTan
da quTaiss dabrunda.
957 wels afxazTa samefos taxti daikava leon III-m (957-967ww.). wyaroebis
mixedviT, giorgi II-s oTxi vaJi da erTi asuli hyavda: leoni, demetre, Teodosi,
bagrati da guranduxti. afxazTa mefem ori vaJi - Teodosi da bagrati,
Tavidanve bizantiaSi gagzavna, raTa misi sikvdilis Semdeg Zmebs Soris
taxtisaTvis brZola ar atexiliyo, `raTa Semdgomad sikudilisa misisa ar iyos
maT Soris brZola da Ãdoma~676. miuxedavad amisa, Teodosi mainc dabrunebula,
romelsac, rogorc Cans, taxtze seriozuli pretenziebi hqonda. 957 wels
leons taxtze asvlisas winaaRmdegobani ar Sexvedria da man energiulad
gaagrZela mamis politika; gamefebisTanave ganaaxla brZola qarTlis danarCeni
miwebis SemoerTebisaTvis. leonma Tavisi mefobis pirvel wlebSive SeZlo
javaxeTis SemoerTeba da iq Tavisi erTguli moxelis zviad maruSianis
erisTavad dasma. am istoriul faqts adasturebs kumurdos taZris warwera.
`S(e)w(e)vn(i)Ta R(mRT)is(a)ÁTa, iov(a)ne/ eb(i)sk(o)p(o)sm(a)n d(a)dva
s(a)Z(i)rkv(e)li am(i)s/ ekles(ii)s(a)Á Ã(e)liTa C(e)m c(o)dv(i)lisa
s(a)koc(a)ris(aÁ)Ta,/ leon mefisa zÀ _ ad(i)d(e)n R(merTma)n, qr(o)n(i)k(o)nsa /
rpd, T(ues)a m/aÁs(s)a a,/ dResa S(a)f(a)Tsa, a mTuari/s(a)sa, erisTvob(a)sa zÂi-
assa; ese b(a)/la(h)v(a)ri m(un) da/Ádva; q(rist)e, Se(e)w(i)e m(o)n(a)sa S(e)nsa,
a(me)n.~677
warweris teqstSi mocemulia TariRi rpd _ 964 weli. damaTariRebel argu-
mentad leon mefis moxseniebac SeiZleboda. rogorc warweridan irkveva,
afxazTa mefe leon mesame daaxloebiT 964 wlisaTvis, anu Tavisi mefobis me-7
wels ukve flobda javaxeTsac, sadac mis xelisuflebas zviad erisTavi
warmoadgenda. istoriografiaSi miRebulia azri imis Sesaxeb, rom àfxazTa~
mefeebi qarTlTan erTad javaxeTsac flobdnen. naratiuli wyaroebidan Cans,
rom egris-afxazeTis mefeebi TavianT Zalauflebas saqarTvelos samxreTi
mimarTulebiTac avrcelebdnen. kumurdos taZris saamSeneblo warwera amis
naTeli dadasturebaa.
674 . iqve. 269.

675 . iqve, gv. 269.
676 . iqve, gv. 270.
677 . gamocemaTa sruli sia ix.: v. silogava. kumurdo. taZris epigrafika. Tb., 1994, gv. 39.
119
leon III aqtiur politikas atarebda kaxeTis SemoerTebisaTvis. leonma
`kualad iwyo mterobad kÂirikes da Zebnad kaxeTisa; gailaSqra spiTa didiTa.
Cadga aragÂis pirsa, aswyÂida muxnari xerki, da bazaleTi~, magram, mematianis
sityvebiT, mefe am laSqrobis dros dasneulda, `Seiqca gare da mokuda~.678
rogorc vxedavT, leon III-m ver SeZlo mamis mier dawyebuli saqmis bolomde
miyvana, Tumca àfxazTa~ samefos sazRvrebi sxva mimarTulebiT, kerZod,
samxreT-aRmosavleTiT gaafarTova.
iseve rogorc giorgi mefes, leon III-sac istoriuli wyaroebi axasiaTeben,
rogorc qristesmoyvare, eklesiaTa maSenebelsa da qvriv-obolTa mfarvel mefes.
`matiane qarTlisaÁ~-s cnobiT, `ganadida ufalman RmerTman mefoba misi msgavsad
mamisa misisa. iyo igica RmrTis-moyuare da savse yovliTa keTiliTa. aman
aRaSena eklesia moqÂisa da Seqmna saydrad saepiskoposod, akurTxa da
ganasrula yovliTa gangebiTa~679. zemoTaRniSnuli wyaroebi miuTiTeben, rom
leon III warmatebiT agrZelebda misi winaprebis mier dawyebul saxelmwifoebriv
da saeklesio politikas. man aago moqvis, kumurdos, wirqolis taZrebi, xobis
eklesia. kumurdos, wirqolisa da xobis epigrafikul ZeglebSi daculia
informacia am taZrebis mSeneblobis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, wirqolis taZris
warweraSi vkiTxulobT: `danieli ityuis: miÃ/sen / me, u(fal)o, [p]iris(a)g(a)n
lomTa/[Ása, iÃsen sasjelisagan, g(a)br(ie)l mT(a)v(a)rang(e)l(o)z/o, l(e)on
me/fe.~; xolo xobis taZridan SemorCenilia Weduri warwera RvTismSoblis
xatze, romelSic aseve leon mefis saxeli ikiTxeba: `† y(ov)l(a)d w(mida)o
R(mr)TismS(o)b(e)lo, meox eyav w(inaS)e q(rist)esa s(u)lsa leon mefis(a)~.680
sagulisxmoa is faqti, rom afxazi avtorebi s. lakoba da o. bRaJba TavianT
SromebSi gverds uvlian giorgi II-isa da leon III-is mier ganxorcielebul
saxelmwifoebriv RonisZiebebs da amaod cdiloben maT warmoCenas `dampyrobel~
afxaz (afsua) mefeebad.
967 wels leon III-is gardacvalebis Semdeg gamefda demetre III (967-975ww.),
romelsac taxts ecileboda bizantiidan dabrunebuli Zma Teodosi. Zmis wi-
naaRmdeg mebrZol Teodosis, marTalia, mesxi aznaurebi uWerdnen mxars, magram
demetrem igi Seipyro da Tvalebi dasTxara. rogorc Cans, usinaTlo (`mwuxare~)
Teodosi SemdegSic ganagrZobda brZolas taxtisaTvis, radgan demetres bevri
mowinaaRmdege hyolia. aseT pirobebSi 975 w. demetre III-is gardacvalebis Semdeg
taxtze avida usinaTlo da uSvilo Teodosi, romlis erTaderTi memkvidre iyo
Teodosis disSvili, giorgi II àfxazTa~ mefis SviliSvili asulis mxridan da
`qarTvelTa~ mefis bagrat II `reguenis~ SviliSvili bagrat bagrationi. X
saukunis 70-iani wlebidan àfxazTa~ samefos istoriaSi axali epoqa daiwyo,
romelic saqarTvelos gaerTianebiT dasrulda.
àfxazTa~ samefos kulturul-sarwmunoebrivi iersaxis warmosaCenad
uaRresad didi mniSvneloba aqvs dasavlurqarTul eklesiaSi moRvawe
saeklesio pirebis, àfxazTa~ mefeebisa da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis dakveTiT
Sesrulebul damwerlobis nimuSebs, romlebic mxolod qarTul enaze, qarTuli
damwerlobiTaa Sesrulebuli681.
rogorc cnobilia, Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi qarTuli mwignobrobisa da
kulturis centrebs qristianuli eklesia warmoadgenda. eklesia iyo ZiriTadi
ZarRvi, saidanac iwyeboda qarTuli kulturisa da mwignobrobis, qarTuli
sulierebis saTaveebi. VIs. saqarTveloSi safuZveli Caeyara samonastro
cxovrebas. gansakuTrebul aRmavlobas ganicdis igi VIII saukunidan tao-
klarjeTSi grigol xanZTelis mier daarsebul eklesia-monastrebSi, romlebic
678 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. I. gv. 270

679 . iqve, gv. 270.
680 . l. axalaZe. egris-afxazeTis (àfxazTa~) mefeTa warwerebi, gv. 59.
681 . vrclad ix.: T. gvancelaZe. Crdilo-dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenloba Sua
saukuneTa lapidaruli warwerebis mixedviT. _ qarTveluri memkvidreoba. Tb., 1999; l. axalaZe. afxazeTis
epigrafika, rogorc saistorio wyaro, I. Tb., 2005; l. axalaZe. Egris-afxazeTis (àfxazTa~) mefeTa warwerebi.
120
gadaiqcnen qarTuli kulturis umniSvnelovanes centrebad, sadac mimdinareobda
originaluri da Targmnili saero Tu sasuliero literaturis Seqmna,
xelnawerTa ganaxleba; aqve Camoyalibda xatwerisa da ferweris SesaniSnavi
skolebi, sxvadasxva kaligrafiuli mimdinareobani da a. S. àfxazTa~ samefoSi
grigol xanZTelis mier daarsebuli saeklesio centrebis ideologiur
gavlenaze da kulturul-sarwmunoebriv erTobaze miuTiTebs àfxazTa~ mefis
demetre II-is mier grigol xanZTelis mowveva ubisis monastrisa da saeklesio
centris dasaarseblad. es kulturuli erTianoba tradiciulad SemdegSic
gagrZelda. radgan àfxazTa~ mefeebis iniciativiT daarsebuli axali saeklesio
centrebi ube, armazi, martvili, xofi, moqvi, wirqoli, xobi, samwevrisi, eredvi
qarTuli mwignobrobis, ganaTlebisa da kulturis mniSvnelovan kerebs
warmoadgendnen ara marto àfxazTa~ samefos epoqaSi, aramed momdevno
saukuneebSic xSirad wamyvani kulturuli tendenciebis matareblebad da axali
kulturuli wamowyebebis iniciatorebad gvevlinebian.
cxadia, am movlenas saTave daudo àfxazTa~ samefos politikurma da
sarwmunoebrivma damoukideblobam. misi mopovebisa da ganmtkicebisaTvis
brZolaSi àfxazTa~ mefeebs gverdiT edgnen bizantiis gavlenisagan Tavisufali
eklesia da dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba, romelmac SeZlo ara marto
saeklesio da saxelmwifoebrivi suverenitetis mopoveba, aramed brZola
ganaaxla danarCeni qarTuli miwebis SemoerTebisa da erTiani qarTuli
saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenisaTvis.
gamomdinare aqedan, niSandoblivia isic, rom swored àfxazTa~ samefoSi
moRvaweobdnen qarTuli kulturis gamoCenili warmomadgenlebi, saeklesio da
saero pirebi, romlebmac TavianTi saqmianobiT ukvdavyves sakuTari saxelebi. am
mxriv mniSvnelovania X saukunis qarTveli himnografisa da mTargmnelis,
stefane sananoÁsZis samwerlo moRvaweoba martvilis taZarSi, romelic giorgi
II-is dros gadaiqca qarTuli kulturis mniSvnelovan kerad. imave giorgi II-is
mfarvelobiT sargeblobda didi qarTveli himnografi, SesaniSnavi àRdgomis
sagaloblebis~ avtori ioane minCxi682. àfxazTa~ samefos mkvidri iyo miqael
sabawmindelis martvilobis àbukuras~ avtori683. konstantine àfxazTa~ mefis
dakveTiT qarTul enaze daiwera àfxazTa~ mefeTa divani~684, romelic
warmoadgens egris-afxazeTis mefeTa VIII-X saukuneebis matianes.
àfxazTa~ samefos saxelmwifo da saeklesio ena, aseve samwerlobo kultura
mxolod qarTuli iyo, razec erTmniSvnelovnad miuTiTeben, rogorc
zemoTmoyvanili faqtebi, aseve àfxazTa~ mefeebis dakveTiT Sesrulebuli yvela
warwera, romlebmac Cvenamde moaRwia da romlebic qarTuli asomTavruli
damwerlobiT aris Sesrulebuli. am faqts aRniSnavs TiTqmis yvela mkvlevari,
vinc ki odesme Sexebia am samefos istorias685, maT Soris afxazi avtorebic.686
miuxedavad amisa, aRniSnul sakiTxs sagangebod uvlian gverds Tanamedrove
afxazuri istoriografiis warmomadgenlebi m. gunba o. bRaJba da s. lakoba.
sagulisxmoa, rom afxazeTSi damwerlobis ganviTarebis istorias erT-erTi
pirveli nayofierad ikvlevda x. bRaJba (o. bRaJbas mama). misi daskvniT, àfxazTa
samefo~ warmoadgenda dasavlurqarTul saxelmwifos, romlis saxelmwifo da
saeklesio ena qarTuli iyo687. d. gulias azriT ki, arsebuli `mravalricxovani
mecnierulad Semowmebuli faqtebi uciloblad metyveleben, rom afxazebi
682 .
ioane minCxis poezia. gamosacemad moamzada da gamokvleva daurTo l. xaCiZem. Tb., 1987.
683 .
Sdr: saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. II, gv. 427.
684 .
Zveli saqarTvelo, t. II. eq. TayaiSvilis redaqtorobiT, gv. 46-54.
685 .
s. janaSia. giorgi SarvaSiZe, kulturul-istoriuli narkvevi. - Sromebi, t. VI. Tb., 1988, gv. 26; . .
. ..., gv. 196; m. lorTqifaniZe. egris-afxazeTi, gv. 416-445; z. papasqiri. narkvevebi...; I, gv. 52-53;
j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 119; S. gloveli. afxazTa samefo. gv. 24-25. da sxvebi.
686 . . . . . ., 1967, gv. 12.
687 . iqve.
121
yovelTvis qarTvelebTan erTad cxovrobdnen saerTo istoriuli da
kulturuli cxovrebiT, rom afxazebi, kacma rom Tqvas, igive qarTvelebi arian...
uciloblad dadgenilia, rom ukve IX s-is Sua xanebidan qarTuli ena aris
damwerlobis, saxelmwifo da kerZo saqmiswarmoebis, yoveldRiuri saeklesio
cxovrebisa da RvTismsaxurebis erTaderTi ena~688
dasavleT saqarTvelos, kerZod, Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze
sadamwerlobo kulturis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT didi mniSvneloba eniWeba
àfxazTa~ samefos epoqidan SemorCenil epigrafikul masalas. maTma Seswavlam
da paleografiulma Sedarebam saqarTvelos sxva istoriuli regionebis
damwerlobaTa nimuSebTan aSkarad gamokveTa afxazeTis mowinave kulturul-
istoriuli tendenciebi. magaliTad, igi pirveli exmaureba asomTavrulSi mimdi-
nare cvlilebebs. amis dasturia is, rom mTel dasavleT saqarTveloSi yvelaze
adreuli qarTuli asomTavruli damwerlobis nimuSi sakuTriv afxazeTis,
kerZod, gudauTis raionSi msigxvas mTis eklesiis nangrevebSi aRmoCnda. ufro
metic, am mxareSi safuZveli Caeyara qarTuli sadamwerlobo kulturis erT-erT
SesaniSnav kidurwaisruli damwerlobis kaligrafiul skolas, romelic aqedan
gavrcelda danarCen saqarTveloSi689.
zemoTaRniSnuli masala erTmniSvnelovnad miuTiTebs, rom saqarTvelos es
istoriuli mxare _ afxazeTi qarTuli kulturis gavrcelebis areals ki ar
warmoadgenda, aramed Tavad iyo am kulturis Semoqmedi da organulad
CarTuli qarTul politikur da kulturul samyaroSi, rogorc qarTli, kaxeTi,
odiSi an romelime sxva istoriuli regioni.690 mecnierebisaTvis ucnobia
afxazTa samefoSi araqarTuli kulturis arsebobisa da ganviTarebis,
araqarTulenovani mosaxleobis iq moRvaweobis damadasturebeli ramenairi
faqti.
688 . Д. Гулия. О моей книге «История Абхазии. Сухуми. 1951 ( ). Тб., 1998, gv.10, 15.
689 . l. axalaZe. qarTuli damwerlobis paleografiuli maxasiaTeblebi afxazeTis epigrafikul ZeglebSi.
_ kulturaTaSorisi komunikaciebi. Tb., 2007, gv. 32-40.
690 . dawvrilebiT ixileT: l. axalaZe. afxazeTis epigrafika, rogorc saistorio wyaro, I. gv. 204-211.
122
Tavi VI. afxazeTis saeklesio xuroTmoZRvreba
dRevandeli afxazeTis teritoriaze SemorCenili da sxvadasxva dros

Catarebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebiT gamovlenili Sua saukuneebis nivTieri
Zeglebi _ qristianuli taZrebi, saSualebas iZlevian Tvali gavadevnoT IV-XVIII
saukuneebis qristianuli sakulto xuroTmoZRvrebis ganviTarebis TiTqmis
uwyvet suraTs, stilTa cvlas, evoluciis istoriul process, SemoqmedebiTi
Ziebis, sruli mxatvruli simwifisa da krizisis periodebis monacvleobas.
aRniSnul Zeglebs mniSvnelovani adgili ukaviaT qarTuli kulturisa da
xelovnebis, kerZod ki saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebis istoriaSi.
saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebis Zeglebi qarTuli xelovnebis istoriis
mkvlevarTa mier mravalmxriv gaSuqebuli da kargad Seswavlilia.1 amjerad
afxazeTis regionis adre Sua saukuneebisa (IV-VII ss.) da gardamavali xanis (VII-
X ss.) saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebis mxolod im gansxvavebuli, Taviseburi
niSnebia ganxiluli, romlebic qarTuli `qveynebisaTvis~ saziaro mxatvrul
dinebebs, erTian gemovnebas, SemoqmedebiTi Ziebebis saerTo mimarTulebebs
asaxaven da mTeli saqarTvelosaTvis niSandoblivi Temis mimarT SemoqmedebiTi
midgomis, SemoqmedebiTi gadamuSavebis Sedegs warmoadgens.
qristianulma eklesiam xuroTmoZRvarT sruliad garkveuli amocana dausaxa:
unda Seqmniliyo sagangebo Senoba, romelic bevr mlocvels daitevda da
sarwmunoebrivi ritualis Casatareblad gamodgeboda. evropasa da
axloaRmosavleTSi Zvel qristianul xanaSi gavrcelebuli iyo saeklesio
nagebobaTa ori umTavresi saxeoba: wagrZelebuli ugumbaTo Senoba, e. w.
bazilika da centruli, mrgvali, rvawaxnaga, jvarisebri Senoba.2
saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi, maT Soris afxazeTSi, qristianul sakulto
arqiteqturaSi, agreTve vxvdebiT or saxeobas: wagrZelebul ugumbaTo Senobebsa
da centrul Senobebs. qarTuli centruli taZrebis birTvs Seadgens kvadrati,
romelzedac aRmarTulia gumbaTi da romlis garSemoc viTardeba jvarisebri
gegma. es stili genetikurad ukavSirdeba, erTi mxriv, analogiur kompozicias
axloaRmosavleTis qveynebis Zvel xuroTmoZRvrebaSi (magaliTad, sasanur sasax-
leebs iranSi), meore mxriv, qarTuli xalxuri xuroTmoZRvrebis tradiciebs,
qristianobis gavrcelebamde bevrad adre SemuSavebuli, RviZli da tradiciuli
glexuri ~darbazis~ tips.3
xazgasmiT gamJRvanebuli sigrZivi RerZis mqone Senoba-bazilikis tipi, ro-
melic agebulia garkveuli elementebis ritmuli ganmeorebiT, qarTuli xuroT-
moZRvrebisaTvis ucxo iyo. am tips nergavda oficialuri eklesia, radgan qris-
tianul eklesias dasawyisSi esaWiroeboda ukve aRiarebuli, sarwmunoebis mier
nakurTxi nimuSebi. aseT nimuSebad miCneul iqna palestinis uZvelesi
bazilikebi, raki palestina, saRmrTo werilis Tanaxmad, qristes amqveyniuri
cxovrebis asparezi iyo.4
adreqristianul xanaSi qarTlSi, kaxeTsa da afxazeTSi TiTqmis erTdrou-
lad aRmocenda bazilikis Taviseburi varianti, romelsac qarTvelma
mecnierebma ~sameklesiani bazilika~ uwodes. garedan Tavisi ~profiliT~ igi ar
1. i. ciciSvili. qarTuli arqiteqturis istoria. Tb., 1955; S. amiranaSvili. qarTuli xelovnebis istoria.
Tb., 1961; v. beriZe. Zveli qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreba. Tb., 1974; misive: -
. _ IV . ., 1983; . .
. . - . . .
., 1978; misive: VIII-X . ., 1988 da sxv.
2. v. beriZe. Zveli qarTuli..., gv. 18.
3. iqve, gv. 19.
4. iqve.
123
gansxvavdeba Cveulebrivi samnaviani bazilikisagan, magram SigniT navebi
erTmaneTisagan boZebiT ki ar aris gayofili, aramed kedlebiTaa gaTiSuli; e.i.
arsebiTad, aq erT SenobaSi gaerTianebulia sami damoukidebeli samlocvelo.
V-VI saukuneebSi Casaxuli es Tema VII saukunidan garkveul evolucias ganicdis
da gansazRvrul xanaSi mxatvrulad dasrulebuli nawarmoebis saxes iZleva.1
samnaviani da sameklesiani bazilikis gverdiT, afxazeTSi, saqarTvelos sxva
kuTxeebis msgavsad, imTaviTve SemuSavda ugumbaTo nagebobaTa kidev erTi, umar-
tivesi saxe: erTnaviani (anu calnaviani) eklesia. soflis mcire samlocveloTa
umetesoba am tips miekuTvneba, Tumca arsebobs mozrdili erTnaviani
eklesiebic. agreTve gvxvdeba ornaviani eklesiebi.
qarTuli eklesia mTlianad da savsebiT emxroba mTel qristianul samyaroSi
miRebul normebs. funqciuri TvalsazrisiT igi emTxveva sxva qristianuli
(upirveles yovlisa, marTlmadidebeli) qvenebis eklesias: aRmosavleTisaken
mimarTuli, naxevarwriul afsidiani sakurTxeveli, sadiakvne da samkveTlo; mis
orsav mxares (garda uZvelesi eklesiebisa, sadac es sadgomebi jer kidev ar
aris), mlocvelTa darbazi. qarTuli eklesiebi imTaviTve atriumebis gareSe
Sendeboda. maT ar gaaCndaT arc narTeqsebi dasavleTis mxares (iSviaTi
gamonaklisis garda), arc calke aSenebuli sanaTlavebi (baptisteriumebi)
dasavluri eklesiebisa, xolo samrekloebi XIII saukunidan Cndeba.2
dRevandel afxazeTSi adreqristianuli xanis sakulto arqiteqturis ocze
meti erTeulia cnobili, romlebic ZiriTadad arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sede-
gadaa gamovlenili. rogorc arqeologiuri monacemebiT irkveva, qristianuli
taZrebi ara marto werilobiTi wyaroebiT cnobil centrebSi (biWvinTa),
mniSvnelovan qalaqebsa da gamagrebul cixeebSi (sebastopolisi, anakofia,
webelda) arsebobda, aramed werilobiT ucnob punqtebSic (gagra, alahaZe,
gienosi, dranda, ganTiadi, haSufsa, miusera, mramba, Sapka, abaanTa, qiaC-abaa da
sxv.).
adre Sua saukuneebSi eklesiebi afxazeTSi warmodgenilia calnaviani
(biWvinTis N1, N4 da sakaTedro taZris dasavleTiT gamovlenili ori eklesia,
gienosi, haSufsa, webelda, mramba, Sapka) da ornaviani (biWvinTa) nagebobebiT;
samnaviani bazilikebiT (biWvinTis N2 da N3 eklesiebi, ganTiadi, alahaZe),
~sameklesiani bazilikebiT~ (gagra, miusera, aba-anTa, qiaC-abaa) da jvar-
gumbaTovani nagebobiT (dranda).
marTalia, berZnuli konfesiuri gavlenis qveS moqceul qveyanaSi sakulto
xuroTmoZRvruli formebi bizantiidan Semodis, magram afxazeTis mkvidrTa qar-
Tul ~qveynebTan~ sulier-kulturuli erToba ar wydeba, am drois sakulto
xuroTmoZRvrul nawarmoebebSi vxedavT bizantiurisa da adgilobrivis
saziaro mxatvruli dinebebis Serwyma-SeerTebas.
adre Sua saukuneebis adreul etapze afxazeTSi aSenebuli eklesiebis
nawili Tu berZnulia (magaliTad, Zveli pitiunti, biWvinTis IV-V saukuneebis
erTmaneTze daSenebuli bazilikebi, gudavis IV saukunis baptisteriumi), cota
ufro gvian, VI saukuneSi, awindel gagraSi agebuli e.w. ~sameklesiani
bazilika~ saqarTveloSi ugumbaTo arqiteqturis tipad Camoqnili erT-erTi
nairsaxeobaa.
afxazeTSi am tipis oTxi Zeglia SemorCenili Zvel gagraSi, abaanTis cixeSi
(sof. lixni), qiaCis borcvze da ambaraSi, miuseras koncxze. maTgan uZvelesia
Zveli gagris eklesia, romelic gagris cixis Semadgenel nawils warmoadgens.
am taZarSi qarTuli adreqristianuli reliefebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli motivi
_ wreSi Cawerili tolmklava, e. w. ~bolnuri~ jvrebia SemorCenili.
1. g. CubinaSvili. qarTuli xelovnebis istoria. Tb., 1936, gv. 65-66; misive: , . ., 1959,
gv. 141.
2. v. beriZe. Zveli qarTuli..., gv. 20.
124
arqiteqturuli Tema ~sameklesiani bazilikisa~, rogorc aRiniSna, ugumbaTo
taZris erT-erT nairsaxeobas warmoadgens, romelic Tavisi garegani formebiT
samnaviani bazilikaa, magram Signidan, rogorc konstruqciuli azriT, ise
sivrcis STabeWdilebiT sruliad gansxvavdeba bazilikisagan. zemoT ukve iTqva,
rom aq svetebis Tu sabjenebis nacvlad, romlebic bazilikis Sida sivrces
navebad yofs, kedlebi Cndeba. am tipis nagebobam saqarTveloSi saintereso
evolucia ganicada da gansazRvrul xanaSi mxatvrulad dasrulebuli
nawarmoebi mogvca.
marTalia, bazilikis es tipi sxva qveynebSic cnobilia, magram am taZrebma
saqarTveloSi gansazRvruli damoukidebeli tipis saxe miiRes. maTi
SemoqmedebiTi ganviTarebis safuZvlad kaxeTia miCneuli, sadac am tipis or
aTeulamde Zeglia Semonaxuli. Senobis es tipi erTnairad mosawoni da
misaRebi unda yofiliyo aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelos mkvidrTaTvis.
es garemoeba bunebrivad da kanonzomierad gamoaCens ~sameklesiani
bazilikebis~ erTdroul aRmocenebas kaxeTSi, qarTlsa da afxazeTSi.1
afxazeTSi am tipis saerToqarTuli Zeglebis arseboba realuri kulturul-
istoriuli viTarebis maCvenebelia.2
qarTveli mkvlevarebi afxazeTSi `sameklesiani bazilikebis~ arsebobas ar
ganixilaven rogorc qarTlis pirdapir politikur zemoqmedebas Zlieri
bizantiis vasal saxelmwifoze, egrisze,3 magram `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~-s,
`qarTlis cxovrebisa~ da somexi istorikosis ioane drasxanakertelis
monacemebze dayrdnobiT, ar gamoricxaven qarTlsa da egriss Soris V-VII
saukuneebSi saeklesio-kulturuli erTobis arsebobas4 da erTi mwyemsmTavris,
cnobili qarTveli moRvawis, somex-qarTvelTa saeklesio ganxeTqilebis aqtiuri
monawilis, kirion qarTlis kaTalikosis (VI-VII saukuneebis mijna) xelqveiT
gaerTianebas.5
bizantiurisa da adgilobrivis, mTeli kulturul-istoriuli saqarT-
velosaTvis saziaro mxatvruli dinebebis Serwyma-SeerTebis mkafio magaliTia
drandis RvTismSoblis saxelobis taZari, romlis daTariRebaSi azrTa
sxvadasxvaobaa. xuroTmoZRvruli analiziT g.CubinaSvili taZars mcxeTis jvris
(VIs.) variaciad miiCnevs,6 r.mefisaSvili saxelovnebaTmcodneo da
sabunebismetyvelo-fizikuri meTodebiT VIII saukuniT aTariRebs,7 xolo m.xo-
telaSvili da k.iakobsoni mas bizantiur Zeglad Tvlian da arqeologiuri ma-
saliT VI saukuniT aTariReben.8 aguriT naSeni taZari, dabali da ganieri
mravalsarkmliani gumbaTiT, mravalricxovani kar-sarkmlebiT, SuaSi
rotonduli sivrciT gvianromauli memkvidreobaa. am nagebobaSi narTeqsisa da
mTavari sivrcis SesasvlelTa RerZebis acdena VIII-IXss. zogadqarTul swrafvas
exmianeba, sakurTxevlis sami SveriliT afsidis TaRebis gadabmis xerxi ki
~mcxeTis jvrisa~ da misi jgufis (Tundac martvilis taZris) gamocdilebas
emyareba.9
1. d. TumaniSvili. Suasaukuneebis qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis erovnuli erTobis Sesaxeb. _ literatura

da xelovneba, 3-6, 1993, gv. 177.
2. v. beriZe. kulturis Zeglebi afxazeTSi. _ jvari vazisa, I. Tb., 1995, gv. 65.
3. d. TumaniSvili. afxazeTis xuroTmoZRvrebis raobisaTvis. _ zedaSe, I. Tb., 2005, gv. 80; i.berZeniSvili.
afxazeTis ~sameklesiani bazilikebi~. - marTlmadidebloba afxazeTSi da erovnuli TviTidentifikaciis
sakiTxebi. Tb., 2005, gv. 59.
4. s. janaSia. Sromebi, t. I. Tb., 1949, gv. 124.
5. z. aleqsiZe. epistoleTa wigni. Tb., 1968, gv. 167-168.
6. g. CubinaSvili. qarTuli xelovnebis istoria, gv. 140-141.
7. . . ( VIII ). _ qarTuli xelovnebisadmi miZRvnili IV

saerTaSoriso simpoziumi. Tb., 1981, gv. 1,2.
8. . т , . . . ( ). _ , . 45. ., 1984, gv. 192-
200, 204-205.
9. d. TumaniSvili. dasax. naSromi, gv. 80., Л. Шервашидзе. Археологические раскопки в крепости Аба-анта.
Полевые археологические исследование в 1976 г. Тб., 1979, gv. 233.
125
SemdgomSi Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze sakulto nagebobebSi
TandaTan Zlierdeba arabizantiuri sawyisi, Tumca kvlav aSeneben `sameklesian
bazilikebs~. VII-VIII saukuneebSi aSenebuli abaanTisa10 da ambaris ~sameklesiani
bazilikebi~, agreTve VIII-X saukuneebis qiaCis wm.mTavarangelozTa saxelobis
~sameklesiani bazilika~,11 romelic mTel dasavleT saqarTveloSi cnobili
salocavi yofila, im tendenciebs asaxaven, rac aRmosavleT da samxreT-
dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebaSi iCens Tavs (gegmarebis
garTuleba, Sida kedlebis Zalovani SverilebiT damuSaveba).
arqeologiuri gaTxrebiT gamovlenil, gardamavali xanis CxorTolis
erTnavian darbazul eklesias IX-Xss. paralelebi javaxeTsa (xviliSa - VIII-
IXss.) da Sida qarTlSi (sneqvi _ IX-Xss., eredvis beris saydari _ Xs., eredvis
wm.giorgi _ 906w., kusireTi _ VIII-Xss., xeiTis sabawmida _ Xs., disevi _ Xs.)
moepoveba,12 xolo wkelikaris darbazul eklesias (XIs.) ki _ javaxeTSi (agara _
Xs.).13
Sua saukuneebis qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi da
tendenciebi asaxulia afxazeTis IX-Xss. ZeglebSi, romlebic gardamavali xanis
ukanasknel periods ganekuTvnebian da mravalferovani SemoqmedebiTi ZiebebiT
gamoirCevian. am Ziebebis procesSi qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi gabatonebul
adgils centralur-gumbaTovani nageboba ikavebs, romlis ZiriTadi
maxasiaTebelia aRmosavleT-dasavleTis wagrZelebuli formis nageboba.aseTi
nagebobis masebi sivrceSi jvris formas qmnian. oTx Tavisuflad mdgar boZze
dabjenili gumbaTi aRmarTulia taZris mklavebis gadakveTaze. taZris es tipi
mravalferovania, igeba ~Tavisufali jvris~ da ~Cawerili jvris~ tipis taZrebi.1
`Cawerili jvris~ ZiriTad birTvs jvar-gumbaTovani struqtura Seadgens. es
Tema droTa ganmavlobaSi TandaTan viTardeba da rTuldeba, rac ZiriTadi
erTiani kompoziciuri struqturisaTvis calkeul elementTa damatebaSi
gamoisaxeba. anakofiis taZarSi, bzifSi warmodgenil ZiriTad kompozicias
dasavleTiT narTeqsi emateba, romelic uSualod ZiriTad korpuss erwymis. aq
karibWeebi gamoweul formas qmnian. anakofiis taZris gegma lixnSi meordeba. aq
interiers, anakofiisagan gansxvavebuli, narTeqss zeviT moTavsebuli patronike
amravalferovnebs. lixnis interieris grandiozulobisa da didebulebis
STabeWdileba gaZlierebulia sami mxridan Semovlebuli orsarTuliani
garSemosavleliTa da dasavleT mxares damatebuli ori svetiT.
winare xanis arqiteqturul formaTa Ziebas srulyofili saxe aqvs miRebuli
moqvis taZarSi. Tavisi mSvidi da mkacri simetriulobiT klasikuri xanis
qarTul taZrebs ukavSirdebian bzifisa da anakofiis taZrebi. am periodis
qarTul arqiteqturaSi damkvidrebul ~cxovelxatul~ stils asimetriulobiTa
da dinamiurobiT exmianebian lixnisa da moqvis taZrebi.
~Cawerili jvris~ tipis ZeglebSi _ bzifi (IXs.), anakofia, lixni da moqvi
(Xs. 60-iani wlebi, afxazTa mefe leon III-is, bagrat III-is mkvidri biZis agebuli)
bizantielebis kvalic Cans. aseTia, magaliTad, SigniT Sezneqili segmentisagan
Sedgenili gumbaTi, romelsac ingliselebi `gogriseburs~ uwodeben; sami
Sverili afsidi aRmosavleT mxares da sadgomebis uSualod (dasavleTi kedlis
gareSe) gaxsna Sua sivrcisaken. am niSnebis gamo, XIX saukunidan moyolebuli,
maT bizantiuri xelovnebis qmnilebebad Tvlidnen. am eklesiebs aqvT metad
sagulisxmo niSan-Tvisebebi da mxatvrul-istoriuli maxasiaTeblebi, romelTa
mixedviT isini qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis Zeglebia, `bizantizmebi~ ki mxolod
10. . . ..., gv. 73-74.

11. d. TumaniSvili. afxazeTis qristianuli taZrebi. _ jvari vazisa, I, gv. 68.
12 . r. xvistani. CxorTolis eklesia. – afxazeTi, I. Tb., 2006, gv. 129.
13 . . . . . ., 1971, gv. 64.
1
. g.CubinaSvili, n.severovi. qarTuli arqiteqturis ganviTarebis gzebi. Tb., 1936, gv. 82-83., В.Беридзе.
Некоторые вопросы..., gv. 7; misive: Zveli qarTuli..., gv. 47.
126
minarevebia. oTxive taZari e.w. `Cawerili jvris~ tipisaa, oTx Tavisuflad mdgom
burjze dabjenili gumbaTiT. aseTi agebulebis gumbaTiani nageboba X
saukunidanaa gavrcelebuli balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze, Zvel ruseTSi,
konstantinopolsa da TesalonikSi, erTi sityviT, mTel aRmosavleT
saqristianoSi. am saxis uadresi taZrebi sadReisod saqarTvelosa da somxeTSia
mikvleuli. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi am saxis taZrebis uwyveti mwkrivi gvaqvs
(wromi _ VIIIs., samSvilde _ VIIIs., iyalTo da ruisi _ VIII-IXss.), roca
bizantiaSi ~Cawerili jvris~ arqiteqturuli Tema am periodSi axlad ikidebs
fexs.
`Cawerili jvris~ tipis afxazeTis taZrebSi uadresi bzifis taZaria, ro-
melic aSkarad qarTlis Zeglebs ukavSirdeba. afxazeTSi am tipis sxva
Senobebic (iseve rogorc `sameklesiani bazilika~) saerToqarTul niadagzea
aRmocenebuli. qarTul samyaroze migviTiTebs aRniSnuli Zeglebis gare da Sida
aRnagoba, sadac gumbaTqveSa TaRebi pirdapir burjebzea dayrdnobili;
analogiuri bizantiuri Zeglebis gumbaTi ki dabal sabjenebze amoyvanil
kedlebs eyrdnoba. afxazeTis taZrebis kedlebi garedan araa dacxrilul-
dacxaurebuli bizantiuri ZeglebiviT. bzifis taZridan (IXs.) moqvis taZramde
(Xs.) sakurTxevliskena RerZis gayolebiT SeiniSneba moculobaTa
TandaTanobiTi sigrZivi zrda, bizantiur ZeglebSi ki, VII saukunidan
moyolebuli, sapirispiro procesi xdeba _ sigrZivi RerZi TandaTanobiT
mokldeba.2
lixnis dasavleTi patronikes ramdenime sarTulad dawyobili TaRedi, ro-
melic bizantiuri arqiteqturisaTvis ucxoa, gurjaanis yvelawmindaSia
damuSavebuli da ambaris ~sameklesian bazilikaSia~ gadmosuli. saqarTveloSi
afxazeTis da kaxeTis ZeglebisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli didi TaRovani bWeebi,
rac agreTve ucnobia bizantiuri xuroTmoZRvrebisaTvis.
biWvinTis taZari gansxvavebuli gumbaTqveSa konstruqciis gamo `Cawerili
jvris~ tipis taZrebSi calke jgufad gamoiyofa. Zegli mdebareobs Zveli
naqalaqaris teritoriaze, Savi zRvis napiras, biWvinTis yureSi. taZris samxreT-
dasavleTiT arqeologebis mier aRmoCenilia abanos, sasaxlisa da taZrebis
naSTebi; erT-erTi eklesiis iataki dafaruli iyo mozaikiT, romelic
adreqristianul simbolur-alegoriul gamosaxulebebsa da ornamentul
motivebs Seicavda (IV-Vss.).
biWvinTis taZari jvar-gumbaTovani nagebobaa, magram dasavleTiT aqvs
narteqsi da aRmosavleTiT sami Sverili afsidi. narTeqsi saqarTveloSi
iSviaTia, Sverili afsidebi ki axasiaTebs adrindel qarTul eklesiebs, ufro
gvian Savi zRvis sanapiros Zeglebs da aqa-iq aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
Zeglebsac. biWvinTis taZris dasavleTis mklavi sammxrivi patronikeTia
aRWurvili. taZris gumbaTi sakurTxevlis kedlebs eyrdnoba da ara oTx
Tavisuflad mdgom burjs. qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi es Tema gardamaval
xanaSi damuSavda. misi adreuli nimuSebi kaxeTsa da tao-klarjeTSi (barcxana,
ozaani, xanZTa _ IX-Xss.) gvxvdeba, XI saukunidan ki mtkiced ikidebs fexs
qarTul arqiteqturaSi. samwuxarod, Cvenamde ar mouRwevia bagrat III-is
agebulsa da Cvens matianeSi didi aRtacebiT naxseneb bediis taZars. rogorc
arqiteqtor-restavratorma l.ximSiaSvilma gaarkvia, axlandeli nageboba
bagratiseulis naSTebzea daSenebuli XIII saukunis meore naxevarSi. samagierod
manve gamoavlina Tavdapirveli eklesiis gegma, romelic daaxloebiT imgvarivea,
rogorc zemoganxiluli gumbaTiani eklesiebisa.1
afxazeTis gardamavali xanis Zeglebs Semdegi Taviseburi niSnebi axasiaTebs:
Sverili afsida aRmosavleTis mxares, taZris ZiriTadi sivrcisaken damatebiTi
2
. z. jangvelaZe. IX-X ss. saeklesio xuroTmoZRvreba afxazeTSi. _ saistorio Ziebani, I. Tb., 1998, gv. 44.
1
. v.beriZe. Zveli qarTuli..., gv. 44-45; l. ximSiaSvili. restavraciis zogierTi sakiTxi (wromi, bedia). _
Zeglis megobari, N 14, Tb., 1969, gv. 77. i. varsimaSvili. bedia. _ Zeglis megobari, N 31-32, Tb., 1973, gv. 31-32.
127
kompartimentebis Tavisufali gaxsna, narTeqsi dasavleTis mxares, fasadTa
Zunwi morTuloba. igive niSnebi sxva qarTuli regionebis saeklesio
arqiteqturasac axasiaTebs, radgan igi zogadqarTuli movlenaa Sverili
afsidebi aqvT vaCnaZianT yvelawmidas (VIIIs.) da ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis
gelaTis mTavar taZars (XIIs.), timoTesubnis eklesias (XII-XIIIss.) da metexis
taZars (XIIIs.). damatebiTi kompartimentebis Tavisufali gaxsna taZris ZiriTadi
sivrcisaken cnobilia samSvildis sionSi (VIIIs.), ikorTasa (XIIs.) da XII-XIII
saukuneebis sxva qarTul ZeglebSi. dasavleTis narTeqsi gvxvdeba wromis
taZarSi. es forma marto bizantiur xuroTmoZRvrebas ar axasiaTebs, igi
saerTodaa damaxasiaTebeli qristianuli xuroTmoZRvrebisaTvis.2 patronike Sua-
saukuneebis qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi, marTalia, aucilebel elements ar war-
moadgens, magram mainc gvxvdeba (vaCnaZianT yvelawmida - IXs., alaverdis taZari -
XIs.).
qarTul tradiciaze afxazeTis centralur-gumbaTovan taZrebSi mravali
komponenti metyvelebs. afxazeTSi, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos msgavsad, kedlebis
wyobaSi (biWvinTis garda) Tlili qvaa gamoyenebuli. orive regionSi
gumbaTqveSa kvadratidan gumbaTis wreze gadasvlisas iyeneben epoqisaTvis
damaxasiaTebel afrebs, bizantiaSi ki afrebis nacvlad _ trompebs. afxazeTisa
da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos taZrebSi dasavleT-aRmosavleTis sigrZivi RerZis
TandaTanobiTi dagrZeleba xdeba, bizantiur nagebobebSi ki piriqiT - sigrZivi
RerZi mokldeba. afxazeTis taZrebs axasiaTebs sakurTxevlis afsidis
naliseburi moyvaniloba da fasadTa Zunwi morTuloba. am niSniT isini kaxeTis
Zeglebs uaxlovdebian, sadac, alaverdis taZris garda, yvela Zegli
mourTvelia.
absidis Crdilo mxareze ZiriTad navTan kariT dakavSirebuli, navTan
SedarebiT mokle, Sesabamis fasadze safexurad SeWrili saTavsoebi aqvT
gamoyenebuli iloris (XIs.), laSkendaris (X-XIss.), RumuriSis (XIs.) da aCanuas
darbazul eklesiebs691, romelTa analogiuri kompoziciisa da xuroTmoZRvruli
niSnebis mqone darbazuli eklesiebi saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi (qarTli,
javaxeTi, aragvis xeoba, raWa) gvxvdeba. aRniSnuli Zeglebi agrZeleben aRebuli
epoqis qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis xazs2.
rusma arqeologma b. raevma q.adleris SemogarenSi (krasnaia polianas
midamoebSi) XI-XIIIss. xuTi aSkarad qarTuli darbazuli eklesiis naSTi
(lipniki, krien neroni, golicini, axSTiri) Seiswavla. am Zeglebis gegmareba da
konstruqcia man saqarTvelos Zeglebis (drandisa da noqalaqevis) analogiurad
miiCnia3.
biWvinTaSi, mrambaSi, webeldaSi, anakofiaSi, soxumSi, kulambaSi, drandasa da
gagraSi gamovlenilia VI-VIIIss. reliefuri skulpturis Zeglebi, romelTa
Soris gansakuTrebuli adgili webeldis bareliefebs uWiravT. bibliuri
siuJetebiT Semkuli aRniSnuli bareliefebi am regionSi aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos gavlenis maCvenebelia. anakofiis cixis eklesiaSi berebis mier
XIXs. aSenebul kedelSi Cayolebulia axlo-maxlo dangreuli eklesiebidan
motanili X-XIss. reliefiani qvebi, romlebic qarTlisa da samxreT
saqarTvelos reliefebs emsgavsebian.4
2
. Л. Д. Рчеулишвили. Купольная..., gv. 77; p. zaqaraia. qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreba XI-XIII ss. Tb., 1990, gv. 29,
42.
691 . . ( XI ). ., 1963, gv. 78., . . , .4. , 1975, gv. 85; r. xvistani. qristianuli
Zeglebi oqumiswylis zemo welze (RumuriSis eklesia). – Ziebani, #2. Tb., 1998, gv. 90; . .
. . ., 1967, gv.91.
2 . . ...., gv.91.
3 . . . – , 1, ., 2008, gv. 148-149.
4 . . . ., 1962, gv. 77; d.TumaniSvili. afxazeTis
xuroTmoZRvrebis..., gv. 81.
128
zogierTi avtori, warsulSic da dResac, saqarTvelosTan damakavSirebeli
istoriul-kulturuli Zirebisa da kavSirebis ignorirebiTa da gayalbebiT
amkvidrebs mcdar, tendenciur azrs afxazeTis istoriis, xelovnebis, kerZod ki,
xuroTmoZRvrebis ganviTarebis sakuTari, damoukidebeli gzis arsebobis Sesaxeb.
aRniSnuli avtorebi afxazeTis adre Sua saukuneebisa da gardamavali xanis
eklesiebis zemoT ganxilul Tavisebur niSnebs, qarTuli paralelebis
Segnebulad gverdis avliT, ~aRmosavlur-bizantiuri saeklesio
xuroTmoZRvrebis afxazur-alanuri skolis~, an ~afxazuri xuroTmoZRvrebis~
Taviseburebad Tvlis,5 rac yovelgvar mecnierul safuZvels moklebulia.
calkeuli gansxvavebuli niSnebis arseboba Sua saukuneebis qarTuli
xuroTmoZRvrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli logikuri, kanonzomieri movlenaa.
mkveTri sxvaoba kaxeTis, qarTlisa da sxva qarTuli ~qveynebis~ xuroTmoZRvrul
ZeglebSic vlindeba.
aseT suraTs gvixatavs dRevandeli afxazeTis teritoriaze SemorCenili
adre Sua saukuneebisa da gardamavali xanis sakulto xuroTmoZRvreba. am
suraTis gayalbeba SeiZleba, Secvla ki vera. sxva specialistTa gasarkvevia, ra
enaze laparakobda imJamindeli afxazi, is ki uTuoa, rom igi qarTuli
kulturuli samyaros monawile yofila, Sesabamisad, `qarTlis bedis~ moziarec
unda iyos.6
5
. В. П. Пачулия. В стране золотого руна. М., 1863; Л.Д.Хрушкова. Скульптура раннесредневековой Абхазии. М.,
1980; Ю.Н. Воронов. В мире архитектурных памятников Абхазии. М., 1978; История Абхазии. Под ред. С.А. Лакоба.
Сухуми, 1991 da sxv.
6 . d. TumaniSvili. afxazeTis xuroTmoZRvrebis..., gv. 88.
129
Tavi VII. Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoria gaerTianebuli
saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi. XIs. _ XVs.
1. afxazeTi XI saukunidan XIII saukunis 40-ian wlebamde
Xs. 70-ian wlebSi, 978 wlidan àfxazTa~ samefos istoriaSi iwyeba axali
epoqa, roca àfxazTa~ mefeebis mier dawyebuli brZola qarTuli miwebis Se-
moerTebisaTvis saqarTvelos gaerTianebiT dasrulda. amjerad am brZolis sa-
TaveSi idga àfxazTa~ mefeebis kanonieri memkvidre da maTi saxelmwifoebrivi
politikis gamgrZelebeli bagrat bagrationi _ giorgi II (922-957ww.) afxazTa
mefis SviliSvili.
bagrat III bagrationis (978-1014ww.) àfxazTa mefed~ kurTxeva ioane maruSis
Zisa da saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianebis ideis momxre qarTuli
politikuri dasis SorsmWvreteluri gegmis Tanaxmad da daviT III taoelis
samxedro daxmarebiT ganxorcielda692.
ioane maruSisZe warmoSobiT dal-webelis, xeobidan iyo693. rogorc Cans, igi
daaxloebuli iyo afxazTa samefo karTan, ramac ganapiroba misi xeldasma
qarTlis erisTavad. swored aq, am politikuri Tvalsawieridan gamoCnda
saqarTvelos gaerTianebis politikuri perspeqtiva, romelic realurad
Seamzada obieqturma da subieqturma faqtorebma.
cxadia, saqarTvelos gaerTianebisaTvis brZola xangrZlivi da rTuli isto-
riuli procesi iyo. ioane maruSis Zis gegmis Tanaxmad, Tavdapirvelad
`qarTvelTa~ da àfxazTa~ samefoebis gaerTianeba moxda. amis Semdeg bagrat III-
is ZiriTadi sazrunavi danarCeni qarTuli miwa-wylis SemoerTeba gaxda. am
dros saqarTvelos samefos gareT rCeboda kaxeTis saqorepiskoposo, hereTis
samefo da Tbilisis saamiro. 998 wels bagrat II-is gardacvalebis Semdeg
samxreT saqarTvelos miwebis (tao-klarjeTis samTavros) mniSvnelovani nawili
saqarTvelos samefos SemadgenlobaSi gadavida. miuxedavad imisa, rom bagratis
Semdeg `qarTuelTa mefis~ tituls bagrat III-is mama gurgen mefeT-mefe
daeufla694, mama-Svili SeTanxmebul politikas awarmoebdnen da es teritoria
bagrat III-is controls daeqvemdebara. sazRvari àfxazTa~ da kaxeTis samefoebs
Soris am dros md. qsanze gadioda. Tbilisi da qvemo qarTlis nawili Tbilisis
mahmadiani amiras gamgeblobaSi Sedioda. CrdiloeTiT àfxazTa~ samefo
saamiros diRmis xevze esazRvreboda. X saukunidan qvemo qarTlis mniSvnelovani
nawili _ samSvilde, bolnisi, dmanisi, lore, lore-taSiri (igive taSir-
Zoraketi) kvirikian mefeTa samflobelo iyo, romlis mefeebi taSir-
Zoraketelebad iwodebodnen. samxreT _ dasavleT saqarTvelo bagrationTa taos
692. m. lorTqifaniZe. mefe bagrat mesame. Tb., 2002, gv .25-26.

693. maruSianTa warmoSobis Sesaxeb ix.: n. berZeniSvili. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, t. VIII. Tb., 1975,
gv. 610. q. CxataraiSvili. abulasan iobis Zis warwera webeldidan da misi istoriuli mniSvneloba. _
saqarTvelos feodaluri xanis istoriis sakiTxebi, t. VI. Tb., 1990, gv. 98.
694 bagratis mier `qarTuelTa mefis~ titulis miRebis qronologiaze mkvlevarTa Soris azrTa
sxvadasxvaoba arsebobs. Tavis droze, iv. javaxiSvili miuTiTebda, rom bagrat III-m `qarTuelTa mefis~
tituli 1008 wels, mamis gardacvalebis Semdeg miiRo (iv. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria, t. II. Tb., 1983,
gv. 130-131). m. lorTqifaniZis, n. SoSiaSvilisa da v. silogavas azriT, am tituls bagrati 1001 wlidan flobda
(qarTuli warwerebis korpusi, t. I, gv. 56; qarTuli warwerebis korpusi, t. II, gv. 52-53). `matiane qarTlisaÁsa~
da sxva saistorio wyaroebze dakvirvebis safuZvelze z. papasqiri mivida im daskvnamde, rom bagrats
`qarTuelTa mefis~ tituli unda mieRo bagrat II `reguenis~ gardacvalebis, e. i. 994 wlis Semdeg (z. papasqiri.
erTiani qarTuli feodaluri saxelmwifos warmoqmna da saqarTvelos sagareo-politikuri mdgomareobis
zogierTi sakiTxi. Tb. 1990. gv. 75-82). sinamdvileSi es unda momxdariyo 1008 wels, rasac epigrafikuli masalac
adasturebs (l. axalaZe. qarTuli da somxuri wyaroebi àfxazTa~ mefeTa titulaturis Sesaxeb. _ saistorio
Ziebani, 2004, #7, gv. 26-27.)
130
Stos warmomadgenlebis xelSi iyo. mis erT nawils (amiertao, SavSeT-klarjeTi,
samcxe _ javaxeTi da sxv.) jer bagrat II `reguenis~, xolo misi gardacvalebis
Semdeg bagrat III-is mama gurgen mefeT-mefe marTavda. samxreT saqarTvelos
meore nawils bagrationTa Soris yvelaze Zlieri da saxelmoxveWili mefe
daviT III kurapalati flobda. misi samefo samxreTiT vanis sazRvramde aRwevda.
aseTi iyo saqarTvelos politikuri ruka X saukunis bolosa da XI saukunis
dasawyisisaTvis.695 bunebrivia, bagrat III-is winaSe metad rTuli amocana idga –
afxazTa samefosTan gaeerTianebina zemoT dasaxelebuli qarTuli provinciebi.
975 wels, roca bagratis erTgulebaze qarTlis aznaurebma daifices,
àfxazTa~ samefoSi bagratis biZa usinaTlo Teodosi mefobda, romelsac
taxtis memkvidre ar hyavda. qveynis gaerTianebis interesebidan gamomdinare,
usinaTlo Teodosi bagrat mefem taoSi daviT kurapalatTan gagzavna:
`gamogzavna Teodosi mefe, dedis Zma misi, taos winaSe daviT kurapalatisa,
kacTa, didTa da mcireTa, sasoeba keTilisa, gina SiSi uwesoebisaTvis
aqundes.~696 matianis avtoris sityvebidan Cans, rom es nabiji gadaidga qveynis
politikuri interesebidan gamomdinare. iv. javaxiSvilis sityvebiT, bagratis
gverdiT usinaTlo Teodosis yofna iZleoda sababs SeTqmulebisa da aSkara
gamosvlebisaTvis, `win gadaeRobeboda bagratis politikas~..697 es istoriuli
movlena istoriografiaSi erTmniSvnelovnad Sefasebulia, rogorc qveynis
gaerTianebisaken gadadgmuli erT_erTi umniSvnelovanesi nabiji.698 afxazi
istorikosis m. gunbas azriT ki es iyo `sasaxlis gadatrialeba~, romlis
safuZvelze moxda àfxazuri~ samefo dinastiis taxtidan Camocileba da
bagrationTa mier afxazTa samefo taxtis xelSi Cagdeba699. aRniSnuli
mosazreba Tavis droze gamoTqva rusma istorikosma k. kudriavcevma, rasac m.
gunba Tavisi monografiis ramdenime gverdze imeorebs. ufro metic, is aviTarebs
rusi istorikosis azrs, TiTqosda miuxedavad imisa, rom bagrat mesame dedis
xaziT marTla miekuTvneboda àfxazTa~ samefo dinastias, Teodosi II-is
taxtidan Camogdebis Semdeg afxazTa samefos taxti daikava ara erovnulma,
aramed sxva, am qveynisaTvis sruliad ucxo _ bagrationebis samefo dinastiam700.
mxolod amiT SeiZleba aixsnas, _ agrZelebs m. gunba, _ is mRelvarebebi,
romelebic xdeboda afxazeTSi Teodosi II-is taxtidan Camogdebis Semdeg701. am
SemTxvevaSi konkretulad romeli mRelvarebebi aqvs avtors mxedvelobaSi,
gaugebaria, radgan saistorio wyaroebSi ar dasturdeba arcerTi faqti,
romelic mowmobdes afxazeTis (dasavleT saqarTvelos, an Tundac sakuTriv
afxazeTis) feodalebis separatistul ganwyobas centraluri xelisuflebis
winaaRmdeg, romelic TiTqosda gamowveuli iyo àfxazTa~ samefos gauqmebiT.702
piriqiT, Cvenamde moRweuli yvela wyaro miuTiTebs, rom bagrat III-is gamefebis
procesSi aqtiurad monawileobdnen dasavleT saqarTvelos feodalebi: àmanve
ivane maruSis-Zeman ineba, raTa moiyvanos bagrat mefed afxazeTisa da mis Tana
yovelTa didebulTa, erisTavTa da aznaurTa afxazeTisa da qarTlisaTa
gamoiTxoves bagrat mefed daviT kurapalatisagan~703, _ wers `matiane
qarTlisais~ avtori. rogorc vxedavT, bagratis gamefebis saqmeSi erTsulovneba
iyo, rogorc dasavleT saqarTvelos (afxazeTis), ise qarTlis feodalebis
mxridan.
695 m. lorTqifaniZe. brZola saqarTvelos gaerTianebisaTvis (X saukunis dasasr. _XI s. 60-iani wlebi). _
saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. III. Tb., 1979, gv. 153.
697 . iv. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria, t. 2, gv. 126.
698 . iv. javaxiSvili, z. anCabaZe, m. lorTqifaniZe, z. papasqiri, r. metreveli, g. gabunia da a. S.
699 . . . . II ( XI _ XIII .). , 1999, gv. 78.
700. . . . , 1922, gv.120.
701. . . . II , gv. 66.
702. aRniSnuli mosazreba ekuTvnis k. kudriavcevs, romelic Semdeg Serbilebuli formiT gamoTqva S.
inal-ifam, xolo m. gunbas monografiaSi man kategoriuli saxe miiRo.
703. qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 275.
131
bagrat III iyo kanonieri memkvidre àfxazTa~ mefeebis samefo dinastiisa da,
ufro metic, bagrati Tavad iwoda àfxazTa mefed~. sagulisxmoa is faqti, rom
amieridan bagrat III-is da SemdegSi gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos sxva mefeebis
titulaturac iwyeboda àfxazTa mefiT~ da grZeldeboda momdevno periodSi
SemoerTebuli qarTuli miwebis dasaxelebiT. ase, magaliTad, bagrat III-is
samefo titulaturaSi aisaxa saqarTvelos istoriuli regionebis TandaTanobiT
gaerTianebis procesi. 989-999 wlebiT daTariRebul bediis barZimis warweraSi
igi dasaxelebulia rogorc `bagrat afxazTa mefe704~. imave tituliTaa igi
warmodgenili atenis sionis 980 wlis warweraSic705. quTaisis bagratis taZris
1001-1008 wlebis warweraSi bagrat mefis tituli ase gamoiyureba: àfxazTa da
qarTvelTa mefe da kurapalati~.1 warweraSi aisaxa 1001 wels bagratis mier
`kurapalatis~ titulisa da 1008 wels mamis - gurgen mefeT-mefis gardacvalebis
Semdeg `qarTvelTa mefis~ titulis miReba.2 nikorwmindis taZris 1010-1014
wlebis lapidaruli warwera bagrat III-s uwodebs àfxazTa da ranTa mefes da
qarTvelTa kurapalats,~3 e.i. warwera Sesrulebulia mas Semdeg, rac
saqarTvelos samefom 1010-1014 wlebSi rani SemoierTa. imave TvalsazrisiT,
sayuradReboa WiaTuris raionis sof. kacxis eklesiis warwera, romelSic
bagrati ase ixsenieba: àfxazTa da qarTvelTa mefe, taoÁsa da ranTa, kaxTa da
yovlisa aRmosavalisa didi kurapalati”4. sumbat daviTis Zis mixedviT, gurgen
mefis gardacvalebis Semdeg misi Ze `bagrat afxazTa mefe, kurapalati didi,
daeufla taos mamulsa TÂssa, da daipyra yoveli kavkasia TÂTmpyrobelobiTa
jiqeTiTgan vidre gurgenadmde”5. sumbatis mier dasaxelebuli istoriuli
movlenebi asaxulia kacxis warweraSi dasaxelebul bagrat mefis
titulaturaSi. amrigad, bagrat III-is samefo titulatura namdvilad asaxavs
saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianebis TandaTanobiT process. momdevno
saukuneebSi qarTvel mefeTa titulatura axali teritoriebis Semomtkicebis
kvalobaze kidev ufro gaizarda, magram im mxaris _ afxazeTis (dasavleT
saqarTvelos) saxeli, saidanac daiwyo qveynis gaerTianebis procesi, ucvlelad
pirvel adgilze darCa. amis gamo zogierTi ucxo avtori saqarTvelos
uwodebda àfxazeTs”, xolo gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos mefeebs SemoklebiT
_ àfxazTa mefes”.6 qarTuli wyaroebis garda, àfxazeTi~, rogorc erTiani
qarTuli feodaluri monarqiis saxeli, mudmivad figurirebs im periodis
ucxoenovan istoriul wyaroebSi, kerZod, somxur7, berZnul8, arabul9, sparsul10
da TviT rusul11 wyaroebSic ki.
704. g. CubinaSvili. bediis oqros barZimi. _ saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, 1940, X, b.
705 qarTuli warwerebis korpusi. freskuli warwerebi, I, atenis sioni. gamosacemad moamzades, gamokvleva
da saZieblebi daurTes g. abramiSvilma da z. aleqsiZem. Tb., 1989, gv. 177, #47.
1. qarTuli warwerebis korpusi, t. II. gv. 53, #33.
2. l. axalaZe. qarTuli da somxuri wyaroebi àfxazTa~ mefeTa titulaturis Sesaxeb, gv. 29.
3. qarTuli warwerebis korpusi, t. II, gv. 55, #35.
4
. iqve, gv. 56, #36.
5
. sumbat daviTis Ze. cxovrebaÁ da uwyebaÁ bagratonianTa. teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvleva,
SevniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo g. araxamiam. Tb., 1990, gv. 53. ix.: qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 281.
6
. aRniSnul sakiTxze ixileT: n. lomouri, saqarTvelos saxelwodebani bizantiur wyaroebSi. _
saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebis aRmniSvneli ucxouri da qarTuli terminologia, gv. 82,83; g. jafariZe.
qarTvelebisa da saqarTvelos arabuli saxelwodebebi. – iqve, gv. 132,134; z. papasqiri. afxazeTi _ saqarTveloa.
Tb., 1998, gv.141-142; z. papasqiri. narkvevebi..., I, gv. 67-68; Sdr. l. axalaZe. qarTuli da somxuri wyaroebi
àfxazTa~ mefeTa titulaturis Sesaxeb, gv. 30-31.
7. aristakes lastivertci. istoria. qarTuli Targmani gamokvleviT, komentarebiT da saZieblebiT gamosca
e. cagareiSvilma. Tb., 1974, gv. 42; vardan arevelci. msoflio istoria. Zveli somxuridan Targmnes n.
SoSiaSvilma da e. kvaWantiraZem. Sesavali, komentarebi da saZieblebi daurTo e. kvaWantiraZem. Tb., 2004, gv. 122.
àfxazi~ qarTvelis aRmniSvnel sityvad gamoyenebuli aqvs XIII saukunis somex istorikoss stefanos
orbeliansac. ix.: stefanos orbeliani. `cxovreba orbelianTa~-s Zveli qarTuli Targmanebi. somxuri teqsti
qarTuli TargmaniTa da komentarebiT gamosca l. davlianiZe-tatiSvilma. Tb., 1978, gv. 34.
8. n. lomouri. saqarTvelos saxelwodebani bizantiur wyaroebSi, gv. 83-88; z. papasqiri. narkvevebi..., I, gv.
67.
9 g. jafariZe. qarTvelebisa da saqarTvelos arabuli saxelwodebebi, gv. 132-134;
132
rac Seexeba e. w. afxazur istoriografiaSi ganviTarebul zemoTmotanil
Tezas, TiTqosda bagrat III-is gamefebiT dasrulda afxazTa samefos arseboba
da Seilaxa afxazi eris saxelmwifoebrivi interesebi, is ver uZlebs veranair
kritikas, radgan bagrat III, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, iyo kanonieri memkvidre
giorgi II afxazTa mefisa da Tavdapirvelad 978 wlidan vidre 1008 wlamde igi
iseve flobda àfxazTa~ samefos miwebs, rogorc misi winamorbedi mefeebi. ar
Secvlila am saxelmwifos saxeli da samefos dedaqalaqi, ar Secvlila
àfxazTa samefos~ saxelmwifoebrivi da samarTlebrivi iersaxe. piriqiT, bagrat
III-m gaagrZela da gaafarTova Tavisi winaprebis mier dawyebuli rogorc
saxelmwifoebrivi, aseve saeklesio politika. maT Soris pirvel rigSi unda
davasaxeloT qarTuli miwebis SemoerTebisaTvis brZola. rogorc zemoT iyo
naCvenebi, jer kidev giorgi I afxazTa mefis (861-868ww.) zeobis dros daiwyo da
gagrZelda bagrat I-is (881-893ww.), konstantine III-is (893_922ww.), giorgi II-is (922-
957ww.) da leon III-is (957-967ww.) saxelmwifoebriv saqmianobaSi. bagrat mesamis
saSinao politikis gansazRvrisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mis mier
ganxorcielebuli RonisZiebebi qarTlis feodalebis mimarT ufliscixis
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. swrafi, Semtevi da Seuvali politikiT mefem
gamoavlina mtkice damokidebuleba feodaluri opoziciis mimarT, riTac
sabolood aRkveTa qarTlis feodalTa TviTneboba. garda amisa, bagrat mesame
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevda kaxeTis SemoerTebis sakiTxs da kaxi
mefeebis winaaRmdeg gadamWreli brZolisaTvis emzadeboda. zemoT ukve aRiniSna,
Tu ra Seupovar brZolas eweodnen giorgi II da leon III kaxeTis
SemoerTebisaTvis. kaxeTisaTvis brZola sabolood bagrat III-m daasrula da
1008 wels mamis _ gurgen mefeT-mefis gardacvalebis Semdeg, kaxeTze gailaSqra.
`ganuwyra bagrat afxazTa da qarTvelTa mefe (kaxeTis qorepiskoposs daviTs _
avt.) da kurapalati iyo mas Jamsa dlivs, rameTu ganagebda saqmeTa taosa da
qarTlisaTa, romel maSin TÂTve epyra tao micvalebasa zeda mamisa maTisa
gurgen mefeT-mefisa. wargzavna kaci moswrafed, awÂa spaTa afxazeTisa da
qarTlisaTa, da TÂT waremarTa zemoTa laSqriTa, gaiara TrialeTi, gavlo Ãidi
mcxeTisa. da moerTnes Tana afxazni da qarTvelni. dadga TianeTs da... iwyo
brZolad cixeTa da mas Jamsa aRiRo queyana hereTisa, da ganaCina mTavrad
abulal da warmovida Sina.~1 sabolood, gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos pirvelma
mefem SeZlo, àfxazTa~ mefeebis mier dawyebuli saqme _ brZola kaxeTis
SemoerTebisaTvis warmatebiT daesrulebina.
bagrat III-m tradiciulad gaagrZela àfxazTa~ mefeebis mier dawyebuli
saeklesio politikac. pirvel rigSi, es exeboda berZnuli saeklesio centrebis
gauqmebasa da axali qarTuli kaTedrebis daarsebas. rogorc zemoT iyo
naCvenebi, afxazTa mefeebma konstantine III-m, giorgi II-m da leon III-m dasavleT
saqarTvelos SavizRvispira regionSi SemorCenil berZnul samitropolito
kaTedrebs daupirispires qveynis Sida raionebSi agebuli qarTuli saeklesio
kaTedrebi, romlebic afxazeTis sakaTalikosos meSveobiT ukve mcxeTis
sakaTalikosos eqvemdebarebodnen; amis naTeli dadasturebaa giorgi II-is mier
xofis, agreTve qiaCis, Wyondidis taZrebis mSenebloba, leon III-is mier moqvisa
da wirqolis saydrebis mSeneblobis istoria. es taZrebi agebuli iqna berZnuli
samitropolitoebis sapirispirod da maT gasauqmeblad, dasavlurqarTuli
eklesiis mcxeTasTan gaerTianebis mizniT. X s. 70-iani wlebidan bagrat III
energiulad cdilobda Tavisi winaprebis mier dawyebuli saqmis dagvirgvinebas.
`matiane qarTlisaÁs~ avtoris sityvebiT: `...aRaSena saydari bediisa da Seqmna
10. d. kobiZe. termin àfxazis~ mniSvneloba sparsuli wyaroebis mixedviT; k. tabataZe. saqarTvelosa da
qarTvelebis aRmniSvneli terminebi X-XVss. sparsuli wyaroebis mixedviT. – saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebis
aRmniSvneli ucxouri da qarTuli terminologia, gv. 218-222.
11 . . - . ., 1982, gv. 116-123.
1. qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 278-279.
133
saydrad saepiskoposod, mocvala mun gudayÂsa saepiskoposo, Sewirna sofelni
mravalni yovelTa ÃevTa da adgilTa, ganasrula yovliTa gangebiTa, Seamko
yovliTa samkauliTa eklesia, akurTxa da dasua episkoposi.~2 istoriuli
wyaroebis damowmebiT, aSkarad Cans, rom berZnuli saepiskoposoebis `mocvla~
da qarTulis daarseba jer kidev IX_X ss. mijnaze daiwyo da tradiciulad
gagrZelda bagrat III-is saeklesio politikaSi3. es faqti kidev erTi
dadasturebaa imisa, rom bagrat mesame Rirseuli gamgrZelebelia winamorbedTa
saqmisa da is ùcxo~ da `dampyrobel~ Zalas ar warmoadgenda
dasavlurqarTuli saxelmwifos politikur arenaze. es iyo mizanmimarTuli
politika, romelic iTvaliswinebda dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesiis mcxeTis
iurisdiqciis qveS srul moqcevas. aRniSnuli procesi sabolood bagrat III-is
mefobis wlebSi dasrulda4.
Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoria gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos samefos Se-
madgenlobaSi Sedioda sami administraciuli erTeulis _ cxumis, odiSis5 da
afxazeTis saerisTavos saxiT6. odiSis saerisTavo moicavda Tanamedrove
afxazeTis samxreT-aRmosavleTs _ galis, oCamCirisa da gulrifSis raionebs;
cxumis saerisTavoSi Sedioda yofili afSileTis teritoria mdinare
kelasuridan anakofiamde. afxazTa saerisTavo ki moicavda teritorias
Tanamedrove axali aTonidan (anakofiidan) nikofsiamde. Tavis droze,
ìstoriani da azmani SaravandedTanis~ teqstis araswori interpretaciis
safuZvelze, z. anCabaZis mier gamoiTqva mosazreba, TiTqos cxumisa da
afxazeTis saerisTavoebi Tamaris epoqaSi gaerTiandnen, radgan es
administraciuli erTeulebi dasaxlebuli iyo afxazi mosaxleobiT1. es
mosazreba damajereblad iqna uaryofili, radgan sxva wyaroebiT Tamaris
epoqaSi cxumis erisTavad amanelisZe dasturdeba, xolo oTaRo SarvaSisZe iyo
àfxazTa~ erisTavi.2
zemoTdasaxelebuli odiSis, cxumisa da afxazeTis erisTavebi, iseve, rogorc
dasavleT saqarTvelos sxva erisTavebi Tavdapirvelad emorCilebodnen
msaxurTuxucess. etyoba, es tradicia jer kidev afxazTa samefodan modioda,
roca msaxurTuxucesi samefo karze wamyvan politikur figuras warmoadgenda.
afxazeTis saerisTavos moqcevas erTian qarTul saxelmwifoSi uaryofiTad
afaseben k. kudriavcevi, S. inal-ifa i. voronovi, m. gunba da sxvebi. isini aR-
niSnaven, rom bagrat III-is mier gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi
afxazeTi iqca `Cveulebriv Soreul, migdebul provinciad~.3 es mosazreba
veranair kritikas ver uZlebs da ar Seesabameba simarTles, radgan, jer erTi,
gaerTianebisa da sazRvrebis gafarToebis tendencia àfxazTa~ samefodan
modioda da, meore, bagrat III winamorbedi afxazTa mefeebis msgavsad quTaisSi
ijda da saxelmwifoebrivi Tu saeklesio mSeneblobis sakiTxebSic maT mier
dawyebul politikur kurss agrZelebda. ufro metic, misi iniciativiT aigo
bediis taZari, ris Semdeg wamoiwia da gafarTovda Tanamedrove afxazeTis
teritoriis kulturul-sarwmunoebrivi mniSvneloba. amieridan, bediis taZari
gaxda am epoqis saqarTvelos erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi saeklesio centri,
vaxuStis TqmiT, simbolo qveynis Zlierebisa da simdidrisa4, romelic samefo
2. iqve, gv. 281.
3. saeklesio kaTedrebis `mocvlis~ Sesaxeb ixileT: b. kudava. dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesia IX-XI ss.
4. b. kudava. afxazTa sakaTalikosos istoriidan (IX_XIII ss). _ qarTuli diplomatia, t. 9. Tb., 2002, gv. 579.
5. romelsac vaxuSti bediis saerisTavos uwodebs.
6. m. baxtaZe. erisTavobis instituti saqarTveloSi. Tb., 2003, gv. 245-249.
1. . . ..., gv. 177-178.
2. aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ixileT: g. cqitiSvili. ìstoriani da azmani SaravandedTanis~ erTi
adgilis wakiTxvisaTvis. _ saqarTvelo rusTavelis xanaSi. Tb., 1966. gv. 222-227; i. anTelava. masalebi
ìstoriaTa da azmaTa~ teqstis dadgenisa da interpretaciisaTvis. - XI-XIV ss. qarTuli saistorio wyaroebi.
Tb., 1988, gv. 42-47; m. baxtaZe. erisTavobis instituti..., gv. 245-249.
3. . . , gv. 122; . - . ..., gv. 67; . . _
? . 1993. gv. 8-12; . . . II , gv. 67.
4. qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, gv. 780.
134
saZvaledac ki iqca. bediis taZris mniSvnelobaze miuTiTebs isic, rom zviad
erisTavma, swored aq dakrZala bagrati da ara quTaisSi mis mier axlad agebul
bagratis taZarSi. Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze am epoqaSi aigo sxva
mniSvnelovani saeklesio da saero daniSnulebis Zeglebi, maT Soris ilorisa
da lixnis taZrebi, bagratis cixe soxumTan axlos, besleTis xidi5, saTamaSas
cixe da a.S. sagangebod unda aRiniSnos is faqti, rom aRniSnuli mSeneblobebis
saTaveSi TviT mefe bagrati, an adgilobrivi msxvili saeklesio da saero feo-
dalebi idgnen. magaliTad, iloris taZris qtitorebi iyvnen mTavarepiskoposi
giorgi, mRvdeli giorgi qoColava da mxaris gamgebeli giorgi gurgenisZe.
ar SeiZleba yuradReba ar mivaqcioT im faqtsac, rom afxazi avtorebis
sityvebiT, swored bagrat III-is droidan gvxvdeba qarTuli warwerebi
Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze6. sinamdvileSi qarTuli epigrafika
dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze VIII-IX saukuneebidan aris SemorCenili.
ufro metic, dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze yvelaze Zvel qarTul
epigrafikul Zeglad iTvleba gudauTis raionSi msigxvas mTaze aRmoCenili 48
qarTuli warwera antefiqsebze7. aseve giorgi II afxazTa mefis warwera
gudauTis raionis sof. xofis wm. nikolozis saxelobis taZarze da a.S. afxazi
avtorebi cdiloben, saerTod ar axsenon afxazTa mefeebis dakveTiT agebuli
qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis Zeglebi, romlebzec qarTuli warwerebia daculi da
saubroben berZnuli warwerebis simravleze maSin, roca Tanamedrove afxazeTis
teritoriaze mTeli Sua saukuneebis manZilze mxolod sami aTeuli berZnuli
lapidaruli warwera Tu aris moZiebuli1, xolo qarTuli lapidaruli, fre-
skuli da Weduri warwerebis raodenoba asamde aRwevs, afxazuri ki, samwuxarod,
saerTod ar arsebobs.
gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos gaZlierebis pirobebSi istoriuli àfxazTa
samefo~ da dRevandeli afxazeTis teritoria CarTuli iyo erTian qarTul sa-
zogadoebriv-politikur da kulturul-ekonomikur sivrceSi. es
dadasturebulia yvela istoriul wyaroSi, romelic am periodis saqarTvelos
Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs2. afxazeTi da afxazebi, iseve rogorc danarCeni
istoriuli mxareebi da maTi mosaxleoba, Canan gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos
TiTqmis yvela mniSvnelovani politikuri procesis SuagulSi.
afxaz mkvlevarTa erTi nawili dRemde saubrobs XI saukunis qarTul
politikur samyaroSi arsebul àfxazTa~ separatistul moZraobaze, romelic
gamovlinda bagrat IV-is epoqaSi misi naxevarZmis demetre ufliswulis samefo
taxtisaTvis brZolis dros. demetre iyo giorgi I-is vaJi meore qorwinebidan
ovsTa mefis asulis aldesagan, romelic giorgi I-is gardacvalebis Semdeg
afxazeTSi, kerZod, qalaq anakofiaSi cxovrobda. demetres faqtori bagrat IV-is
winaaRmdeg kargad gamoiyena bizantiis imperiam da misi dapirispireba scada
saqarTvelos mefesTan. 1032 wels bizantiis waqezebiT, demetre ufliswulis
irgvliv organizebul iqna SeTqmuleba, romelic iTvaliswinebda bagrat IV-is
taxtidan Camogdebas da demetre ufliswulis gamefebas. z.anCabaZis azriT,
radgan SeTqmulebis centri iyo anakofia, unda vifiqroT, rom
antisaxelisuflebo SeTqmulebaSi monawileobdnen calkeuli afxazi
5. marTalia, am xids mosaxleoba Tamaris xids uwodebs, magram masze dacul qarTul asomTavrul
warweraSi ikiTxeba mefe bagrati, romelic bagrat III unda iyos. ix: T.barnaveli. besleTis xidis
TariRisaTvis. – macne 1970, #6, gv. 143; v.beriZe. kulturis Zeglebi afxazeTSi. – jvari vazisa, 1995, #6, gv. 66;
l. axalaZe. afxazeTis epigrafika rogorc saistorio wyaro (lapidaruli da freskuli warwerebi) I, Tb., 2005,
gv. 181.
6 . . . II ..., gv. 65; . . , . . . . , 2007, gv. 152.
7. . . . . _ . , 1967, gv. 67; qarTuli warwerebis korpusi,
t. II, gv. 30-31; v. silogava. Samegrelo-afxazeTis epigrafika. Tb., 2004, gv. 257-259; l. axalaZe. afxazeTis
epigrafika, rogorc saistorio wyaro, gv. 140-146.
1. T. yauxCiSvili. saqarTvelos berZnuli warwerebis korpusi. Tb., 2004, gv. 59-72.
2. Sdr. . . . XI_XV ., gv. 180-181.
135
feodalebic3. aRniSnul mosazrebas kidev ufro aviTarebs da gansxvavebul
interpretacias aZlevs m.gunba, romelsac ar aeWvebs demetre ufliswulis
SeTqmulebaSi afxazi (m. gunbas azriT, afsua) feodalebis aqtiuri monawileoba,
radgan maT kargad axsovdaT qarTveli feodalebis mier TiTqos mowyobili
sasaxlis gadatrialeba da afxazuri samefo dinastiis CamoSoreba
xelisuflebidan. m.gunbas mtkicebiT, afxaz feodalebs am saqmeSi TavianTi
politikuri interesebi amoZravebdaT.4 sinamdvileSi afxazeTis maSindeli
mosaxleobis damokidebuleba saqarTvelos mefis xelisuflebisadmi kargad
aris gamoxatuli afxazTa erisTavis oTaRo WaWas-Zis saqmianobaSi, romelic
mxarSi edga saqarTvelos mefes da meTaurobda anakofiis alyas. `matiane
qarTlisaÁs~ ucnobi avtoris sityvebiT, ìyo Jami gazafxulisa da bagrat
afxazeTs iyo; moadga anakofias da miswura wasaRebelad... wamovida da moayena
anakofias gare quabulel WaWas Ze oTaRo afxazeTisa laSqriTa.~5 es
politikuri siuJeti aranairad ar iZleva saSualebas, vifiqroT cxumisa da
afxazeTis saerisTavoTa mosaxleobis separatistul ganwyobaze maSindeli
saqarTvelos mefis winaaRmdeg6. piriqiT, am SemTxvevaSi oTaRo WaWas Ze
saqarTvelos mefis erTguli moxele da misi politikuri mxardamWeria. aSkarad
Cans, rom es mxare gacilebiT met erTgulebas iCenda bagrat IV-is mimarT, vidre
saqarTvelos sxva kuTxis feodalebi. bagrat IV-m anakofiis cixe swored oTaRo
WaWas Zis aqtiuri daxmarebiT daubruna saqarTvelos samefos.
afxazi istorikosebis mosazrebas aSkarad ewinaaRmdegeba meore qarTuli
wyaro `giorgi mTawmindelis cxovreba~, romelic mogviTxrobs, bagrat IV-is
mier tradiciulad zamTrobiT afxazeTSi mogzaurobaze. `ganagna raÁ saqmeni mis
Jamisani RmrTismsaxurman mefeman da rameTu mowevnulca iyo Jami zamTrisaÁ, da
Cveulebisaebr TÂsisa warvida afxazeTad, da awÂa bersaca (igulisxmeba patriki
_ avt.) warslvad, rÁaTa mun daizamTros da ganisuenos... da viTarca
warmovemarTeniT da miviwieniT Wyondids, mefe sruliad afxazeTs STaslvad
waremarTa, xolo Cuen episkoposman Wyondidelman ara gangvtevna, rameTu mowafe
iyo berisaÁ~.1 rogorc wyarodan Cans, bagrat IV `Cveulebisaebr~ samefos am
nawilSi xSirad mogzaurobda da samefo saqmeebs ganagebda. yuradRebas
imsaxurebs matianis am cnobis erT konkretuli detali. kerZod, mematiane
erTgan ambobs, rom mefe `warvida afxazeTad~, xolo meoregan akonkretebs `mefe
sruliad afxazeTs STaslvad waremarTa~. safiqrebelia, rom pirvel SemTxvevaSi
afxazeTi gamoyenebulia dasavleT saqarTvelos mniSvnelobiT, xolo meore
SemTxvevaSi sityvebSi: `sruliad afxazeTs~, igulisxmeba sakuTriv afxazeTis
saerisTavo, anu cxumis saerisTavos iqiTa teritoria.
SeiZleba saintereso paraleli gavavloT `giorgi mTawmindelis cxovrebis”
am cnobasa da lixnis warwerebs Soris. cnobili faqtia, rom lixnis warwerebis
erTi nawili Sesrulebulia giorgi mTawmindelis saqarTveloSi mogzaurobis
Semdeg _ uaxloes momdevno periodSi. lixnis cnobil warweraSi kometis
gamoCenis Sesaxeb dasaxelebulia bagrat IV da es faqti daTariRebulia misi
mefobis wlebiT. kometa gamoCenila bagrat IV_is mefobis 38-e indiqtions, e.i.
1066 wels. imave lixnis taZris dasavleTi kedlis Selesilobaze meore
sarTulze, qoredis TaRis marcxena mxares, sarkmelsa da TaRs Soris darCenil
monakveTze moTavsebulia wiTeli saRebaviTa da gardamavali mxedruliT
3 . . . ..., gv. 179. daaxloebiT msgavs azrs aviTareben s.lakoba da o.bRaJba. ixileT:
. , 2007, gv. 151.
4. . . . II , gv. 91.
5. qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 299.
6. aRniSnuli faqti istoriografiaSi Sefasebulia, rogorc brZola samefo xelisuflebisaTvis. ix.: .
. XI-XV , gv. 180.
1. giorgi mcire. cxovreba giorgi mTawmindelisa. teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvleva da leqsikoni
daurTo i. lolaSvilma. Tb., 1994, gv. 222; .
, . . . ., 1988, gv. 31.
136
Sesrulebuli warwera, romelSic vaCe protospaTari da ipatosi da petrik
patriki da ioane mwignobarTuxucesi arian dasaxelebuli.2 petrik patriki aris
XI saukunis saqarTvelos gamoCenili politikuri moRvawe, mefe bagrat IV-is
ndobiT aRWurvili piri da misi warmomadgeneli bizantiis saimperatoro karze3.
misi Zma iyo XI saukunis saqarTvelos aseve cnobili sasuliero moRvawe ioane
Wyondideli, romelmac Wyondidis saepiskoposo kaTedra daikava wm. giorgi
mTawmindelis rekomendaciiT, rodesac am ukanasknelma uari ganacxada bagrat
IV-is SemoTavazebaze am kaTedris dakavebis Taobaze.4 `giorgi mTawmindelis
cxovrebaSi~ cnoba bagratis afxazeTSi mogzaurobisa da beri patrikis das-
venebis Sesaxeb, paralels poulobs patrikis `sruliad afxazeTSi~ (e.i.
sakuTriv afxazeTSi) CasvlasTan, mis moRvaweobasTan lixnis taZarSi da Semdeg
aqedan bizantiaSi gamgzavrebasTan. swored am movlenebis aRsaniSnavad Seiqmna
lixnis warwera petrik patrikis, ioane Wyondidelisa da vaCes moxseniebiT. imave
lixnis taZris erT-erT warweraSi kurapalatis tituliT dasaxelebulia
giorgi II (1072-1089ww.), bagrat IV-is vaJi, romelic jer kidev yrma yofila.
warweris avtori ufals evedreba: àdide, daicev, gazarde, akurTxe da
dRegrZel-yav da mraval-yvin welni mefobisa misisani~.5 warwera Sesrulebulia
giorgi II-is pirveli gamefebis Semdeg, rodesac igi jer kidev sruliad yrma
iyo.
`giorgi mTawmindelis cxovrebaSi” asaxuli faqti - bagratis mier
`Cveulebisaebr~ afxazeTSi da sruliad afaxazeTSi mogzauroba paralels
poulobs agreTve daviTis istorikosis, Tamarisa da laSa-giorgis droindeli
mematianis Txzulebis cnobebSic. kerZod, bagrat IV-is msgavsad, daviT aRmaSene-
beli, giorgi II, Tamari, laSa-giorgi da saqarTvelos sxva mefeebi `C-
veulebisaebr~ midian àfxazeTSi~, raTa `ganagon saqmeni mandaurni~. aRniSnul
detals imeorebs zemoTdasaxelebuli yvela wyaro, rac kidev erTxel
adasturebs imas, Tu ra did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen qarTveli mefeebi
saqarTvelos am istoriul kuTxes. Tamaris meore istorikosis sityvebiT: `Jam
gardvidian afxazeTs da ganagian saqmeni mandaurni da moinadirian keTili igi
sanadiro - geguTi da ajameTi~706. meoregan igive istorikosi acxadebs, rom
Tamari xSirad stumrobda cxums, sadac mas erT-erTi sazafxulo rezidencia
hqonda: `xolo mefe Tamar zamTris durs iyvis da zafxulis kolas da celis
tbasa, zogjer gardavidis afxazeTs: geguTs da cxums..~707
sakuTriv afxazeTis mimarT gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba Cans laSa-
giorgis (1213-1223ww.) saSinao politikaSic. winamorbedTa msgavsad, isic
`mxiaruliTa piriTa movlidis samefosa TÂssa gansagebelTa saqmeTaTÂs.
gardavidis queiTi ajameTs, nadirobdis cxums da afxazeTs, ganagnis saqmeni
mandaurni.~708
amrigad, qarTuli epigrafikuli Zeglebisa da naratiuli Txzulebebis
cnobebi adastureben, rom Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoria gaerTianebuli
saqarTvelos èrTi migdebuli Soreuli provincia~ ki ar iyo, aramed qveynis
erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani da wamyvani mxare, sadac gamoCenili saero da
saeklesio pirebi did saeklesio da saero saqmianobas eweodnen. saqarTvelos
mefeebic `Cveulebisaebr~ xSirad Camodiodnen samefos am nawilSi da
`ganagebdnen~ `mandaur~ saqmeebs.
2. v. silogava. samegrelo-afxazeTis epigrafika, gv. 207.

3. el. metreveli. ioane patrikisa da petrik patrikis identifikaciisaTvis. _ narkvevebi aTonis
kulturul-saganmanaTleblo keris istoriidan. Tb., 1996, gv. 196-225.
4. giorgi mcire. cxovreba giorgi mTawmindelisa, gv. 173, 204.
5. v. silogava. samegrelo-afxazeTis epigrafika, gv. 204.
706 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. II, gv. 99.
707 . iqve, gv. 111.
708 . iqve, t. I, gv. 156.
137
afxazi istorikosebi separatistulad ganwyobil afxaz feodalebs xedaven
daviT IV aRmaSeneblisa (1089-1125ww.) da Tamar mefis (1184-1213ww.) drosac, Tumca
amis damadasturebel istoriul faqtebs ver uTiTeben. magaliTad, aseT
mosazrebebs aviTareben z. anCabaZe, S. inal-ifa, m. gunba, st. lakoba da o.
bRaJba709. aRniSnuli Sexeduleba efuZneba daviTis istorikosis Semdeg sityvebs:
`da masve zamTarsa Cavida afxazeTs biWvintamde da ganagna saqmeni mandaurni:
Rirsni wyalobisani Seiwyalna, Semcodeni daipyra da wuarTna; rameTu iyo
zamTari Zneli da Tovli friadi. warmovida mswrafl afxazeTiT...~710. daviTis
istorikosis am sityvebSi arsad Cans, rom afxazeTSi separatistulad
ganwyobili feodalebi iyvnen. piriqiT, daviTi samefo saqmeebis mosagvareblad
midis am mxareSi da Cveulebriv, rogorc saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSi, aqac
RirseulT wyaloba misca, xolo uRirsni da codvilni dasaja. es faqti samefo
xelisuflebis mxridan centraluri xelisuflebis ganmtkicebisaTvis
gatarebuli RonisZiebaa, romelic saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSi bevrad ufro
meti simkacriT Catarda (magaliTad, kldekaris saerisTavosTan mimarTebaSi),
vidre afxazeTSi.
ufro metic afxazeTis mosaxleobis Tanadgoma saqarTvelos samefo xelisu-
flebisadmi Cans saistorio wyaroebSi, kerZod, laSa-giorgis droindeli
mematianis sityvebiT, rom vTqvaT, giorgi mesames (1156-1184ww.), marTalia,
Zmiswuli demetre da misi momxreebi aujanydnen, magram àfxazeTi, suaneTi da
yoveli samoqalaqo aqunda dawynarebiT~.711 e.i. es mxare erTmniSvnelovnad mxars
uWerda saqarTvelos mefis xelisuflebas.
Mmiuxedavad amisa, afxazi istorikosebi separatistulad ganwyobil afxaz
feodalebs xedaven 1191 wels Tamaris pirveli meuRlis giorgi (iuri) rusis
ajanyebis drosac. samagierod, sagangebod uvlian gverds im faqts, rom am
ajanyebaSi mTeli dasavleT da samxreT saqarTvelo iyo CarTuli: `Seyara
yoveli suaneTi da afxazeTi, saegroi, guria, samoqalaqo, raWa, Takueri da
argueTi~.712 ajanyebaSi aseve CarTuli iyvnen mesxi feodalebi gubaz taoelis
meTaurobiT. am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs saqarTvelos samefo taxtisaTvis
brZolasTan da ara erTi romelime mxaris separatistul ganwyobasTan
centraluri xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg. ufro metic, maSindel afxazebs
danarCeni saqarTvelos warmomadgenlebTan erTad Tavisi adgili ekavaT samefo
darbazis ceremonialze da aseve sapatio stumrebis miRebis dros. ìstoriani
da azmani SaravandedTan~-is cnobiT, Tamaris winaSe Tanabari uflebebiT
sargeblobdnen herni da kaxni, mesxni da Torelni, SavS-klarj-taoelni, afxazni
da suan-megrel-gurielni, raWa-Takuer-margveliTurT, somxiTarni da a.S.
ìstorianis~ cnobiT, `da Seiyarnes zariTa miT gonebiTa zarganÃdiliTa, da
Seiqmna darbazoba. da dasxdes taxtsa zeda oqro-Wedilsa TÂT Tamar, daviT da
Ze maTi giorgi, ...pirvelad miegebnes wina ovsni da yivCayni axalni; da Semdgomad
amisa herni da kaxni; Semdgomad qarTvelni; da Semdgomad mesxni da Torelni,
SavS-klarj-taoelni; Semdgomad somxiTarni; Semdgomad afxazni da suan-megrel-
gurielni Tana raWa-Takuer-margueliTurT, da TviT karvis karsa Ãelisufalni
da Sinaurni.~1
separatistulad ganwyobili afxazi istorikosebis dausabuTebeli
mosazrebebis sawinaaRmdegod metyveleben istoriul wyaroTa monacemebiT
dadasturebuli is faqtebi, rom afxazebi, iseve rogorc sxva kuTxis
qarTvelebi, aqtiurad monawileoben saqarTvelos samefos saxeliT warmoebul
samxedro–politikur aqciebSi, rogorc didgoris (1121w.), aseve Samqorisa (1195w.)
709 . . . ..., gv. 182 ; . - . - , gv.

413; . . . II , gv. 93; . . , . . . , gv. 151.
710 . , gv. 86.
712 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. II, gv. 49;
1. iqve, gv. 65.
138
da basianis (1203w.) brZolebSi, saqarTvelos samxreT-dasavleTis mimarTulebiT
samefo karis mier warmoebul samxedro operaciebSi, romlis Sedegad
qarTvelebma erTmaneTis miyolebiT aiRes rize, trapezunti, heraklea, limnia da
a.S. (1203-1204ww.). afxazebi Canan laSa-giorgis mier ganZis aRebis dros, xorezmis
Sahis Svilis jalal-ed-dinis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi garnisTan (1225w.), mongolTa
winaaRmdeg dagegmil SeTqmulebaSi koxtasTavze (1246w.) da a.S.
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania maTi monawileoba basianis brZolaSi,
romelsac Tamaris orive istorikosi aRwers: `daawyues razmi, sada – igi
winambrZolad iyo zaqaria mÃargrZeli amirspasalari da axalcixeli Salva da
ivane, da sxuani Torelni, _ wers ìstorianis~ avtori; _ da erT kerZo afxazni
da imerni, erT-kerZo amerni da her-kaxni. ...da iqmna omi ficxeli da Zlieri,
romeli Zuel-odesme qmnil iyo mÃneTagan egeviTari omi.~2 analogiurad aRwers
am brZolas Tamaris meore istorikosi TxzulebaSi `cxovreba mefeT-mefisa
Tamarisi~3. am wyaroebidan Cans, rom afxazebi iseve, rogorc danarCeni
qarTvelebi, TavdadebiT ibrZvian TavianTi qveynis TavisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi.
Tamar mefis gardacvalebis Semdegac afxazeTis mosaxleoba politikurad da
samxedro TvalsazrisiT aqtiur Zalas warmoadgenda da istoriuli wyaroebi
maT xSirad asaxeleben sagareo mtrebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. mefe laSa-
giorgim ganZis aRebis samxedro operacia oTxi aTasi rCeuli qarTveliT
ganaxorciela, romelTa Soris dasaxelebulia dasavleT saqarTvelos
mxedrobac: `xolo mefesa hyva oTxi aTasi kaci oden, amaT Sina umetes mesxni
iyvnes, rameTu erT kerZo mÃargrZelni dges, da erT kerZo afxazni, dadian be-
dianni da lixT-iqiTni zedmokidebiT urTierTs.~4 aseve TavdadebiT ibrZvis
sakuTriv afxazeTis mosaxleoba erT-erTi sastiki dampyroblis jalal ed-dinis
winaaRmdeg. `da esma ra ese mefesa rusudans, _ wers JamTaaRmwereli, _ mouwoda
yovelTa spaTa TÂsTa, imerTa da amerTa, SanSes mandaturTuxucessa, avags
amirspasalarsa, varams msaxurTuxucessa, her-kaxTa, somxiTarTa, javaxTa, mesxTa,
taoelTa, dadiansa cotnes, kacsa warCinebulsa da saTnoebiansa, afxazTa, jiqTa
da yovelsa imersa samefosa, romelTa TÂTeulad ara ars Jami Tqmad, ...Sekrbes
naWarmagevs simravle uricxÂi, da waravlina mefeman brZolad xuarazmelTa.~5
am movlenebs sagangebod uvlian gverds afxazuri istoriografiis
warmomadgenlebi m.gunba, s.lakoba, o.bRaJba. samwuxaroa, magram faqtia, rom maT
naSromebSi xSiria anbanur WeSmaritebad cnobili istoriuli faqtebis
arcodnis (Tu gamiznuli miCqmalvis?) calkeuli SemTxvevebi. magaliTad,
s.lakobasa da o. bRaJbas azriT, Tamar mefe Turme daviT aRmaSeneblis asulia;
cxumi XI saukunidan hqvia soxums, manamde, TiTqos sebastopolisi erqva; maTi
azriT, qarTuli warwerebi afxazeTSi XI_XII saukuneebidan gvxvdeba, fulis
erTeulebi aq yvela bizantiuri da ucxouria, qarTuli fuli ki mimoqcevaSi ar
yofila, afxazebs saqarTvelos samefos SigniT viTom politikuri avtonomia
hqondaT da a.S.
sinamdvileSi sapirispiro suraTs vxedavT istoriul wyaroebSi. am mxriv
gasakuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobs numizmatikuri masala. 1983 wels
xelovnebaTmcode l. xruSkovam lixnis sasaxlis gaTxrebze aRmoaCina cnobili
`lixnis ganZi~, romelSic daculi iyo qarTuli monetebis didi raodenoba.1
aRniSnul monetebze amokveTili qarTuli warwerebi miuTiTeben, rom isini
gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos mefeebs bagrat IV-isa (1027-1072ww.) da giorgi II-is
(1072-1089ww.) dakveTiT iyo moWrili.
2. iqve, gv. 96.

3. iqve, gv. 137.
4. iqve, t. I, gv. 153.
5. iqve, t. II, gv. 182-183.
1 lixnis ganZis Sesaxeb ix.: . . . . . 1998; . .
(V . . . XIII . . .). .1987. `lixnis ganZis~ qarTuli monetebis warwerebi
Seiswavla v.silogavam. ix.: v.silogava. samegrelo-afxazeTis epigrafika. Tb. 2004, gv. 221-252.
139
garda lixnisa, Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze qarTuli fulis
erTeulebi aRmoCenilia q. soxumTan axlos da axal aTonTan, iveriis mTaze. 1871
wels soxumis maxloblad aRmoCenili vercxlis monetebi daviT IV aRmaSenebels
(1089-1125ww.)2, xolo iveriis mTaze mopovebuli moneta giorgi II-s3 ekuTvnoda.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, cxadia, rom Tanamedrove
afxazeTis teritoriaze iseve, rogorc saqarTvelos danarCen teritoriaze,
Cveulebriv, mimoqcevaSi iyo qarTuli fuli.4
afxazeTi da misi mosaxleoba saqarTvelos istoriis konteqstSi Cans
JamTaaRmwerelis TxzulebaSic. igi aRwers monRolTa batonobis pirvel
periods da miuTiTebs, rom rusudan mefem Tavisi 5 wlis vaJi daviTi garkveuli
mosazrebiT quTaisSi mefed akurTxa. am politikur movlenebSi saqarTvelos
mefes mxarSi udganan dasavleT saqarTvelos feodalebi da samRvdeloeba:
`mouwoda yovelTa spaTa misTa afxazTa, dadian-bedianTa, raWis erisTavTa da
kaTalikossa afxazeTisasa, da dasues mefed daviT Ze rusudanisi, akurTxes
quTaTiss da daadges Tavsa missa gvirgvini; dasues taxtsa zeda samefosa da
miuloces mefoba wesisaebr, da srulyo kaTalikosman wesi kurTxevisa”.5
aRniSnuli politikuri movlenebi aSkarad metyveleben, rom saqarTvelos mefis
erTgul qveSevrdomTa Soris pirvel adgilze swored istoriuli afxazeTis
mosaxleoba idga, xolo afxazeTis kaTalikosi, romelic am dros ukve mcxeTas
emorCileboda, daviT narinis (1247-1293ww.) mefed kurTxevisas mTavari figuraa.
XIII saukunis I mesamedis gamoCenil moRvaweebs da wamyvan qarTvel
mxedarTmTavarTa Soris istoriuli wyaroebi asaxeleben dardin SarvaSiZes,
romelic warmoSobiT SarvaSiZeTa feodalur saxls ekuTvnoda: `ganaCina
mxedarTa Tavad SarvaSas-Ze afxazi, saxeliT dardin, romeli simÃnisa misisaTÂs
pirvelive didsa didebasa aReyvana da mtkiced epyra sjuli.~6 mterTan brZolaSi
gmirulad daRupul dardin SarvaSiZes qarTveli mematiane maSindeli
saqarTvelos sxva gamoCenili mxedarTmTavrebisa da sazogado moRvaweebis
Salva axalcixelis misi vaJis - faradavla Torelis, cotne dadianis, avag
aTabagis, yvaryvare jayel-cixisjvarelis, sargis jayelis gverdiT asaxelebs
da mas `saxelovansa~ da `mÃnes~ uwodebs.
sagangebod unda SevCerdeT ìstoriani da azmani SaravandedTani~-is erT
cnobaze, romlis Tanaxmad, Tamar mefis (1184-1213ww.) vaJs giorgi IV-s saxelad
uwodes laSa, `romeli ganmanaTleblad soflisa iTargmana [afsarTa eniTa]~7. am
cnobaze dayrdnobiT mkvlevarTa didma nawilma gaiziara mosazreba, rom saxeli
laSa swored amis Semdeg gavrcelda qarTul sinamdvileSi da araerTi
mkvlevari dRemde gamoTqvams mosazrebas, TiTqos laSa afxazuridan momdinare
saxelia da mxolod amis Semdeg gavrcelda qarTul samyaroSi. magram
aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom afxazur onomastikaSi msgavsi sakuTari saxeli
gavrcelebuli ar aris, xolo qarTul onomastikonSi igi jer kidev Tamaris
vaJis dabadebamde oTxi saukuniT adre aris dadasturebuli. kerZod,
TeTriwyaros raionSi tbisis `koJrebis eklesiis~ ezoSi napovnia jvris
kvarcxlbeki, romelzec amokveTili qarTuli asomTavruli warwera
mogviTxrobs: `wmidao samebao Seiwyale amisi maSenebeli laSaÁca. juari ese
aemarTa salocvelad Cuenda da saÃsenebelad naSobTa CuenTa.
naSobTa CuenTa, romelman Tayuani sces. suli Cueni locvasa moiÃsenen. amen.
adide, iesu qriste.~1 warwera amokveTilia bolnuri jvris irgvliv da
2 r.qebulaZe. daviT aRmaSeneblis bizantiurtituliani vercxlis monetebi. - saq. muz. moambe, XXXIX. Tb.,1987,
gv.47.
3 . . . .. gv. 76; d.kapanaZe. qarTuli numizmatika. Tb., 1969, gv. 69.
4 aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTveloSi am dros qarTul fulTan erTad mimoqcevaSi bizantiuri monetebic iyo.
5 qarTlis cxovreba, t. II, gv. 180.
6 iqve, gv. 192-194.
7 iqve, gv. 58.
1 . qarTuli warwerebis korpusi, t. I, gv. 104-106. sur.
140
daTariRebulia VIII saukuniT. es wyaro mniSvnelovani argumentia im mkvlevarTa
mosazrebis uarsayofad, romelTa mtkicebiT saxeli `laSa~, mxolod XII
saukunidan gvxvdeba qarTul sinamdvileSi.
gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos samefos SemadgenlobaSi afxazeTis aqtiur
politikur da kulturul rolze metyveleben is mravalricxovani qarTuli
kulturis kerebi, romlebic Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze gvxvdeba.
XI_XIII saukuneebSi kidev ufro gaizarda im saeklesio centrebis mniSvneloba
da roli, romlebic jer kidev àfxazTa~ samefos dros daarsda. miuxedavad
qarTuli eklesiis gaerTianebisa, funqcionirebas agrZelebda afxazeTis
(dasavleT saqarTvelios) sakaTolikoso da kaTalikosi kvlav biWviTaSi ijda.
`wesi da gangebaÁ mefed kurTxevisa~-s (XIIIs) mixedviT, igi monawileobda mefis
kurTxevaSi; ~garigeba xelmwifis karisa~-s Tanaxmad afxazeTis kaTalikosi
saqarTvelos patriaqTan, Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucesTan da moZRvarT-
moZRvarTan erTad samefo karis, umaRlesi saero xelisuflebis wevri iyo.2
X_XI saukuneebis mijnaze Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze aSenda axali
taZrebi: lixni, ilori, anuxva, wkelikari, webeldis wm. giorgis, andria
mociqulisa da wm. Tevdores saxelobis taZrebi, romelTa fasadebze DdRemde
SemorCenlia mravalricxovani lapidaruli, freskuli da Weduri warwerebis
nimuSebi, aseve xelnawerebi da saeklesio daniSnulebis nivTebi. aRniSnuli
masala erTmniSvnelovnad miuTiTebs, rom afxazeTi erT-erT wamyvan rols
TamaSobda qarTuli kulturis ganviTarebis saqmeSi. gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis
Rirsia bediis samonastro kompleqsi. aq imTaviTve Camoyalibda mZlavri
saepiskoposo centri. ~garigeba xelmwifis karisa~-s mixedviT, àmieri bedieli
mosaflavea~, xolo `kurTxeva mironisa~-s Tanaxmad, aseve didi pativiT
sargeblobda bedieli.3
bediis saepiskoposo kaTedraze maSindeli saqarTvelos gamoCenili
saeklesio pirebi moRvaweobdnen. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia ioane bedieli
mTavarepiskoposi _ bagrat IV-is samefo karTan daaxloebuli piri, XI s.
saqarTvelos erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi saeklesio da politikuri figura.
daviT aRmaSeneblis epoqaSi aq moRvaweobda svimeon bediel-alaverdeli. aseTi
institutis arseboba xazs usvamda saqarTvelos teritoriul da sulier
erTianobas. SemdgomSi svimeoni gaxda Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucesi, anu meore
piri saxelmwifoSi. is ara marto saeklesio saqmeebs ganagebda, aramed
aqtiurad monawileobda daviTis mier ganxorcielebul saxelmwifoebriv
RonisZiebebSi. mogvianebiT bediis samonastro centrSi moRvaweobdnen nikoloz,
sofron da miqael gonglibaÁsZeni, anton da kirile JuanisZeebi, germane CxetiZe
da sxvebi. maT didi amagi dasdes bediis monasterSi qarTuli kulturis
mZlavri centris Camoyalibebis saqmes.4
aRsaniSnavia iloris taZris lapidaruli warwerebi. rogorc ukve aRiniSna,
isini mogviTxroben taZris mSeneblobis istorias giorgi mTavarepiskoposis,
mRvdel giorgi qoColavasa da adgilobrivi feodalis giorgi gurgeniZis mier.
msgavsi Sinaarsis aris anuxvis taZris epigrafikuli Zeglebi, sadac asaxulia XI
saukunis msxvili feodalis giorgi basilis Zisa da misi Zmebis mier anuxvis
taZris mSeneblobis ambavi.
zogadad, afxazeTis qarTuli epigrafikuli masala iZleva erTmniSvnelovan
suraTs am epoqis afxazeTis socialuri speqtris, mosaxleobisa da politikur-
sarwmunoebrivi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. warwerebSi dasaxelebulia mosaxleobis
TiTqmis yvela fena: mefeebi, mxaris gamgeblebi, maRali sasuliero wodebis
2 . j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 141-147.

3. qarTuli samarTils Zeglebi, t. 2, gv. 48,51-53.
4 . aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ixileT: b. xorava. bediis saepiskoposo. - saistorio Ziebani, t. III, Tb.,
2000, gv. 21-42; g. kalandia. odiSis saepiskoposoebi. Tb., 2004, gv. 79-96; l. axalaZe. afxazeTis epigrafika,
rogorc saistorio wyaro, gv. 36-51.
141
warmomadgenlebi, mRvdlebi, ostat-mSeneblebi, ubralo mlocvelebi da a. S.713
warwerebSi dasaxelebulia àfxazTa~ samefosa da gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos
mefeebi: giorgi II (922-957ww.), bagrat III (978-1014ww.), bagrat IV (1027-1072ww.),
giorgi II kurapalati (1072-1089ww.), konstantine mefeTa-mefe daviT narinis Ze
(1245-1293ww); msxvili samefo moxeleebi, mxaris gamgeblebi da adgilobrivi
msxvili feodalebi: webeldis wm. andria mociqulis taZris maSenebeli
erisTavT-erisTavi da meWurWleTuxucesi abulasan iobis Ze, bagrat IV-is
droindeli mwignobarTuxucesi da Wyondideli, moqvis cnobili oTxTavis
damkveTi Ddaniel mTavarepiskoposi, anuxvis taZris maSenebeli giorgi basilis
Ze da misi Zmebi, demetre, Tevdore da merkile, iloris taZris saero ktitori
giorgi gurgenisZe, RumuriSis taZris maSenebeli `diofalT diofali~ sagduxti,
bediis taZris ganmaaxleblebi - `diofalT diofali~ marixi da erisTavT-
erisTavi da mandaturTuxucesi giorgi dadiani, erisTavT erisTavebi - giorgi
dadiani, niania novelisimosi raWis saerisTavodan, xofis taZris maSenebeli
ucnobi `mamadmTavari~, taZris maSenebeli ostatebi giorgi galatozi, svimeon
galatozTuxucesi, ubralo mlocvelebi miqaeli, giorgi, roSa, da a.S.714 es
aris im istoriul pirTa arasruli nusxa, romlebic mTeli Sua saukuneebis
ganmavlobaSi Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze qarTul materialur da
sulier kulturas qmnida, Sesabamisad, maSindelma afxazebma aq Seqmnes da
ganaviTares mxolod qarTuli kultura.
am epoqis afxazeTis kulturuli memkvidreobidan yuradRebis Rirsia
qarTuli damwerlobis nimuSebi, kerZod, xelovnebiTi damwerlobis axali
kaligrafiuli skolebi, romlebsac afxazeTSi Caeyara safuZveli da Semdeg
gavrcelda danarCen saqarTveloSi715. ufro metic, afxazeTis XI_XIIss. qarTuli
epigrafikuli Zeglebis qarTuli damwerlobis nimuSebis Seswavlam da
paleografiulma Sedarebam saqarTvelos sxva istoriuli regionebis
damwerlobaTa nimuSebTan, iseve rogorc afxazTa samefos epoqaSi, amjeradac
aSkarad gamokveTa am regionis erT-erTi wamyvani roli qarTul kulturaSi. igi
pirveli gamoexmaura qarTul damwerlobaSi mimdinare cvlilebebs, kerZod
nusxursa da mxedrul damwerlobaSi mimdinare reformebs. amas adasturebs is
faqtic, rom dasavleT saqrTveloSi yvelaze adreuli mxedruli damwerlobis
nimuSi aRmoCenilia galis raionis sof. dixazurgaSi716. am mxaris qarTuli
epigrafikuli masalis analizi mowmobs, rom aq jer kidev àfxazTa samefos~
epoqaSi safuZveli Caeyara qvis kaligrafiul skolas _ kidurwaisrul
xelovnebiT damwerlobas, romelmac srulyofilebas XI saukuneSi miaRwia.
zemoT moyvanili istoriuli wyaroebis erToblioba argumentirebulad
asabuTebs, rom Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoria X_XIII saukuneebSi
politikuri, kulturuli da sarwmunoebrivi TvalsazrisiT erTiani qarTuli
samyaros ganuyofeli nawili iyo. igi xSirad ufro aqtiur da wamyvan rols
TamaSobda saerTo saxelmwifoebriv da kulturul asparezze, vidre
saqarTvelos romelime sxva regioni.
2. afxazeTi XIII s-is 40-iani wlebidan XVs-is 90-ian wlebamde
1235-1242 wlebSi saqarTvelo monRolebma daipyres. monRolTa damangrevel

laSqrobebs mxolod dasavleT saqarTvelo, maT Soris afxazeTis saerisTavo
gadaurCa. 1245 wels rusudan mefe gardaicvala da saqarTveloSi umefobis xana
713 . l. axalaZe. afxazeTis epigrafika, rogorc saistorio wyaro, gv. 209.

714 . gviani periodis warwerebSi gacilebiT meti qarTveli istoriuli piri aris dasaxelebuli.
715 l. axalaZe. qarTuli damwerlobis paleografiuli maxasiaTeblebi afxazeTis epigrafikul ZeglebSi. _
kulturaTaSorisi komunikaciebi, #1. Tb., 2007, gv. 32-39.
716 . es aris grigol galatozuxucesis XI s. warwera. ix. Sinaarsi fotoTi: l. axalaZe. afxazeTis
epigrafika..., I, gv. 83, 246, 17.
142
dadga. axladdapyrobil qveyanaSi monRolebi TavianTi mmarTvelobis SemoRebas
Seecadnen da saqarTvelo rva dumnad (aTiaTaseulad) dayves. TiToeul am
dumans `dumnis Tavebad~ qarTveli didebulebi Cauyenes. monRolebma dasavleT
saqarTvelo, rogorc dumnis Tavebs samarTavad cotne dadiansa da raWis
erisTavs gadasces.717
dumnisTavs, romelic monRolur noins Seesabameboda, Tavis sagamgeblo teri-
toriaze sruli samoqalaqo da samxedro xelisufleba hqonda. safiqrebelia,
rom monRolebma raWis erisTavs kaxaber kaxaberisZes sakuTriv raWis
saerisTavos garda leCxumi da argveTi – teritoria lixis qedidan md.
rionamde - dauqvemdebares. cotne dadians ki sagamgeblod gadasces svaneTis
saerisTavo, md. kodoris saTaveebis dalis xeobasTan erTad, guria da saerTod
saqarTvelos zRvispireTi dRevandeli samegrelosa da afxazeTis CaTvliT md.
Woroxidan nikofsiamde.
monRolebi male darwmundnen, rom iseT ganviTarebul feodalur qveyanaSi,
rogoric XIII s-Si saqarTvelo iyo, monRoluri administraciul-teritoriuli
mmarTveloba ver gamodgeboda. amitom 1247 wels saqarTveloSi mefoba aRadgines
da samefo taxtze erTdroulad ori mefe, daviT VI rusudanis Ze, igive daviT
narini da daviT VII laSa-giorgis Ze aiyvanes.
saqarTvelos samefo taxtze erTdroulad ori mefe sul ramdenime weli
ijda. Mmale daviT narini monRolebs aujanyda da quTaisSi gaiqca.
istoriografiaSi daviT narinis monRolTa winaaRmdeg ajanyebis TariRad 1259
weli iTvleba. rogorc irkveva, es ajanyeba sul cota 6 wliT adre moxda. amas
mowmobs safrangeTis mefis ludoviko IX-s elCis vilhelm de rubrukusis
cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. 1253-1254 wlebSi monRoleTSi da ukan
mogzaurobis dros man saqarTvelos TiTqmis yoveli mxridan Semouara. vilhelm
de rubrukusi SavizRvispireTis aRweris dros asaxelebs ìverias~ da
aRniSnavs, rom ìverebi, romlebic trapizonis CrdiloeTiT cxovroben,
`TaTrebs~ anu monRolebs ar emorCilebian.” Ppirvelma am cnobas yuradReba n.
asaTianma miaqcia, romelmac daviT narinis antimonRoluri ajanyebis TariRad
1249 weli miiCnia.718
ajanyebuli daviT narini dasavleT saqarTvelos didebulebma didi sixaru-
liT miiRes. `xolo viTar cnes afxazTa, suanTa, dadianTa, bedianman, raWis
erisTavman da sruliad lixT-imerTa, – wers JamTaaRmwereli, _ Semokrbes sixa-
ruliTa didiTa, da mefe yves rusudanis Ze afxazTa, vidre lixTamde~719. daviT
narinis dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadasvliT saqarTvelos es nawili monRolTa
batonobisgan gaTavisuflda, xolo erTiani saqarTvelos samefo faqtobrivad
or – aRmosavlur da dasavlur qarTul samefoebad daiSala.
1261 wels daviT narins biZaSvili, monRolTa winaaRmdeg ajanyebuli daviT
VII giorgi laSas Ze ewvia. cota xnis Semdeg dasavleT saqarTvelos
didebulTa erTi nawili daviT narinis taxtidan Camogdebas da mis nacvlad
daviT VII –is gamefebas Seecada. am SinaaSlilobis Jams daviT rusudanis Zes
bolomde uerTgula bedianma juanSeris Zem, romelic iyo `kaci warmatebuli
yovelTa zniTa, uxÂ umetes yovelTa kacTa, sruli gonierebiTa~.720
TxzulebaSi moxseniebuli bediani juanSeris Ze odiSis erisTavi bedan II da-
diania.721Mmisi daxmareba daviT narinisTvis gadamwyveti aRmoCnda. daviT VII
giorgis Ze iZulebuli gaxda, erTiani saqarTvelos orad gayofas Serigeboda
717 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. II, gv. 207-208.

718 . . П . , . . . - ., 1911,
gv. 66-67; n asaTiani. saqarTvelos istoria uZvelesi droidan XIX saukunemde. Tb., 2001, gv. 220-221.
720 . iqve, gv. 243.
721 . T. beraZe. odiSis politikuri geografiidan. - saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis krebuli, III. Tb.,
1967, gv. 158-161.
143
da dasavleT saqarTvelos taxtzec uari eTqva. 1262 wels is aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi gadmovida da monRolebs Seurigda.
daviT narinma bedan II dadiani da saerTod dadianTa sagvareulo uxvad daa-
jildova. Mmefem am sagvareulos qristianobis uZvirfasesi relikviebi uboZa da
didgvarovanTa sxva sagvareuloebTan SedarebiT ufro maRal pativSi aiyvana.
daviT narinis mxardaWeriT odiSis saerisTavo dasavleT saqarTvelos
uZlieres saerisTavod gadaiqca.
daviT narinis xanaSi dRevandeli afxazeTis teritoria oTx saerisTavos So-
ris iyo ganawilebuli. SavizRvispireTi mdinareebs engurs da kodors Soris
odiSis erisTavs eqvemdebareboda. mdinare kodoris saTaveebi ki (dalis xeoba)
svaneTis saerisTavoSi Sedioda. mdinare kodoris Crdilo-dasavleTiT anakofiis
CaTvliT cxomis//cxumis saerisTavo mdebareobda. kidev ufro Crdilo-
dasavleTiT mdinare nikofsiamde (amJamad neCefsuxo) afxazeTis saerisTavo
vrceldeboda.
1293 wels daviT narini gardaicvala da samefo taxti misma Zem konstantinem
daikava. Mmisi mefobis istorias vaxuSti batoniSvili agviwers, rogorc
dasavleT saqarTveloSi mudmivi anarqiis xanas. `Semdgomad narin mefisa dajda
mefed Ze daviTisa uxucesi konstantine, --- wers igi. – amas kostantines
winaaRudga Zma TÂsi miqel da ara utevebda mefobad da pyrobad imereTisa da
miqel daipyra raWa, leCxumi da argueTi da aqundaT dReTa maTTa maradis
brZola – Sliloba da SfoTi da Ãdoma urTierTTa da iyo oxreba queyanisa.
amisTÂs SeiWirvebden didebulni amis samefosani da vera riTa hyves zavi maT
Soris~1. is mcireodeni saistorio masalac, romelic damatebiT konstantine
daviT narinis Zis Sesaxeb SemogvrCa, srulebiTac ar mowmobs iseT unugeSo
viTarebas, rogoric misi mefobis Sesaxeb vaxuSti bagrationma dagvixata.
rogorc irkveva, konstantine daviTis Zis mefobis epoqa dasavleT saqarT-
veloSi kulturis aRmavlobis xanaa. magaliTad, XIII-XIV saukuneTa mijnaze
aSenda da moixata xobis cnobili taZari. swored drois am monakveTSi
dasavleT saqarTveloSi bizantiidan mxatvrobaSi Semovida sruliad axali
`paleologosTa skolis~ stili, romelic aRorZinebis xanis mxatvrobis
winamorbeds warmoadgens.Aam stiliT aris xelaxla moxatuli gelaTis taZari
swored XIIIs-is miwurulSi. rogorc irkveva, saerTod konstantine daviT
narinis Zem samefoSi didi samSeneblo-sarestavracio samuSaoebi Caatara. mis
dros aigo bediis taZris samreklo, xolo TviT taZari faqtobrivad xelaxla
aSenda da Signidan moixata.Aamas mowmobs bediis samreklos dasavleT kedelSi
Casmuli warwera: `q.adiden RmerTman mefeTa mefe kostantine, Ze daviTisi, amen.~
amave samreklos aRmosavleTis Sesavlis Tavze amokveTil warweraSi
moxseniebulni arian `nikoloz bedieli~ da `sofron bedieli~, romlebic
konstantine daviT narinis Zis xanaSi mefesTan erTad bediis taZris
rekonsrtuqciis Taosnebi iyvnen.2
rogorc irkveva, saeklesio centrebs dRevandeli afxazeTis teritoriaze
XIII-XIV saukuneebis mijnaze didi wvlili SehqondaT sruliad saqarTvelos
kulturul cxovrebaSi. Aam xanis qarTuli xelnaweri wignebidan
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia daniel moqvis mTavarepiskoposis dakveTiT moqvis
taZarSi 1300 wels gadawerili saxareba, romelic 157 miniaturiTa da 531
sazedao asoTia Semkuli.
konstantine daviT narinis Zem gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa mizgiTad qceuli
ierusalimis jvris monastris qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiisaTvis
dabrunebis saqmeSi. rogorc irkveva, misi saxsrebiT muslimTa xelidan
gamoxsnili es taZari xelaxla moixata da moikazma. amas mowmobs ierusalimis

2 . l. axalaZe. afxazeTis epigrafika, rogorc saistorio wyaro, 1, gv. 33-39; . . С
. ., 1989, gv. 62-64.
144
jvris qarTvelTa monastris Semdegi aRapi: ` masve dResa aRapi da panaSvidi
afxazTa mefeT mefisa kostantinesi, juarisa monastrisa axlad Semkazmavisa,
gardaiÃdebodes daukleblad Ramis TeviTa da xucis wirviTa~3.
TviT vaxuSti bagrationis zemoT moyvanili cnobiTac aSkaraa, rom konstan-
tine mefes dasavleT saqarTvelos udidesi nawili, maT Soris dRevandeli
afxazeTis teritoria mefobis mTel manZilze udavod emorCileboda.AaseT vi-
TarebaSi mTlad zusti ver unda iyos vaxuSti bagrationis cnoba: ìxila
dadianman giorgim eseviTareba maT Soris (Zmebs Soris Sinaomi _ avt.), miitaca
saerisTo cxomisaca da daipyra TÂT sruliad odiSi anakofiamde. egreTve
SarvaSiZem afxazeTi da gurielman guria da suanTa erisTavman suaneTi da
ganimkÂdres TÂsad da arRara egdensa morCilebasa Sina iyvnen mefeTasa~.722 amave
dros, vaxuStis es cnoba dadianis, SarvaSiZis, gurielisa da svanTa erisTavis
mefis morCilebidan srulad gamosvlis Sesaxeb ara, magram saerisTavoTa
mflobelebis mier farTo uflebebis TviTneburad mitacebaze mainc metyvelebs.
teqstSi moxseniebuli giorgi dadiani odiSis erisTavi giorgi I dadiania, bedan
II dadianis vaJi.723 eWvs gareSea, rom odiSis erisTavis xelisuflebis cxumis
saerisTavoze gavrcelebas ufro Rrma fesvebic (istoriuli da eTnikuri)
hqonda, vidre Sinaomi dasavleT saqarTveloSi. anakofiamde teritoriis
`sruliad odiSis~ saxeliT moxsenieba cxumis saerisTavoze dadianis kanonier
uflebebze unda miuTiTebdes.
XIII-XIVss. mijnaze cxumis saerisTavos SeerTebis Semdeg odiSis Semadgenlo-
baSi qalaqebi cxumi//cxomi da anakofia Sevida. amis Semdeg odiSi uSualod
afxazeTis saerisTavos gaumezoblda, romlisganac mas ànakofiis dasavleTiT
mdebare mcire mTa kavkasiidan Camosuli zRuamde~ da ufro zustad, anakofiis
Crdilo-dasavleTiT Camomdinare vaxuStiseuli terminologiis `mdinare misi
mcire~ (dRevandeli md. fsircxa) gamoyofda.
1323 wels giorgi I dadiani gardaicvala da odiSis erisTavi misi Ze mamia I
dadiani gaxda. Mmas, rogorc erisTavs, eqvemdebareboda Tanamedrove afxazeTis
samxreT-dasavleTi nawili, anakofiis CaTvliT.
1327 wels konstantine daviT narinis Ze gardaicvala Dda dasavlurqarTul
samefo taxtze misi Zma miqeli avida, romlis mefoba mxolod ori weli
gagrZelda. miqels vaJiSvili bagrati darCa, romelmac asakis gamo mefed
kurTxeva ver gabeda anu ,,ver ikadra mefoba”. dasavleT saqarTveloSi
faqtobrivad umefobis xana dadga da anarqia daiwyo. maSin didebulebma giorgi
V brwyinvales mimarTes. 1330 wels isic didi laSqriT dasavleT saqarTveloSi
gadavida da quTaisisken gaemarTa. Bbagrat ufliswulma winaaRmdegoba ver
gabeda da giorgi V brwyinvales quTaisis cixe-simagresTan erTad imereTis
yvela cixe gadasca. àmisni mxilvelni dadiani mamia da gurieli da suanTa
erisTavi da afxazeTisa SarvaSiZe moerTnen niWiTa didiTa da dauloces mefoba
imereTisa da yovlisa giorgiisa, - werda vaxuSti batoniSvili. – merme STavida
odiSs, munidam afxazeTs, ganagna muneburni da daipyra cixeni Tvisad da misca
cxomis saerisTo bediels, viTarca pirvel cxomisa iyo...”724Aase rom, 1330 wlidan
dasavleT saqarTvelos yvela mxare, maT Soris dRevandeli afxazeTis
teritoria, kvlav erTian qarTul samefoSia gaerTianebuli.Aamis Semdeg
afxazeTi TiTqmis saukunenaxevari erTiani saqarTvelos samefos SemadgenlobaSi
Sedioda.
jer kidev 1318w. romis papma ilxanTa sparseTis monRolur saxelmwifoSi
kaTolikuri `sulTanies saarqiepiskoposo~ daarsa, romelsac sevastopolis _
dRevandeli soxumis saepiskoposoc dauqvemdebara. imave wels sevastopolis
3 . el.Mmetreveli. masalebi ierusalimis qarTuli koloniis istoriisaTvis. Tb., 1962, gv. 43, 100-101, 169.
723 . T. beraZe. odiSis politikuri geografiidan, gv. 160.
724 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, gv.257-258, 801-802.
145
episkoposad bernado moro dainiSna, romelic 1330w. petrus geraldim
Secvala.725
axalma episkoposma imave wels kenterberis arqiepiskoposs da inglisis sxva
saeklesio ierarqebs sagangebo weriliT mimarTa, romlis teqstma dRemde
moaRwia. qvemoT moyvanilia vrceli amonaridi am werilidan, radgan is
umniSvnelovanes cnobebs Seicavs XIV s-is 20-iani wlebis saqarTvelos Sesaxeb:
ùfalo, kenterberis arqiepiskoposo, RvTis madliT mTeli inglisis
samefoSi upirveleso.Aam samefos arqiepiskoposebo da episkoposebo, mogmarTavT
amave samefos TanamoZme petrusi, RvTis nebiT sevastopolis episkoposi qvemo
saqarTveloSi (inferioris Georgianae). aq aris pativmoyvare amaoebiT moculi qalaqi,
sadac daumsaxureblad var daniSnuli umaRlesi mRvdelmTavris neba-surviliT.
rogorc xma dadis, erT dros aq 100 qristiani mihyides sarkinozebs, maT es
qristianebi sarkinozTa qveyanaSi waiyvanes da iq sarkinozebad (muslimebad _
avt.) aqcies.Mme, Cemis mxriv, vewinaaRmdegebi adamianebiT danaSaulebriv vaWrobas,
magram miuxedavad imisa, rom aq mbrZaneblebi qristianebi arian, arc am sakiTxSi
da arc sxvaSi ar migoneben, radgan berZnuli sqizmis mimdevrebi
(marTlmadideblebi _ avt.) arian.... am werilis momtani iahxia de kremona...
imdenad Raribia, rom mTeli misi qoneba sakmarisi ar iqneba naxevari gzisaTvis,
Cemis mxriT arafris micema ar SemeZlo, radgan arc eklesia da arc saxli ar
gamaCnia Tavis Sesafareblad. da arc erTi dinari ara maqvs gasacemi. kviraobiT
romelime Raribi qarTvelisagan Semowirulobas viReb... am qveynis mbrZanebeli,
romelic mTeli saqarTvelos mxedarTmTavaric aris, mzadaa mTeli laSqriT
dasavleTis qristianebTan erTad sarkinozebis winaaRmdeg gasalaSqreblad...
aqaur kaTolikebs sasaflaoc misca, miuxedavad qarTvelTa ori samefos
Cveulebisa, aq gardacvlil kaTolikes ar asxvaveben sqizmatikosisagan. magram
kaTolikebi ver Seeguen sqizmatikosebs da micvalebulebs maTi sasaflaos
gareT marxaven. amis gamo zemonaTqvami sasaflaos micemiT Zalian ganawyenebuli
darCa sqizmatikosi episkoposi da samRvdeloeba, radgan am sasaflaos gamo
kargaven laTinTa dakrZalvis uflebas. Aamis gamo imdenad gaizarda SfoTi, rom
kaTolike laTinTa mier sasaflaos SuagulSi aRmarTuli jvari amoglijes da
aseve laTinTa mier aRmarTuli TxuTmeti saflavis qva daamtvries, laTinebma
xelaxla aRmarTes isini... aqaurma sqizmatikosma mRvdlebma da xalxma
sarkinozTa da iudevelTa xelisSewyobiT episkoposTa episkoposTan
(igulisxmeba afxazeTis kaTalikosi _ avt.) waiRes... dawerilia qalaq sanasto-
polSi, qvemo saqarTvelos samefoSi (in regno inferioris Georgianae). Mmefis wmida edu-
ardis dResaswaulze, uflis welTaRricxvis 1330 wels.~1.
petrus geraldis `qvemo saqarTveloSi~ dasavleT saqarTvelo igulisxmeba.
saqarTvelos qvemo da zemo nawilebad dayofa qarTuli mwerlobis ZeglebSi X-
XI saukuneebidan gvxvdeba, sadac `qvemo~ yovelTvis dasavleT saqarTvelos
niSnavda. srulebiTac ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom `sanastopolis~ kaTolike
episkoposi `qarTvelTa or samefos~, maT Soris, “qvemo saqarTvelos~ samefos
axsenebs. aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelos gaerTianeba sul axali
dasrulebuli iyo, magram inglisSi gagzavnili werilis avtorma kargad icis,
rom saqarTvelos es ori nawili erT samefoSia gaerTianebuli.
Ppetrus geraldis `mTeli saqarTvelos jaris mxedarTmTavari~ mamia I da-
diani (1323-1345ww.) unda iyos. Tumca kaTolike episkoposi mTlad zusti veraa.
odiSis erisTavi mxolod dasavleT saqarTvelodan gamoyvanili jaris ufrosia.
es ufleba dadianTa sagvareulos XII-XIIIss-Si Hhqonda daviT narinis
dasavlurqarTuli samefos Camoyalibebamde2. rogorc Cans, giorgi V
725. J Richard . La Papante et Les missions d’Orient au moyen Age, XIII –XV s. Roma, 1977, gv. 178.
1. v. kiknaZe, laTinuri wyaro XIV s.-is saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. - Tbilisis universitetis Sromebi. istoria,
xelovnebaTmcodneoba, eTnografia, 1983, t. 243, gv. 101-103.
2. T.BberaZe. odiSis politikuri geografiidan, gv. 154-156.
146
brwyinvalem dasavleT saqarTvelos SemoerTebis Semdeg mamia I dadianis saxiT
dadianTa sagvareulos es ufleba aRudgina. Aase rom, sruliad saqarTvelos
mefesa da afxazeTis erisTavs Soris odiSis erisTavi, rogorc dasavleT
saqarTvelos mxedarTmTavari Cadga. amis Semdeg afxazeTis erisTavi jer odiSis
erisTavs, rogorc dasavleT saqarTvelodan gamoyvanili laSqris ufross,
xolo Semdeg ki sruliad saqarTvelos mefes emorCileboda. AaseTi viTareba,
rogorc davinaxavT, didxans gagrZelda. amas XIV-XVss. arab avtorTa cnobebic
mowmoben, romelTa mixedviT, afxazeTis saerisTavo odiSis erisTavebisadmia
daqvemdebarebuli.
XIV-XVss-Si saqarTvelos umniSvnelovanesi sanavsadguro qalaqebi foTi da
cxumi odiSis saerisTavoSi Sedioda. es Zalze zrdida odiSis saerTaSoriso
mniSvnelobas. Uufro metic, zogjer odiSis erisTavebi ucxoel
damkvirvebelTa TvalSi TiTqmis damoukidebel xelisuflebad aRiqmebodnen.
iSviaTad, magram mainc situaciis aseTi aRqma oficialur –diplomatiur
xasiaTs iRebda. Ees pirvel rigSi mamluqTa egviptis sasulTnos Seexeba.
Eegviptem Sav zRvaSi Tavisi xomaldebis gagzavnis ufleba 1261-1262 wlebSi
miiRo, rodesac man oqros urdosTan mWidro urTierToba daamyara. mamluqTa
sulTnebi did yuradRebas aqcevdnen saqarTvelosTan zRviT urTierTobas,
radgan saqarTvelos sanapiros gaswvriv erT-erTi sazRvao magistrali gadioda,
romelic egviptes bosforis srutis gavliT Savi da azovis zRvebiT oqros
urdosTan akavSirebda.726Yam sanapiros didi nawili ki uSualod odiSis
erisTavs eqvemdebareboda. swored amitom XIVs-is pirveli naxevridan egviptis
sulTnebma odiSis erisTavebTan pirdapiri diplomatiuri urTierToba
daamyares, rac XIVs-is egvipteli didmoxelis da swavlulis al-muhibis
enciklopediur naSromSi - `maRali terminologiis ganmartebis srulyofa~ -
aisaxa. `qarTvelebs hyavT ori mefe – daviT mefe, romelic Tbiliss ganagebs da
dadiani-mefe, romelic ganagebs suxumsa da abxass... yovel maTganTan mimoweris
wesi naxevar furcelzea, --- wers arabi enciklopedisti, – maRali allahi
dRegrZelyofs mis mefur udidebulesobas, diads, didebuls, mamacs, rainds,
morwmunes, mavans, qristianuli sarwmunoebis didebas, jvris religiuri
sazogadoebis ganZs, qristianobis siamayes, abxazTa, qarTvelTa da jurjanelTa
mefes, mefeTa da sultanTa megobars, yovel maTgans ewodeba qarTvelTa mefe~.727
al-muhibis es cnoba gameorebuli aqvs meore arab enciklopedists al-
kalkaSandis. mis TxzulebaSic aRniSnulia, `rom qarTvelebs hyavT ori mefe,
erTi maTgania Tbilisis gamgebeli da aRniSna al-muhibbim, rom misi saxeli iyo
maSin daviTi. meore suxumisa da abxasis gamgebelia _ es aris yirimis zRvis
samxreTiT mdebare ori qalaqi...maSin mis gamgebels ewodeboda dadiani~.728
al-muhibi 1384 wels gardaicvala, al-kalkaSandi ki 1355-1418 wlebSi cxov-
robda. ase rom, maTi cnobebi dasavleT saqarTvelos erisTavebis dawinaurebis
Sesaxeb erT saukuneze meti xnis realobas asaxavs. drois am monakveTSi, e.i.
XIVs-is 30-iani wlebidan XV s-is 20-ian wlebamde afxazeTis erisTavebi odiSis
erisTavebis daqvemdebarebaSi iyvnen.
1386-1403 wlebSi saqarTvelos Temur-lengi rvajer Semoesia. merve Semosevisas
Temur-lengi dasavleT saqarTveloSic gadavida, magram imereTs ver gascda. ase
rom, odiSisa da afxazeTis saerisTavoebi Sua aziis mrisxane mbrZaneblis
laSqrobebs gadaurCa.
saqarTveloSi Temur-lengis pirveli laSqrobisTanave dasavleT saqarT-
veloSi mefobis maZieblebi gamoCndnen, romlebic dasavlurqarTuli samefos
aRdgenas Seecadnen. iniciativas, erTi mxriv, miqel mefis STamomavlebi, meore
726. . . . ., 1989, gv. 41-42, 81-82.

727. XIV-XV ss-is arabi istorikosebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb (al-umari, al-muhibi, al-
kalkaSandi). Tb., 1988, gv. 53.
728 . iqve, gv. 57.
147
mxriv, dasavleT saqarTveloSi samefo ojaxidan daniSnuli mefisnacvlebi
iCendnen. vaxuSti bagrationis cnobiT, 1387 wels daviT narinis SvilTaSvili
aleqsandre gelaTSi mefedac ki ekurTxa, magram dasavleT saqarTvelos, maT
Soris afxazeTis da odiSis erisTavebis mxardaWera ver miiRo, vinaidan isini
saqarTvelos mefis erTgulebad darCnen.729
aleqsandre ufliswulis gardacvalebis Semdeg dasavleT saqarTvelos
samefo taxtis dakavebas misi Svili Seecada. dasavleT saqarTvelos erisTavebma
mis morCilebazec uari ganacxades. maSin giorgi aleqsandres Zem dasavleT
saqarTvelos erisTavebs Soris upirvelesis odiSis erisTavis winaaRmdeg
gailaSqra. `ganizraxa aman giorgi brZola vamiy dadianisa, rameTu ukeTu
sZlios da daimorCilos igi, sxuanica yovelni daipyras, - wers vaxuSti
bagrationi. - Semoikribna spani imerTani, warvida da STavida odiSs. dResa
erTsa ewyo vamiy dadiani da Zlierisa brZolisa Semdgomad iZlia spani imerTa
da mohkles megrelTa mefe giorgi, q-sa CtJb (1392)~.730
aq moxseniebuli vamiyi aris vamey II dadiani (1384-1396ww.). odiSis am erisTavs,
rogorc dasavleT saqarTvelos laSqris meTaurs, erT-erT pirvels jiqebis
saxiT dasavleT kavkasiis mTielTa stiqiasTan SebrZoleba mouxda. es stiqia am
dros Zalas ikrebda da dasavleT saqarTvelos barisaken gaWras cdilobda.
saqarTvelos baris urTierToba saqarTvelosa da misi momijnave CrdiloeT
kavkasiis mTianeTTan antikur xanasa da Sua saukuneebSi saqarTvelos istoriaSi
udides rols TamaSobda. drodadro bari Tavis ekonomikur da politikur
zegavlenas mTian regionebze avrcelebda, zogjer ki, piriqiT, mTa bars utevda.
mTis bolo Seteva XIV-XV saukuneebidan daiwyo, rodesac CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi
geopolitikuri viTareba radikalurad Seicvala. am droidan monRolebis mier
viwro xeobebSi Serekili CrdiloeT kavkasiis mosaxleoba Tavisi danakargis
anazRaurebas samxreT kavkasiis qveynebis, pirvel rigSi, saqarTvelos
teritoriis xarjze Seecada. dasavleT kavkasiis mTielTa Semoteva erT–erTma
pirvelma Crdilo-dasavleT saqarTvelom (Tanamedrove soWi-tuafses monakveTi)
ganicada.
X-XIII ss-Si Crdilo-dasavleT saqarTvelos sazRvari, romelic am seqtorSi
afxazeTis saerisTavos sazRvars emTxveoda, md. nikofsiaze gadioda. am mdinaris
Crdilo-dasavleTiT qerCis srutemde da azovis zRvamde, kavkasionis mTianeTis
kalTebze Cerqezul-adiRuri modgmis tomebi cxovrobdnen. maT qarTvelebi
jiqebs da qaSagebs uwodebdnen, xolo dasavleT evropelebi jiqebs da
Cerqezebs.
qarTul saistorio wyaroebSi nikofsia, rogorc saqarTvelos ukiduresi
Crdilo-dasavleTis mijna, ukanasknelad giorgi brwyinvalis Zis daviT IX-s
(1346-1360ww.) mefed kurTxevisas ixsenieba. vaxuSti batoniSvili werda: `xolo
Semdgomad mefis giorgisa dajda Ze misi daviT mefed. Semokrbnen kaTalikoz-
episkoposni da didebulni nikofsiiT, speriT, darubandamde da akurTxes
mefed~1.
jiqebi Sav zRvaze mekobreobiT jer kidev antikur xanaSi iyvnen cnobilni.
IX-XIIIss-Si jer afxazeTis samefos, Semdeg ki erTiani saqarTvelos siZlieris
dros, Sav zRvaze jiqTa mekobreoba minimumamde davida. saqarTvelos
Znelbedobis xanaSi XIII-XIVss-Si maTi aqtiuroba Sav zRvaze xelaxla gaizarda.
amas kidev erTi momenti daemata. am droisaTvis dasavleT kavkasiis mTielebi
saqarTvelos morCilebidan gamovidnen da misi Crdilo-dasavleT nawilis
xarjze teritoriuli gafarToeba daiwyes.
vamey II dadianis (1474-1482ww.) jiqeTSi laSqrobis Sesaxeb cnoba xobis
monastris ekvderis lapidarulma warweram Semogvinaxa:.,,... erisTavTerisTavma da
729 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV , gv. 803.

730 . iqve, gv. 803-804.
1 . iqve, t.. II , gv. 201.
148
mandaturTuxucesma dadianman vamey mamisa maTisa patronisa erisTavTerisTvisa
dadianisa giorgis Sedegad, _ vkiTxulobT am warweraSi, _ miuxda jiqeTs
urwmunoebisa da orgulobisaTvis... sZlo da Seuracx da uxmar iqmna maTi
simagreni, gagari da uRaRni da yovelnive ZaliT moirWuna, mravalTa jiqeTisa
patronTagan miuvali moarbivna, raodenni moiwyo, maTi mZevali wamoasxna da
sxvani aotna, da maSin moiRo svetni da fiqalni eseni marmarilosani da mama-
dedaTa larnaki da marex gaerTa”.2
miCneulia, rom warweraSi moxseniebuli,,gagari” da ,,uRaRni” geografiuli
punqtebia da vamey II dadianma jiqebTan brZola dRevandeli gagris midamoebSi
gadaixada.3 marTlac,,gagari” dRevandeli gagris Zveli saxelwodebaa, xolo
,,uRaRni” adre Sua saukuneebis bizantiuri traqeas, dRevandeli axali aTonis
Zveli qarTuli Sesatyvisi unda iyos. amis miuxedavad xobis monastris ekvderis
warweraSi sul sxva geografiul regionzea saubari.
,,uRaRi” Zvel qarTulSi ,,Znelad saval gzas” niSnavda, ,,gagari” ki, piriqiT _
,,advilad savals”, ,,gasasvlels” unda niSnavdes. miT ufro, rom gagra marTlac,
Taviseburi gasasvlelia zRvispireTSi. rogorc Cans, vamey II dadianma mTeli
jiqeTi azovis zRvamde moarbia, misi yvela advilad Umisadgomi Tu miuvalad
cnobili cixe-simagre daangria. odiSis erisTavma im jiqebs, romlebmac mas
morCileba gamoucxades, mZevlebi CamoarTva, xolo urCi jiqebis teritoria
sastikad aaoxra731. rogorc Cans, XIVs-is miwurulisaTvis, jiqeTSi qristianoba
Sesustebuli iyo da eklesiebis umetesoba mRvdelmsaxurebisa da mrevlis
gareSe iyo darCenili. odiSis erisTavma mitovebuli eklesiebidan bizantiuri
stilis marmarilos svetisTavebi, CuqurTmiani qvebi wamoiRo, romliTac xobis
taZari da Tavisi saerisTavos eklesiebi gaamSveniera. vamey II dadianma jiqeTSi
zRviT ilaSqra da amiT jiqebis mekobreoba zRvaze Zalze Seamcira, magram
adiRe-Cerqezuli modgmis tomebis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT eqspansia mainc ver
SeaCera.
XIVs-is dasasruls Temur-lengis Semosevis Sedegad dasustebuli cen-
traluri xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg giorgi VII-is (1393-1407ww.) Zma konstantine
gamovida, romelic dasavleT saqarTvelos taxtis dakavebas Seecada. rogorc
irkveva, kon
stantine ufliswuli iZulebuli gaxda dasavleT saqarTvelo mietovebina,

magram axla dasavleT saqarTvelos taxtze pretenzia imereTis mefeTa
STamomavalma dimitrim gamoacxada. am dros giorgi VII-m Temur-lengTan omi
daasrula da dasavleT saqarTvelosTvis moicala, miT ufro rom am mxaris
erisTavebi taxtis pretendentis morCilebas ar apirebdnen. àmisi mxilveli
mefe giorgi STavida spiTa da daipyra yoveli imereTi, – wers vaxuSti
bagrationi. – moerTunen yovelni warCinebulni: dadiani mamia, gurieli,
SarvaSiZe da suanni~732.
dasavleT saqarTveloSi axali Sinaomis mcdeloba iyo aleqsandre I didis
mefobis pirvel wlebSic (1412-1414ww.). mis iniciatorad mamia II dadiani (1396-
1414ww.) gamovida, romelmac afxazeTis saerisTavos SeerTeba moindoma. àramed
ixila ra mamia dadianman ese viTarebani, ineba damorCileba afxazTa, amasve
welsa Seikribna spani odiSarni megrelni da warvida. misruls afxazeTs ewyo
SarvaSiZe afxaziT simagriT gamo, – wers swavluli batoniSvili. —moswyÂdnes
megrelni da mokles dadiani mamia da neStni spani aotnes da ltolvilni
movidnen odiSs~733.
2 . eq. TayaiSvili. arxeologiuri mogzauroba samegreloSi. _ Zveli saqarTvelo, III. Tb., 1913-1914, gv. 132-
133.
3 . p. ingoroyva. giorgi merCule, gv. 149-150; k. berulava. afxazeTis istoriuli adgilebi. Tb., gv. 77.
731 . T. beraZe. `gagari~ da ~uRaRis~ etimologiisaTvis. _ macne, istoriis... seria, 1973, # 1, gv.122-123.
732 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, gv. 275, 804-805.
733 . iqve, gv. 278.
149
mamia II dadianis daRupvam samefo kari Zalze SeaSfoTa. saqarTvelos mefem
mamia II dadianis mcdelobaSi misi nebarTvis gareSe SeWriliyo afxazeTis
saerisTavoSi, qveynis daSlis saSiSi simptomi dainaxa da reaqciamac ar
daayovna. aleqsandre I laSqriT dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadavida da odiSSi
Sevida... `xolo STasrulsa odiSs moegeba mefesa Ze mamia dadianisa liparit da
iTxovda Sendobasa, ukeTu scoda raÁ mamaman misman. Seundo mefeman, rameTu iyo
tkbil da mowyale da ararai vis avno; garna liparit, _ werda vaxuSti
bagrationi,_ aRiyvana pativsa mamisasa. merme warvida afxazeTs da wariyvana
liparit dadiani, moegeba SarvaSiZe da daemorCila brZanebasa missa, viTarca
pirvelTa mefeTasa. ganagna muneburni da daamSÂdna igini da movida quTaTiss.
Semokrebuli imer-amerTa didebulTa da kaTalikozTa da episkoposTagan
ekurTxa mefed mun.~734
aleqsandre didis am samxedro eqspediciis Semdeg mSvidoba dasavleT
saqarTveloSi TiTqmis oTxi aTeuli weli ar darRveula.
1453 wels osmalo-Turqebma konstantinopoli aiRes da aTaswlovanma
bizantiis imperiam arseboba Sewyvita. imave wels, zafxulSi edirneSi (adri-
anopolSi) dabrunebul mehmed II-s SavizRvispireTis qristianuli qveynebis
warmomadgenlebi estumrnen. zogierTi istorikosi maT Soris saqarTvelos
warmomadgenlebsac asaxelebs. ingliseli s.ransimenis mixedviT, sulTnis kars
ewvivnen `samegrelos, imereTis mTavris dadianis,” xolo Turqi istorikosis
m.kirzioRlus cnobiT, `gurielis, megrelebis da abazebis~ elCebi.735
orive avtori bizantieli istorikosis dukas Txzulebas eyrdnoba. aq 1453
wels mehmed meoresTan misul elCebs Soris dasaxelebuli arian:
`trapizonelebi da yvela isini, vinc pontos zRvasTan cxovroben~736. rogorc
vxedavT, am elCebs Soris saqarTvelos warmomadgenlebi saerTod ar Canan.
bizantiis imperiis dacemis Semdeg saqarTvelos zRvispireTs osmaleTi dae-
muqra. vaxuSti bagrationi osmalo-Turqebis pirvel Tavdasxmas 1451 wliT
aTariRebs, m.kirzioRlus da m.svaniZes miaCniaT, rom Tavdasxma 1454 wels moxda.
aseTi Sesworebis safuZvlad am istorikosebs mohyavT italiuri wyaroebi,
romlebSic 1454 wels osmaleTis samxedro flotis Sav zRvaze reidia
aRwerili, rodesac am flotma savastopoli, igive cxomi, dRevandeli soxumi
gadawva.737
vaxuSti bagrationis cnobis aseTi gadaTariReba samarTliani unda iyos.
DdRevandel soxumze osmalebis, Semdeg ki afxazebis Tavdasxmis Sesaxeb erT-
erTi cnoba 1454 wlis meore naxevarSi SavizRvispireTidan genuaSi gagzavnili
konsulis jerardo pinelis werilma Semogvinaxa: `me Cavibare savastopolis
konsu-
loba... davyavi iq mcire xani..., – vkiTxulobT am werilSi, _ moulodnelad mas
Tavs daesxnen afxazebi da mosaxleoba mTlianad gaiqca, raTa Tavi gadaerCina.
mec maT mivbaZe, afxazebs undodaT umetesoba tyved waeyvanaT. garda amisa,
gacnobebT, rom Cems Casvlamde Turqebi daesxnen da gaZarcves es qalaqi~.738
ufro adrindeli italiuri wyaros cnobiT, osmalo-Turqebma soxumis
navsadgurSi genuelTa erTi savaWro xomaldi dawves, meore ki nadavlad
waiyvanes. maT am qalaqSi mcxovreb genuel vaWarTa erTi nawili daatyveves,
meore nawilma ki Tavs gaqceviT uSvela.739
734 . iqve.
735 . . . 1453 . ., 1983, gv. 150; MM. Kirzioglu. Osmanlilar in Kafkaz –
Eleri ni fethi (1451-1590). Ankara, 1976.
736 . Ducae Michaelis. Historia Byzantina, Patrol gia Graeca, t. CLYII, gv.128.
737 . MM.Kirzioglu. Osmanlilar..., gv. 6-7; . . (
). И , 1982. ., 1985, . 107-111.
738 . Codice diplomatice delle colonie Tauro-Ligurt durante la signoria dell ufficio di S.
Giorgio, ed. A. Vigna, Parte II, ASLSF,VII, 1871, gv. 317-318.
739 . iqve, gv.102-103.
150
vaxuSti bagrationi afxazebis mier soxumis darbevis Sesaxeb arafers wers,
magram aRniSnavs, rom osmalebma am Tavdasxmis dros mTeli afxazeTis
saerisTavo daarbies. `gamovidnen ormocda aTni katarRani savseni spiTa..., –
wers swavluli batoniSvili, – da aRaoxrnes da moswyÂdnes cxomi da afxazeTi
da zRÂs pirni. ukun iqcnen da warvidnen. amis mcnobeli mefe giorgi (erTiani
saqarTvelos bolo mefe giorgi VIII _ 1445-1466ww. _ avt.) warvida moswrafed,
aramed vera raÁsaRa ewia. garna mkÂdrnive dasxna da uqmna simagreni da ganagna
muneburni da movida geguTs~.740 `ganagna~ afxazTa ajanyebis CaxSobasac
gulisxmobs, romlis drosac maT, rogorc vnaxeT, cxomi sastikad daarbies.
1454w. genuelebi cxumSi SemTxveviT ar aRmoCenilan. am droisaTvis qalaqSi
genuelTa savaWro faqtoria arsebobda.
giorgi VIII erTiani saqarTvelos bolo mefe aRmoCnda. qveynis politikuri
daSla samcxe-saaTabagos erisTavis saxlSi dapirispirebam daaCqara. 1448 wels
samcxis aTabags aRbuRa jayels erisTavTerisTavoba biZam yvaryvarem CamoarTva.
gadayenebulma aTabagma daxmareba saqarTvelos mefes sTxova. giorgi VIII
laSqriT samcxeSi gaemarTa, `yuaryuare moegeba mefesa da ityoda ucodvel
yofasa, aramed mefeman aRiyvana kualad aRbuRave pativsa aTabagobisasa~. 1451
wels aRbuRa gardaicvala da saqarTvelos mefem aTabagoba mis biZas yvaryvare
II jayels daumtkica. yvaryvare madlierebis nacvlad samcxis saaTabagos
erTiani qarTuli samefodan gamoyofisaTvis samzadiss Seudga.741 saqarTveloSi
Sinaomi gardauvali Canda, rodesac qveyanas romis papis elCi ludoviko
bolonieli ewvia. man qarTvelebs antiosmalur koaliciaSi monawileobis
miReba SesTavaza.
konstantinopolis dacemas (1453w. 29 maisi) gamoxmaureba mTel msoflioSi,
upirveles yovlisa, qristianul samyaroSi mohyva. dasavleT evropaSi
antiosmaluri koaliciis Seqmnis idea gaCnda, romelic osmalebisgan
konstantinopolis gaTavisuflebas da bizantiis imperiis aRadgenas
iTvaliswinebda. am ideis sulisCamdgmeli romis papi kalisto III iyo. man am
koaliciaSi osmaleTis mezobeli qveynebis Cabmis mizniT 1456_1460ww. elCi
ludoviko bolonieli aRmosavleTSi orjer gamoagzavna.
saqarTveloSi gaerTianebuli ZalebiT osmalebTan brZolis idea imdenad
momxibvleli aRmoCnda, rom romis elCis SuamavlobiT saqarTvelos mefesa da
samcxis aTabags Soris droebiTi dazaveba moxda. ludoviko bolonielma
saqarTvelos garda osmalTa mowinaaRmdege mezobeli qveynebi moiara da isinic
antiosmalur koaliciaSi monawileobaze daiTanxma. bolos aRmosavleTis
qveynebis elCebi saqarTveloSi Seikribnen da ludoviko bolonielTan erTad
dasavleT evropaSi gaemgzavrnen. yvaryvare II jayelma dasavleT evropaSi
sakuTari elCi gaagzavna. saqarTvelos sxva erisTavTerisTavebic am droisaTvis
TiTqmis damoukideblad grZnobdnen Tavs. amis miuxedavad maT dasavleT
evropaSi elCebi ar gagzavnes da TavianT warmomadgenlad sruliad
saqarTvelos elCs miiCnevdnen. am elCobasTan dakavSirebuli laTinurenovani
dokumentebiT qarTveli erisTavTerisTavebis saxelebisa da saerisTavoTa
dadgena xerxdeba. es ki XV s_is 50-ian wlebSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi
politikur ZalTa ganlagebis zustad aRdgenis saSualebas iZleva.
saTanado laTinurenovani dokumentebis analiziT irkveva, rom dasavleT
saqarTvelos did nawils _ imereTs, raWa_leCxums, svaneTis met nawils
aleqsandre I didis Zmiswuli bagrati ganagebda, romelic “mefis“ tituliT
moixsenieba. saqarTvelos samxreT_dasavleT SavizRvispireTi guriis
saerisTavoSi Sedioda, romelsac qarTuli saistorio wyaroebisTvis ucnobi
mamia (mania) gurieli ganagebda; “markizis“ tituliT moixsenieba. am
laTinurenovan dokumentebSi odiSis erisTavi bediani “bendianis” saxeliT Tu
741 . iqve, gv. 284, 704-705.
151
tituliT moixsenieba. am dokumentebis mixedviT, odiSis erisTavTerisTavs Zveli
tradiciiT afxazeTis erisTavic emorCileboda. amitom bediani zogierT
dokumentSi rogorc “samegrelosa da afxazeTis mefe” (Bendas rex Mengrelia et
Abasiae) ixsenieba. amis miuxedavad, afxazeTi saqarTvelos mainc calke
administraciul_teritoriul erTeuls warmoadgenda. amitom saTanado
dokumentebSi dukas tituliT afxazeTis erisTavi rabia (Rabia dux Anocaciae )
gvxvdeba1.
XIII_XV saukuneebis italiur dokumentebSi odiSis erisTavs “bedians”, “ben-
dians” uwodeben. antiosmalur koaliciasTan dakavSirebiT trapizonis impera-
toris burgundiis dukasadmi 1460 wels gagzavnil werilSi bediani SvilTan er-
Tad moixsenieba. imave wels yvaryvare II jayelis, “anu saqarTvelos hercogis”
veneciis doJisadmi gagzavnili weriliT dgindeba am bedianis vinaoba. aq
“bedians” de la chan de liparit” ewodeba2. eWvs gareSea, rom es aris liparit II
dadiani (1414_1470ww.). misi “Svili” aris Samadavle dadiani (1470_1474ww.),
romelic, rogorc Cans, mamasTan erTad ganagebda saerisTavos3.
cnobilia, rom odiSis mTavarTa pirveli dinastia bedian I dadianidan modis,
romelic odiSis saerisTavos XIII s_is 80_ian wlebSi da XIV s_is dasawyisSi
ganagebda.4 safiqrebelia, amis Sesaxeb cnoba sul cota ori saukune SemorCa.
amitomac iyo, rom italielebi XIV_XV saukuneebSi odiSis erisTavebs bedianis
saxeliT moixseniebdnen.
saqarTvelos da aRmosavleTis qveynebis elCebis evropuli misia warumate-
beli iyo. dasavleT evropa erTiani ZaliT osmalebis winaaRmdeg brZolisaTvis
mzad ar aRmoCnda. antiosmaluri koaliciis CaSlis Semdeg saqarTveloSi
Sinaomma axali ZaliT ifeTqa. iniciativa kvlav yvaryvare II jayelma gamoiCina.
man saqarTvelos mefis giorgi VIII_is winaaRmdeg 1462 wels TeTrbatknianTa
mbrZanebeli uzun_hasani moiwvia, romelic qarTlSi SemoiWra. uzun_hasanis
laSqrobiT dasavleT saqarTvelos mefisnacvalma bagratma isargebla. man
aRuTqva Tavisufleba erisTavebs da cixe_simagreebSi Tavisi mecixovneebi
Caayena. àmisTÂis mosces dadian-gurielman afxazTa da suanTa piri mtkice
mefed yofisa imereTs~,742 - wers vaxuSti batoniSvili. 1463 wels bagratma
quTaisis axlos CixorTan giorgi VIII daamarcxa. gamarjvebuls quTaisSi
“moerTnen dadian_guriel_afxazni da suanni da akurTxes, sruliad imerTa (e.i.
dasavleT saqarTvelos _ avt.) saTno CinebiTa mefed... iqmna imereTi mieriT erT
mefed da oTx samTavrod anu saTavadod, rameTu miiRo dadianman odiSi,
gurielman guria, SarvaSiZem afxazni da jiqni da gelovanman suaneTi, da bagrat
mefobda maT zeda esreT~743. bagrati mxolod dasavleT saqarTvelos mefed
didxans ar darCenila. 1466 wels is aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi gadmovida da
Tavi sruliad saqarTvelos mefed gamoacxada. istoriaSi is bagrat VI_is
saxeliT Sevida. igi realurad mxolod dasavleT saqarTvelos da Sida qarTls
flobda. kaxeTs giorgi VIII daeufla, romelmac safuZveli damoukidebel
kaxeTis samefos Cauyara. qvemo qarTlSi aleqsandre didis SviliSvili
konstantine II dimitris Ze gabatonda, romelic bagrat VI_is uzenaesobas
aRiarebda. samcxe_saaTabago ki faqtobrivad damoukidebel samTavros
warmoadgenda.
1477 wels bagrat VI-is winaaRmdeg vamey II dadiani (1475_1482ww.) gamovida.
“Semoikribna afxazni da gurieli da uwyo kirTeba, oxreba da dapyroba
1. m. TamaraSvili. istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa Soris, gv. 50_52, 56__63, 594_598; qarTuli
diplomatiis istoria. Tb., 2003, gv, 364-374; Fallmerayer. Geshichte des Keisertums von Trapezuna. Munchen, 1827,
gv. 265; W. Miller. Trebizond, the last greece empire. London, 1926, gv. 96.
2. d.paiWaZe. evropis qveynebis antiosmaluri koalicia da saqarTvelo. Tb., 1989.
3. T. beraZe. odiSis saerisTavo XVI_XVIss. - samegrelo..., gv.147_148.
4. iqve.
742 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, gv. 805
743 . iqve, gv. 806.
152
imereTsa”. saqarTvelos mefis sapasuxo reaqciam ar daayovna. bagrat VI didi
laSqriT odiSisken gaemarTa, vamey II dadiani daamarcxa da daimorCila744.
qarTlisa da dasavleT saqarTvelos mefe bagrat VI 1478 wels gardaicvala.
qarTlSi samefo taxtze konstantine II (1479-1505ww.) avida. dasavleT saqarT-
veloSi ki gamefebas bagrat VI_is vaJi aleqsandre Seecada. man mefed kurTxevi-
saTvis “mouwoda dadian_gurielsa, SarvaSiZes da gelovansa~, magram maT vamey II
dadianis meTaurobiT morCilebaze uari ganucxades da dasavleT saqarTveloSi
konstantine II moiwvies. konstantinem dasavleT saqarTvelos erisTavTa daxmare-
biT quTaisi daikava da qarTlisa da dasavleT saqarTvelos samefo mcire xniT
aRadgina. mokavSireni axla ukve mTeli saqarTvelos gaerTianebaze ocnebobdnen
da pirvel rigSi samcxe_saaTabagos SemoerTebas Seecadnen. vamey II dadiani
dasavleT saqarTvelos laSqriT konstantine II_s 1481 wels samcxis aTabagTan
brZolaSi daexmara, ris Sedegad mefem samcxe da javaxeTi daimorCila745.
konstantine II sruliad saqarTvelos mefe gaxda. man `moimorCilna imerelni,
odiSarni, afxazni, msaxurebda aTabagi da morCilebdes kaxnica~.746 1483 wels
konstantine II aradeTTan brZolaSi yvaryvare III aTabagTan damarcxda.
aleqsandre bagratis Zem amiT isargebla, quTaisi daikava da mefed ekurTxa.
maSin odiSis axalma erisTavma liparit II dadianma (1482_1512ww.) dasavleT
saqarTveloSi konstantine II kidev erTxel moiwvia. 1487 wels konstantine II
laSqriT dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadavida, liparit II dadianisa da dasavleT
saqarTvelos sxva erisTavebis daxmarebiT quTaisis da dasavleT saqarTvelos
sxva umniSvnelovanesi cixe-simagreebi kidev erTxel daikava, Tumca dasavleT
saqarTvelos sabolood SemoerTeba verc axla moaxerxa. 1488 wels aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi iranis mbrZanebeli iakub xani SemoiWra da qarTlis mefe masTan
sabrZolvelad gaemarTa. aleqsandre bagratis Zem amiT isargebla, quTaisis da
saerTod imereTis cixe_simagreebi daibruna, Semdeg “daezava dadian_gurielsa.
amiT daimSvida imereTi da daipyra umtkicesad da daimorCilna afxazni da
suannica”747. amis Semdeg aleqsandre imerTa mefem dasavleT saqarTveloSi
Zalaufleba sabolood ganimtkica.
1490 wels konstantine II sagangebod mowveul samefo darbazs saqarTvelos
aRdgenisaTvis brZolis gagrZelebis Taobaze rCevas daekiTxa. samefo darbazma
mefes aseTi brZolis ukeTesi droisaTvis gadadeba urCia748. amis Semdeg
qarTlis mefe kaxeTisa da imereTis mefeebs, agreTve aTabags Seurigda, riTac
saqarTvelos faqtobrivi daSla gaformda.
XVs_is II naxevris dasavleT saqarTvelos politikuri istoriis gadmoce-
misas aucilebelad unda SevexoT samecniero literaturaSi damkvidrebul
mosazrebas e.w. “sabedianos” Sesaxeb. am mosazrebis Tanaxmad, XVs_is 50_70_ian
wlebSi arsebobda naxevrad damokidebeli politikuri erTeuli “sabediano,”
romlis mTavari bediani Tavis xelqveiT dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispireTis
saerisTavoebs - gurias, odiSs da afxazeTs aerTianebda. es mosazreba
pirvelad iv. javaxiSvilma gamoTqva da Semdeg araerTma istorikosma
gaimeora749. rogorc gairkva, “sabediano”, saerTod ar arsebobda da misi
dasaxeleba antiosmaluri koaliciis Sesaxeb SemorCenili dokumentebis
araswori interpretaciis Sedegia.
744 . iqve, gv. 807; iqve, t. II, gv. 342.

745 . iqve, t. IV, gv. 386.
746 . iqve, t. II, gv 343.
747 . iqve, t. IV, gv. 809.
748 . iqve, gv. 390.
749 . iv. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria. Txzulebani XII tomad, t. III. Tb., 1982, gv. 329; saqarTvelos
istoria, I. Tb., 1956, gv. 242_243; . . , gv. 240.
153
3. genuelTa savaWro faqtoria savastopol-cxomSi//cxumSi
jvarosnebis mier konstantinopolisAaRebis Semdeg, 1204 wels, naxevrad daxu-
ruli Savi zRva msoflio vaWrobisTvis TandaTan gaixsna. viTareba arc 1261
wlis Semdeg Secvlila, roca konstantinopoli bizantias daubrunda. XIII s-is
dasasrulisaTvis bizantiis dedaqalaqSi mravali qveynis vaWari Cadioda,
romlebsac TavianTi interesi SavizvispireTSic hqondaT. maT Soris iyvnen
vaWrebi italiis qalaq-saxelmwifoebidan – siciliidan da kataloniidan,
agreTve egviptidan. am droisaTvis Savi zRva kargad iyo cnobili
mezRvaurebisTvis, vaWrebisTvis. XIII-XV ss-Si dasavleT evropelebis codna
SavizRvispireTis Sesaxeb pirvel rigSi am saukuneebis, ufro zustad 1318-1519
wlebis sazRvao rukebze aisaxa.
am rukebze dRevandeli soWis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT pirveli
Costo//Gusto//Costo//-Costa//Chasto, anu dRevandeli xostaa datanili. samxreT-aRmo-
savleTiT Laiazo//Aiaco// Layazo// Laiaco _. liauSia aRniSnuli. XIIIs-is veneciur, 1318
wlis petre veskontes, 1436 wlis biankos rukebze datanilia Abcazia // Augazia,
anu afxazeTi, romelsac mxaris an kidev dasaxlebuli punqtis mniSvneloba aqvs.
zogierT sazRvao rukaze, magaliTad, 1385 wlis soleris, 1518 wlis andreus
beninkazis rukebze es mxare Tu zRvispira punqti bevrad ufro Crdilo-
dasavleTiT, dRevandeli soWisa da tuafses Sorisaa datanili. dRevandeli
saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi yvelaze Crdilo-dasavleTiT Cacary//Chachari//Cacar//
Chatari, anu Zveli gagari, dRevandeli gagraa datanili. Semdeg, samxreT-
dasavleTiT, erTmaneTis miyolebiT sazRvao rukebze datanilia Sun Soffia// Sancta
Sofia//s. Soffia – biWvinTis cnobili taZari, Giro –biWvinTis koncxi, Cavo de Giro –
biWvinTis yure da Pecunda//Pezonda –sakuTriv biWvinTa, igive picundaa datanili.
biWvinTis samxreT –aRmosavleTiT rukebze Cavo de Buxo//Cavo de Bux//Cavo
Buxio//Cavo de Bussi aris datanili. es saxelwodeba `bzebis yured~ iTargmneba.
mkvlevarTa didi nawili fiqrobs, rom am yureSi bomboris yure igulisxmeba, sa-
dac mdinareebi mWiSTa (muwus wyali), xifsTa (zufus wyali) da aafsTa (aRacos
wyali) Caedineba. bolo wlebSi b. gogiam da j. gamaxariam mosazreba gamoTqves,
rom `bzebis yureSi~ mdinare bzifis SesarTavi igulisxmeba750. `bzebis yuris~
samxreT-aRmosavleTi sazRvao rukebze Nisoffia, Flum Nisofia da Flum Nicola aris
datanili. eWvs gareSea, rom es aris anakofiis cixe-qalaqi da “anakofiis mdi-
nare,” romelsac dRes fsircxa ewodeba.
anakofiis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT sazRvao rukebze Savastopoli//Sconastopoli Zveli
qarTuli cxomi//cxumi (dRev. soxumi), mis midamoebSi p. Mengrello//Ponto Mengrello,
Catancha//Cicaba// Cichaba//Cicaba – wyubuni dRevandeli soxumis aeroportis
midamoebSi, gotto//Goto - kodoris koncxi da Tamamxa//Tamassa//Tama// Tamasa aris
datanili. es punqti kidev erT dasavlurevropul, 1654 wlis samegrelos
(odiSis) samTavros rukaze, rogorc Satamascia aris datanili. es aris saTamaSa,
cixe-darbazi, dRevandeli tamiSis midamoebSi, romelic XIXs-is 70-ian wlebSi
jer kidev SemorCenili iyo. cixe-darbazis aRweriloba v.Cerniavskim dagvitova.
misi cnobiT, 1875 wels aq gaTxra ucdiaT da am mizniT cixe-darbazis erT-erTi
koSki aufeTqebiaT.751
750 . Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 821-834, 882.

751 . . . , . -
П . , 1879, gv. 19, 127.
154
saTamaSas samxreT – dasavleTiT datanilia Murkula - sofeli merkula,
Laxopotamo _ mdinare RaliZga, Castro Corenbedia - albaT, sofeli ilori, Corebedia -
bedia anu Sua bedia, Megapotamo//Megapotami _ mdinare enguri, Lipotimo – mdinare
xobi, Lofasio//Fasso//Faxio//Fasso/f.Fasio – dRevandeli foTi da mdinare rioni, Palias-
tomo//Paliastama –paliastomis tba, San Giorgio - grigoleTi, Vati//Lovati -- baTumi da
Gonea - dRevandeli gonios cixe-simagre.752
XIII-XV saukuneebis sazRvao rukebs portolanebsac eZaxdnen, radgan maT,
rogorc wesi, aRwerilobebic axldaT. erT-erT aseT portolanad unda
CaiTvalos espaneli franciskeli beris mier 1350-1366 wlebSi Sedgenili “codnis
wigni” msoflios samflobeloebis, TiToeuli qveynis, maT mefeTa da
mbrZanebelTa Sesaxeb. vinaidan es Txzuleba qarTulad Targmnili ar aris,
moviyvanT amonarids, romelic afxazeTs da mis momijnave Crdilo-aRmosavleT
SavizRvispireTs Seexeba: “Semdeg me mivaRwie goTebis koncxs (igulisxmeba
yirimis samxreTi sanapiro _ avt.), romelic mdebareobs did (Savi _ avt.) zRvasa
da tanas (azovis _ avt.) zRvas Soris. koncxi esazRvreba or Zalze vrcel
provincias, daviT mefis qveyanas da anogazias (Anogasia)... aqedan me gadavedi
tanas zRvaze, - vkiTxulobT am portolanSi, – srutiT goTebis koncxsa da
tusis koncxs Soris (igulisxmeba qerCis srute _ avt.), sadac aris qalaqi,
romelsac ewodeba matrega (tamani _ avt.)... me gavuyevi didi zRvis aRmosavleT
sanapiros, gaviare ra didi manZili ria saxsiasa da pesontas (biWvinTas _ avt.)
Soris... da mivedi savastopolis (Sant Estapoly) samefoSi. mefis droSaze
gamoxatulia vercxlis marjvena”753. am “samefoSi” odiSis saerisTavo
igulisxmeba, “vercxlis marjvenaSi” marjvena xelis mtevani, romelic sazRvao
rukebze754 dRevandeli soxumis Tavze gamoxatul xuTjvrian rukebze gvxvdeba.
“codnis wignSi” moxseniebuli “anogazia” damaxinjebuli “avogazia” unda iyos.
mis mixedviT, es mxare yirimis midamoebSi mdebareobda.
XIII-XV saukuneebSi Sav zRvaze vaWrobaSi yvelaze ufro italielebi aqti-
urobdnen. maT Soris Tavdapirvelad venecielebi gamoirCeodnen. Semdeg ki
pirveloba genuelTa xelSi gadavida.
XIII_XV saukuneebSi venecielebis saqarTvelosTan vaWrobis Sesaxeb Zalze
cota ramaa cnobili, rac venecielTa sazRvao vaWrobis TaviseburebiT aixsneba.
veneciaSi xelisufleba aqtiurad ereoda qveynis ekonomikur cxovrebaSi, amitom
XIII_XV saukuneebSi uSualod veneciidan Sav da azovis zRvebze mxolod
saxelmwifo galerebi dacuravdnen, romlebsac Ruzis CaSvebis ufleba mxolod
tanasa da trapizonis navsadgurebSi hqondaT755. am qalaqebSi venecielebs
savaWro faqtoriebi hqondaT. 1319 wels maT trapizonSi, xolo 1333 wels ki
tanaSi, faqtoriebis gaxsnis ufleba miiRes.756 mkacri akrZalvis miuxedavad
venecielTa galerebi drodadro Savi zRvis sxva navsadgurebSi, maT Soris
cxumSi Sediodnen.
qarTvelebi uSualo savaWro urTerTobas ZiriTadad konstantinopolSi
mcxovreb veneciel vaWrebTan amyarebdnen. ase, magaliTad, 1437 wlis agvistoSi
venecielma vaWarma SeiZina giorgi megrelis mier savastopolidan (cxumidan)
specialuri tariT konstantinopolSi Catanili 157kg. cvili, romlisaTvis mas
752 . . . . -
, . IX. , 1875, gv. 410-432;
. ; х , . . dasax. naSromi, gv. 820-838;
. . dasax.
naSromi, gv. 22-29.
753 . . . Мореплавание..., gv. 46.
754 . Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv.828-829.
755 . . . , gv. 48-59.
756 . Badoer Ll. libero dei conti di Giaccn o Badoer ( Constantinopoli 1436-1440), testo a cura di
Derini e.T.Bertele(I1 muovo Ramuse , III). Roma,1956, gv. 59.
155
23,25 perpera gadauxades. ori dRis Semdeg amave vaWarma didi raodenobis cvili
savastopolidan Casuli italieli vaWrisgan SeiZina.757
XIII saukunis 60-ian wlebidan Sav zRvaze vaWrobaSi pirveloba genuis xelSi
gadadis. 1267 wels genuam bizantiis keisrisgan konstantinopolis gareubanSi
peraSi(galaTaSi) savaWro faqtoriis daarsebis ufleba miiRo. male genuelebi
qalaq soldaiaSi (dRevandeli sudaki) dasaxldnen. 1270-1275 wlebSi maT
dRevandeli feodosiis adgilas (yirimSi) - kafaSi axalSeni daarses, romelic
mokle xanSi vaWrobis msoflio centrad gadaiqca. momdevno naxevari saukunis
manZilze mTeli SavizRvispireTi genuelebis savaWro faqtoriebiT daifara. maTi
xomaldebi kaspiis zRvazec dacuravdnen. genuelTa savaWro faqtoria
daaxloebiT Svidi aTeuli wlis manZilze iranis ilxanTa saxelmwifos
dedaqalaqSi TavrizSic arsebobda, didi savaWro interesebi saqarTvelos
zRvispireTSic hqondaT.
XIII_XV saukuneebis saqarTvelo-genuis savaWro urTierTobiT da saqarT-
velos zRvispireTSi genuelTa faqtoriebiT mravali istorikosi dainteresda.
istorikosebs pirvel rigSi aseTi faqtoriebis arseboba afxazeTis Tanamedrove
teritoriaze ainteresebdaT. maTi azriT, dRevandel afxazeTSi XIV-XV sau-
kuneebSi genuelebs sul cota aTi savaWro faqtoria hqondaT.758 am mosazrebis
avtorebi ZiriTadad XIV-XV saukuneebis sazRvao rukebs eyrdnobian. maT aseT
faqtoriad yvela is dasaxelebuli punqti miaCniaT, romlebic am rukebze engur-
fsous monakveTzea datanili. zogierTi avtori kidev ufro Sors midis da
genuelTa savaWro faqtoriad miiCnevs iseT geografiul punqtebs, romelTa
saxelwodebebs ”italiuri JReradoba gaaCniaT.” ase, magaliTad, k. kudriavcevma
aseTi “JReradobis” gamo genuelTa savaWro faqtoriad miiCnia “olaguane” maSin,
rodesac es toponimi sityvasityviT `saqvevres~, “qvevrebis adgils”_marans
niSnavs. igive avtori a. fadeevTan erTad genuelTa kidev erT savaWro
faqtorias “santanjelos” asaxelebs, romelic TiTqos md. enguris marjvena
napirze, maRal mTaze mdebareobda. sinamdvileSi am adgilis saxelwodebas -
“saTanjos” da iq mdgar VIII_X saukuneebis cixe-darbazs genuelebTan saerTo
araferi aqvs. unda iTqvas, rom msgavs mosazrebaTa mizezs SavizRvispireTSi
genuelTa savaWro faqtoriebis mowyobis principebis arcodna warmoadgens.
SavizRvispireTis genuelTa savaWro faqtoriebs adgilobriv
xelisuflebasTan sxvadasxva damokidebuleba hqondaT. saerTo iyo is, rom
faqtoriis arseboba genuelebisTvis aucileblad TviTmarTvelobas
gulisxmobda. aseTi TviTmmarTveloba sakuTar eklesias da sasaflaos
gulisxmobda.
XIV-XV ss-Si genuelebi baTumsa da foTSi cxovrobdnen. isini am qalaqebSi
TviTmmarTvelobiT ar sargeblobdnen da Sesabamisad arc faqtoria gaaCndaT.
saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi am saukuneebSi TviTmmarTveloba genuelebs mxolod
cxumSi hqondaT, sadac saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi maTi erTaderTi faqtoria
iyo.
cxumSi, igive savastopolSi genuelebi pirvelad 1280 wels arian
damowmebuli. am wels soxumSi erTma italielma meorisagan savaWro xomaldi
,,Mugetto” (,,SroSana”) iyida. misi yidva-gayidvis aqti adgilze italielma
notariusma daamtkica. 1289 wels es xomaldi xelaxla gaiyida da am axalma
757. iqve, gv. 188.

758 . . . . , 1837, gv. 37; Primandie Historie de
commerce de la mer Noire, et de colonies genoises de la Krimee, Paris, 1847 gv. 123-127; . .
. – М , . IV. ., 1894 , gv. 125-127; . , .
XIII XV . - , 1938, 3; . .
..., gv. 23-24; . . . – И ,
1989; el. mamisTvaliSvili. odiSis istoriidan. _ Tbilisis universitetis Sromebi, 1992, # 320, gv. 52-59; z.
papaskiri. narkvevebi..., I, gv. 80-81; . . ..., gv. 134-139; . К , gv. 116.
156
yidva-gayidvis aqtma Semogvinaxa cnoba ,,SroSanis” adre soxumSi gayidvis
Sesaxeb.759
zemoT moyvanili iyo im werilis teqsti, romelic savastopolis kaTolike
episkoposma 1330 wels inglisSi gaagzavna. werilSi episkoposi Tavis inglisel
TanamoZmeebs im winaaRmdegobis Sesaxeb acnobebda, romelsac savastopolis
adgilobrivi mosaxleoba am qalaqSi kaTolikeTa sasaflaos gaxsnas uwevda.
ueWvelia, rom am SemTxvevaSi sakuTriv aRmsareblobis sakiTxi yvelaze nakleb
rols TamaSobda. adgilobrivma vaWrebma kargad icodnen, rom sasaflaosaTvis
miwis gamoyofa da Sesabamisad eklesiis aSenebis ufleba genuelebisTvis cxumSi
faqtoriis gaxsnis uflebis gzaze pirvel nabijs warmoadgenda. es ki
adgilobriv vaWrebs Zalze aSinebda.
qarTul saistorio wyaroebSi XII-XV ss-Si saqarTvelo_genuis urTierTobe-
bis Sesaxeb rame cnoba ar gvxvdeba. es ki imas mowmobs, rom am or saxelmwifos
Soris saomari Setakebebi ar momxdara. saqarTvelos SedarebiTi samxedro
Zlierebis gamo genuelebi faqtoriis gaxsnis uflebas molaparakebis gziT
cdilobdnen. safiqrebelia, rom am mizniT saqarTveloSi genuelTa araerTi
delegacia Camovida. italiuri saistorio tradiciis mixedviT, genuelebma
soxumSi savaWro faqtoria adgilobrivi xelisuflebis (igulisxmeba odiSis
erisTavTerisTavi) TanxmobiT miiRes760. safiqrebelia, rom aseTi Tanxmobis
gacemis win erisTavTerisTavma saTanado nebarTva saqarTvelos mefisgan
gamoiTxova. saqarTveloSi savaWro faqtoriis gaxsnis ufleba genuelebma 1354
wels miiRes. Tanxmobis miRebaSi didi roli saerTaSoriso asparezze genuis
warmatebam iTamaSa. 1354 wels sazRvao brZolaSi genuelebma TiTqmis mTlianad
gaanadgures TavianTi mudmivi metoqis, veneciis floti. saqarTvelos
xelisuflebam aseT viTarebaSi genuelTa morigi Txovna, samarTlianad CaTvala”
da maT soxumSi savaWro faqtoriis gaxsnis ufleba misca. am faqtoriis pirvel
konsulad ambrojio di pietro dainiSna761.
sevastopolis kaTolikuri saepiskoposo sulTanies arqiepiskoposis nacvlad
bosforis arqiepiskoposs daemorCila, romlis rezidencia kafaSi iyo. petrus
geraldis Semdeg sevastopolis kidev xuTi episkoposia cnobili: robert hin-
telsxami, bertold voli, nikoloz paseki, Jan pol franciskaneli da Jan
georg da rejobusi. es ukanaskneli sevastopolis faqtoriis moSlis Semdeg
italiaSi cxovrobda762.
genuelebs savaWro faqtoriisaTvis soxumi SemTxveviT ar aurCeviaT. antikur
xanasa da Sua saukuneebSi is saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTSi erTaderTi adgili
iyo, sadac sagangebod mowyobil arxebSi sanaosno sezonis damTavrebis Semdeg
napirze amouTrevlad gemebis gaCereba SeiZleboda763.
1290 wlidan genua Tavis savaWro faqtoriebs SavizRvispireTSi konstantino-
polis gareubanSi mdebare peras (galaTas) podestas meSveobiT marTavda. 1314
wels genuis SavizRvispireTis savaWro faqtoriebis marTvis mizniT qalaq-
saxelmwifos xelisuflebam sagangebo dawesebuleba Seqmna, romelsac 1341
wlidan ,,oficium gazaria” ewoda. 1354 wels daarsebuli sevastopolis
genuelTa savaWro faqtoria am uwyebas daeqvemdebara. 1398 wlidan ,,oficium
gazaria~ SavizRvispireTis savaWro faqtoriebs kafas konsulis meSveobiT
marTavda. konstantinopolis dacemis Semdeg, 1453 wlis 17 noembers, genuis
xelisuflebam SavizRvispireTis savaWro faqtoriebi genuis kerZo, wminda
giorgis banks” gadasca. am banks rva ,,proteqtori” ganagebda, romlebsac erTi
wlis vadiTYirCevdnen. SavizRvispireTis genuis faqtoriebis konsulebs 24
759 . Actes des notaires Genois de Pera et de Caaf de la fin du XIII e siecle, ed. G. Bratianu,
Bucarest. 1927, gv. 177.
760 . . . e..., gv. 99.
761 . W. Heyd, Historie du Commerce de Levant au Moyen-Age, t. I, Leipzig, 1923, gv. 192.
762 . J. Richard La Papante et les missions d’ orient au moyen age, XIIIe-XVe s. Roma, 1977, gv. 185.
763 . . . ..., gv. 22.
157
kacisagan Semdgari sagangebo komiteti irCevda, Semdeg ki maT proteqtorebi
amtkicebdnen. 1456 wlidan genuidan konsulebis SavizRvispireTSi gamogzavna
Sewyda. yvela maTgans, maT Soris savastopolis konsuls kafas konsuli
niSnavda764.
XIV-XV ss-Si genuelTa savaWro faqtorias cxumSi navsadguris piras
patara ubani eWira. faqtoriis saTaveSi konsuli idga. Tavdapirvelad sakonsu-
los administracia konsulisagan, notariusisa da sasamarTlos mdivnisagan
Sedgeboda. administracia gasamrjelos kafadan iRebda. kafas xelisufleba
ixdida im saxlis qirasac, romelSic konsuli cxovrobda. SemdegSi
savastopolis faqtoriis administraciis Semadgenloba da misi dafinansebis
wesi Seicvala. 1449 wlis kafas wesdebis mixedviT savastopolis konsuli Tavis
sasargeblod am qalaqSi genuelebis eqsportis da importis Rirebulebis 1%-s
krebda. konsuli Semosuli TanxiT faqtoriis notariuss, anu mdivans,
Tarjimans da Sikriks inaxavda765. sasamarTlo, romelsac konsuli
Tavmjdomareobda, genuis kanonebis safuZvelze genuelebs Soris davas wyvetda.
1456 wlamde savastopolis konsuli erTi wliT genuaSi iniSneboda. is
cxumSi kafas gavliT Cadioda. konsuls genuidan Tan mohqonda sagangebo
,,patenti”, romelic mis rwmunebebs _ ufleba-movaleobas adasturebda. genuis
arqivSi ramdenime aseTi patentia SemorCenili. 1455 wels genuis wm. giorgis
bankis proteqtorebma savastopolis konsulad ambrojio de poco daniSnes da
mis saxelze patenti gasces. “proteqtorebi salams giTvlian pativcemul da
Rirseul batonebs, qalaq kafas konsuls, xazinadrebs da zarafxanis moxeleebs,
agreTve genuis konsuls savastopolSi, genuelTa qonebis mflobelebs am
qalaqSi, maT, vinc Cadis, an Cava am qalaqSi, _ vkiTxulobT patentSi, _ radgan
Cven avirCieT^ da davamtkiceT savastopolSi genuelTa da genuelTa qonebis
mflobelTa, agreTve Casul movaWreTa da momavalSi vinc Cava da ivaWrebs am
qalaqSi, keTilgonieri vaJkaci, genuis moqalaqe ambrojio de poco, sruli
xelisuflebiT, ufleba_mosilebiT, gasamrjeloTi, pativiT da SemosavliT,
romelic ekuTvnis am Tanamdebobas, erTi wliT an kidev met-naklebi droiT
Cveni nebis Sesabamisad... Cven gamovagzavneT TqvenTan xsenebuli ambrojio
genuelTa konsulad savastopolSi, raTa Tqven miiRoT is da epyrobodeT mas
keTilganwyobiT da alersiT, rogorc saWiroa da daemorCiloT mas
yvelaferSi, iseve rogorc Cven, rac Seesabameba mis Tanamdebobas. radgan Cven
winaswar viwonebT yvela mis gamotanil ganaCens, gadawyvetilebas da
dadgenilebas, romelic Sedis mis kompetenciaSi, Tu amas konsuli ambrojio
gamoitans Tanamdebobis Sesabamisad da Cveni saxeliT imoqmedebs kanonierad.
amieridan gavalebT Tqven, rom daTqmul dros gadauxadoT konsul ambrojios
Sesabamisi gadasaxadi da gamosaRebi”766.
XIV s-Si genuelebi savastopolis faqtoriaSi genuis qalaq-saxelmwifos sa-
sargeblod baJis saxiT Semotanili da gatanili saqonlis Rirebulebis 0,5%-s
ixdidnen. XV s-Si aseTi baJi orjer gaizarda. baJis akrebis ufleba erTi an
ramdenime wliT sagangebo auqcionze iyideboda.
cxumSi genuelTa savaWro faqtoria, rogorc iTqva, saqarTvelos xelisu-
flebis nebarTviT arsebobda. XIV s-is 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi saqarTvelosa
da genuas Soris urTierToba daiZaba. 1373w. genuelebs q. kafadan saqarTveloSi
sagangebo elCobis gamogzavna dasWirdaT, rom savastopolis faqtoria
SeenarCunebinaT.
764 . M. Balard, La Romanie genoise, vol.I-II. Roma, 1978, gv. 142; W. Heyd, Histoire du commerse., I, gv. 142-
143; W.HHeyd. Histoire...II, gv. 385.
765 . M. Balard. La Romanie..., gv. 141.
766 . Codicce diplomatco delle colonie Tauro-Liguri durante la signoria dell’ufficio di s.
Giorgio, ed A. Vigna , parte I, ASLSP, VI, 1868, gv. 266.
158
genuelebisTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba odiSis erisTavTerisTavTan
urTierTobas hqonda, romlis samflobeloSic cxumi Sedioda. 1438 wels genuis
xelisufleba Seecada Tavis sasargeblod baJis akreba genuelebTan movaWre
adgilobriv vaWrebzec gaevrcelebina. genuis xelisuflebis am gadawyvetilebas
odiSis erisTavma veto daado. amis Semdeg genuelebs am baJis akreba aRar
ucdiaT.
savastopolis faqtoriaSi genuis saxelmwifos sasargeblod calkeul
wlebSi akrebili Tanxis raodenoba, romlis Sesaxeb cnobebi SemogvrCa,
saSualebas iZleva, warmodgena viqonioT cxumis genuelTa faqtoriis savaWro
brunvis Sesaxeb. ase, magaliTad, 1373 wels is 12 aTas soms, anu 2628 kg. vercxls
Seadgenda. XV s-Si savastopolis faqtoriis savaWro brunvis moculoba orjer
da zogierT wlebSi samjer gaizarda767.
SavizRvispireTSi genuelTa savaWro faqtoriebs sakuTari fulis moWris
ufleba ar hqondaT. mxolod 1440-ian wlebSi kafas savaWro koloniam sakuTari
monetis moWris nebarTva miiRo. amis gamo XIII-XV ss-Si SavizRvispireTSi
yovelgvari ekonomikuri saqmianoba oqros urdosa da trapizonis imperiis
vercxlis monetebis brunvas emyareboda. italiur dokumentebSi oqros urdos
monetas ,,aspra barikata”, xolo trapizonis monetas ,,aspra komninata”
ewodeboda. xmarebaSi iyo agreTve 216 gramis vercxlis zodebi, romelebic
italiurad ,,somi” ewodeboda768.
saqarTveloSi trapizonul ,,aspras” ,,kirmaneul TeTrs” uwodebdnen. es
saxelwodeba trapizonuli ,,aspra kirmanuelata”-dan modis, romelic sityva-
sityviT kir manuelis vercxlis monetas anu TeTrs niSnavs. ,,kir manueli”
trapizonis imperatori iyo, romlis drosac pirvelad moiWra aseTi tipis
moneta. XIII-XV ss-Si dasavleT saqarTveloSi trapizonis monetis minabaZi
iWreboda, romelsac qarTvelebi aseve ,,kirmaneul TeTrs” eZaxdnen. odiSis
erisTavTerisTavi saqarTvelos mefis nebarTviT cxumSi aseve vercxlis monetas
Wrida, romelsac saqarTveloSi ,,cxumuri TeTri” ewodeboda. genuelebi am
monetas ,,savastopolis aspras” eZaxdnen. kafas dokumentebSi 1386 wels
moxseniebulia ,,savastopolis aspra”, igive ,,cxumuri TeTri”, romelic, rogorc
irkveva, ufro met vercxls Seicavda, vidre am wlis oqros urdos vercxlis
fuli. 1927 wels soxumSi aRmoCnda monetebis didi ganZi, romlis didi nawili
male daikarga. SemorCa mxolod kirmaneulis tipis vercxlis ramdenime moneta.
erT-erTi maTganis Sublze moTavsebuli iyo Sebrunebuli qarTuli zedwerili
“vamey”. eWvgareSea, rom es iyo nimuSi, romelic sxva amgvari monetebis
moWrisaTvis gamoiyeneboda. ase rom XIII–XV ss-Si cxumSi zarafxana arsebobda.
zedwerilSi moxseniebuli “vamey” aris odiSis erisTavTerisTavi vamey I dadiani,
xolo TviT es moneta aris “cxumuri TeTris” dRemde SemorCenili erTaderTi
egzempliari.
“cxumuri TeTri” cxumis zarafxanaSi iWreboda. am fulis moWras iseTive mi-
zani hqonda, rac “kirmaneulis” emisias: amiT saqarTvelos xelisufleba
cdilobda, Tavisi qveSevrdomi vaWrebisTvis SavizRvispireTSi vaWroba gaead-
vilebina. am or monetas Soris gansxvaveba mxolod is iyo, rom kirmaneuls
samefo xelisufleba Wrida, xolo cxumur TeTrs, am xelisuflebis nebarTviT,
odiSis erisTavi.769.
XVs-is 60-iani wlebis dasawyisSi cxumSi da saerTod mTel SavizRvispireTSi
urTierToba odiSis erisTavTerisTavsa da genuelebs Soris Zalze daiZaba, ris
Sesaxebac kafas xelisuflebam genuaSi, ,,wm. giorgis bankis” proteqtorebs
767 . . . ..., gv. 100-101.
768 .M. Balard. La Romanie..., gv. 658-668; . . -
, . VIII. , 1878, gv. 53-155.
769 . d. kapanaZe. qarTuli numizmatika. Tb., 1969, gv. 174; D.M. Lang, Studies in the numismatic history of
Georgia in Transcaucasia, New-York, 1955, gv. 87; M. Balard, La Romanie..., gv. 608; . . М ..., gv.
100-112.
159
acnoba. banki saqarTvelosTan konfliqts Zalze erideboda, amitom 1465 wlis
maisSi kafaSi gagzavnili weriliT proteqtorebma kafis xelisuflebas odiSis
erisTavTerisTavTan morigeba mosTxova. ,,SeviswavleT ra yvelaferi, Cven
vfiqrobT, rom, upirveles yovlisa, Tavi unda SevikavoT mdgomareobis
yovelgvari gamwvavebisagan, ris gamoc kafas vaWrebs SeiZleba saqarTveloSi
vaWroba aekrZalos... raTa mSvidoba, romelic qalaqs aqvs, ar dairRves, Cveni
valia, vimoqmedoT frTxilad da ara gamomwvevad. Tqven kargad unda
SeiswavloT viTareba, magram ar unda mokidoT xeli iaraRs, ar unda waaqezoT
genuelebi, radgan SeiZleba moxdes iseTi ram, rac gaafuWebs samegrelosTan
vaWrobis saqmes... ufro sasargebloa, werilebi gaagzavnoT, darwmunebiT da
SeTanxmebiT imoqmedoT... genuelebisaTvis iaraRisa da Zalis gamoyenebis nebas
Cven ar gaZlevT da kidevac gikrZalavT, magram es akrZalva unda darCes saidum-
lod”770. am instruqciis Sesabamisad, kafas administraciam samegrelos
mTavarTan konfliqti mSvidobianad moagvara. es irkveva ,,wm. giorgis bankis”
proteqtorebis sxva instruqciidan, romelic 1475 wlis 4 dekembers kafaSi
gaigzavna: ,,Tqven kargad moagvareT saqme bedianTan, samegrelos mflobelTan,
magram Tu amisTvis xarjebi iyo saWiro, Cven moviTxovT am xarjebis dafarvas
wilgrovebiT, an kidev imaTze ganawilebas, romlebic Cavlen da ivaWreben mis
samflobeloSi”771.
genuelebsa da qarTvelebs Soris gaugebroba Semdgom wlebSic grZeldeboda.
kafas xelisuflebam genuelebisTvis saqarTveloSi miyenebuli zarali kafaSi
qarTvel vaWrebze sagangebo gadasaxadis SemoRebis gziT amoiRo da odiSis sae-
risTavoSi, romelSic cxumi Sedioda, elCoba gaagzavna. amas mowmobs 1472 wlis
ivnisSi bankis proteqtorebis saxeliT kafaSi gagzavnili instruqcia: ,,aseve vi-
wonebT, rom Tqven moagvareT sakiTxi zaralis Sesaxeb, romelic miayenes Cvenebs
qarTvelebma, saqarTvelos saqonelze gadasaxadis dadebis gziT da ara konfis-
kaciiT, romelic iwvevs did SuRls. es Seexeba agreTve elCis gagzavnas baton
bendianos SvilTan. ecadeT, moagvaroT masTan da sxvebTan es saqme da ar
miiyvanoT igi konfliqtamde, Tu amas ar moiTxovs aucilebloba”.772
italiuri dokumentebis “bendiano” namdvilad aris liparit I dadiani, xolo
misi “Svili” am dadianis Ze Samadavle dadiani, romelic mamasTan erTad
marTavda samegrelos.
samegrelos (odiSis) mTavris karze elCis gagzavna gamowveuli iyo
genuelebis SeviwroebiT soxumSi. safiqrebelia, rom maT baJi gaudides da
SeiZleba TviTmmarTvelobis warTmevasac apirebdnen. kafas elCs Tavisi misia
warmatebiT Seusrulebia, ris Sesaxeb cnobas genuamde miuRwevia. es kargad Cans
wminda giorgis bankis 1472w. 15 dekembris instruqciidan: “.....Cven agreTve
kmayofilni varT, rom Tqven imedi gaqvT dadebT zavs baton bendianTan,
samegrelos mflobelTan”. kafas komunasa da samegrelos samTavros Soris
mosalodneli sazavo xelSekrulebis muxlebi ZiriTadad sebastopolis
faqtorias Seexeboda, romelic am droisaTvis jer kidev arsebobda. am
faqtoriis dReisaTvis cnobili ukanaskneli konsulia qristoforo de kanevale,
romelic 1473w. iyo soxumSi am Tanamdebobaze.
1475 wels osmalebma kafa da yirimis genuelTa yvela faqtoria daikaves.
safiqrebelia, rom amave wels genuelebma TviTmmarTveloba cxumSic dakarges.
ase rom genuelTa savaWro faqtoriam samegrelos samTavroSi Semaval qarTul
qalaq cxumSi - sevastopolSi//savastopolSi 121 weli iarseba.
770 . Codice diplomatico delle colonie Tauro-Liguri durante la signoria dell’ufficio di S.

Giorgio, A. Vigna, parte II, ASLPS, VII, 1871, gv. 338-339.
771 . iqve, gv.534.
772 . iqve, gv. 873-874.
160
Tavi VIII. Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoria XVI saukuneSi
XVI saukunes saqarTvelo sam samefod da erT samTavrod daSlili Sexvda.
erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos daSlis Semdeg dasavleT saqarTvelo, maT Soris
dRevandeli afxazeTis teritoria, imereTis samefoSi gaerTianda. XVIs-is
dasawyisSi imereTis mefe uSualod sakuTriv imereTis, raWa-leCxumis da
svaneTis did nawils ganagebda. saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTSi naxevrad damou-
kidebeli guriisa da odiSis samTavroebi, agreTve afxazeTis saerisTavo mde-
bareobdnen.
XVIs-is dasawyisSi Tanamedrove afxazeTis samxreT-aRmosavleTi nawili
,,anakofiis mdinaremde”, iseve rogorc XIV-XVss. odiSis samTavroSi Sedioda.
`cxomis dasavliT ars anakofia da mdinare misi mcire, - wers vaxuSti
bagrationi _ gamomdinare kavkasisa da momrTveli zRÂsa egreTve Cdilodam~773.
anakofiis mcire mdinares dRes fsircxa ewodeba. is saTaves kavkasionis mTavari
qedis ganStoeba ximsis mTidan iRebs. mdinares marjvena mxares TiTqmis zRvamde
patara qedi - ànakofiis mcire mTa, kavkasidam Camosuli~774 miuyveba. rogorc
qvemoT vnaxavT, vaxuStis mixedviT, sasazRvro xazi iyo odiSsa da afxazeTs
Soris.
mdinare fsircxis marjvena napiris gamyoli qedi odiSisa da afxazeTis saz-
Rvrad XVI saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi Turqi mzveravis patakSic gvxvdeba.
`...imereTis qveveiT aris guria, romelic trapizons esazRvreba. imis iqiT
soxumamde dadianis qveyanaa (igulisxmeba odiSi _ avt.), igi Zvel droSi navsad-
guri yofila. masTan ialbuzis (kavkasionis mTavari qedis) mTis kalTa eSveba, _
wers igi, _ imis iqiT aris afxazeTis (abazas) qveynebi~775.
Turqi mzveravisgan gansxvavebiT, germanel diplomat s. gerberStains
afxazeTis adgilmdebareobaze gansxvavebuli warmodgena hqonda. is ruseTs XVI
s-is dasawyisSi ewvia da afxazeTis Sesaxeb cnobebi rusebma miawodes: `meotiis
WaobebTan (azovis zRvasTan _ avt.) da pontosTan (Sav zRvasTan _ avt.) mdinare
yubanze, romelic Waobebs uerTdeba, cxovrobs afxazebis (aphgasi) xalxi... yubanis
iqiT samegrelo (Mengrelia) mdebareobs~776.
XVI s-is pirvel naxevarSi cxomi (soxumi), romelic odiSis samTavroSi Sedi-
oda, aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis umniSvnelovanes qalaqad rCeboda. XVI s-is
Sua wlebSi am qalaqidan zRviT yirimSi didi raodenobiT saqarTveloSi moyva-
nili abreSumis parki da sagangebo tomrebSi dafasoebuli brinji gahqondaT.777
gviani Sua saukuneebis afxazeTis yvelaze sruli da zusti aRweriloba vax-
uSti bagrationis TxzulebaSi da mis mier gamoxazul rukaTa atlasebSi
gvxvdeba. am TxzulebaSi da Sesabamis rukebze afxazeTi da saerTod dasavleT
saqarTvelos politikur-administraciuli erTeulebi im sazRvrebSia mocemuli,
romelic maT XV-XVI ss-is mijnaze, erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos daSlis
droisaTvis ekavaT778.
vaxuSti bagrationi afxazeTs anakofiis Crdilo-dasavleTiT mdebare
SavizRvispireTis erT monakveTs uwodebs, romelic am qalaqidan `kappetis mdi-
naremde~ vrceldeboda. `xolo sazRvari afxazeTisa ars: aRmosavliT anakofiis

774 . iqve, gv. 776.
775 . Turquli wyaroebi XVI s. I meoTxedis samcxe-saaTabagos istoriisaTvis. Turquli dokumentebi
qarTuli TargmaniTurT, gamokvleviTa da SeniSvnebiT gamosca c. abulaZem. Tb., 1983, gv.57.
776 . . . . ., 1988, gv. 181.
777 . , . М ..., gv. 125.
778 . T. beraZe. odiSis politikuri..., gv. 171; T. beraZe. vaxuSti bagrationi afxazeTisa da jiqeTis Sesaxeb.
_ afxazeTis istoriis problemebi. Tb., 1998, gv. 103-104.
161
dasavleTiT mcire mTa, kavkasidam Camosuli zRuamde. _ wers igi, _ dasavliT
zRua da kappetis mdinare... CrdiloT mzRvris mTa kavkasi, samÃriT zRua Savi~.779
vaxuSti bagrationis `kappetis mdinare~ // `kappetis wyali~ gvian Sua sau-
kuneebis qarTul saistorio wyaroebSi zogjer moixsenieba rogorc `kappoetis
wyali~. es aris mdinare bzifi.780 am mdinaris Crdilo-dasavleTiT jiqeTi
iwyeboda, romelsac vaxuStis mixedviT, àRmosavliT kappetis wyali, dasavliT
Savi zRua, samÃriT igive zRua, CrdiloT kavkasi~ esazRvreba.781 mdinare bzifi
ufro zustad, am mdinaris SesarTavSi mdebare koncxi `kavo de buqso~
afxazeTis da jiqeTis sazRvrad moxseniebuli aqvs genuel j. interianos. 1551
wlis Crdilo-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis aRwerilobaSi, sadac naTqvamia, rom
`zixebi (jiqebi) cxovroben zRvis (Savi zRvis)... samxreTiT Savi zRvis gaswvriv
bzis koncxamde (Cavo de buxo) da esazRvrebian avogazias, kolxeTis Semadgenel
nawils~.782
vaxuSti bagrationi afxazeTis politikur centrad `zufus~ asaxelebs, ro-
melic amave saxelwodebis mdinaris piras mdebareobs: àrs zufu, mcire
qalaqisaebri, saxli da samyofeli SarvaSiZisa, romelic mpyroblobs
afxazTa~.783 `zufus mdinares~ dRes xifsTa ewodeba, xolo `zufus~ -- lixni. am
mdinaris samxreT – aRmosavleTiT vaxuSti àRacos wyals~, xolo Crdilo-
dasavleTiT muwis wyals asaxelebs. muwis wyali, rogorc zemoT iyo naTqvami,
mdinare mWiSTaa, xolo aRacos wyals~ dRes mdinare aafsTa an kidev baklanovka
ewodeba.784
XVIs-is pirvel naxevarSi afxazeTi imereTis samefos saerisTavod iTvle-
boda, Tumca, iseve rogorc XIV-XVss_Si, igi mefeze ufro odiSis mTavars
emorCileboda. aseT morCilebas SarvaSiZeTa sagvareulo arcTu didi xalisiT
itanda. beri egnataSvilis cnobiT, XVIs-is dasawyisSi `SarvaSiZe morCilobda
ara yovelsave brZanebasa dadianisasa~785. rogorc Cans, im droisaTvis da-
dianebis Zalaufleba afxazeTze ramdenadme Sesustebuli iyo. miuxedavad amisa,
dadianebs am saerisTavodan eklesiisTvis yma-mamulis Sewirvis ufleba hqondaT.
amas mowmobs XVIs-is saeklesio samarTlis Zegli `biWvinTis iadgari~ :
`kualadca gkadreT da mogaxseneT Cuen dadianman patronman mamiaman da Zeman
Cuenman patronman leon dadianman da ZeTa CuenTa - dadianman patronman giorgi
da dadianman patronman mamia Tquen, saSinelsa biWvintisa RmrTismSobelsa...
afxazeTs biWÂntas garemo sofeli aiTarne, aruxa da rabiwa, aiTarnes mTa zeTis
xilovani~.786
rogorc vxedavT, mamia III dadianis (1512-1533ww.) es Sewiruloba erTmaneTis
TanmimdevrobiT levan I dadians (1533-1572ww.), giorgi III dadians (1572-1582ww.) da
mamia IV dadians (1582-1590ww.) daumtkicebiaT. ase rom, dadianebs afxazeTis yma-
mamulze faqtobrivad mTeli XVI saukune xeli miuwvdebodaT.
mdinare bzifis marjvena napirze damkvidrebuli jiqebi da maTi mokavSire
mTielebi rogorc zRviT, ise xmeleTiT dasavleT saqarTveloze Setevas
agrZelebdnen da afxazeTis gavliT barSi gaWras cdilobdnen. amis sapasuxod
1533 w. ianvarSi jiqeTze didi laSqroba moewyo, romelsac mamia III dadiani da
mamia I gurieli sardlobdnen. qarTvelTa laSqari odiSSi agebuli daaxloebiT
100 sazRvao sabrZolo gemiT jiqeTisken zRviT gaemarTa. laSqrobis dro
sagangebod iyo SerCeuli: zamTrobiT Sav zRvaze naosnoba wydeboda da jiqebi

780 . T.beraZe. vaxuSti bagrationi afxazeTisa da..., gv. 104-105.
782 . b. xorava. odiS-afxazeTis urTierToba XV-XVIII ss. Tb., 1996, gv. 63.
784 . T. beraZe. vaxuSti bagrationi afxazeTisa da..., gv. 104-105.
785 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. II, Tb., 1959, gv. 349.
786 . qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. II. teqstebi gamosca, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo i. doliZem.
Tb., 1965, gv. 179.
162
zRvidan Tavdasxmas aRar moelodnen. brZolis pirvel dRes, 30 ianvars,
qarTvelebma jiqebi daamarcxes, magram meore dRes, 31 ianvars qarTulma flo-
tiliam xmeleTze gadasuli Tavisi TanamoZmeebi miatova da samSoblosken gamoe-
marTa. amiT gaTamamebulma jiqebma qarTvelebs Zlier Seuties. simamacis
miuxedavad, mtris simravlem Tavisi gaitana. mamia III dadiani brZolaSi daiRupa,
mamia I gurieli da qarTvelTa erTi nawili tyved Cavarda. tyveebi da micvale-
bulTa cxedrebi afxazeTis kaTalikosma malaqia I-ma abaSiZem didi safasiT
gamoixsna.787
jiqeTSi marcxma odiSis gavlena didad ver Seamcira. afxazeTis erisTavi
Tavis laSqriT dadianebs kvlavindeburad samsaxurs uwevda. 1547 wels, rodesac
samxreT–dasavleTidan gurias osmaleTma Semoutia, levan I-ma dadianma guriis
dasaxmareblad `Semoiyara sruliad afxazni da odiSarni~ da `spiTa odiS-
afxazTaTa~ Tavisi flotiT rionis SesarTavSi, `rionis Tualsa zeda~, igive
`rionis limonSi~ anu foTis navsadgurSi daibanaka. samwuxarod, politikuri
intrigebis gamo odiSis mTavari flotiT guriels ver daexmara da WaneTi os-
maleTs darCa.788
1548 wels bagrat imerTa mefem levan I dadiani motyuebiT Seipyro da
gelaTis monastris samrekloSi gamoamwyvdia. 1550 wels dadianma tyveobas Tavi
daaRwia da odiSSi dabrunda. amis Semdeg man Tavi damoukideblad (mTavrad)
gamoacxada da `xelmwife dadianis~ tituli miiRo. es tituli 1557 wels levan I
dadians osmaleTis sulTanmac daudastura.
1557 wels stambolSi Casulma levan I dadianma sulTans eqvsi Tu cxra
sabrZolo katarRa gamosTxova da jiqebis winaaRmdeg sazRvao omi wamoiwyo. es
omi daaxloebiT erTi wlis Semdeg zaviT dasrulda. am zavis Sedegad jiqebis
Tavdasxmebi saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi erTxans SeCerda.789
1572 wels levan I dadianis gardacvalebis Semdeg samTavro taxti misma Zem
giorgi III dadianma daikava. male axali mTavari taxtze misive Zmam mamia IV da-
dianma Secvala. giorgi III dadianma daxmarebisTvis àfxazni, jiqni da Cerqezni~
gamoiyena. Sinaomi odiSSi eqvsi weli gagrZelda, ramac odiSis mTavarTa
gavlena afxazeTSi Zalze Seasusta. 1578 wels Zmam giorgi III dadians taxti
daubruna da odiSis mTavris xelisufleba afxazeTze xelaxla gaZlierda.790
1578 wels osmaleTma iranTan morigi omi wamoiwyo. omis dawyebisTanave os-
malebi saqarTvelos zRvispireTis dapyrobas Seecadnen, raTa dasavleT saqarT-
velos gavliT aRmosavleT amierkavkasiisken umoklesi gza gaexsnaT. 1578 wlis
agvistoSi soxumis yureSi osmaleTis eskadra Semovida, romelzec soxumis be-
glarbegad daniSnuli Cerqezi haidar faSa imyofeboda. faSa soxumSi
yovelgvari winaaRmdegobis gareSe gadavida da sabeglarbegos marTva-
gamgeblobas Seudga. beglarbegis daniSvnis mizans soxumis `qarTveli
iverielebis~791 damorCileba warmoadgenda. osmalebi soxumis dapyrobis Semdeg
aq cixe-simagris agebas Seudgnen. am mizniT maT antikuri dioskuria–
sebastopolisis cixis nangrevebi gamoiyenes, romelic mdinare gumisTis
marcxena napirze, zRvasTan axlos idga. 1579 wels osmalebma foTic daikaves.
soxumis sabeglarbegom sul ramdenime wels iarseba. osmalebs am sabeglar-
begos davTaric ki ar SeudgeniaT. haidar faSam soxumi 1580 wels datova. misi
momdevno faSis saxeli ar SemogvrCa. rogorc irkveva, 1581 wlis Semdgom xanebSi
osmalebma soxumidan administracia gaiwvies da qalaqi datoves. amiT soxumis
sabeglarbegom arseboba Sewyvita.792
787 . qarTlis cxovreba, t.II , gv. 497; iqve, t. IV, gv. 811; cxovreba saqarTvelosi (parizis qronika), teqsti
gamosacemad moamzada, Sesavali, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo g. alasaniam. Tb., 1982, gv. 42.
788 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, gv. 814; iqve, t. II, gv. 360, 502.
789 . . . ..., gv. 208-210.
790 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, gv. 817-818.
792 . . . ..., gv. 21-22, 58-60.
163
osmalebma soxumi afxazi feodalebis, pirvel rigSi, SarvaSiZeTa daxmarebiT
aiRes. maT aseTi daxmareba Tavidanve gaTvaliswinebuli hqondaT, rodesac
beglarbegad Cerqezi haidar faSa daniSnes.793 amitom osmalebma soxumi,
sabeglarbegos gauqmebis Semdeg, SarvaSiZeebs gadasces. amis Semdeg afxazeTis
sazRvarma samxreT-aRmosavleTiT gadainacvla. soxumidan osmalebis wasvlis
Semdeg mamia IV dadianma afxazeTze politikuri gavlena aRadgina. es gavlena
odiSma misi memkvidris manuCar dadianis (1590-1611ww.) drosac SeinarCuna.794
XIV-XV ss-Si Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoria eklesiurad sruliad
saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqs eqvemdebareboda. es teritoria oTx
saepiskoposos Soris iyo ganawilebuli. mdinare engursa da ~dadis wyals~
(eriswyals) Soris moqceuli soflebi walenjixis eparqiaSi Sedioda.
eriswyalsa da moqvis wyals Soris teritoria bedielis samwysos warmoadgenda.
moqvis wyalidan mdinare kodoramde - moqvis episkoposis, xolo mdinare
kodoridan anakofiis CaTvliT - drandis saepiskoposos samwyso iyo.795
sakuTriv afxazeTis saerisTavo eklesiurad uSualod afxazeTis kaTolikoss
eqvemdebareboda.
X saukunis damlevs saqarTvelos eklesiis gaerTianebis procesis
dasrulebis Semdeg afxazeTis sakaTolikosos taxti ar gauqmebula, Tumca
afxazeTis kaTolikosi qarTlis kaTolikos-patriarqs eqvemdebareboda. erTiani
qarTuli saxelmwifos politikuri daSlis tendenciebis zrdasTan erTad
afxazeTis kaTolikosis roli TandaTanobiT izrdeboda. es viTareba sakuTari
politikuri poziciebis gansamtkiceblad gamoiyenes imereTis mefem bagrat
meorem da odiSis mTavarma Samadavle dadianma.796
maT isargebles 1470-1474 wlebSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi Sesawiravis Ses-
agroveblad Camosuli ierusalimisa da antioqiis patriarqis miqaelis
stumrobiT da `caiSel-bedieli mTavarebiskopozi iovakime~ afxazeTis
kaTolikosad akurTxebines. mRvdelmTavrebma ierusalimisa da antioqiis
patriarqis saxeliT sagangebo `mcnebaÁ sasjulo~ Seadgines, sadac sruliad
saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis daqvemdebarebidan dasavleT saqarTvelos
eklesiis gamoyvana, `lixT-amerisa da afxazeTis~ damoukidebel kaTolikosad
iovakimis kurTxeva yovelnairad gaamarTles. imisaTvis, rom damoukidebeli
sakaTolikosos Seqmna daesrulebinaT, dokumentis avtorebma dasavleT
saqarTveloSi sarwmunoebrivi mdgomareoba muq ferebSi warmoadgines: àfxazeTi
(dasavleT saqarTvvelo _ avt.) qristeanobisagan sruliad midrekil iyunes,
qristes mcnebaTagan ganSorebul iyunes~797.
mcxeTisgan damoukidebeli afxazeTis pirvel kaTolikoss iovakims ufleba
mieca `lixT-imeris, Woroxs aqaT, ovseTs aqaT, zRuai pontosa aqaT, sada didisa
biWvintisa sazRuari miawevs~ episkoposebi daeniSna. afxazeTis sakaTolikoso
sakuTriv imereTis, odiSis, guriisa da afxazeTis garda Tavis samwysod saqarT-
velos istoriul miwebsac miiCnevda. `kaTalikozis sakurTxi aris, samwyso-
lixsa da kafas Sua da ruseTis samzRuarsa da QWaneTs Sua~. afxazeTis
sakaTolikosos es sazRvrebi dafiqsirebulia 1525-1550 ww. Sedgenil `biWvinTis
iadgarSi~798 (saxsenebeli, saCuqari), romelic qarTuli samarTlis, konkretulad
saeklesio samarTlis mniSvnelovan Zegls warmoadgens. sakaTolikosos Crdilo-
dasavleTi sazRvris kafasTan da ruseTis samxreT mijnasTan dafiqsireba
asaxavs im realobas, roca SavizRvispireTSi mosaxle jiqebi da qaSqebi
saqarTvelos mefis uzenaesobas aRiarebdnen.
793 . b. xorava. odiS-afxazeTis..., gv. 70.

794 . iqve, gv. 71.
795 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, gv. 778-781.
796 . qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. III, gv. 222.
797 . qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. II, gv. 180.
798 . qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. II, gv. 176-183.
164
`biWvinTis iadgari~ Seicavs dasavleT saqarTvelos mefe-mTavarTa mier
gakeTebul SemowirulobaTa CamonaTvals, biWvinTis saydris, kaTolikosis
qonebisa da yma-msaxurTa damcav samarTlebriv normebs, gviandeli xanis saero
da sasuliero pirTa minawerebs. dokuments xels awers afxazeTis rva
kaTolikosi dawyebuli malaqia I abaSiZiT (XVI s-is 20-50-ani wlebi), romlis
drosac Sedga `biWvinTis iadgari~, da damTavrebuli daviT nemsaZiT (1673-1696
ww.), romlis kaTolikosobis periodSi dasrulda mTielTa mier samegrelos
miwebis didi nawilis mitaceba.
`biWvinTis iadgaris~ gaTvaliswinebis gareSe warmoudgenelia XVI-XVII
saukuneebis afxazeTis eTnopolitikuri istoriis sworad gaSuqeba, rogorc amas
àxerxeben~ separatisti avtorebi.
afxazeTis kaTolikosis mTavar rezidencias XVI s-is 50-ian wlebamde
biWvinTis RvTismSoblis eklesia warmoadgenda. 1568-1578 wlebSi, roca
afxazeTis kaTolikosis taxti evdemon CxetisZes ekava, misi mTavari rezidencia
gelaTis monastris wmida giorgis eklesia gaxda.799 rezidenciis gadatana
ganapiroba afxazeTSi warmarT mTielTa masobrivma Camowolam, rasac
saerisTavos maSindel teritoriaze eklesia-monastrebis dacarieleba,
samRvdeloebis sruli evakuacia da qristianobis ganadgureba mohyva800.
afxazeTis kaTolikosis biWvinTidan iZulebiT gelaTSi gadasvla, sakuTriv
afxazeTSi qristianobis dacema mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenlobis mkveTrma
cvlilebam gamoiwvia da ara Turqulma eqspansiam, rogorc amas separatistuli
istoriografia amtkicebs.
iseve rogorc wina saukuneebSi, XVIs-Sic, Tanamedrove afxazeTis
teritoriaze mdebare eklesia–monastrebi qarTuli ganaTlebisa da kulturis
umniSvnelovanes centrebs warmoadgendnen, sadac saqarTvelos yvela kuTxis
warmomadgenlebi moRvaweobdnen. aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom biWvinTa
SemdgomSiac rCeboda dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio centrad, sadac
xdeboda wm. mironis kurTxeva. afxazeTis kaTolikosebi mzrunvelobas ar
aklebdnen biWvinTis taZars, odiSis SemadgenlobaSi myof drandis, moqvisa da
bediis saepiskoposoebs. biWvinTidan devnili kaTolikosis gelaTSi gadasvliT
kaTolikosis rezidencia imereTis samefo rezidencias dauaxlovda, ramac
samefo da saeklesio xelisufleba erTmaneTs dauaxlova. gansakuTrebiT
aRsaniSnavia afxazeTis kaTolikos eqvTime I sayvareliZis (1578-1614ww.) Rvawli.
is iyo moqvis mTavarepiskoposic. eqvTime I-is brZanebiT, moqvis taZarSi n.
cincaZem gadawera metafrasi; zebede diakvnisa da giorgi mwerlis mier
gadaiwera gulani; SesaniSnavi wignsacavi arsebobda bediis taZarSic, sadac
xelnawerebi daumzadebiaT bediel mRvdelmTavrebs anton JvanisZes da germane
CxetiZes. aq moRvaweobdnen kaligrafebi da mwignobrebi gabriel lomsaZe, saba
nafotaZe da sxvebi.801
Tanamedrove afxazeTi qarTuli kulturis mniSvnelovan keras rom
warmoadgenda, amas kargad mowmobs bediis gulanic. mis erT anderZ-minawerSi
vkiTxulobT: `bediel mitropoliti, mTavarebiskoposi CxetisZe german adide
RmerTman... romlisa brZanebiTa wamovel mTebiT SavSeTiT, dabiT diobniT, ZiriT
mTiT karCxalTaÁ, da nebiTa da SewevniTa RvTisaÁTa moviwie odiSs bediis
taZarsa da saydarsa vlaqernisa RvTismSoblisasa da SewevniTa da warmarTebiTa
misiTa viwye werad wmidaTa amaT da sulTa ganmanaTlebelTa TueÀTa ianvriT
erTiTgan vidre aqamomde, yovliTurT srulisa da uklebisa, viTa undoda
bevriT wignisagan viZie da gavasrule, raÁca undoda, risaca deda viSoe, ara
damiklia raÁ, RmrTisa SewevniTa. amisa mweralsa friad codvilsa kerZo
diakonsa gabriels lomsanisZesa... Seundvnes RmerTman... missa amxanagsa mweralsa
799 . b. lominaZe. qarTuli feodaluri urTierTobis istoriidan, I. Tb., 1966, gv. 177-186.
801 . iqve, gv. 185-186.
165
svimon giorgis Zesa... Seundvnes RmerTman~802. samwuxaroa, rom separatistuli
istoriografia msgavs istoriul wyaroebs ar iyenebs.
Tavi IX. Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoria XVII

saukuneSi
1. politikuri viTareba
XVII saukunis I naxevarSi Tanamedrove afxazeTis umetesi nawili, iseve
rogorc XVI saukuneSi, uSualod Sedioda odiSis samTavros SemadgenlobaSi.
maSindeli afxazeTi ki calkeul feodalur erTeulebad iyo dayofili,
romelTagan yvelaze dids saSarvaSiZeo (bzifis afxazeTi) warmoadgenda.
Crdilo-dasavleTiT SarvaSiZeTa miwa-wyali gagris qedamde ver aRwevda.
aqaurobas evlia Celebis cnobebs (XVII saukunis 40-iani wlebi) Tu
daveyrdnobiT, damoukidebeli abaza `begebi~ (anu jiqi aznaurebi) ganagebdnen.803
amitom, safiqrebelia, rom saSarvaSiZeo am dros dasavleTidan SemosazRvruli
unda yofiliyo mdinare bzifiT, romlis gadaRma jiqeTi iwyeboda.
aRmosavleTiT afxazeTi, italieli misioneris lambertis monacemebiT (XVII
saukunis 30-50-iani wlebi), mdinare kodoramde vrceldeboda..804 misi Tanamedrove
kastelis cnobiTac, `kolxeTi dasavleTidan SemosazRvrulia koraCes, akus
mTiT~. e.i. kodoris qediT. garda amisa, igive avtori erTaderTia, vinc drandis
saepiskoposos afxazeTSi ixseniebs.805
TeaTinel misionerTa es cnobebi antikuri wyaroebis gavleniT unda iyos
Sedgenili, vinaidan lambertis `samegrelos aRweraSi~ aseve aRniSnuli aqvs,
rom odiSis erT-erTi saepiskoposo eklesia, kerZod, drandisa, `mdebareobs
mdinare kodorze, afxazeTis sazRvarze.~806 e.i. lambertis warmodgeniT, mdinare
kodoris qvemo welis dasavleTiTac mniSvnelovani teritoria samegrelo iyo.
1639-1640 wlebSi odiSSi myofi ruseTis elCis, zaxarievis àngariSSi~
samegrelos sofelTa Soris moxseniebulia fSafi da dranda807, rac aseve
miuTiTebs, rom samegrelo dasavleTidan mdinare kodoriT ar iyo
SemosazRvruli.
msgavsi daskvna SeiZleba gamovitanoT 1664 wels odiSSi myofi ierusalimis
patriarqis, makariosis cnobidanac, romlis Tanaxmad, roca gaigo misi moqvSi
yofnis Sesaxeb, erTi uzneo qali `drandidan afxazeTSi gadaixvewa.~808
amdenad, ufro sarwmunoa italieli misioneris, jovani da lukas cnoba,
romlis mixedviTac, afxazeTsa da samegrelos Soris sazRvari qalaq
skisornumTan Camaval mdinare absize gadioda.809 skisornumi Turquli
saxelwodeba eski suxumis (anu Zveli soxumis) italiurad damaxinjebuli
formaa. amrigad, jovani da lukas cnobebeze dayrdnobiT, afxazeTisa da
samegrelos eTnikur sazRvrad soxumze (cxumze) gamavali mdinare besleTi
unda miviCnioT.
saistorio wyaroebSi ar Cans, SarvaSiZis xelisufleba cxumamde
vrceldeboda Tu ara. is garemoeba, rom evlia Celebi CaCebis miwaze, anu
802 . qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba, yofili saeklesio muzeumis (A) koleqciisa, t. I, Tb. 1976, gv. 319
803
. evlia Celebis mogzaurobis wigni. Turqulidan Targmna, komentarebi da gamokvleva daurTo g.
fuTuriZem. n. I. Tb., 1971, gv. 100.
804 . arqanjelo lamberti. samegrelos aRwera. Targmani italiuridan a. Wyoniasi, meore gamocema, l.
asaTianis winasityvaobiT, redaqciiT da SeniSvnebiT. Tb., 1938, gv. 5-6, 176.
805 . qristoforo kasteli. cnobebi da albomi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. teqsti gaSifra, Targmna, gamokvleva da
komentarebi daurTo b. giorgaZem. Tb., 1976, gv. 51, 180.
806 . arqanjelo lamberti. samegrelos aRwera, gv. 120.
807 . . . . ., 1888, gv. 351.
808 . . . XVII . , 1905, gv. 32.
809 . i. tabaRua. saqarTvelo evropis arqivebsa da wignsacavebSi, t. III. Tb., 1987, gv. 157.
166
saSarvaSiZeoSi ar ixseniebs soxums da anakofias, imaze unda miuTiTebdes, rom
SarvaSiZeebs cxumsa da mis mimdebare mxareze xeli ar miuwvdebodaT. mas sxva
afxazi Tavadi ganagebda da uSualod Sedioda odiSis samTavros
SemadgenlobaSi, xolo SarvaSiZe, romelic dadianis siuzerenobas aRiarebda,
marTavda mcire teritorias anakofiasa da kapoetis wyals Soris.
manuCar dadianis gardacvalebis (1611w.) Semdeg odiSis mTavari gaxda misi Ze
levani, romelsac mcirewlovnebis gamo regentad dauniSnes biZa, manuCaris Zma,
salipartianos batoni giorgi. lambertis sityvebiT, lipartiani iyo `kaci
friad samarTliani da saxelmwifo saqmeebSi kargad gamocdili. es giorgi
ganagebda yvelafers friad erTgulad da ise mihyavda saqmeebi, rom misi gamgeo-
bis dros kolxidaSi araviTari areuloba da ajanyeba ar momxdara~. Tavad
levani daaxloebiT 1615 wels Caudga saTaveSi samTavros.810
istoriografiaSi gamoTqmuli erT-erTi mosazrebis Tanaxmad, `1615 wels,
osmaleTis mier SavizRvispireTis blokadiT Seviwroebuli samegrelo da guria
iZulebulni gaxdnen misi moxarkeni gamxdariyvnen, riTac isargebla SarvaSiZem
da Tavi damoukidebel mTavrad gamoacxada.~811
aRsaniSnavia, rom sagareo situaciis garTulebas dasavleT saqarTveloSi
politikuri viTarebis Secvla ar gamouwvevia. XVII saukunis II aTwleulSi
afxazeTis odiSisagan gamoyofis damadasturebeli saistorio wyaro
jerjerobiT ar gagvaCnia.
gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba, rom levan II dadianis mTavrobis dros
(1611-1657ww.) `samegrelos samTavro aRwevs manamde arnaxulsa da SemdegSi aRar
ganmeorebuls Zlierebas~.812 levan II-is mmarTvelobis wlebi iyo is xana,
rodesac afxazeTis odiSisagan gamoyofisa da calke samTavrod Camoya-
libebisTvis yvelaze naklebi pirobebi arsebobda.
faqtori, romelic SeiZleba XVII saukunis I naxevarSi afxazeTis samTavros
arsebobaze miuTiTebdes, aris evropel avtorTa naSromebSi SarvaSiZeebis
`princeps~-ad moxsenieba, magram es srulebiT ar niSnavs, rom SarvaSiZe mTavari,
xolo misi samflobelo _ samTavro iyo, vinaidan laTinuri sityva `princeps~
da italiuri `prinCipe~ niSnavs rogorc xelmwifes, xelisufals, aseve Tavads,
belads da winamZRols. igive evropeli avtorebi amave terminiT moixsenieben ara
marto arsebiT mTavrebs, aramed wvrili samflobeloebis (senioriebis)
mmarTvelebsac. magaliTad, frangi Jan Sardenis mixedviT, levan dadianis biZa
giorgi iyo `salipartianos suverenuli mTavari~.813 igive avtori aRniSnavs, rom
leCxumi aris `svanebiT dasaxlebuli samTavro kavkasiis mTebSi~.814 cnobilia,
rom XVII saukuneSi arc salipartiano da arc leCxumi samTavroebad ar iyvnen
formirebulni da arc maTi mflobelebi iyvnen mTavrebi. amdenad, ucxoel
avtorTa cnobebSi aRniSnuli afxazeTis mmarTvelTa titulaturiT ver
gairkveva, XVII saukunis I naxevarSi iyo Tu ara Camoyalibebuli afxazeTis
samTavro.
niSandoblivia, rom im drois saistorio wyaroebSi dadiani, SarvaSiZisgan
gansxvavebiT, xelmwifed da mefed moixsenieba. 1639 wels odiSSi myofi ruseTis
elCis, zaxarievis àngariSSi~ levan dadians mefe (car) ewodeba, mTavris yofi-
li meuRle `weTanuria~ ki afxazi Tavadis (kniaz) qaliSvilad aris
moxseniebuli815.
lamberti orives - SarvaSiZes da dadians - mTavars uwodebs, magram
ganmartavs, rom odiSSi `yvelaze ufrosia mTavari, romelsac hqvian dadiani. ase
uwodeben mis gvars da ara Rirsebas. megruli sityva `xelmwife~ niSnavs imas,
810 . arqanjelo lamberti. samegrelos aRwera, gv.15; i. anTelava. levan II dadiani. Tb., 1990, gv. 40-47.
811 . . . . . . , 1991, gv. 120.
812 . s. janaSia. giorgi SarvaSiZe. kulturul-istoriuli narkvevi. _ Sromebi, t. VI. Tb., 1988, gv.36.
813 . Jan Sardenis mogzauroba sparseTsa da aRmosavleTis sxva qveynebSi, gv. 233.
814 . iqve, gv. 248.
815 . … . . ,…gv. 358.
167
rasac italiuri ìl re~. es wodeba kidec Seefereba dadianis Rirsebas.
amitomac, roca undaT moixsenion misi Rirseba, amboben: dadiani xelmwife~.816
lambertis Tanamedrove odiSis mTavari marTlac iwodeboda rogorc `xelmwife
dadiani patroni levan, Ze xelmwifisa manuCarisa~.817 msgavsi ram imdroindel,
Tu adrindel SarvaSiZeTa titulaturaSi ar Cans.
aRsaniSnavia jovani da lukas cnobebic, romelTa mixedviTac afxazeTis
mmarTvelebi mTavrebad iwodebian, xolo levan II dadiani, maTgan gansxvavebiT,
moxseniebulia rogorc samegrelos didi mTavari.818
jer kidev XIII saukunis 20-iani wlebidan mefis moxele erisTavebi Tan-
daTanobiT mTavrebad an Tavadebad gadaiqcnen. sityva erisTavmac axali Sinaarsi
SeiZina. saTavadoebis Camoyalibebis sakmaod xangrZlivi procesi XIV saukunis
dasasrulidan, dasavleT saqarTveloSi samefo-samTavroTa saboloo
formirebis paralelurad da mis Semdegac, XVII saukuneSiac mimdinareobda, rac
qveynis feodaluri daSlis Semdgom safexurs warmoadgenda.819 saTavados
ufrosi mTavrisgan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom Tavadi mefis ymaa. mas mefis `xmobiTa~
da `qveganwesebiT~ laSqroba-nadiroba da zog SemTxvevaSi misi `samsaxuri da
xarji~ marTebda; mTavari ki mefis winaSe yovelgvari valdebulebisgan
Tavisufali iyo. mTavris xelisufleba memkvidreobiT gadadioda, Tavads ki
saTavados ufrosobas saxlikacebi aZleven arCevis wesiT.
Tavadi Tavisi uflebrivi mdgomareobiT erisTavze maRla dgas da mTavarze
dabla. Tavadi mTavramde rom amaRldes, amisaTvis man samefo an samTavro
valdebuleba mTlianad unda moiSoros. igi siuzerenis yovelgvari
damokidebulebisgan unda ganTavisufldes.820
hqondaT Tu ara samefo an samTavro valdebulebebi mTlianad moSorebuli
SarvaSiZeebs XVII saukunis I naxevarSi? iyvnen Tu ara isini siuzerenis
yovelgvari damokidebulebisgan Tavisufalni? XVII saukunis 20-iani wlebis
damdegs levan II dadiani `spiTa odiSar-afxaz-jiqiTa~ imereTis mefes ebrZvis,821
rac imas unda niSnavdes, rom aRniSnuli droisTvisac afxazeTi jer kidev ar
iyo odiSisagan damoukidebeli politikuri erTeuli. iseve rogorc XVI
saukuneSi, afxazebi kvlav odiSarTa laSqarSi ibrZvian dadianis mtris
winaaRmdeg.
1626 wlis 4 maiss wm. kongregacia de propaganda fidem (vatikanis
ganyofileba, romelic koordinacias uwevda samisionero saqmianobas) specialu-
ri dekretiT gadawyvita, rom saqarTveloSi daearsebina TeaTinelTa ordenis
misioni. imave wlis 16 ivniss propagandam daamtkica saqarTveloSi gasagzavni
misionerebis Semadgenloba. misionis prefeqtad dainiSna don pietro avitabile,
romelsac romSi Cabarda pap urban VIII-is mier xelmowerili, 1626 wlis 4
ivlisiT daTariRebuli laTinur enaze Sedgenili sarekomendacio werilebi
Semdegi pirebisTvis: saqarTvelos kaTalikosisa da mitropolitisTvis, kaxeTisa
da imereTis mefeebisTvis, guriisa da odiSis mTavrebisTvis.822 rogorc vxedavT,
maT Soris ar Cans afxazTa mmarTveli, rac iribad miuTiTebs, rom XVII
saukunis 20-iani wlebis I naxevarSi samegrelos dasavleTiT, afxazeTis
teritoriaze, dadianisgan damoukidebeli raime politikuri erTeuli ar
arsebobda.
1620w. axlo xanebSi levan II daqorwinda erT-erTi afxazi Tavadis, seteman

817 . k. grigolia. iloris wm. giorgis xatis warwera. _ akad. n. maris saxelobis enis, istoriisa da
materialuri kulturis institutis moambe, t. XIII. Tb., 1943, gv. 157.
818 . i. tabaRua. saqarTvelo evropis arqivebsa da wignsacavebSi, t. III, gv. 160; m. TamaraSvili. istoria
kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa Soris namdvilis sabuTebis SemotaniTa da ganmartebiT XIII saukunidan vidre XX
saukunemde. tf., 1902, gv.146.
819 . o. soselia. feodaluri xanis dasavleT saqarTvelos istoriidan. Tb., 1966, gv. 37.
820 . iqve, gv. 40.
822 . i. tabaRua. saqarTvelo evropis arqivebsa da wignsacavebSi, t. II. Tb., 1986, gv. 211.
168
SarvaSiZis asul darejanze. SarvaSiZesTan damoyvrebiT igi zurgs imagrebda
zufudan, saidanac afxazTa da jiqTa mniSvnelovan samxedro Zalas iRebda.
1622w. dasavleT saqarTveloSi mSvidobiani xana dasrulda. levan II-m
daamarcxa imereTis mefe, ris Semdegac male gafuWda misi urTierToba
SarvaSiZesTan.
kastelis Tanaxmad, SarvaSiZes dadianis `didi pativiscema da ridi hqonda~,
magram garkveul Zalebs mouxerxebiaT maT Soris `keTilganwyobilebis
darRveva~ da `siZulvilis gaRviveba~.823 odiSis mTavarma, meuRlis savaraudo
Ralatis Semdeg zufuSi (dRevandeli lixni) ilaSqra, dasaxiCrebuli meuRle
iqve datova da ukanve gamobrunda. dadianis laSqroba imdenad moulodneli
yofila, rom SarvaSiZem mas winaaRmdegoba ver gauwia da mTebSi gaqceviT
uSvela Tavs.824
XVII saukunis 20-iani wlebis II naxevarSi levan II dadianis winaaRmdeg
SeTqmuleba moewyo, romlis mizani iyo dadianis mokvla da mis magivrad Zmis,
iosebis gamTavreba. lambertis mixedviT, SeTqmulebaSi monawileobdnen imereTis
mefe, gurieli, SarvaSiZe da is veziri, romelic dadianma meuRlesTan mruSobis
braldebiT daapatimra, Tumca, rogorc Cans, misi avtoritetis gamo sikvdiliT
ver dasaja da dapatimrebuli guriels gadasca.825
kastelis mixedviTac, SeTqmulebaSi dadianis yofili vezirisa da gurielis
garda monawileobas iRebdnen imereTis mefe giorgi, afxazeTis mTavari da
dadianis Zma iosebi. SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad, SeTqmulebs `cal-calke unda
SeedginaT sami jari, romlebic Semdeg erTad Seiyrebodnen da gars
Semoertymodnen dadianis samefos~.826 TeaTineli misionerebis (lamberti,
kasteli) mier moxseniebuli àfxazeTis mTavari~ levan dadianis yofili
simamri iyo, romelsac asulis dasjiTa da Semdeg samflobelos aoxrebiT Se-
uracxyofils SeTqmulebaSi monawileobisTvis didi safuZveli hqonda.
SeTqmuleba CaiSala. yofili veziris, sakuTari Zmis da sxva moRalateebis
dasjis Semdeg levan dadiani guriaSi SeiWra, daamarcxa simon gurieli da
guriis mTavrad dasavleT saqarTvelos (afxazeTis) kaTolikosi malaqia II
(gurieli) dasva. amieridan guriis samTavro dadianis xangrZlivi hegemoniis qveS
moeqca. kaTolikosi malaqia nominalurad iyo mTavari, guriis politikur gezs
Tavisi interesebis Sesabamisad odiSis mTavari warmarTavda.827
guriis sakiTxis mogvarebis Semdeg levan II dadiani SeTqmulebis erT-erT
monawiles, SarvaSiZes miubrunda. lambertis cnobiT, àfxazebi bunebiTac
mousvenarni arian da amis garda, dadianisgan Tavs Seuracxyofilad sTvlidnen,
radgan aman gaagdo coli, maTis mTavris qali. amis gamo afxazebi ise
brazmoreulni iyvnen dadianze, rom im dros, roca dadiani garTuli iyo Tavis
Zmisagan dawyebuli amboxebis dacxromis saqmeSi, sul Tavs esxmodnen sameg-
relos sazRvrebs, romelic TiTqmis sruliad gaaoxres, mcxovreblebi
daatyveves da afxazeTSi gadaasaxles. dadianma, rogorc ki Sinauri
saqmeebisagan moicala, saCqarod gailaSqra afxazebis winaaRmdeg da malec
daamarcxa isini. afxazebma morCileba ganucxades, xarki itvirTes, magram,
radgan es xalxi moqalaqeobas da vaWrobas moklebulia, da arc fuli gaaCnia,
arc saqoneli xarkis gadasaxdelad, dadianma maT xarkad daadva ramdenime
mwevar-meZebari da mimino, romlebiTac afxazebi naqebia~.828
am cnobaze dayrdnobiT istoriografiaSi gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom `xarkis
amgvari saxe ganpirobebuli iyo afxazTa dadianze damokidebulebis nominaluri

824 . qristoforo kasteli. cnobebi da albomi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 43.
827 . i. anTelava. levan II dadiani, gv. 69.
169
xasiaTiT~,829 magram TeaTinel misioners kargad aqvs axsnili, Tu ratom
ixdidnen afxazebi xarkis saxiT mxolod `mwevar-meZebarsa da miminos~.
lambertis cnobas kidev ufro avsebs judiCes relacia, romlis Tanaxmad
dadianma `daimorCila da moxarked gaixada imereTis mefe, mTavari gurieli,
samegrelos meoTxe erisTavi da afxazeTis erTi mTavari~.830 avtori iqve dasZens:
`zemoT xsenebuli sami mTavari, romelTa Soris erTi imerelia, meore guruli,
mesame afxazi, movaleni arian omis dros daexmaron odiSis mTavars~,831 e. i.
zemoT aRniSnuli xarkis garda, SarvaSiZe valdebuli yofila, samxedro
samsaxuri gaewia dadianisTvis. odiSis mTavris mier Tavisi xelisuflebis
afxazeTze gavrcelebas adasturebs kastelic: àfxazebi cxovroben mkacr da
miuval mTebSi. amis gamo dadians ar SeeZlo cecxliTa da maxviliT Seseoda
mTa-gorian mxares da amitom mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi misi mcire razmebi
afxazebs Tavs esxmodnen da zians ayenebdnen. radgan am mTis xalxma bevri
naklovaneba veRar daiTmina, gadawyvita mZime uRlis qveS yofna~.832
sainteresoa ierusalimis patriarqis, dosiTeosis cnobac: `levan dadianma,
romelic didxans mefobda iq, 40 000 afxazi monaTla... da maT episkoposic
dauniSna~.833 rogorc vxedavT, odiSis mTavris xelisufleba vrceldeboda
afxazeTze, mas xelewifeboda afxazTa monaTvla da maTTvis episkoposis
daniSvnac.
levan II dadianis mmarTvelobis xanaSi afxazeTi rom odiSis samTavros
SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda, mowmobs kidev erTi ucxouri saistorio wyaro.
dominikeli misioneris, emidio dorteli d’askolis 1634 w. daTariRebuli
cnobiT, `CerqezeTis zRvispira qalaqi abaza samegrelos sazRvarTan
mdebareobs~.834 qalaqi abaza (sxva cnobebiT, abxasi, avogazia) mdebareobda
mdinare mzimTas SesarTavTan.
cnobebi XVII saukunis 20-iani wlebidan odiSis mTavris afxazeTSi
gamarjvebebisa da, Sesabamisad, aq misi iurisdiqciis aRdgenis Sesaxeb daculia
qarTul saistorio wyaroebSic. ai, ras aRniSnavs levan II dadiani iloris wm.
giorgis xatis warweraSi: `miuxvediT SarvaSiZesa zufus, muwus wyals aqeT
avaoxreT. kideve miuxvediT zufus, kapoetis wyals aqeT srulebiT davswviT da
avaoxreT da sadaca simagre iyo, aviReT da gavacudeT da kapoetis wyalze
Semoguebnes zufuari da sixuari marSaniebi da gagvemarjua da davxoceT da
zogi xelT dagvrCa da gamarjvebulebi movediT~.835
afxazeTis saerisTavos samegrelos SemadgenlobaSi yofnis faqti
dadasturebulia moskovSi Teimuraz I-is elCis, mitropolit nikifores cnobaSi
samegrelos sazRvrebis Sesaxeb, romelic man 1636 w. 24 ivliss ruseTis sagareo
uwyebas (saelCo prikazs) miawoda. mitropolitis informaciiT, samegrelo erTi
mxriT esazRvreba Sav zRvas, meore mxriT – TurqeTs, mesame mxriT - yizilbaSTa
teritorias, meoTxe mxriT – mTiel Cerqezebs.836 mezoblebs Soris nikifore
afxazeTs da afxazebs ar axsenebda, vinaidan maT samegrelos SemadgenlobaSi
gulisxmobda.
levan II dadiani Tavis werilebSi ruseTis xelmwifisadmi (1636 da 1640 ww.)
xazs usvamda, rom misi samTavro – samegrelo, romelic afxazeTsac moicavda,
aris iveriis erT-erTi qveyana, anu saqarTvelos nawili.837
1643 wels levan II dadiani romis paps, urban VIII-s swerda, rom uzenaesi
829. . . , gv. 265.

830. judiCe juzepe. werilebi saqarTveloze. italiuri teqsti Targmna, winasityvaoba da SeniSvnebi
daurTo b. giorgaZem. Tb., 1964, gv. 81.
831 . iqve, gv. 86.
833 . . . , . I, gv. 28.
834 . . , . . dasax. naSromi, gv. .240.
835 . k. grigolia. iloris wm. giorgis xatis warwera, gv. 157.
836 . . . ..., gv. 267.
837 . iqve, gv. 272, 296-301.
170
RmrTis SemweobiT daimorCila afxazeTi, imereTi da guria.838
1649 wels ruseTis xelmwifisadmi gagzavnil werilSi imereTis mefe
aleqsandre III Civis: `dadiani adre Cemi mona iyo da xarks mixdida, Semdeg
gadamidga da sulTans daukavSirda. krebs Tavis meomrebs da afxaz-jiqebTan
erTad yovel wels Tavs gvesxmis~.839 am werilSiac Cans, rom afxazebi XVII
saukunis 40-ian wlebSic ulaSqrebdnen odiSis mTavars.
feSangis sityvebiT, levan II dadians àfxazeTi dauWiravs xarajisa
mosarTmevlad, zafxul zufus mividodis, igi iyuis xandazmulad~.840 vaxuStis
mixedviTac, `dadianman levan ganiwyo spani da moiwyna afxazni vidre
dapyrobamde~.841
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT metad mniSvnelovania beri egnataSvilis zemoT
moyvanili cnobebi. Tu saqarTvelos monarqiis daSlisas `SarvaSiZe morCilobda
ara yovelsave brZanebasa dadianisasa~,842 XVII saukuneSi, 50-iani wlebis
miwurulamde ìyo dadiani mdidar friad da morCilobdnen sruliad afxazni da
SarvaSiZeni ymobdnen da ulaSqrebdnen dadiansa~.843
amrigad, saistorio wyaroebSi kargad Cans, rom dadiani aris SarvaSiZis
siuzereni. es ukanaskneli garkveuli formiT valdebulia odiSis mTavris
winaSe, uxdis xarks da movalea, omis SemTxvevaSi samxedro samsaxuri gauwios
dadians. arsebiTad, XVII saukunis 50-iani wlebis miwurulamde afxazeTSi
samTavro jer kidev ar aris Camoyalibebuli, SarvaSiZe uflebrivi
mdgomareobiT ver amaRlda mTavramde, is ar warmoadgens iseT politikur
figuras, rogoric iyo dadiani, an kidev gurieli. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tavisi
uflebrivi mdgomareobiT SarvaSiZe jer kidev Tavadis doneze idga. garda amisa,
afxazeTi erTian politikur erTeuls ar wamoadgenda da ramdenime
samflobelod iyo dayofili, rac kargad Cans XVII saukunis avtorTa, jovani
da lukas, evlia Celebis, pavle alepoelis, kastelis da sxvaTa…naSromebSi.
magaliTad, kastelis cnobiT afxazeTs erTdroulad ara erTi, aramed sami
`mTavari~, Zmebi beslako, solomon da seteman SarvaSiZeebi marTavdnen, Tumca
amaTgan beslako asakiTac da pativiTac ufrosi yofila.844
gvian Sua saukuneebSi, qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis SigniT senioriebis
gaZlierebis pirobebSi, SarvaSiZec ibrZvis siuzerenis damokidebulebisgan
ganTavisuflebisaTvis. es procesi XVII saukunis I naxevarSic mimdinareobda,
magram odiSis Zlierma xelisufalma, levan II dadianma SeZlo Tavisi
kontrolis qveS hyoloda SarvaSiZe. levan II dadianis didi Tu mcire
laSqrobebi afxazeTSi miznad isaxavda odiSis samTavros mTlianobis
ganmtkicebas, Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasieli mTieli tomebis TareSis aRkveTas
da, rac mTavaria, afxazeTis mtkiced daWeriT dadiani ketavda im erT-erT gzas,
romliTac osmaleTi gabatonebas cdilobda ara marto odiSSi, aramed mTel
dasavleT saqarTveloSi.
1615 wels odiSis samTavro osmaleTis morCili politikuri erTeuli gaxda.
XVII saukunis 20-iani wlebis Semdeg is kvlav osmaleTis vasalia, magram
damoukideblad uWiravs Tavi da rig SemTxvevebSi antiosmalur aqciebSic
monawileobs. 1640 wels levan dadianma dasavleT saqarTvelos gaerTianebuli
jariT aiRo da daangria foTis cixe, romelic osmalebs ekavaT. amis Semdeg,
guria-samegrelo-afxazeTSi osmaluri garnizoni arsad idga.845
838 . m. TamaraSvili. qarTuli eklesia dasabamidan dRemde. redaqcia gaukeTes, winasityvaoba daurTes da
gamosacemad moamzades z. aleqsiZem da j. odiSelma. Tb., 1995, gv. 611.
839 . i. cincaZe. toloCanovis imereTSi elCobis muxlobrivi aRweriloba (1650-1652ww.). Tb., 1970, gv. 157.
840 . feSangi. Sahnavaziani. g. leoniZis da s. iordaniSvilis redaqciiT, t. I. Tb., 1935, gv. 84.
843 . iqve, gv. 421.
844 . qristoforo kasteli. cnobebi da albomi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 192, 194.
845 . . . . ., 1989, gv. 61.
171
odiSis samTavros gaZlierebas sagareo viTarebamac Seuwyo xeli. XVII
saukunis I naxevarSi osmaleTma araerTi omi gadaitana sparseTTan, romelmac
mcire intervalebiT 1639 wlamde gastana. irani yovelmxriv cdilobda Seeqmna
antiosmaluri koalicia da masSi CaerTo dasavleT evropa, poloneTi, kazakoba
da odiSi. XVII saukunis 20-ian wlebidan gaxSirda kazakTa Tavdasxmebi
osmaleTis SavizRvispira qalaqebze. osmaleTs garTulebuli hqonda
urTierToba poloneTTan da dasavleT evropasTan. TviT imperiis SigniTac ar
iyo saqme dawyobili. 1622-1623 wlebSi ajanyebulma ianiCarebma ori sulTani
Camoagdes taxtidan. 1622 wels daiwyo abaza faSas didi ajanyeba, romelmac
Tavisi kontrolis qveS moaqcia teritoria arzrumidan bosforamde, riTac
stambolsa da saqarTvelos Soris didi zRude Seiqmna. 1631-1632 wlebSi kvlav
ianiCarTa ajanyebebia.846
cxadia, amgvar pirobebSi sulTans ar SeeZlo, aqtiuri politika ewarmoebina
urCi dadianis winaaRmdeg. 1637 wels, mas Semdeg rac dadianma uari Tqva
sulTnis brZanebis Sesrulebaze, rom erToblivad ebrZolaT kazakTa
winaaRmdeg, osmalebma sazRvao desanti gadmosxes kodoris SesarTavTan da
sastikad daarbies drandis monasteri da misi Semogareni. Tanac osmalebma
drandaSi laSqroba maSin moawyves, roca dadiani imereTis mefesTan brZoliT
iyo dakavebuli.847 meti RonisZieba sulTanma odiSis samTavros winaaRmdeg ver
Caatara, magram yovelnairad uwyobda xels dadianis mowinaaRmdege Zalebs
dasavleT saqarTveloSi. Tavisi miznebis misaRwevad osmaleTi kargad iyenebda
afxaz feodalebs da miT ufro Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiur tomebs, romlebSiac
misi gavlena didi iyo.
gvian Sua saukuneebSi CrdiloeTkavkasieli da adgilobrivi mTielebis
Semosevebisagan Tavdasacavad dadianebma sagangebod gaamagres odiSis
CrdiloeTi sazRvrebi. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqca kodoris xeobidan
kolxeTis dablobze gadmosasvlelebis dacvas.848 swored aq aRmarTuli kedeli
aqvT aRniSnuli lambertis da kastelis kolxeTis rukebze.
aRniSnul safortifikacio sistemas lambertis mier Sedgenil kolxeTis
rukaze aweria: `samoci aTasi nabijis (sigrZisa), abazgTa Tavdasxmebis
mosagerieblad~.849 imave zRudes kastelis mier Sedgenil kolxeTis rukaze Sem-
degi warwera aqvs: àbazTa Semosevebis sawinaaRmdegod agebuli samoci milis
sigrZis kedeli~850 (ix. aqve, ruka #13).
XVII saukuneSi odiSis samTavroSi moqmedi safortifikacio sistemis Sesaxeb
arqanjelo lamberti werda: “kolxida bunebiT daculia mtrebisagan, rogorc
zRviT, ise mTebiT, xolo rac bunebas dahklebia, is mTavrebis mecadineobas da
moxerxebulobas dausrulebia. zRvis mxriT zogan arc tye aris da arc Waobi
da iqidan mteri advilad SesZlebda Semosvlas. am adgilebis dasacvelad
auSenebiaT ramdenime xis cixe, sadac TofiT SeiaraRebuli mcvelebi dganan.
aseTive saSualeba aqvT naxmari mTebis mxridanac, radganac erT adgils,
romelsac oluSe hqvia, mTebi gaSlilia da mters advilad SeeZlo aqedan
Semosvla da qveynis aoxreba, didis xarjiT amouyvaniaT kedeli sigrZiT samoci
aTasi nabiji da kedelSi aqa-iq auSenebiaT koSkebi, romlebSic dganan TofiT
SeiaraRebuli mcvelebi. rom am koSkebs daraji arasodes moakldes, odiSis
episkoposebs, Tavadebs da didebulebs Tavis Soris morigeoba gaunawilebiaT,
TveobiT, ise rom TviTeuli TiTo Tves icavs am adgils Tavisi kacebiT”.851
kedeli rom levan II dadianis gamTavrebamdec (1611 wlamde) gacilebiT adre
846 . i. anTelava. levan II dadiani, gv. 88.

847 . . . , gv. 324.
848 . T. beraZe. vaxuSti bagrationi da odiSis istoriuli geografiis sakiTxebi. – saqarTvelos
istoriuli geografiis krebuli, t. IV. Tb., 1971; k. okujava. afxazeTi XVII saukuneSi, gv. 35.
849 . arqanjelo lamberti. samegrelos aRwera. ix. ruka.
850 . i. tabaRua. saqarTvelo evropis arqivebsa da wignsacavebSi, t. II. ix. kastelis ruka.
172
Sendeboda, metyvelebs zemoT moyvanili lambertis sityvebi: kolxeTisTvis rac
bunebas dauklia, is mTavrebis mecadineobas da moxerxebas dausrulebia.
rogorc vxedavT, wina saukuneSic kedlis mSeneblobaSi samegrelos araerT
mTavars miuRia monawileoba.
sainteresoa vaxuSti batoniSvilis cnoba _ ànakofiis aRmosavliT zRvidan
mTamde Seavlo zRude didi levan dadianman, afxazTa gamousvlelobisaTvis,
garna aw uqmad ars~.852 vaxuStis cnobas imeorebs niko dadiani da akonkretebs,
rom es kedeli aaSena `leon dadianman manuCaris Zeman~853.
rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, mTeli rigi qarTuli da ucxouri wyaroebi naTlad
miuTiTeben, rom samegrelos mTavris, levan II dadianis, iseve rogorc misi
winamorbedi mTavrebis dros, afxazeTi odiSis samTavros SemadgenlobaSi iyo
moqceuli. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT did interess iwvevs kastelis albomSi
Semonaxuli daviT CijavaZis suraTi. TeaTinel misioners is moxseniebuli hyavs,
rogorc anakofiis cixisa da navsayudaris mflobeli.854 ueWvelia, daviT CijavaZe
levan II dadianis mier iyo daniSnuli anakofiis cixisTavad da mas am mxaris
mmarTveloba hqonda Cabarebuli.
1657 wels levan dadiani gardaicvala, ris Semdegac daiwyo xangrZlivi
brZola samTavro taxtis dasakaveblad. odiSis mTavari imereTis mefis
aleqsandre III daxmarebiT (man odiSSi gailaSqra) gaxda levanis biZaSvili vamey
III lipartiani (1658-1661ww.). odiSis taxtze pretenziebi hqonda levanis
Zmiswulsac liparit dadiansac. 1658 wels, vameyma aseve imereTis mefis
daxmarebiT banZis brZolaSi (1658w.) daamarcxa metoqe da taxti SeinarCuna.
afxazebi solomon SarvaSiZis xelmZRvanelobiT maSin vameyis laSqarSi
ibrZodnen.855 am movlenis aRsaniSnavad gamarjvebulebma biWvinTis saxareba
moaWedines. banZis brZolis Sesaxeb cnoba daculia biWvinTis saxarebis
minawerSi: `dido biWvintis RmrTis mSobelo, Tqven SeavedreT da SewevniTa
TqveniTa mefesa da dadians win gavimarjveT gurielze da lipari dadiazeda da
amisTvin movaWedineT es patiosani saxareba... Cven SarvaSiZeman solomon da Zeman
Cvenman azrayan Tqvenda sadideblad da Cvenda sadRegrZelod da azrayanisa
aRsazrdelad da mas saukunosa Cvenisa sulis saxsrad da saoxad.~856
1659 wels vamey lipartiani guriaSi laSqrobs da am brZolaSic afxazebi mis
jarSi ibrZvian, e.i. afxazeTi jer kidev odiSis samTavros SemadgenlobaSia.
1661w. imereTis taxtisaTvis gaCaRebul brZolaSi qarTlis mefe vaxtang V
Sahnavazi (1658-1675ww.) CaerTo. man jer quTaisi daikava, Semdeg odiSSi gadavida.
svaneTSi gaqceuli vamey III-s nacvlad taxtze levan II dadianis Zmiswuli levan
III aiyvana da mas colad sakuTari Zmiswuli Tamari SerTo. vaxtang V-s
zugdidSi SarvaSiZe eaxla. `movida zugdids da mun moerTo SarvaSiZe ZRuniTa
didiTa da afxaziTa~857, - werda vaxuSti. amiT afxazeTis erisTavma da
afxazobam qarTlis mefis uzenaesoba aRiares. mefem afxazeTi isev odiSis
mTavars daumorCila.858 misi vaJis _ arCilis imereTSi gamefeba saqarTvelos
gaerTianebisaken iyo mimarTuli, magram es gegma TurqeTis zewoliT CaiSala. am
faqtidebidanac cxadia, rom afxazeTi maSinac samegrelosa da mTlianad
qarTuli samyaros nawils warmoadgenda.

853 . niko dadiani. qarTvelT cxovreba, gv. 151.
854 . qristoforo kasteli. cnobebi da albomi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 82. kastelis, vaxuSti batoniSvilis
da niko dadianis cnobebze dayrdnobiT istoriografiaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom safortifikacio sistema
kodoris qedis garda arsebobda anakofiaSic. aq mdebare cixesimagrisa da kedlis funqcia unda yofiliyo ara
marto mTielTa Tavdasxmebis mogerieba, aramed odiSis mTavris xelisuflebis ganmtkiceba anakofiis Crdilo-
dasavleTiT mdebare afxazeTis saerisTavoeze (k. okujava. afxazeTi XVII saukuneSi, gv. 27-36).
855 . b. xorava. odiS-afxazeTis urTierToba XV_XVIII ss. Tb., 1996, gv. 100.
856 . xelnawerTa aRweriloba. H koleqcia, t. V. Sedgenilia da dasabeWdad momzadebuli l. mefariSvilis
mier. Tb.,1949, gv. 74.
858 . b. xorava. odiS-afxazeTis urTierToba XV_XVIII ss. gv. 104
173
afxazeTis amgvari damokidebuleba odiSisadmi SemdgomSi didxans ar
gagrZelebula. dasavleT saqarTveloSi mimdinare SinaomebiT da odiSis mTavris
xelisuflebis dasustebiT kargad isargebles afxazma Tavadebma da bagrat
(saustan) SarvaSiZis xelmZRvanelobiT XVII saukunis 60-iani wlebis Sua
xanebidan laSqrobebs awyoben samegrelos ara marto ganapira, aramed Sida
mxareSic.859
1672 wels odiSSi axalcixis faSis meTaurobiT osmalTa jari SemoiWra,
romlis mizani iyo taxtze sulTnis saimedo piris dasma. mTavari iZulebuli
gaxda ruxis cixeSi Caketiliyo. man daxmarebisTvis afxazebs mimarTa, magram
afxazebma daxmarebis nacvlad samegrelo daarbies da ukan gabrundnen.860
1678w. afxazebma morigi laSqroba moawyves. am ambebis TviTmxilvel patriarq
dosiTeosis sityvebiT, àfxazebma daarbies moqvi, zugdidi, caiSi, xobi da
mTeli qveyana dioskuriidan hipiusamde. dadians Zala ar Seswevda maT
gasarekad~.861
odiSSi moRvawe TeaTineli misioneri mari Zampi XVII s. 70-iani wlebis
dasawyisSi aRniSnavda: `samegrelo samegrelo aRar aris, radgan omebis gamo
ukanasknel siglaxakeSia Cavardnili, daqceuli da aoxrebulia... axla kacs ar
SeuZlia uSiSrad iyos, mudam afxazebis dacemis SiSSia~. Zampisve cnobiT,
samegrelos afxazebTan erTad jiqebi, alanebi da Cerqezebi arbevdnen.862
afxazTa moTareSe razmebi guriamdec aRwevdnen, magram gurielma `mosrna
mekobred mosulni afxazni mravalgzis~.863
1681 wels levan III dadiani gardaicvala. taxtis memkvidre manuCari guriels
hyavda mZevlad. odiSSi gabatonebis mizniT gurielma manuCari mokla. Seqmnili
mdgomareobiT isargebla sorex (savarex) saustanis Ze SarvaSiZem da Tavi
odiSis mTavrad gamoacxada. 1683 wels lipartianis daxmarebiT odiSis mTavari
gaxda levan IV (1683-1691ww.). faqtobrivad odiSis samTavro orad iqna gayofili:
enguris aRmosavleT nawils dadiani ganagebda, xolo dasavleTs _ sorex Sar-
vaSiZe. amis Semdeg sorex SarvaSiZem ramdenjerme scada mTel samegreloze
gaevrcelebina Tavisi xelisufleba, magram uSedegod, samagierod mtkiced
damkvidrda Crdilo-dasavleT samegreloSi. niSandoblivia, rom italieli
misionerebi mas ara afxazeTis, aramed samegrelos mTavars uwodeben.864
samegreloSi sorexis gamTavrebis miuxedavad, afxazTa maoxari laSqrobebi
ar Sewyvetila. maT mizans ukve warmoadgenda rogorc nadavlis xelSi Cagdeba,
ise engurs dasavleTiT mdebare samegrelos miwebis afxazeTTan mierTeba da iq
mTielTa Casaxleba. 1685 wels afxazebi sorex SarvaSiZis samflobeloSi
SeiWrnen da samegrelos es nawili kvlav aaoxres.865 SesaZloa, am laSqrobis
Sedegad, an sorex SarvaSiZis gardacvalebis Semdeg, zegnay SarvaSiZem engurs
dasavleTiT mdebare odiSis miwa-wyali uSualod afxazeTs SeuerTa.
1689 wels, imereTis samefo taxtis garSemo atexili brZolebis Jams,
afxazeTSi Sahnavazis Ze arCili Cavida. vaxuSti batoniSvilis cnobiT, `miegeba
SarvaSiZe, istumra pativiT, viTarca mefe da imyofeboda zufus Jamraodenme~.866
es faqti adasturebs, rom SarvaSiZe, miuxedavad samegrelos daqvemdebarebidan
gamosvlisa, imereTis mefis uzenaesobas aRiarebda.
zegnay SarvaSiZe sakmaod vrcel teritorias ganagebda mdinare bzifs,
kavkasionsa da enguris qvemo wels Soris, Tumca afxazeTs am sazRvrebSi
859 . iqve, gv. 110.

860 . Jan Sardenis mogzauroba sparseTsa da aRmosavleTis sxva qveynebSi, gv. 207, 248.
861 . . . , . I. gv. 46.
862 . m. TamaraSvili. istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa Soris, gv. 204, 207.
864 . m. TamaraSvili. istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa Soris, gv. 208.
865 . T. beraZe. odiSi XVII saukunis miwurulidan XIX saukunis damdegamde. - samegrelo, kolxeTi, odiSi, gv.
219.
174
didxans ar uarsebia. daaxloebiT XVII saukunis 90-ian wlebSi, zegnayis
gardacvalebis Semdeg misi samflobelo Svilebma gainawiles. ufross _
rostoms ergo teritoria mdinareebs bzifsa da kodors Soris. SuaTanas _
jiqeSias _ mdinareebs kodorsa da RaliZgas Soris. am saTavados SemdegSi
afsuebi abJuas uwodebdnen. umcros Zes, yvapus wilad xvda miwa-wyali mdinare
RaliZgasa da mdinare enguris qvemo wels Soris, mermindeli samurzayano.867
amrigad, XVII saukunis 60-iani wlebis Sua xanebamde afxazeTi odiSis
samTavros SemadgenlobaSi rCeboda. SarvaSiZeebi da sxva afxazi Tavadebi
damokidebulni iyvnen dadianze, rac sxvadasxva saxis valdebulebebSi
gamoixateboda, kerZod, ixdidnen sadadiano gadasaxads da omis SemTxvevaSi
ùlaSqrebdnen~ mas. XVII saukunis 70-ian wlebamde SarvaSiZis brZola odiSis
mTavris winaaRmdeg warmoadgenda brZolas siuzerenis (dadianis) winaaRmdeg
damoukideblobis mosapoveblad. am mxriv is Zireulad gansxvavdeboda dadiansa
da guriels Soris dasavleT saqarTveloSi hegemonobisTvis warmoebuli
brZolebisgan.
afxazeTis odiSisagan faqtobrivi gamoyofa da misi calke samTavrod Tu
saTavadod Camoyalibeba XVII saukunis 70-iani wlebis miwuruls dasrulda,
rodesac man moiSora samTavro valdebulebebi da siuzerenis yovelgvari
damokidebulebisgan gaTavisuflda. amieridan SarvaSiZe uSualod, Tumca
nominalurad emorCileboda imereTis mefes.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom odiSidan gamoyofisa da samegrelos mniSvnelovani
nawilis mitacebis miuxedavad, afxazeTi ar warmoadgenda iseTsave myar politi-
kur erTeuls, rogoric misi mezobeli odiSis (an guriis) samTavro iyo. is
imTaviTve daiSala calkeul saTavadoebad. afxazi mTavris (zufueli
SarvaSiZis) xelisufleba mxolod mdinareebs bzifsa da kodors Soris mdebare
teritoriaze vrceldeboda. abJueli Tavadi SarvaSiZe mas mxolod nominalurad,
an saerTod ar emorCileboda. rac Seexeba abJuis aRmosavleTiT mdebare mxares,
1702 wels odiSis mTavarma SeZlo enguridanGRaliZgamde mdebare miwebis
dabruneba, Tumca am kuTxis mmarTvelad kvlav SarvaSiZeTa gverdiTi Stos
warmomadgeneli rCeboda, romelic dadians eqvemdebareboda.
2. eTnikuri procesebi
gvian Sua saukuneebSi mZime saSinao da sagareo politikuri mdgomareobidan

gamomdinare, saqarTveloSi sagrZnoblad Semcirda mosaxleoba. dacarielebul
baris regionebSi mTielebi saxldebodnen. mosaxleoba Semcirebul da
dacarielebul mTis kalTebs ki kavkasionis CrdiloeTidan gadmosuli mTielebi
ikavebdnen. ase Camoyalibda kaxeTSi War-belaqnisa da Talas e.w. lekuri
ubatono Temebi, aseve Sida qarTlis mTianeTSi, mTiswineTsa da barSic osTa
kompaqturi mosaxleoba.868 amgvari viTareba iqmneba jer afxazeTSi, Semdeg ki
Crdilo-dasavleT samegrelos sxva raionebSic, sadac Crdilo-kavkasiuri -
jiqur-abazuri Temebi mkvidrdebian.
XVIIs-Si da, saerTod, gvian Sua saukuneebSi, jiqebs ar gaaCndaT raime
saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmni da calkeul, erTmaneTisgan damoukidebel mTiel
da zRvispira Temebad dayofilni cxovrobdnen. evlia Celebis naSromSi
fiqsirebulia mTieli jiquri Temebis saxelebi: iaixarS, majar, Cmakurs,
alakariS, baRrs, vai fiRa, mqlie, bslb, axCfsi, fuSrxi.869 samwuxarod, am
Temebis adgilmdebareobis gansazRvra Zneldeba. SeiZleba mxolod is iTqvas,
rom axCfsis Temi aris igive ahWifsou, romelic mdinare mzimTas saTaveebSi
cxovrobda, xolo bslb abazuri baSilbais Temi unda iyos.
867 . T. WiWinaZe. `bediis xelnaweri“. – kvali, 1897, 11 maisi, #20.

868 . m. lorTqifaniZe. afxazebi da afxazeTi, gv. 20.
869 . evlia Celebis `mogzaurobis wigni~, n. I, gv. 106.
175
jiqeTis zRvispira Temebidan evlia Celebis moxseniebuli hyavs: kuTasi,
souksu, aSRili, usuviSi, buzuduki, jmba, soCa, kamS, arT, geC, didi Candebi,
mTis Candebi.870 Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im garemoebas, rom jiqeT-CerqezeTis Temebi
da tomebi ZiriTadad im mdinaris saxelis mixedviT iwodebodnen, romlis
napirebzec mosaxleobdnen, an im adgilis saxelis mixedviT iwodebodnen, sadac
isini cxovrobdnen, SedarebiT advildeba evliaseuli zRvispira jiquri Temebis
adgilmdebareobis gansazRvrac. ase, magaliTad: SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kuTasis
Temi kodoSis koncxsa da mis midamoebSi mosaxleobda, usuviSis (subaSis) Tems
mdinare subaSis anu Saxes xeoba ekava. Sesabamisad, souksusa da aSRilis Temebi
kodoSis koncxsa da mdinare Saxes Sua aris saZiebeli. soCis Tems, rogorc
TviT saxelwodeba miuTiTebs, mdinare soWis xeoba ekava. usuviSisa da soCas
Temebs Soris moxseniebuli bJeduRebi ufro md.SaxesTan axlos cxovrobdnen,
xolo jmba _ mdinare soWisgan dasavleTiT. kamSis Tems mdinare xamiSis xeoba
ekava, arTebs _ mdinare mzimTas qvemo weli, xolo geCebs _ mdinare fsous qveda
nawilis veli, romelsac mogvianebiT geCrifSi erqva. geCebisgan aRmosavleTiT
gagris qedze da mis mimdebare mxareebSi didi Candebi, anu candebi da mTis
Candebi cxovrobdnen. TviT gagra mTis Candebs ekuTvnodaT. gagris qedis
gadmoRma afxazi feodalebis samflobeloebi iwyeboda.
gvian Sua saukuneebSi adiRur_ubixuri tomebis mier Seviwrovebul jiqTa da
agreTve abazTa nawilis afxazeTSi damkvidrebis Sedegad am kuTxeebis eTnikur-
socialuri da kulturuli ier-saxe arsebiTad Seicvala.
afxazTa yofa-cxovrebis Sesaxeb saintereso cnobas iZleva arqanjelo
lamberti: àmaTi mSvenieri da saucxovo qveyana sul dayofilia nayofieri
gorakebiT. radgan haeri mrTeli da mSralia, xalxic aris mSvenieri sisxlisa,
lamazi saxisa da TeTri xorcisa, kargad moyvanili, Ronieri, mkvircxli da
mardi... afxazebs bevri jogi hyavT, maTi yoveldRiuri saWmelia: yveli, rZe da
gareuli nadiri. Tevzs ara sWamen, Tumca SeeZloT bevri daeWiraT mdinareebSic
da zRvaSic. kibo saSinlad ezizRebaT, rogorc gveli da dascinian megrelebs,
romelTac Zalian uyvarT kibo.
afxazebi qalaqebsa da cixeebSi rodi cxovroben, aramed Seiyreba erTi
gvaris aTi Tu oci ojaxi, amoirCeven romelsame maRlob adgils, gaaSeneben iq
karg isliT daxurul facxebs, Semoavleben amorCeul adgils magar Robes da
Rrma Txrils. Robes da Txrils imitom akeTeben, rom eSiniaT Tavdasxmisa,
gareSe xalxi ki ara, TviT afxazebi Tavs esxmian da sZarcvaven erTmaneTs.
xolo arTmeven erTmaneTs saxlis avejs ki ara, radgan afxazs aseTi aveji arc
ki gaaCnia, aramed kacebs, qalebs da biWebs. amisaTvis Cveulebriv Rame daecemian
erTmaneTs da visac moaxeleben, daiWeren da waiyvaneben.
afxazebs aqvT erTi SesaniSnavi Cveuleba, romelic sxvagan ar moipoveba,
saxeldobr is, rom micvalebuls rodi marxaven, aramed hkideben xolme xeze
Semdegis wesiT. gamoRaraven xis Rers kubos msgavsad, Sig Casdeben micvalebuls
da vazis magari ReroebiT Camohkideben xis wverze. amave xeze Camohkideben yvela
iaraRs, romelsac micvalebuli sicocxleSi saomrad xmarobda.~871
lambertis da XVII saukunis sxva ucxoel avtorTa (jovani da luka, kasteli,
evlia Celebi...) cnobebi imis Sesaxeb, rom afxazebi agre hgvanan kavkasiis mTiel
xalxebs yofiT, sarwmunoebiT, rom isini cixeebsa da qalaqebSi ar cxovroben,
rom isini megrelebs ar hgvanan yofa-cxovrebiT, _ yvelaferi es imis mowmobaa,
rom XVII saukuneSi sakuTriv afxazeTis mosaxleoba marTlac axal Camosuli
kavkasieli mTielebi arian. maT jer kidev ver auTvisebiaT zRvispireTi da
mTielTa wesebiT cxovrebas ganagrZoben. ra Tqma unda, eseni ar arian
aborigenebi. maT ver SeuTvisebiaT qristianoba, iseve rogorc ver SeuTvisebiaT
feodaluri meurneoba, feodaluri socialuri wyoba da gorakebze gvarebad
870 . iqve, gv. 105-106.
176
gansaxlebulni cxovrobdnen. Tu maT miwis sakuTreba hqondaT, is uTuod am
institutis dasawyisi stadia SeiZleba iyos, ramdenadac afxazebi umTavresad
mejogeobas misdevdnen da ara miwaTmoqmedebas.872
amrigad, XVII saukunis afxazebi TavisTavadi xalxia, primitiuli yofiT da
warmarTuli religiiT. da es maSin, rodesac adreul Sua saukuneebSi afxazeTi
iyo ekonomikurad ganviTarebuli da kulturulad dawinaurebuli qveyana,
saidanac qristianoba dasavleT kavkasiaSi vrceldeboda.
gvian Sua saukuneebSi mTieli tomebi ramdenime nakadad Camodian afxazeTis
teritoriaze. XVI saukuneSi, rogorc zemod aris naCvenebi, es procesi sakmaod
Sors aris wasuli, risi aSkara mowmobaa dasavleT saqarTvelos sakaTolikoso
taxtis gadatana biWvinTidan gelaTSi. XVII saukuneSi mTielTa morigi nakadis
Camosvlam kidev ufro gaaZliera afxazeTis axali mosaxleoba. imave saukunis I
naxevarSi, rodesac dasavleT saqarTvelos kavkasiur tomTa axali nakadi awveba,
qarTul xelisuflebas jer kidev Seswevs unari, win aRudges da àRmofxvras~
isini. swored amitom aris, rom feSangi levan II dadians axasiaTebs, rogorc
`jiqisa da alanisa daudgomlad sisxlTa mRvrelad~.873
lambertis cnobiT, XVII saukunis I naxevarSi afxazebi kodors gadaRma
cxovrobdnen `Tavisi gansakuTrebuli eniT~.874 Tumca TeaTineli misioneris
metad mniSvnelovani cnoba imis saSualebas mainc ar iZleva, rom XVII saukunis
I naxevarSi mdinare kodoris dasavleTiT erTgvarovani, afxazuri mosaxleoba
vigulisxmoT. lambertis Tanamedrove mravali ucxoeli avtoris cnobebSi Cans,
rom aRniSnuli droisaTvis Tanamedrove gulrifSis raionSi da mis Crdilo-
dasavleTiT mosaxleobis mniSvnelovan nawils jer kidev qarTvelebi Seadgen-
dnen.
kastelim, romelmac 1634-1639 wlebs Soris imogzaura afxazeTSi, iq ramdenime
gvari Caiwera. esenia: SaraSia, aCabaia, CijavaZe, kasaia, gimetia.875 rogorc
vxedavT, yvela CamoTvlili gvari dasavlur-qarTulia. niSandoblivia is
garemoeba, rom kastelis afxaz didebulTa gvarebi SarvaSiZe da anCabaZe
maincdamainc megruli formiT (SaraSia, aCabaia) aqvs moxseniebuli. kastelis
albomSi fiqsirebuli ramdenime gvari XVII saukunis I naxevris sakuTriv
afxazeTis eTnikur viTarebaze srul warmodgenas, ra Tqma unda, ver Segviqmnis,
magram es faqti am mxareSi qarTvelebis mosaxleobas namdvilad adasturebs.
kodoris dasavleTiT qarTvelTa mosaxleoba dasturdeba jovani da lukas
cnobebiTac. dominikel misioners samegrelos sazRvarTan, qalaq skisornumSi,
romelic mdebareobda soxumis midamoebSi, adgilobrivi Tavadi puto amcnobs ---
`Tumca qarTvelebi Cemi mezoblebi arian, magram me maTTan Tanxmoba ara maqvs~-
o.876
evlia Celebis mixedviT, samegrelos zRvispireTSi abazuri Temebidan CaCebi
esazRvrebdnen, romlebic megruladac laparakobdnen.877 osmalo mogzauris
cnobebiT ver irkveva, Tu sad emijneboda CaCebis miwa samegrelos; cxadia
mxolod, rom maT miwaze mdebareobda navsadguri lakba. brunis mosazrebiT, am
navsadgurs lakia ewodeboda da mdebareobda bomboris yureSi, romelsac
afxazebi XIX saukuneSic lixins uwodebdnen.878 evliaseuli `CaCi~ mosaxleobis
is nawili iyo, romelsac SarvaSiZe (CaCba) edga saTaveSi. evlia Celebis cnoba
CaCebis orenovnebis Sesaxeb im garemoebiT unda iyos gamowveuli, rom
saSarvaSiZeoSi afxazebTan erTad megrelebic mosaxleobdnen, rac dasturdeba
kidec kastelis monacemebiT.
872 . n.berZeniSvili. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, t. VIII. Tb., 1990. gv. 614.
873 . feSangi. Sahnavaziani, gv. 84.
874 . arqanjelo lamberti. samegrelos aRwera, gv.176.
875 . qristoforo kasteli. cnobebi da albomi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 80, 82, 134, 136, 171, 178.
876 . i.tabaRua. saqarTvelo evropis arqivebsa da wignsacavebSi, t. III, gv. 158.
877 . evlia Celebis mogzaurobis wigni, n. I, gv. 100.
878 . . . . – . , 1875, gv. 13.
177
XVII saukunis saistorio wyaroebSi metad mwiria cnobebi afxazeTis
aRmosavleT mTianeTis eTnikuri suraTis Sesaxeb. TeaTineli misionerebis
kolxeTis rukebis (aqve, ruka #13) mixedviT, kodoris qedze mdebare kedlis
warwera (rom is abazaTa sawinaaRmdegod aris agebuli) srulebiT ar
gamoricxavs XVII s. I naxevarSi kodoris xeobaSi Sereuli qarTul-afxazuri
mosaxleobis arsebobas, vinaidan es kedeli aSenebuli iyo ara aqauri Temebis,
aramed, upirveles yovlisa, Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasieli tomebisgan Tavdacvis
mizniT.
evlia Celebi mTebSi mosaxle afxazur-abazuri Temebidan aRmosavleTidan
dasavleTis mimarTulebiT pirvelad fuSrxis afiqsirebs, romelic, avtoris
mixedviT, `megrelebTan axloa~.879 brunis mixedviT, fuSrxi igive fsxua.880 e.i.
osmalo mogzaurs mdinare bzifis saTaveebis aRmosavleTiT megrelebi eguleba.
sakuTriv afxazeTis ukiduresi Crdilo-dasavleTi nawili, teritoria
mdinare bzifis gadaRma, vaxuSti batoniSvilis cnobas Tu daveyrdnobiT, jer
kidev `bagrationT Jams aqeT aqamomde~ jiqebiT iyo dasaxlebuli,881 magram Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT gvian Sua saukuneebSi Crdilo-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi
mimdinare migraciul procesebs, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom XVII saukuneSic aq, iseve
rogorc sakuTriv afxazeTSi - kapoetis wyalsa da anakofias Soris mdebare
teritoriaze, mTielTa Camowolis procesi grZeldeboda.
XVII saukunis 80-iani wlebidan, mas Semdeg, rac Crdilo-dasavleT samegrelo
afxazeTis SemadgenlobaSi moeqca, aq eTnikuri suraTi mniSvnelovnad icvleba.
CrdiloeT kavkasiidan Camosaxlebul mTielebs (afxazebsa da jiq-abazebs)
eTnografiuli TvalsazrisiT SedarebiT advilad unda aeTvisebinaT cxumis
mxare, romelic gareSe mterTa Tavdasxmebis Sedegad XV saukunis II naxevridan
TandaTanobiT kargavs Zvel Zlierebas, Canagdeba da mosaxleobisgan icleba.
SemTxveviTi ar aris is faqti, rom warsulSi savaWro-ekonomikuri da
kulturuli TvalsazrisiT mZlavri cxumi, XVII saukunis saistorio wyaroebSi
faqtobrivad aRar moixsenieba. awindeli afxazeTis samxreT-aRmosavleTi mxaris
istoriul-eTnologiur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT unda SevexoT samecniero
literaturaSi arsebul erT-erT mosazrebas, romlis mixedviT, àfxazeTis
samTavros mier istoriuli cxumisa da nawilobriv bediis saerisTavoebis
teritoriis SemoerTebas im garemoebam Seuwyo xeli, rom es kuTxe mniSvnelovan-
wilad dasaxlebuli iyo afxazurenovani TemebiT, romlebic feodaluri
eklesiis, pirvel rigSi, drandis, moqvis da bediis saepiskoposoebisadmi
damokidebulebis pirobebSi, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi inarCunebdnen
TviTmyofadobas~.882 imTaviTve unda aRiniSnos, rom mdinare enguris Crdilo-
dasavleTiT mdebare politikuri, ekonomikuri da kulturul-religiuri
mniSvnelobis punqtebi (biWvinTa, dranda, moqvi, bedia da. a.S.) zogjer ufro did
rols asrulebdnen odiSis samTavros cxovrebaSi, vidre is punqtebi, romlebic
engurs aRmosavleTiT mdebareobdnen. dadianebs zugdidis garda sasaxleebi
hqondaT xauJelSi, RaliZgaSi, moqvsa da merkulaSi. SemTxveviTi araa isic, rom
goridan gadmosul TeaTinel misionerebs odiSis mTavari levan II dadiani 1633
wlis noemberSi merkulaSi Rebulobs da iq umarTavs audiencias.883 antioqiis
patriarqis, makariosis cnobiT (1664w.), samegrelos saepiskoposoebs Soris
yvelaze didi bediisa yofila.884 niSandoblivia, rom odiSis samTavros eqvsi
saepiskoposodan enguris dasavleTiT, garda bediisa, moqmedebdnen moqvisa da
drandis saepiskoposoebi. amave mxareSi mdebareobdnen qiaCisa da wifurias
879 . evlia Celebis mogzaurobis wigni, n. I, gv. 106.

880 . . . . . . , gv. 20.
881 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, gv.786.
882 . . , . . , gv. 125.
884 . . . XVII , gv. .32.
178
monastrebi.885 wifurias monasteri mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi dasavleT
saqarTveloSi moRvawe TeaTineli misionerebis rezidencia iyo.
juzepe judiCes relaciebSi moTxrobilia, rom mis dros samegreloSi
gansakuTrebiT oTx dResaswauls zeimobdnen: aRdgomas, dadianobas, mariamobas
da giorgobas. amaTgan, misioneris mixedviT, yvelaze didi iyo wminda giorgis
dResaswauli, romelsac noemberSi bedieli episkoposis xelmZRvanelobiT
iloris wminda giorgis saxelobis eklesiaSi atarebdnen.886
md.enguris Crdilo-dasavleTiT funqcionirebdnen agreTve odiSis ZiriTadi
savaWro-ekonomikuri centrebi. lambertis mixedviT, umTavresi bazroba
wifuriaSi imarTeboda. mis garda amgvar mniSvnelovan punqtebs warmoadgendnen
ilori da bedia.887 savaWro-ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, odiSSi didi mniSvnelo-
ba eniWeboda mdinare kodoris SesarTavis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT mdebare skur-
Cas navsadgurs.888 darwmunebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom XVII saukunis 80-ian
wlebamde odiSis samTavros ZiriTadi ekonomikuri da kulturuli nawili
mdinare enguris Crdilo-dasavleTiT mdebareobdnen.
XVII saukunis 80-ian wlebamdeli saistorio wyaroebiT, mdinareebs, engursa
da kelasurs Soris mdebare mxare ara marto politikurad, aramed
eTnikuradac samegreloa, rac kargad Cans lui de granJies moxsenebaSic,889
romelic 1615 wlis 2 marts, samegrelos sofel moqvSia dawerili. granJies
mowmoba imiTaa saintereso, rom is moqvs samegreloSi gulisxmobs, magram kidev
ufro sainteresoa imiT, rom aq is saWirod scnobs samoRvaweod Seiswavlos
megruli da samwignobro qarTuli; maSasadame, moqvis mxare megrelebiTaa dasax-
lebuli, qarTuli ki saxelmwifo da qristianobis enaa. im dros aq sxva enis
mqone xalxs, kerZod, Tanamedrove afxazTa (afsuaTa) winaprebs rom ecxovra,
safiqrebelia, granJie im xalxis enis Seswavlas aseve saWirod dainaxavda.890
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT uZvirfases masalas warmoadgens XVII saukunis
toponimia. TeaTinel misionerTa rukebze afxazeTsa da samegrelos Soris
Camaval mdinares kodori ewodeba. niSandoblivia, rom samegreloSi dResac
cnobilia msgavsi geografiuli saxelebi: kodore, kodara, kodifoni, kodora,
kodorqalaqi, kodorfoni, kodorWae, gaenkodori, kodorou, kodori da a.S.891
xsenebul rukebze saxelwodeba dranda gadmocemulia megruli formiT –
dandra, rac kidev erTi damatebiTi sabuTia im mosazrebis sasargeblod, rom
dranda da misi mimdebare mxare ara marto politikuri TvalsazrisiT Sedioda
odiSis SemadgenlobaSi, aramed is eTnikuradac samegrelos organuli nawili
iyo.
XVII saukunis saistorio wyaroebSi mdinareebs kodorsa da engurs Soris
moxseniebulia Semdegi geografiuli saxelebi:
marmarwyari _ patara mdinare, romelic zRvas erTvis kodoris
aRmosavleTiT. mis Sua welze, marjvena mxares, misionerebs aRniSnuli aqvT
sofeli marmariSkari.
jovani da lukas moxseniebuli aqvs sofeli skurCa892, romelic mdebareobda
mdinare skurias SesarTavTan. skurCas agreTve tyauru ewodeboda.^^
dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebSi moxseniebuli sofeli fSia893,
TeaTineli misionerebis kolxeTis rukebze fiqsirebulia marmarwyaris, igive
skurias saTaveebTan.
885 . arqanjelo lamberti. samegrelos aRwera, gv. 120-121.

886 . judiCe juzepe. werilebi saqarTveloze, gv. 96-97.
887 . arqanjelo lamberti. samegrelos aRwera, gv. 157-158.
890 . n. berZeniSvili. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, t. VIII, gv. 611.
891 . g. eliava. abaSisa da gegeWkoris raionebis toponimika. Tb.,1977, gv. 19, 24, 39, 51, 103.
892 . m. TamaraSvili. istoria kaTolikobisa.., gv. 145; i.tabaRua. saqarTvelo evropis...., t. III, gv. 160.
893 . s. kakabaZe. afxazeTis sakaTalikozo didi iadgari. _ saistorio Ziebani, w. II, tf., 1925, gv. 187.
179
lambertis Tanaxmad, odiSis erT-erTi monasteri agebuli iyo qiaCis mTaze,
wm.miqelis saxelobaze894. qiaCi mdebareobda kodoris qedis samxreT kalTebze,
Tanamedrove jgerdaSi.
kvitouli895 _ sofeli mdebareobs mdinare moqvis dasavleTiT, aRniSnulia
lambertisa da kastelis rukebze, moxseniebuli aqvT 1639-1640 ww. samegreloSi
myof rus elCebs.
kamuleTi896 _ md.moqvis marjvena Senakadis, kamurCas napirze897.
Wala898 _ afsuuri Temebis damkvidrebis Semdeg mas Wilou ewoda. mdebareobs
oCamCirisgan Crdilo-dasavleTiT.
TiliTi899 _ TeaTineli misionerebis rukebze es sofeli aRniSnulia
md.moqvis saTaveebSi gansxvavebuli saxelwodebiT _ TiliSi900. am SemTxvevaSi
toponimi -iT bolosarTis nacvlad nawarmoebia zanur-svanuri -iS sufiqsiT.
Txalari901 _ savaraudod, mdebareobda Tanamedrove Txinas midamoebSi902.
TeaTinel misionerTa rukebze mdinareebs RaliZgasa da oqums Soris mTebSi
aRniSnulia sofeli marcxuli. moxseniebulia kastelis albomSic903.
zegani904 _ mdinareebs RaliZgasa da moqvs Soris, amJamindeli gufis
midamoebSi.
xauJeli905 _ daaxloebiT TiliTsa da RaliZgas Soris.
RaliZga906 _ mdebareobda amave saxelwodebis mdinaris Sua welze,
Tanamedrove sofel beslaxubas midamoebSi. TeaTinel misionerTa rukebze
md.RaliZgas aweria egrisi. aseve uwodebs mas lamberti Tavis aRweraSic907.
mxolod SemdegSi mdinare egrisma miiRo mis sanapiroze mdebare soflis saxeli
da ewoda RaliZga. rusi elCebi axseneben mas `gambli~-s formiT.
ilori908 _ sofeli mdebareobs md. RaliZgis SesarTavTan. lambertiseul
rukaze aseTi sofeli aRniSnulia md.cxeniswylis napirebTanac. cnobilia, rom
samegreloSi ilori ramdenime sofels ewodeboda.909
xoiri910 _ savaraudod unda iyos awindeli sofeli oxurei.
subvi911 _ saeklesio sabuTebSi moxseniebuli es sofeli TeaTineli
misionerebis rukebze dafiqsirebulia formiT subeiSi, mdinare oqumis marjvena
sanapiroze. mdebareobda awindeli aCigvaras midamoebSi912.
naJaneo _ ixsenieba biWvinTis iadgarSi (XVIs.),913 rogorc engurispira sofeli.
XVII saukunis saeklesio sabuTebSi moxseniebulia formiT naJaneuli914. amJamad
mas savaraudod, otobaia ewodeba915.

895 . S. burjanaZe. istoriuli dokumentebi imereTis samefosa da guria-odiSis samTavroebisa, w. I. Tb.,1958,
gv. 151.
896 . s. kakabaZe. dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebi, w. I. tfilisi, 1921, gv. 41.
898 . s. kakabaZe. afxazeTis sakaTalikozo didi iadgari.. - saistorio moambe, w. II. tfilisi, 1925, gv. 187.
899 . s. kakabaZe. afxazeTis sakaTalikozo glexebis didi davTari, gv. 33.
900 . amgvaradaa is fiqsirebuli lambertis rukaze, xolo kastelisTan mas TiliTi ewodeba. am adgilebSi
dResacaa SemorCenili toponimi TliT abaa (afxazurad TiliTis cixe) sof TxinasTan. ix.: T.beraZe. odiSis
samTavros ruka arqanjelo lambertis mixedviT. _ saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis macne, istoriis... seria,
#3, 1971, gv. 154.
901 . s. kakabaZe. dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebi, w. I, gv. 41.
903 . qristoforo kasteli. cnobebi da albomi, gv. 151.
905 . s. kakabaZe. afxazeTis sakaTalikozo glexebis didi davTari. tfilisi, 1914, gv. 36.
906 . Rapports sur un voyage archéologique dans la Géorgie et dans l’Armenié. Execute en 1847-1848, par
M. Brosset, St. Petersburgs, 1849, VIII, gv. 106.
909 . k. okujava. afxazeTi XVII saukuneSi, gv. 95.
912 . v. zuxbaia. afxazeTis istoriuli geografiisaTvis. –riwa, N#1_2, 1997, gv. 136.
913 . i. doliZe. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi. t. II. Tb., 1965, gv. 179.
914 . s. kakabaZe. afxazeTis sakaTalikozo glexebis didi davTari, gv. 24, 53.
915 . v. zuxbaia. afxazeTis istoriuli geografiisaTvis, gv. 135.
180
wamxari _ aRniSnulia TeaTinel misionerTa rukebze. dRes wamxari Tagilonis
erT-erTi ubania.916
TeaTinel misionerTa rukebze md.RaliZgis dasavleTiT aRniSnulia mdinare
moqvi (moqviSwyari). lambertis Tanaxmad, àm mdinares ase hqvia imitom, rom igi
Caudis moqvis saepiskoposos~.917
granJies moxsenebaSi moqvis maxloblad fiqsirebulia sofeli margula918.
dRes mas merkula ewodeba. mdebareobs mdinare moqvis SesarTavTan, marcxena
mxares.
arqanjelo lamberti samegrelos mdinareTa Soris asaxelebs oqums919.
md.oqumi aseve aRniSnulia lambertisa da kastelis rukebze.
bedia _ XVII saukuneSi moxseniebuli aqvs mraval avtors.
TeaTinel misioners Zampis samegrelos dasavleT nawilSi moxseniebuli aqvs
sofeli fuwyuri920. amJamad es sofeli galidan Crdilo-dasavleTiT, warCesTan
axlos mdebareobs921.
kolxeTis mdinareTa aRwerisas lamberti aRniSnavs: ènguris iqiT aris xeTi,
romelsac sipataravis gamo rukebze ar aRniSnaven, zRvas SeerTvis
gagidasTan~. 922
lambertTan fiqsirebuli md.xeTiwyari aris erwyari (eriswyali), xolo
sofeli gagida amJamadac mdebareobs mdinare erwyaris SesarTavidan samxreT-
aRmosavleTiT.
lambertis zemoT motanili erTerTi cnobiT, samegreloSi èrT adgilas, ro-
melsac oluSe hqvia, mTebi gaSlilia da mters advilad SeeZlo aqedan
Semosvla da qveynis aoxreba, _ didis xarjiT amouyvaniaT kedeli, sigrZiT
samoci aTasi nabiji da kedelSi aqa-iq auSenebiaT koSkebi, romlebSic dganan
TofiT SeiaraRebuli mcvelebi~.923
TeaTinel misionerTa rukebze oluSe aRniSnulia mdinare RaliZgis
saTaveebSi, safortifikacio sistemasTan. cnobilia, rom dRes oluSe ewodeba
mTas tyvarCelTan924. amgvari toponimebi oluSe//oleSe gvxvdeba lebardesTan
(mdinare texuris saTaveebSi) da skurTan (mdinare Waniswylis saTaveebSi).
g.eliavas megruli sityva òleSe~ ganmartebuli aqvs, rogorc gasasvleli, xo-
lo olu aris gza, aseve gasasvleli. igi iqve dasZens, rom mtris Semosevisas
aseTi gza ikvreboda qviTkiris kedliT da ukeTdeboda mcire gasasvleli muxis
karebiT925.
lamberti odiSis monasterTagan gansakuTrebulad aRniSnavs wifurias
monasters, romelic, misioneris sityvebiT, àSenebulia vakeze, enguris napiras.
es monasteri exla Cvenebis xelSia. aq aris ori eklesia erTad SeerTebuli,
romelTagan erTi RmrTismSoblis saxelobazea da meore _ wm.giorgisaze~.926
kastelis mixedviTac, wifuria engurispira sofeli iyo, xolo TeaTinel
misionerTa rezidencia aq mdinaridan `xeliT gasrolili qvis manZilze~
mdebareobda927. sofeli aRniSnulia kastelisa da lambertis rukebzec.
wifuria mdebareobda dRevandeli engurispira sof.Tagilonis teritoriaze928.
lambertisa da kastelis mier Sedgenil rukebze mdinareebs kodorsa da
916 .T. beraZe. odiSis samTavros ruka, gv. 152.

917 .arqanjelo lamberti. samegrelos aRwera, gv. 176.
918 .m. TamaraSvili. istoria kaTolikobisa, gv. 140.
920 .m. TamaraSvili. istoria kaTolikobisa, gv. 655.
921 .T. beraZe. odiSis samTavros ruka, gv. 153.
923 .iqve, gv. 166.
924 .b. xorava. odiS-afxazeTis urTierToba.., gv. 96.
925 .g. eliava. megrul-qarTuli leqsikoni. Tb., 1997 gv. 255.
927 .qristoforo kasteli. cnobebi da albomi, gv. 195.
928 . T.beraZis azriT, wifuria ganarjia-muxuris teritoriaze mdebareobda. ix. misi: odiSis samTavros
ruka.., gv.150.
181
engurs Soris aseve aRniSnulia Semdegi soflebi:
saTamaSia, wyurgili, tkvaja, dRvana, pitauri, jobawyari, gudaSi, papaTi,
sanari, saCino, warCe, CxorToli, barRefi, nabakia, sudaSi, kadari, gogieli,
Jirpiji, genaTi, saTanjo, sujona.
amrigad, XVII saukunis saistorio wyaroebSi (dasavleT saqarTvelos
saeklesio sabuTebi, ucxoel avtorTa cnobebi, TeaTinel misionerTa kolxeTis
rukebi) kargad Cans, rom awindeli afxazeTis samxreT-aRmosavleT mxares
mxolod qarTuli (megruli) toponimebi da hidronimebi figurirebs.
Tanamedrove samxreT-aRmosavleT afxazeTSi XVIs. bolosa da XVII saukuneSi
damowmebulia Semdegi gvar-saxelebi:
naJaneulSi (XVIs. dasasruli): SuSania, jgviburia Tolioqro, subuqia, jakobia
gugutia, mWiSia kakauri, uCaia mamisSuri, uCaia soxerdia, uCaia Tolskvamia, didia
gabriela, kodia kacibaia, eliSia Tomixila, rusayia marcvalia, matufia SuriToli,
gogilava mamismama, gogilava SuriToli, Rrubelaia mamismama, mamasferi, gurua WuWa,
cistaria mamismama, kodia Tolibedi, qajaia deismama, logua kurcxai, jguburia
nikolaa, ZaZua, konjaria, fiolia da a.S.
sofeli naJaneuli (1621w.): uCaia mixilia, uCaia gurmixili, uCaia mirCqilia,
jakobia Tolioqro, didia jgeqoCi, didia qoCilei, kodia orqolei, kodia maWixola,
kodia solerdia, kodia mixilia, jguburia guriSia, SuSania soxerdia, koCivara kuatara,
ZaZua gabrieli, ZaZua ardaSela, ZaZua ingaria, gogilaa Tolioqro, qajaia mestumria,
koCila markozia, cikutia miZiruda, Rrubelaia koWola, gurua gemWiSia, xistaria
Tolimafu, daviTia mestumria, cistaria koCia, logua ToliSia, eliSia koCila, eliSia
Tolmixila, eliSia uskuamada, konjaria mamalei, konjaria Toskuamia, WutiSia
Tolioqro, mirCqilia fiolia, WuWu kontaria da a.S.
sofeli xoiri//oxurei (1621w.): didia xaxuta, Cagua gogia, lasuria ukulaSi,
lasuria uskuamia, lasuria mixilia, mamulia webelara, Cagua gurmixila, gunia babadia,
grigolia gokurcxia, jiqia skuamilei, didia Tolioqro, ambalia xuxulia, ambalia
xuci, jomnia gamigona, jomnia vaJikoCa, kakua mxiarula, kakua iSamorTa, kakua moirdina,
gamkervalia xaxuta da a.S.
sofeli subvi//subeiSi//aCigvara (1621w.): kitia quaqualia, kitia qerabimi, kitia
mamulia, kitia Surimidgi, kitia jgirkoCi, kitia pirnaTe, pertia, qorColua mamaSi,
jakonia kaka, jakonia vaJoba, jakonia papiSia, jakonia babadiSi, jakonia skuamili,
jakonia qoZiria, luajagia sanatreli, artonia mamulia, xungia uwyinara, miqelia
Surimidgi, bigua uCalei da a.S.
sofeli TiliTi (1621w.): TifSxua xucesi, TifSxua nanartia, TifSxua iese, cquria
jgekoCi, cquria sordi, gulua TuTaSxia, sTefanaskiri SuriToli, sTefanaskiri
mixilia, Jvaneskeria babaSuri, bulia mordilia, TuTaSxia qufaCa, Toliskuami faJa,
Toliskua kirCxeli, Santia uCakoCi, malurava SuriToli, Cxirua Surimidgi, gorgilava
orqoia da a.S.
sofeli xauJeli (1621w.): vardania xucesi, varTangia, bagia miTanafi, weblaria
gaWirdia, weblaria qaqalia, xalibesSvili dalaba, salatia uCardia, salatia gairCqini,
duSia Toskuamia, duSia Zuka, duSia mamaia, vardania sabedo, vardania mixilia, vardania
skumiSia, Sonia uCardia, niseria mamiyordi (me miyvardi), niseria kaxaber, niseria
uwyinari, niseria qaqalia da a.S.
sofeli tyauru (1621w.): Sambia (Samgia) Tavaza, Sambia ququalia, Sambia maSutua,
WuWuria uCakoCi, gavaSeli daTia.
sofeli Wala//Wlou, sadac iyo saydari da jaianebis sasaxle (1621w.):
gogordava xucesi, gogordava gvata, mixilia Caglia, Wania maWixoli, falia Surimidgi,
marRia qvacxa, lorteg bibilia, giCordi fxa da a.S.929
eTnikuri istoriis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT didi mniSvneloba aqvT XVII-s-is
istoriul wyaroebSi dafiqsirebul gvar-saxelebs Tanamedrove afxazeTis
teritoriis sxva dasaxlebul punqtebSic, maT Soris wamxarSi: mWiTanava, marRia,
tania, Zasania930; kadarsa da mis mimdebare soflebSi: daTuskaria (daTuskiria?),
929 . qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. III. Tb., 1970, gv. 382, 419, 423, 425, 426, 428, 431, 434.
930 . Rapports.., IX, gv. 19-20.
182
Cxorelia, kobaxia, albaria, borqia931; ilorSi: gomiZula wawulua932, CxoxoZe933, Segua,
germania934; kamuleTSi: gurmixili kubecia; RaliZgaSi: alesandria935, moirdi
kvirkvelia, uskvama kvirkvelia, gvianiSi Cagaloskiri936; zeganSi: muTagiRun xubilava,
gogua, nadaraia937; sof. TxalarSi: gabrava; sof. marcxulSi: gurmixili esebia938;
kvitoulSi: totoji daviTia, gaizardi afia, anCibuxu Cxangua, bebelia bagaTelia, misi
coli afaqiZis qali da maTi Svili masi bagaTelia, beleSia939; sof. gufuSi: maxu
vardania, sabedo vardania, nixilia vardania, skumiSia vardania; giorgi vardania; sof.
fSiaSi: jaiani, bibilia940.
amrigad, naTlad Cans, rom XVII saukunis 80-ian wlebamdel engur-kelasuris
SuamdinareTSi mxoloddamxolod qarTuli (megruli) mosaxleoba iyo.
XVII s. 60-80-ian wlebSi kelasur-RaliZgas SuamdinareTSi afxazuri da jiqur-
abazuri Temebi iwyeben damkvidrebas. vaxuStis cnobiT, `daipyres vidre egrisis
mdinaremde da daeSenebodnen TviT afxazni da arRara iyo drandas da moqus
episkoposni~941. am teritoriaze afxazebma mkvidri mosaxleobis nawili
amoJlites, an tyved gayides, mcire nawilma samegrelosa da imereTis Sida
regionebs Seafara Tavi. gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT gaanadgures
Tavadaznauroba, rogorc odiSis mTavris ZiriTadi dasayrdeni. sofel Walas
(Wilou) mflobeli merab jaiani iqidan gamoiqca da afxazeTis kaTolikoss
grigol lorTqifaniZes aseTi Sinaarsis pirobis wigni miarTva: èse mtkice
wigni mogarTvi Tqven, kaTalikozs batons grigols Cven, jainma merab, ase rom
Cveni qveyana TaTris xelad Seiqmna da merme amxeli kaci var iq aRar
gvedgomeboda da movedi, SemogexveweT da wyaloba gviyaviT da Cvens
sicocxleSi dagvayeneT da jiqTubans sami mosaxle glexi gviboZeT...”942. XVII-
XVIIIss. mijnaze merab jaianis bedi sxvebmac gaiziares, vinaidan awindeli
afxazeTi `TaTris xelad Seiqmna”.
RaliZgasa da engurs Soris mdebare teritoriaze gabatonebis Semdeg yvapu
SarvaSiZem adgilobrivi mosaxleobis Turqebze gayidva daiwyo. marTalia, man
SemdegSi orjer ficic misca kaTalikosebs daviT nemsaZesa (1673-1696ww.) da
grigol lorTqifaniZes (1696-1742ww.), rom tyveebs ar gayidda,943 magram piroba ar
Seasrula. jer mTielTa TareSis, Semdeg ki tyveTa syidvis Sedegad es mxarec
mniSvnelovnad daicala mkvidri mosaxleobisgan.
dacarielebul teritoriaze yvapu SarvaSiZem bzifidan gadmoasaxla
`ramdenime gvarni Tavadni da aznaurni, saxeldobr: anCabaZe, emuxvari,
inaliSvili, marRania, zvanbaia, lakirbaia da aqirTava, romlebTaTvisac
daunawilebia ese sazRvari, xolo Tvisda saxasod Seucavs soflebi bedia,
faxulani da barbalo (koki).~944 CamosaxlebulT Tan Camohyvnen dabali fenebic. am
droidan gaCndnen samurzayanoSic awindel afxazTa winaprebi, romlebic
SemdegSi mkvidr mosaxleobaSi aiTqvifnen da gaqarTveldnen.
afsuaTa afxazeTSi Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiidan mosulobis Sesaxeb ucxour
saistorio wyaroebSi cnobebi jer kidev XVIII s. I naxevridan mogvepoveba.
kerZod, rusi istorikosis v.tatiSCevis sityvebiT, afxazeTis aris `CrdiloeT
931 . m. TamaraSvili. istoria kaTolikobisa, gv. 211.

932 . s. kakabaZe. dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebi, w. I, gv. 40-41.
933 . s. kakabaZe. afxazeTis sakaTalikozo didi iadgari, gv. 190.
934 . k. grigolia. iloris wm. giorgis xatis warwera, gv. 157.
936 . Rapports.., VIII, gv. 106.
938 . iqve.
939 . S. burjanaZe. istoriuli dokumentebi.., w. I, gv. 151.
940 . s. kakabaZe. afxazeTis sakaTalikozo didi iadgari, gv. 187.
942 . s.kakabaZe dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebi, w.I, gv. 149-150.
943 . e. TayaiSvili. saqarTvelos siZveleni, t. I. tfilisi, 1920, gv. 36; j.gamaxaria. afxazeTi da
944 . T. WiWinaZe. `bediis xelnaweri“. –kvali- 1897, 11 maisi, #20.
183
samegrelos nawili, romelsac Turqebi da yabardoelebi abxazoss, xolo Cveni
winaprebi obezs uwodebdnen, misi meti nawili dRes yubanelebiTaa
dasaxlebuli~.945
ingliseli ed. spenseri ki werda (1851w.), rom soxumis midamoebSi mcxovrebi
afxazebi `nawilobriv yirimisa (yabardos – avt.) da yubanis xanebisa da
sulTnebis Camomavlebi arian, romlebic Tavis tomebTan erTad dasaxldnen am
adgilebSi~.8
aRsaniSnavia a.diaCkov-tarasovis mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac, adiRebisgan
Seviwroebulma abasgebma,9 rogorc Cans, XVI-XVII saukuneebSi gadalaxes gagris
qedi, aseve fseaSxos, axbircis, cagerkeris, maruxisa da qluxoris uReltexi-
lebi.10 imave avtoris dakvirvebiT, XIII-XIV saukuneebis afxazeTis sazRvari
mdinareebs fsousa da xosTas Soris meryeobda. XVIs. adiRebis mier
Seviwroebulma jiqebma gagris gasasvleli daikaves da sazRvari kidev ufro
samxreTiT, gagris qeds gadaRma gadaswies.
garda amisa, a.diaCkov-tarasovi Tavis morig naSromSi _ `bzifis afxazeTi~ _
Semdeg daskvnas akeTebda: àfxazebi yovelTvis rodi mosaxleobdnen aq. maTi
gadmocemebi, wes-Cveulebebi da mravali istoriuli monacemi adasturebs, rom
isini CrdiloeTidan movidnen da Seaviwroves qarTuli tomebi, sanam engurTan
ar SeCerdnen. aq moxda ori sxvadasxva warmoSobis xalxis _ megrelebisa da
afxazebis urTierTSerwyma, ris Sedegadac warmoiSva kodorsa da engurs Soris
moqceuli samurzayanos mosaxleoba~.946
afxazeTSi mTielTa migraciuli procesebis Sesaxeb arsebul mwir saistorio
wyaroebs mniSvnelovanwilad avsebs toponimuri da folkloruli masala.
kerZod, mdinare kelasuris aRmosavleTiT zRvaSi Caedineba md. maWara, romlis
napirebzec mdebareobs amave saxelwodebis sofeli. cnobilma afxazma
mkvlevarma x. bRaJbam mdinarisa da soflis saxeli maWara evlia Celebis
mogzaurobis wignSi moxseniebul Temis saxels maWar-s daukavSira, romelmac
gadmosaxlebis Sedegad afxazeTis geografiul saxelebSi Tavisi kvali datova.
x. bRaJba amave Tems ukavSirebs afxazeTSi gavrcelebul gvarsaxels _ amiWba.947
osmalo mogzauris monacemebs Tu daveyrdnobiT, maWaras Temis (evliasTan ma-
jar) lokalizeba tuafsisgan aRmosavleTiT, mTebSi mogviwevs. Zneli dasadgenia,
Tu rodis gadmosaxlda es Temi jiqeTidan afxazeTSi, magram is mainc cxadia,
rom maTi migracia XVII saukunis I naxevris Semdeg moxda. garda amisa,
lingvisturad usafuZvloa maWaris dakavSireba amiWba-sTan.
afxazeTSi afsuaTa mosulobis Tvalsazriss garkveulwilad exmianeba maTi
gadmocemebi. zogi versiis Tanaxmad, isini afxazeTSi egviptidan, abisiniidan
arian mosulni, zogi versiiT - armeniaze gavliT yubanSi dasaxldnen, saidanac
sicivisgan Sewuxebulni afxazeTSi gadavidnen.948 erT-erTi gadmocemiT, Soreul
warsulSi afxazeTis mTebSi cxovrobda wanis, anu wanias gvaris xalxi. wanebi
mejogeebi iyvnen, Tavs rZeuliTa da umi xorciT irCendnen, magram radganac
wanebi usjuloni iyvnen da RmerTs arafrad agdebdnen, RmerTma isini dasaja.
maT sacxovriss cecxli gauCina da masTan erTad usjulo wanebic gadabuga.949
es gadmocema dakavSirebulia afxazeTis Tavisebur arqeologiur naSTebTan,
romelnic naxevrad ciklopuri, megaliTuri xasiaTisa arian da vrceldeboda
bzifidan enguramde. es Zeglebi gvxvdeba mTebSi da warmoadgenen yorulad nageb
945 . . . , . I. .- ., 1962, gv. 171.

8. k. koxisa da e. spenseris cnobebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis Sesaxeb. germanulidan Targmna, Sesavali
da komentarebi daurTo l. mamacaSvilma. Tb., 1981, gv. 135.
9 . avtori abasgebSi gulisxmobs afsuebis, jiqebis da abazebis winaprebs.
10 . . - . . , 1903, gv. 36, 50.
946 . . - . . –
, . XVIII. , 1905, gv . 65.
947 . . . . – , . I, , 1987, gv. 145.
948 . . - . . , 1965, gv. 37.
949 . s. janaSia. Tubal-Tabali, tibareni, iberi. _ Sromebi, t. III. Tb., 1959, gv. 14.
184
oTxkuTxed an araswori wris saxis mqone `bakebs~. maT afxazebi
awangvaras//wanigvaras eZaxian, rac wanis sacxovriss niSnavs. s.janaSias sity-
vebiT, àfxazebs maTi dRevandeli teritoriis did nawilze win uswrebda
qarTveluri mosaxleoba, erTi mxriv, svanuri Stosi, meore mxriv, Wanur-
megrulisa. moyvanil gadmocemaSi swored am faqtis anarekli gvaqvs. wani am
SemTxvevaSi Wanur-megrul fenas gulisxmobs. es iyo erT-erTi tomTagani Wanur-
megruli ganStoebisa~.950
n.berZeniSvilis SeniSvniT, `Tu eseni im afxazebis genetikuri memkvidreni
arian, maT istoriul folklorSi Tamari da sxva aseTebi unda Candes...
narTebis eposi maT mTielobaze miuTiTebs~.951 Tavad afxazuri xalxuri
tradiciiT, narTebi CrdiloeT kavkasiidan, kerZod, yubanispireTidan arian.952
afxazur sagvareuloTa Soris mravlad moiZebneba gadmocemebi, romlebic
maT gadmosaxlebaze da sacxovrisis Secvlaze miuTiTebs. magaliTad, aSubebis
uxucesebSi daculi iyo gadmocema, rom maTi winaprebi Zvelad jgerdaSi
fsxudan gadmosaxldnen.953 adleibebis mixedviT, TviT adleibebi, agreTve agrbebi
da inafSbebi afxazeTSi yaraCaidan gadmosulan.954 kviwiniebSi, aviZbebSi,
zuxbebSi da aSubebSi daculi gadmocemebiT, maTi winaprebi CrdiloeT kavkasii-
dan, an soWis mimdebare mxareebidan gadasaxldnen afxazeTSi. erT-erTi
afxazuri TqmulebiT, aCbebi afxazeTSi qeds gaRmidan gadmovidnen.955 gudauTeli
amabebis gadmocemebiT, isini warmoSobiT ahWifsoudan iyvnen da maTi
gadmosaxleba XVII saukunis miwuruls unda momxdariyo.956
rasakvirvelia, es legenda-gadmocemebi ar iZleva kavkasiel mTielTa
afxazeTSi Camosaxlebis epoqis zustad gansazRvris SesaZleblobas, magram
zemoT ganxilul cnobebTan erTad, romlebic aSkarad miuTiTeben XVII
saukuneSi afxazeTSi mimdinare eTnikur, upirveles yovlisa, migraciul proce-
sebze, es gadmocemebic seriozul yuradRebas imsaxureben.
3. religiuri viTareba
XVIIs. 80-ian wlebamde Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriis samxreT-

aRmosvleT nawilSi, romelic jer kidev uSualod Sedioda odiSis samTavros
SemadgenlobaSi, kvlav hyvaoda qristianuli sarwmunoeba. aq moqmedebda mTel
saqarTveloSi saxelganTqmuli sami saepiskoposo (bediis, moqvis, drandis),
ramdenime monasteri (qiaCi, wifuria da a.S.) da aTobiT (faqtobrivad yvela
sofelSi) eklesia.
sruliad gansxvavebuli viTareba iyo sakuTriv afxazeTSi. gvian Sua
saukuneebSi aq Seqmnili mZime politikuri, demografiuli da socialur-
ekonomikuri mdgomareoba Tavs iCens mosaxleobis sarwmunoebriv cxovrebaSi da,
saerTod, sulier kulturaSi. mTaSic da barSic qristianoba metad
Sesustebulia, eklesia-monastrebi ar funqcionireben. gamonaklisi arc XVIs.
Suaxanebidan faqtobrivad dacarielebuli biWvinTis taZari iyo, Tumca
formalurad is rCeboda sakaTolikoso kaTedrad. levan meore dadianis elCma
moskovSi, mRvdelma gabriel gegenavam 1638 wels ruseTis sagareo uwyebis
warmomadgenlebs orjer ganumarta, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos, maT Soris
950 . iqve, gv. 15.

951 . n. berZeniSvili. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, t. VIII, gv. 618.
952 . . . , . I. ., 1949, gv. 321.
953 . . . ..., gv. 51.
954 . n. lomouri. . _ saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis macne,
istoriis... seria, #3, 1990. gv. 170.
955 . s.zuxba. afxazuri zepirsityviereba. afxazuridan Targmnes T.gvancelaZem da a.arabulma. Tb., 1988, gv.
214, 366.
956 . . . XVII-XVIII . , 1951, gv. 93.
185
samegrelos patriarqi (kaTolikosi) cxovrobs biWvinTaSi957. gabriel gegenavas
afxazebi ar uxsenebia.
afxazebi `sarwmunoebiT arian qristeaneni, aramed arRara risa mecnierni da
iricxvian viTarca kerpni~958, - werda vaxuSti. misi es cnoba odnav mogvianebiT
aris dawerili, magram amasve mogviTxroben XVIIs. ucxoeli avtorebic.
jovani da lukas sityvebiT: àfxazebis cxovrebis wesi iseTivea, rogorc
Cerqezebis. ara aqvT dawerili kanonebi da damwerlobis gamoyenebac ar ician.
rwmeniT isini qristianebi arian, raime qristianuli wes-Cveulebis Sesrulebis
gareSe. bevri jvari vnaxe am qveyanaSi~.959 misioneris mixedviT, biWvinTis
sakaTalikoso eklesiaSi wirva warmoebs erTi mRvdliT, soflis mosaxleobac
am eklesiaSi dadis. aSkaraa, is laparakobs ara erTeul SemTxvevaze, roca
RvTismsaxureba ase Tu ise wesebis dacviT sruldeba, aramed saerTo
mdgomareobaze. aqauri mmarTvelic mahmadiani Cans, razedac metyvelebs misi
saxeli _ yara bei da isic, rom is jovani da lukas mier biWvinTaSi Catarebul
wirvas ar daswrebia.960
yarabeisgan gansxvavebiT, `mTavari~ puto, romelic Seityobs jovani da lukas
Camosvlis mizans, mas cxumSi darCenas sTavazobs, amcnobs stumars, rom isic
Tavisi samflobeloTi qristiania da iseTi mRvdeli sWirdeba, rogorc
mezoblad mcxovreb qarTvelebs hyavT, an rogoric TviT jovani da luka iyo.961
lamberti afxazebs religiuri TvalsazrisiT kavkasiis mTiel xalxebs ada-
rebs: èseni yvelani qristianebad iwodebian, magram kanonebi ki ara aqvT...
mxolod saxeliT arian qristianebi, Torem arc sarwmunoebiT da arc
moqmedebiT qristianoba maT srulebiT ar etyobodaT~.962
kastelis albomis mixedviT kargad Cans, rom afxazeTis eklesiebSi RmrTis-
msaxureba aRar mimdinareobs, isini mitovebulia. Tayvaniscema aRaraa biWvinTis
eklesiaSic: ìq mxolod Zveli jvaria Semonaxuli~. SarvaSiZeebi dacarielebul
eklesiebs italiel misionerebs gadascemdnen, raTa maTTvis erToblivad
moevloT. kastelis sityvebiT, `maT surT qveyanaSi aswavlon qristes wminda
sarwmunoeba, romelsac isini aRiareben, magram ara hyavT arc erTi mRvdeli~.963
evlia Celebi amgvarad axasiaTebs afxazeTis religiur viTarebas: `maT rom
qafiri (e.i. urjulo, aramuslimi _ avt.) uwodon, kacs moklaven, muslimi rom
uwodon, gaexardebaT. eseni yurans ar icnoben da arc raime sarwmunoeba aqvT.
qafiri ar uyvarT da muslims ki suls miscemen~.964 igive avtori CaCebis Temis
Sesaxeb aRniSnavs, rom `yvela erTi sarwmunoebis ar aris~, xolo arTebSi
(mdinare mzimTis SesarTavTan) ìslamis sarwmunoeba da yurani ra aris, ar
ician~.965
patriarq dosiTeosis cnobiT, afxazebis sarwmunoeba jiqebisa da alanebis
religiis msgavsia.966 cxadia, imJamindeli afxazebi gansxvavdebodnen im
afxazebisgan, romlebic wina saukuneebSi dasavleT kavkasiaSi qristianobis
gavrcelebis mesveurni iyvnen. dosiTeoss aRniSnuli aqvs, rogor arbevdnen
afxazebi eklesia-monastrebs samegreloSi967. zemoTmoyvanili misi cnoba levan
II dadianis mier 40 aTasi afxazis monaTvlis da maTTvis episkoposis daniSvnis
Sesaxeb utyuari dadasturebaa im faqtisa, rom maSindeli afxazeTis
teritoriaze mkvidri qristianuli qarTuli mosaxleoba mTielma warmarTebma
957 . . . ..., gv. 271, 275.

958 . qarTlis cxovreba, t.IV, gv. 785.
959 . i. tabaRua. saqarTvelo evropis arqivebsa da wignsacavebSi, t. III, gv. 170.
960 . b. lominaZe. qarTuli feodaluri urTierTobis istoriidan, t. I. Tb., 1966, gv. 216.
962 . arqanjelo lamberti. samegrelos aRwera, gv. 5, 166.
963 . qristoforo kasteli. cnobebi da albomi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. gv. 177, 192.
964 . evlia Celebis `mogzaurobis wigni~, n. I, gv. 106.
965 . iqve, gv. 100, 101.
966 . . . , . I, gv. 28.
967 . iqve, gv. 46.
186
Secvales. sxvanairad ar iqneboda saWiroeba mosaxleobis masobrivi monaTvlisa
im mxareSi, sadac mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi funqcionirebdnen biWvinTis
sakaTalikoso kaTedra, lixnis, anakofiis, gagris, bomboris, anuxvisa da sxva
eklesia-monastrebi.
antioqiel patriarq makarioss samegreloSi, kerZod, moqvSi yofnisas eaxlnen
afxazebi, romlebmac mas monaTvla sTxoves. makariosis sityvebiT, àfxazebs
surdaT hyolodaT adamiani, romelic maT monaTlavda da qristes rwmenas
aswavlida. axlo warsulamde isini qristianebad iTvlebodnen. maT qveyanaSi iyo
sakaTalikozo taxti, romelic axla imereTSia. afxazTa qveyanaSia wm.andria
mociqulis eklesia da mas afxazebi did pativs miageben. Cvens dros afxazTa
mcire nawilma icis pirjvris gardasaxva da mcire nawili asrulebs
qristianul ritualebs, vinaidan ar hyavT mRvdelTmsaxurebi da maTze aravin
zrunavs~968. am SemTxvevaSi saubari unda iyos warmarTul afxazeTSi darCenil
qarTvelebze.
pavle alepoelis mixedviT, àfxazebis nawili qristianobas saerTod ar
aRiarebs, meore nawili ki, romlebic dadians emorCilebian, saxeliT
qristianebia, eTayvanebian xatebs da pativs miageben eklesiebs, magram imis gamo,
rom ar hyavT mRvdlebi da episkoposebi, monaTlulni ar arian~.969
vitsenis cnobiT, àfxazebis cxovrebis wesi iseTivea, rogorc Cerqezebis.
kanonebi da damwerloba maT ara aqvT, saxeliT qristianebia, magram qristianul
wes-Cveulebebs ar icaven. maT qveyanaSi mravlad naxav aRmarTul jvars~.970
zemoT moyvanili masalis mixedviT, afxazeTi istoriulad qristianuli
qveyanaa, islami sustad an saerTod ar aris gavrcelebuli; afxazebs mxolod
saxeliT SeiZleba ewodos qristianebi, Torem sarwmunoebiT da moqmedebiT
qristianoba srulebiT ar etyobaT; maT ara aqvT saeklesio wignebi, ise ki Tay-
vans scemen xatebs, jvrebs da eklesiebs. maTi sarwmunoeba kavkasieli mTis
tomebis religiis msgavsia. amgvari viTareba XVII s. zogierT avtors imis sababs
aZlevs, rom afxazebi saerTod sarwmunoebis gareSe myof xalxad CaTvalos.
amave avtorTa dakvirvebiT, Zvelad afxazeTSi, rodesac aq sakaTalikoso
moqmedebda, sruliad gansxvavebuli mdgomareoba iyo.971
bunebrivia, gvian Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi da saerTod kavkasiaSi
Seqmnili rTuli politikuri situacia (Sina omebi, gareSe mterTa Tavdasxmebi,
mahmadianobis gavrceleba) xels uwyobda afxazeTSi qristianobis dasustebas,
magram aq qristianobis dakninebis umTavres mizezad jiqur-abazuri tomebis
moZaleba unda miviCnioT da ara `feodalis xelisuflebis dasusteba~972,
rogorc es miaCnia afxaz mkvlevarTa nawils.
saistorio wyaroebSi kargad Cans, rom XVII saukunis 60-80-ian wlebSi,
afxazebis da Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiuri tomebis samegreloSi laSqrobebisas
soflebTan erTad eklesia-monastrebic nadgurdeboda.973 erT-erT italiur
wyaroSi isic aris aRniSnuli, Tu rogor daxoces asze meti `berZeni~, e.i.
marTlmadidebeli mRvdeli yvapu SarvaSiZis brZanebiT.974 sasuliero pirebi man
Zvirfasi TvlebiT Semkuli wm.stefanes statuis moparvis mogonili braldebiT
daaxocvina. marTlmadidebeli mRvdlebis gaJletvis namdvili mizezi ki
SarvaSiZeebisadmi daumorCilebloba da dadianis mxardaWera unda yofiliyo.975
mTielTa eqspansiis Sedegad Crdilo-dasavleT odiSSi XVIIs. bolodan
968 . . . XVII , gv. 43.

969 . n. asaTiani. masalebi me-17 saukunis saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. Tb., 1973, gv. 75.
970 . . , . . dasax. naSromi, gv. 267.
971 . b. lominaZe. qarTuli feodaluri urTierTobis istoriidan, t. I, gv. 227.
972 . . . . . . , 1991, gv .149.
973 . . . , . I, gv .46; e. TayaiSvili. arqeologiuri mogzaurobidan
samegreloSi. Zveli saqarTvelo. t. III. tfilisi, 1913-1914, gv. 188, 222.
187
Seqmnili situaciis gamo religiis msaxurni iZulebulni xdebian, saeklesio
wignebi, xatebi, jvrebi da sxva saeklesio inventari samegrelos Sida mxareSi
gadaitanon, kerZod: qiaCis monastris wm.giorgis xati obujis eklesiaSi
gadmoitanes, qiaCis monastris mTavarangelozis xati _ WoRaSi, moqvis saxareba
_ martvilSi, moqvis RmrTismSoblis ori xatidan erTi zugdidis eklesiaSi,
meore xobis monasterSi gadmoasvenes, bediis RmrTismSoblis xati, romelic
dadianebis mTavar salocavad iTvleboda, martvilSi gadmoasvenes.976
XVII saukunis 60-iani wlebidan, afxazTa da Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiuri
tomebis samegreloSi laSqrobebis, md. enguramde mdebare miwa-wylis
afxazeTTan SeerTebis, aq afxazuri da jiqur-abazuri Temebis damkvidrebis
Sedegad zedized gauqmda drandisa da moqvis saepiskoposoebi. XVII-XVIIIss.
mijnaze dasrulda sxva qristianuli kerebis, Sesabamisad, marTlmadidebluri
sarwmunoebis ganadgureba, gansakuTrebiT md.RaliZgamde. miuxedavad afxazeTis
kaTolikosebis daviT nemsaZisa da grigol lorTqifaniZis mcdelobebisa, ver
moxerxda mravalricxovani saeklesio mamulebis gadarCena Tanamedrove
afxazeTis teritoriaze. saeklesio glexebis nawili momxdurebma tyved gayides,
an sakuTar monebad aqcies, nawili ki kaTolikosma grigol lorTqifaniZem
samegreloSi gadmoasaxla.977
warmarTuli wes-Cveulebebis damkvidrebisa da gaZlierebis miuxedavad, af-
xazeTSi mainc SemorCa Tayvaniscema eklesiebisadmi, mokrZaleba wmindanebisadmi.
ueWvelia, es garemoeba migraciuli procesebis miuxedavad, am kuTxeSi Zveli
afxazuri (qarTuli) mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawilis darCeniT unda aixsnas.
lambertis Tanaxmad, iloris wm.giorgis saxelobis eklesias did pativs
scemdnen aramcTu qarTvelebi, aramed mezobeli xalxebic. ìmdenad Tayvansa
scemen am eklesias, rom Tumca igi moSorebulia da zRvis pirad sdgas, fiqri
ar aris, rom vinmem gaqurdos igi, an mtris gemiT movidnen da gaZarcvon igi,
aramcTu karis gatexis SiSi ara aqvT, aramed misi Zvirfasi qvebi rom axlo-
maxlo gzaSi daabnion, imasac xels aravin axlebs. am wmindanis SiSi marto
aqaurebs ki ara aqvT, aramed TviT afxazebsac, romelnic saxelganTqmuli
qurdebi arian~. amave avtoris sityvebiT, `wminda giorgis dResaswauls ara
marto odiSelebi, aramed afxazebic da svanebic blomad eswrebian~.978
Zampis erT-erTi relaciis mixedviTac iloris eklesias `mezobeli xalxebic
did Tayvans scemen, TviT barbarosebic ki. ase rom, uaxloesi mezoblebi,
rogoric arian afxazebi, alanebi, jiqebi da sxva aramarTlmorwmuneni, mis
gaZarcvas ver bedaven, Tumca ician, rom es eklesia ZvirfaseulobiT da fuliT
Zalze mdidaria.”979.
Sardens samegreloSi, kerZod, skurCaSi (avtoris sityvebiT isgaurSi) Tavad
hyavs naxuli afxazebi, romlebmac am mxareSi erT-erTi laSqrobisas xatis
vercxlis CarCo gaitaces, TviT xati, wmindanis risxviT SeSinebulebma, adgilze
datoves.980
amrigad, XVII saukunis bolosaTvis afxazeTi religiuri TvalsazrisiT
Zlier gansxvavdeboda rogorc adreuli Sua saukuneebis afxazeTisgan, ise
saqarTvelos danarCeni, mezobeli kuTxeebisgan, samagierod mkveTr msgavsebas
avlenda kavkasiis mTianeTTan. gvian Sua saukuneebSi afxazeTSi qristianuli
religiis dacemis da samagierod warmarTobis momZlavrebis mTavari mizezi iyo
mezobeli mTielebis, ZiriTadad jiqur-abazuri Temebis damkvidreba, romlebmac
aq mTisTvis damaxasiaTebeli socialur-ekonomikuri yofa da warmarToba
Camoitanes.
976 . b. xorava. odiS-afxazeTis urTierToba XV-XVIIIss., gv. 112-113.

977. j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 381-382.
978 . arqanjelo lamberti. samegrelos aRwera, gv. 141, 142.
980
. iqve, gv. 212.
188
189
Tavi X. anTropologiuri monacemebi afxazTa
eTnogenezisis sakiTxisaTvis.
anTropologiurad afxazebi erT-erTi kargad Seswavlili eTnikuri jgufia
kavkasiaSi981. Seswavlilia maTi somatologiuri982, kraniologiuri,983 sisxlis
genetikuri markerebi984, dermatoglifika985, odontologia986, fizikuri
987
ganviTareba . miuxedavad amisa, afxazebis warmomavlobis sakiTxi dRemde
sadiskusio Temad rCeba.
am kvlevebis Sedegad Seqmnilia sxvadasxva anTropologiuri klasifikacia.
v.aleqseevis mixedviT, kavkasiaSi gavrcelebulia sami rasa: balkanur-kavkasiuri,
winaaziuri da indopamiruli988. misi azriT, balkanur-kavkasiuri rasa
warmodgenilia kavkasionis da pontouri tipebiT, winaaziuri-armenoiduliT,
xolo indo pamiruli – kaspiuriT. samive rasas avtori ganixilavs
damoukidebeli samxreTevropoiduli rasis SemadgenlobaSi, afxazebs moiazrebs
balkanur-kavkasiuri rasis SemadgenlobaSi, amave dros aRniSnavs kavkasionis
tipisaTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs (braqikefalia)989.
metad sainteresoa v.bunakis mier SemuSavebuli kavkasiis mkvidri
mosaxleobis klasifikacia. man gamoyo oTxi rasa: pontouri, kaspiuri,
pontourzagrosuli (anu armenoiduli) da kavkasiuri. pontouri rasis klasikur
warmomadgenlebad v.bunaki miiCnevda adiRelebs, kaspiurisa _ azerbaijanelebs,
xolo kavkasiuris – imerlebs. kavkasiuri rasa, misi azriT, iyofa:
qvemorionulad, yvirilurad da liaxv-alaznur tipebad990. amave naSromSi
v.bunaki afxazebs gansazRvravda, rogorc qvemorionuli tipis lokalur
variants.
m.abduSeliSvilis mravalricxovanma gamokvlevebma bevrad ufro daazusta
afxazebis adgili zogad sistematikaSi. man afxazebi iseve, rogorc baTumis, qo-
buleTis, ozurgeTis, lanCxuTis, zugdidisa da galis raionebis qarTvelebi
981
. naSromi daiwera saqarTvelos erovnuli samecniero fondis finansuri xelSekrulebiT (granti
#SF/ST06/1-032). winamdebare publikaciaSi gamoTqmuli nebismieri mosazreba ekuTvnis avtors da, SesaZloa, ar
asaxavdes erovnuli samecniero fondis Sexedulebas.
982
. В.В.Бунак. Антропологический состав населения Кавказа. _ Вестник Гос. Музея Грузии. Тб., 1946, т. XIIIА, gv. 89-108;
Г.К. Джанберидзе. Абхазо-адыгейские взаимоотношения в свете данных антропологии. - Тез. докл. VII научной сессии
Института экспериментальной морфологии АН ГССР. Тб., 1956, gv. 13-14; Г.К. Джанберидзе. Проблема происхождения абхазов
в свете антропологических данных. Автореферат дис. на соискание учён. степени канд. биол. наук. М., 1963, gv. 13; М.Г.
Абдушелишвили. Антропология древнего и современного населения Грузии. Тб., 1964.
983 . m. abduSeliSvili. masalebi kavkasiis kraniologiisaTvis. - saq. ssr mecn. akademiis eqsperimentuli
morfologiis institutis Sromebi. 1955, t. 5. gv. 327-339; . . . .,1974.
984
. А.А. Воронов. Геногеография факторов крови в Закавказье. - IX Международный Конгресс антропологических и
этнографических наук. М., 1983, с.1-20; Robert E. Ferrell, Naira Salamatina, S.M. Dalakishvili, N. A. Bakuradze and Ranajit
Chakraborty. A population Genetic Study in the Ochamchir Region Abkhazia, USSR. - American journal of Physical Antropology.
1985, p. 63-71, 66; А.А. Воронов, С.М. Далакишвили. Н.В. Соломатина, Р.У. Фуррелл. Генетическая характеристика абхазов. –
Абхазское долгожительство. М., 1987, gv. 127-141.
985
. И.П. Ладария. К изучению дерматоглифики населения Кавказа. - Сов. Этнография, 1975, №4, gv. 121-130; Г.Л. Хить.
Дерматоглифика народов Кавказа. - Полевые исследования института этнографии. М., 1980, gv. 189-198.
986
. Р.С.Кочиев. Одонтологическая характеристика этнических групп Кавказа. Автореф. дис. на соиск. учён. степ. канд.
ист. наук. М., 1971; В.Ф. Кашибадзе. Дифференциация населения Кавказа по одонтологическим данным. - Вопр. антропологии,
1988, вып. 80, gv.75-78.; Г.А. Аксянова. Характеристика зубной системы (сроки прорезывания, расовые особенности,
поражённость кариесом). – Абзаское долгожительство, gv. 120-125.
987
. П.К. Квициния. Морфологические особенности коренного населения Абхазии (на примере мужчин абхазов),
Автореферат на соискание учён. степ. канд. биол наук. М., 1982; Е.Н.Миклашевская, В.С. Соловьёва, О.А. Гилярова, М.Ю
Пескина. Особенности соматического развития детей и подростков абхазов. - Феномен долгожительства. М. Наука, 1982, gv.
160-169.
988 . . . . . ., 1974, gv. 194.
989 . braqikefalia – mokle da ganieri Tavi.
990 . . . . , - . . ., 1946, . XIII , gv. 93.
190
kolxuri tipis SavizRvispirul variantSi gaaerTiana991. afxazebis (gagris,
gudauTis‚ oCamCiris) anTropologiuri dapirispireba mxolod somatologiuri
niSnebis safuZvelze, erTi mxriv, dasavlurqarTul eTnografiul jgufebTan da,
meore mxriv, CrdilokavkasielebTan (adiRelebi), rogorc Cans, amtkicebs maT
kavSirs ufro metad qarTul eTnikur samyarosTan, vidre adiRelebTan992.
mosaxleobis Tanamedrove anTropologiuri Semadgenlobisa da eTnogenezis
kvlevam zogadad aCvena, rom xalxTa kulturuli da enobrivi naTesaoba xSirad
ar Seesabameba maT warmomavlobiT naTesaobas da saerTo genofonds. cnobilia,
rom ena da kultura SeiZleba gavrceldes maTi matareblebis gareSe, xolo an-
Tropologiur tips yovelTvis Tan axlavs enisa da kulturis gavrceleba993. ma-
Sasadame, anTropologiuri monacemebis roli mniSvnelovania im SemTxvevaSic,
rodesac arsebobs werilobiTi, istoriuli da eTnografiuli monacemebi.
eTnikuri anTropologia eZiebs rasobriv da tomobriv elementebs, romlebic
Sesulia ama Tu im eTnosSi. amdenad anTropologiuri masala iqceva istoriuli
procesebis Seswavlis erT-erT mniSvnelovan wyarod.
eTnosi rTuli da mravalwaxnagovani fenomenia, romelic Sedegia xangrZlivi
istoriuli procesisa. is warmoiqmneba, viTardeba, zogjer iSleba kidec; amitom
SeuZlebelia im azris daSvebac ki, rom romelime eTnoss Cvenamde moeRwios
Tavdapirveli, ucvleli saxiT. SeiZleba Seicvalos (da kidevac icvleba xolme)
ara marto eTnosisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ena, kultura da a.S., aramed misi
anTropologiuri ieric, rac aucilebels xdis eTnikuri jgufis
anTropologiur Seswavlas sivrcesa da droSi.
cxadia, rom afxazebi gamonaklisi ar arian da maTi dRevandeli saxiT fizi-
kuri tipis Camoyalibebis xangrZliv procesSi adgili hqonda maT Sexebas sxva
tomebis warmomadgenlebTan.
Tanamedrove afxazebis ena iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa afxazur-adiRur jgufs
miekuTvneba994, xolo mravalsaukunovani istoriuli Tanacxovreba, mWidro
kulturul-politikuri da ekonomikuri kavSirebi maT saqarTvelosTan da
qarTvelebTan akavSirebs. amitom, afxazTa morfologiuri tipis Taviseburebis
garkveva upriania dasavleT kavkasiaSi gansaxlebuli Tanamedrove eTnikuri
jgufebis fonze. eseni arian: qarTvelebi (lazebi, aWarlebi, gurulebi,
megrelebi, svanebi), adiRebi (SafsuRebi, bJeduRebi, Wemguebi, abaZexebi,
zelenCukelebi, beslenelebi), abazebi (aSxarelebi da tapantelebi) garemocvaSi.
maT yvelas aqvs Tavisi sakuTari istoria, ena da kultura.
niSnebi, romelTa safuZvelze afxazebi da adiRebi sxvadasxva rasobriv tipSi
aRmoCndnen, aris sxeulis simaRle, saxis sigane da simaRle, Tavis qalisa da
cxviris forma.
Ppontouri tipis warmomadgenelTaTvis damaxasiaTebelia sxeulis SedarebiT
mcire simaRle (165sm.), viwro da maRali saxe, mezokefalia995, viwro da swori
cxviri, aprexili cxviris wveti da a.S.
afxazebi, iseve rogorc dasavleT saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebi, xasi-
aTdebian sxeulis SedarebiT didi simaRliT (168sm.), ganieri da dabali saxiT,
gamodrekili cxviris zurgiTa da daSvebuli wvetiT, mkveTrad gamoxatuli
braqikefaliiT. afxazebs braqikefalia kidev ufro metad aqvT gamoxatuli,
vidre dasavlel qarTvelebs. gansxvaveba Tavis formis mixedviT aRiniSneba
kraniologiur masalaSic. Tavis qalis maCvenebeli afxazTa seriaSi (saSualo)
mkveTrad braqikraniulia _ 83.5, adiRebis – mezokraniuli (76.5.).996
afxazur enaSi or mTavar dialeqts gamoyofen: abJuurs da bzifurs. anTro-
pologiuri masala aRebulia orive dialeqtis gavrcelebis arealidan.
Seswavlilia gagris (bzifi), gudauTis (abRarxuqi, aWandara, durifSi, jirxva)
991 . . . . . ., 1964, gv. 57.

992 . iqve, gv. 58.
993 . . . , . . , . . . . -
. , 1952, 1. gv. 22-35.
994 . . . . . - . - , . 4. ., 1967, gv.. 101-123.
995 . mezokefalia – saSualo sigrZis da siganisQTavi.
996. braqikrania – mokle da ganieri Tavis qala; mezokrania – saSualo sigrZisa da siganis Tavis qala.
191
da oCamCiris (kvitouli, jgerda) raionebis soflebSi. afxazebis samive jgufis
Sida-populaciurma da populaciebs Soris kvlevam zogadad gviCvena sakmaod
maRali msgavseba.
yovel wyvil populacias Soris warmoebulma Sedarebam aCvena, rom gagris,
gudauTis, oCamCiris mosax-leobas Soris ar aris statistikurad mniSvnelovani
gansxvaveba. gagrisa da gud-auTis mosaxleoba gansxvavdeba oCamCiris
mosaxleobisagan zeda tuCis SedarebiT dabali simaRliT, gagris mosaxleobas
aqvs SedarebiT naklebad gamoxatuli orive tuCis sisqe. am orive SemTxvevaSi
P<0.05-isa.
Catarebuli komponenturi analizi warmodgenilia 7 ZiriTadi komponentiT,
romlebic moicaven saerTo variaciis 89.1%-s. morfometruli monacemebis
mixedviT TiToeuli komponentis datvirTva saerTo jamSi gagris, gudauTis,
oCamCiris mosaxleobas ar ganasxvavebs erTmaneTisagan da warmoaCens, rogorc
erTian polimorful jgufs.
imave masalaze g.janberiZem997 (janberiZe _ xelnaweri) calke Seiswavla is
individebi, romelTa gvarebi ar iwvevdnen araviTar eWvs maT afxazur
warmomavlobaSi da Seadara qarTulgvarebian afxazebs. gansxvaveba am or jgufs
Soris ar aRiniSna. rogorc avtori wers, amiT amowurulia yvela meTodi da
saSualeba qarTvelebsa (megrelebsa) da afxazebs Soris arsebuli
gansxvavebuli elementis aRmoCenisaTvis (gv. 21)998. ufro naTelia afxazebis
megrelebTan msgavseba, vidre eniT monaTesave abazebTan da adiRelebTan
Sedarebisas.
mTel rig taqsonomiurad madiferencirebel niSnebze dakvirvebam naTlad
gamoaCina, rom Seswavlili jgufebi qmnian kavkasionis qediT gayofili
msgavsebis or wres: samxreTiT – qarTul (megrul)-afxazurs da CrdiloeTiT
adiRur-abazurs. CrdiloeTis wreSi Semavali orive eTnikuri Gjgufi Tanabrad
gansxvavdeba megrelebisa da afxazebisagan maSin, rodesac Cans maT Soris
arsebuli Sinagani msgavseba999.
afxazebis populaciebs Soris gagris afxazebi gamorCeulad axlo morfolo-
giur distanciebs amJRavneben rogorc qarTvelTa jfgufebTan, aseve CrdiloeT
kavkasiis mosaxleobasTan. amasTanave xazgasasmelia, rom es distancia
qarTvelebTan mimarTebaSi orjer naklebia, vidre CrdiloeT kavkasielebTan.
gagrel afxazebTan yvelaze daaxloebul jgufebad moiazrebian galeli
megrelebi (distancia 0.04) da lanCxuTeli gurulebi (distancia 0.05).
Cxorowyus megrelebi, ozurgeTeli gurulebi, xulos, qedisa da qobuleTis
aWarlebi, ambrolauris raWvelebi da zestafoneli imerlebi maTgan
daSorebuli arian 0.06 morfologiuri distanciiT. Coxatauris gurulebi,
vaneli imerlebi da yabardoelebi – 0.07-iT; walenjixis megrelebi da WiaTuris
imerlebi – 0.08-iT; xelvaCauris lazebi, riyeTis aWarlebi, adiRe-abaZexebi,
zelenCukisa da besleneis Cerqezebi – 0.09-iT da zugdidis megrelebi – 0.10-iT.
aRsaniSnavia, rom afxazebs Soris Sida saerTo morfologiuri distancia
aris 0.0933, lazebs Soris – 0.0900, aWarlebs Soris – 0.0852, megrelebs Soris –
0.0840, imerlebs Soris – 0.0700, gurulebs Soris – 0.0633, svanebs Soris – 0.0600,
yabardoelebs Soris – 0.0667, Cerqezebs Soris _ 0.0600, abazebs Soris – 0.0600,
adiReelebs Soris – 0.0560.
morfologiuri distanciebi afxazebsa da qarTvelebs, afxazebsa da
araqarTvelur eTnikur jgufebs Soris Semdegnairad ganawilda:
afxazebi – megrelebi _ 0.0893
997 . g. janberiZe. afxazebis anTropologiuri urTierToba qarTvelur da Crdilo-kavkasiur eTnikur

jgufebTan. xelnaweri inaxeba istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis anTropologiis ganyofilebis fondSi.
sabeWdi manqaniT akrebili 25 gverdi).
998 . iqve.
999 . iqve, gv. 21.
192
afxazebi – imerlebi _ 0.1050
afxazebi – aWarlebi _ 0.1081
afxazebi – lazebi _ 0.1083
afxazebi – adiRelebi _ 0.1387
afxazebi – abazebi _ 0.1500
amave dros distancia megrelebsa da adiRelebs Soris aris 0.17933.
moyvanili distanciebi metyveleben kavkasiis xalxTa axlo morfologiur
msgavsebaze, xolo afxazebi ufro metad qarTvelur jgufebs Soris
moiazrebian, vidre CrdiloeTkavkasielebSi. morfologiuri distancia afxazebsa
da megrelebs Soris (0.0893), praqtikulad identuria megrelebsa da gurulebs
Soris arsebuli distanciisa (0.084).
paleoanTropologiuri masalebi afxazeTis teritoriidan kerZod, iseve, ro-
gorc dasavleT saqarTvelos sxva regionebidan zogadad, Zalze mcirea. yvelaze
adreuli masala afxazeTidan mcirericxovani seriaa gudauTis raionis sofel
durifSidan, romelic daTariRebulia XI_XIII saukuneebiT. zogadad, seria
xasiaTdeba qalasarqvelis saSualo grZivi da saSualo ganivi diametrebiT, qa-
las maCvenebeli saSualoze maRali (mkveTrad braqikranuli formiT), saxe saSu-
alo siganis, magram uaxlovdeba am kategoriis umaRles zRvars, saxis saSualo-
ze dabali maCveneblis mixedviT seria eqceva europrozopul1000 kategoriaSi.
cxviri saSualo siganisa da simaRlisa, unagiri Zalze maRali. niSnebis es kom-
pleqsi winaaziur rasobriv tips ekuTvnis da amdenad afxazeTis mosaxleoba
ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebSi, rogorc genetikurad, ise morfologiurad Se-
dioda winaaziuri rasobrivi tipebis imave variaciebis farglebSi, romlebSiac
aseve Sedioda amave periodis saqarTvelos danarCeni mosaxleobac.Uufro
soliduria Tanamedrove seria afxazeTidan, romelic mopovebulia soxumis
maxloblad1001. zogadad seriisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mcire grZivi da saSualo
ganivi diametrebi, Tavis qalas maCvenebeli - maRali (braqikraniuli), Subli -
swori da zomieri siganisa, saxis fuZis sigrZe - mcire, yvrimalTSua diametri -
saSualo, saxis zeda sigane - saSualo, cxviri - saSualo siganisa da simaR-
lisa, maRali unagiriT, mkveTrad win warziduli, orbitebi - saSualo siganisa
da simaRlisa, saxe - profilirebuli horizontalur sibrtyeSi da swori verti-
kalurSi.
es zogadi daxasiaTeba saerToa mamakacebisa da dedakacebisaTvis. gansxvaveba
sqesTa Soris Tavis qalas formebis mixedviTac ar aRiniSneba. gamoTvlil seri-
ebSi Tavis qalas formebis ganawileba Zalze msgavsia. mamakacebSi doliqo1002 -
da mezokraniuli _ 23,8%, braqikraniuli _ 31,0%, hiperbraqikraniuli _ 38,1%, ul-
trabraqikraniuli _ 7,1%. igive formebi dedakacebis seriaSi Semdegi Semcvelo-
biT aRiniSneba – mezokraniuli _ 23,5%, braqikraniuli _ 29,4%, hiperbraqikraniu-
li _ 41,2% da ultrabraqikraniuli _ 5,9%. Tu braqikraniuli seriebis Semcve-
lobas SevajamebT, maSin msgavseba absoluturia (mamakacebSi _ 23,8%, doliqo-,
mezo - da _ 76,2%. braqikrania, xolo dedakacebSi _ 23,5% da _ 76,5% Sesabami-
sad).
Tanamedrove mosaxleobis kraniologiuri polimorfizmis safuZvelze mosax-
leoba ganekuTvneba indoxmelTaSuazRvispirul rasas. sainteresoa im morfo-
logiuri Taviseburebebis aRniSvna, romlebic konkretulad ama Tu im serias
akavSirebs saqarTvelos sxvadasxva anTropologiur tipTan. aWarlebis, megrele-
bisa da afxazebis kraniologiuri seriebi SedarebiT viwro saxiTa da cxviriT
usaTuod kolxuri tipis warmomadgenlebi arian. avenisis kraniologiur seriaSi
SeiniSneba kavkasionis tipisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli SedarebiT farTo saxe. aRsa-
1000 . europrozopia – ganieri saxe.

1001
. В.И.Чернявский. Яшу-Аху, Абхазия, 1878г. см. в каталоге- Т.И. Алексеева и др. Краниологические и остеологические
коллекции Института и Музея антропологии МГУ. М., МГУ, 1986, gv. 176.
1002 . doliqokrania – grZeli da viwro Tavis qala.
193
niSnavia isic, rom braqikefalizaciis procesi ganxilul seriebSi ar aris bo-
lomde misuli, radgan yvela seriaSi jer kidev mezokranebis sakmao raodenobaa
dafiqsirebuli. Tanamedrove kraniologiuri tipebi indo-xmelTaSua rasobrivi
Stos winaaziuri (kraniologiuri seriebi aWarlebis, mTiulebis, afxazebis,
somxebis), kaspiuri (azerbaijanelebis kraniologiuri seria) da pontouri
(Cerqezebis kraniologiuri seria) rasis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebiT gamoirCevian.
am niSanTa kompleqsiTac afxazebi da qarTvelebi erT rasobriv katego-riaSi
xvdebian.
amrigad, anTropologiuri monacemebiT irkveva, rom afxazTa morfologiuri
tipisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi maT qarTvelur samyarosTan aerTianebs.
yvela sistemis mixedviT - kraniologia (aWarlebTan), somatologia
(megrelebTan, aWarlebTan), dermatoglifika (aWarlebTan, zogadad
qarTvelebTan), sisxlis izoantigenuri sistemebi da odontologia (dasavleT
saqarTvelos mosaxleobasTan) - erTmniSvnelovnad avlenen maRal morfologiur
msgavsebas qarTvelebTan. rogorc m.abduSeliSvili werda, ”qarTveluri da
afxazuri jgufebis msgavseba genetikuri naTesaobis xasiaTisaa”1003. es
genetikuri naTesaoba ramdenime faqtoriT SeiZleba aixsnas. pirvel rigSi, imiT
rom Zveli afxazebi, iseTive qarTvelebi iyvnen, rogorc megrelebi, lazebi,
imerlebi, gurulebi, svanebi1004; meore, rogorc g.janberiZem daaskvna, afxazTa
Taviseburi mdgomareoba adiRur enobriv jgufSi aixsneba dasavlel
qarTvelebTan maTi naTesaobiT. misi azriT, romelsac morfologiuri faqtebi
adastureben, afxazTa eTnogenezi SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc qarTvelebis
romeliRac jgufis adiRur enaze gadasvla; anu afxazTa fizikuri winaprebis
udidesi umravlesoba nawili iyo ara sxva afsua-adiRur xalxTa winaprebisa,
aramed Tanamedrove qarTvelebis qarTulenovani winaprebisa1005. am mosazrebas
iziarebs v.aleqseevic. is eTanxmeba Tvalsazriss, rom anTropologiurad
afxazebi ufro axlos dganan qarTul eTnikur samyarosTan, vidre adiRelebTan.
igi wers: àfxazTa gaerTianeba adiRuri enobrivi jgufis SemadgenlobaSi,
albaT, SedarebiT gvian ganxorcielda da, yovel SemTxvevaSi, warmoadgens
meorad movlenas maT eTnikur istoriaSi.~1006 mesame, uZvelesi kavkasiuri
kulturuli da eTnikuri erTobliobis1007 safuZvelia is Zveli substrati,
romelic, yovel SemTxvevaSi, Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi mainc saerTo iyo kavkasiis
aborigeni mosaxleobisaTvis. es naTlad Cans dasavleT saqaTvelos
mosaxleobis, rogorc morfologiuri tipis cvalebadobaSi, aseve zogierTi
genetikuri markerebis gavrcelebaSi. amis erT-erTi naTeli dasturia ABO
sistemis sisxlis jgufebis gavrceleba saqarTveloSi. mTlianobaSi am sistemis
mixedviT, saqarTvelos mosaxleoba ZiriTadad or met-naklebad msgavs jgufad
diferencirdeba. rogorc wesi, eTnikur jgufebSi Semadgeneli niSnebis
rasobrivi Taviseburebani didxans inaxaven erTobisa da msgavsebis im formebs,
romlebic win uswrebdnen maT Camoyalibebas. miT umetes, teritoriulad
daaxloebuli adgilobrivi jgufebis urTierTobis Sedegad warmoqmnili
eTnikuri erToblioba anTropologiurad rCeba am teritoriisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli cvalebadobis farglebSi1008.
1003 . m.abduSeliSvili. masalebi kavkasiis kraniologiisaTvis. - saq. ssr mecn. akademiis eqsperimentuli
morfologiis institutes Sromebi, t. 5. Tb., 1955, gv. 327-392.
1004 . g. gasviani. afxazeTi. Zveli da axali afxazebi. Tb., 1998.
1005 . . . . ..., gv. 13.
1006 . iqve gv. 10; . . . ., 1974, gv. 194.
1007 . . . . (
). .,1963, gv. 8.
1008 . . . . - . .,1974,
gv. 3-10.
194
Tavi XI. afxazeTis eTnikuri istoriis
lingvisturi safuZvlebi
istorikosebi da eTnologebi xSirad iyeneben enobriv faqtebs istoriul-eT-
nologiur sakiTxTa kvlevisas. es bunebrivicaa, vinaidan zogi istoriuli epo-
qis Sesaxeb an saerTod ar arsebobs araviTari werilobiTi wyaroebi, an isini
sakmarisi ar aris, an kidev arsebuli werilobiTi wyaroebis cnobebi garkveul
obieqtur Tu subieqtur mizezTa gamo bundovania; ena ki is fenomenia, romelic
sakmaod zustad asaxavs konkretuli eTnosis mier ganvlil istoriul gzas da
gvawvdis utyuar, gauyalbebel monacemebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu sad ucxovria eT-
noss, istoriul-kulturuli ganviTarebis ra safexurebi gauvlia mas, rogori
urTierTobebi hqonia mezobel eTnosebTan da a.S.
pirveli mkvlevari, vinc did yuradRebas uTmobda enobriv faqtebs da maT sa-
fuZvelze gamohqonda daskvnebi Tanamedrove afxazi xalxis genezisis, misi Tav-
dapirveli sacxovrisis lokalizaciisa da afxazTa winaprebis migraciis mimar-
TulebaTa Sesaxeb, iyo akad. niko mari1009. swored n. maris daskvnebi udevs sa-
fuZvlad momdevno periodis istorikosTa, eTnologTa, arqeologTa da enaTmec-
nierTa sakmaod didi nawilis mier gaziarebul da Sevsebul-modificirebul hi-
poTezebs imis Sesaxeb, TiTqos:
1. dasavleT saqarTvelo Tavdapirvelad dasaxlebuli iyo afxazTa, abazaTa,
adiRelTa, yabardoelTa da ubixTa saerTo winapari tomebiT (winareafxazur-
adiRuri eTnosiT), ris dasturadac asaxeleben dasavleT saqarTveloSi gavrce-
lebul fs(a), yva da ra marcvlebis Semcvel toponimebs, hidronimebsa da sato-
mo saxelebs, romlebic winareafxazur-adiRuri mosaxleobis Seqmnilad cxadde-
ba.
2. winareafxazur-adiRuri mosaxleoba samxreTiT vrceldeboda TiTqmis ana-
toliis Suamde, ris damadasturebladac miiCneven Zv.w. II aTaswleulSi fiqsire-
bul eTnonimebs abeSlasa da kaSks. am daskvnas safuZvlad udevs dasaxelebul
eTnonimTa fonetikuri msgavseba afxazTa avtoeTnonim afsua-sTan da CerqezTa
aRmniSvnel qarTul qaSag (rus. касог)-Tan.
3. ax.w. dasawyisis berZnul-laTinur wyaroebSi dasaxelebuli afSilebi da
abasgebi afxazebisa da abazebis winaprebi yofilan. abazaTa erTi nawili (tapan-
Telebi) CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi XIII-XIV saukuneebSi gadasaxlebula, meore nawili
ki (aSxarelebi) _ XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi.
4. qarTuli mosaxleoba Tavidanve ar cxovrobda dasavleT saqarTveloSi. me-
grul da svanur metyvelebebs amJamindel afxazeTSi, samegrelosa da svaneTSi
win uswrebda afxazur-abazuri, ubixuri da Cerqezuli enebi, romelTa kvali
enobrivi substratis saxiT dRemde Cans megrul-svanuris struqturasa da leq-
sikaSi da a. S.
imis gasarkvevad, Tu ramdenad safuZvliani da dasabuTebulia dasaxelebuli
daskvnebi, romlebic n. marisagan momdinareobs, upriania, kritikulad SevafasoT
n. maris daskvnebis sandoobis xarisxi da kvlevis meTodologia.
magaliTad, afxazuri enis kvlevisadmi miZRvnil erT-erT upirveles naSromSi
n. mari warmoadgens Tavis mosazrebebs afxazTa Soris gavrcelebuli gvarsaxe-
lis gubaz-is Sesaxeb. igi sityvas ase Slis: gu-ba-z  *gu-ba-Ze. mkvlevris az-
1009. Н. Я. Марр. О языке и истории абхазов. Ленинград, 1936.

195
riT, pirveli marcvali gu gulis aRmniSvneli afxazuri a-gu1010 sityvis Ziria, ba
afxazur gvarsaxelTa mawarmoebeli sufiqsia (Sdr. Tar-ba, amiW-ba, aj-ba...), xo-
lo z Tanxmovani miRebulia qarTul gvarsaxelTa mawarmoebeli Ze-sagan xmovnis
dakargvisa da Z  z procesis Sedegad. avtors miaCnia, rom gubaz forma naa-
fxazari, qarTizebuli saxeobaa amosavali guba variantisa (`gulaZe, guliZe~).
igive gubaz forma mogvianebiT Turme mamakacis saxeladac qceula (Sdr. lazi-
kis cnobili mefe gubazi V saukuneSi). amisi damadasturebeli yofila guriis
mdinare gubazoulis saxelic. gvarsaxelis amgvar interpretacias mosdevs da-
skvna, TiTqos afxazTa winaprebs V saukunemde didi xniT adre ecxovroT ara
marto awindeli afxazeTis, aramed guriis teritoriazec da mefe gubaz I-is da-
badebamde momxdariyos afxazTa qarTizacia1011.
ramdenad marTebulia n. maris es msjeloba? pasuxi aseTia:
jer erTi, ax. w. V saukunemde -ba sufiqsian afxazur gvarsaxelTa da, saer-
Tod, gvarebis raime modelis arseboba afxazTa Soris warmoudgenelia, vinaidan
im dros gvarsaxelebi ar hqondaT afxazTa winaprebze bevrad dawinaurebul
xalxebsac ki.
meore, Tu gaviziarebT im Sexedulebas, rom XIII-XIV saukuneebamde afxazebi
da abazebi erTad saxlobdnen awindeli afxazeTis teritoriaze da md. yubanis
xeobaSi pirvelad tapanTelebi gadasaxldnen, maSin isic unda vivaraudoT, rom
tapanTelebs Sorisac unda iyos gavrcelebuli -ba sufiqsiani gvarsaxelebi. re-
alurad ki, tapanTur soflebSi eqspediciebis dros mopovebuli masalebis
mixedviT irkveva, rom Tar-ba-s tipis gvarsaxelebi saerTod ar aris gavrcele-
buli tapanTelebSi, xolo aSxarel abazaTa Soris sul 13 gvarsaxels uCans
igive -ba daboloeba1012. sayuradReboa, rom am 13 gvarsaxelidan 9-s or-ori va-
rianti aqvs (-ba sufiqsiani da krebiT saxelTa -aa mawarmoebliani), 3 gvarsa-
xels _ sam-sami (imave mawarmoeblebiTa da -Za sufiqsiT, romelic qarTuli -Ze
sufiqsisagan momdinareobs1013). paraleluri variantebis arseboba da is faqti,
rom -ba sufiqsi mxolod rusul gamoTqmaSi gamoiyeneba1014, iZleva safuZvels
mtkicebisaTvis, rom -ba sufiqsiani warmoeba ar aris organuli arc aSxaruli
gvarsaxelebisaTvis da aSkarad afxazuri enis gavlenis Sedegi Cans. am daskvnis
sasargeblod metyvelebs kidev erTi realur-istoriuli faqti: XX saukunis 20-
30-ian wlebSi aSxarelTa 60 komli sofel fshuSi (gudauTis r-ni) Camoasax-
les1015, rogorc Cans, afxazTa Soris integraciisaTvis, magram isini SemdgomSi
(meore msoflio omamde) ukan dabrundnen. usafuZvlo ar unda iyos varaudi, rom
swored fshuSi binadrobisas daumkvidrdaT -ba sufiqsiani afxazuri modelis
gvarsaxelebi aSxarel migrantebs, razec -ba sufiqsiani variantebis mxolod
rusul gamoTqmaSi gamoyenebis faqtic mianiSnebs (es pasportizaciis zegavle-
naa). ase rom, aSxarelTa Soris gvarsaxelTa afxazuri modelis gavrceleba
afxaz komunistTa enobrivi politikis Sedegia da ara ZvelisZveli istoriuli
faqtis gamoZaxili.
mesame, qarTul gvarsaxelTa -Ze daboloeba Sesabamisi gvarebis matarebelTa
gaafxazebis SemTxvevaSi ar iZleva oden z Tanxmovans. wesi aseTia: Tu gvaris
warmomadgeneli axali gaafxazebulia, -Ze daboloeba afxazur gamoTqmaSi uc-
vleli rCeba (CakvetaZe, aruxaZe, CxiiZe||CxeiZe...), xolo Tu gaafxazeba didi xnis
momxdaria, maSin daboloebis Z Tanxmovani ucvleli rCeba, xolo e xmovani iS-
leba Áa kompleqsad, an abazurSi gadadis a xmovnad (Sdr. kasraZe  afxaz. kas-
1010. teqnikuri mizezebis gamo afxazur-abazuri enobrivi masala aqac da qvemoTac gadmocemuli gvaqvs
gamartivebuli transkrifciiT.
1011. Н. Я. Марр. Из лингвистической поездки в Абхазию, gv. 57-58.
1012. q. lomTaTiZe. aSxaruli dialeqti da misi adgili sxva afxazur-abazur dialeqtTa Soris
(teqstebiTurT). Tb., 1954, gv. 223.
1013. iqve, gv. 224.
1014. iqve, gv. 224.
1015. iqve, gv. IX.
196
lanZia, kilaZe  afxaz. kil-ba, abaz. kilZa)1016.
rac Seexeba hidronim gubazouls, mas safuZvlad udevs mamakacis saxelis7
kninobiTi gubaz-a forma, romelsac daerTvis -ul||-ur sufiqsi. es sufiqsi, Cveu-
lebriv, miwis nakveTis mflobelobas aRniSnavs (Sdr. maxinj-a-ur-i, ambrol-a-
uri, xarag-a-ul-i). aseTi saxelebis hidronimebad qcevac ar aris uCveulo mo-
vlena. rac mTavaria, gubazouli arc ise Zveli saxelia, rogorc es n. mars miaC-
nda.
amrigad, unda davaskvnaT, rom afxazuri mosaxleoba arasodes binadrobda
guriaSi da akad. n. maris `Teorias~ mTel dasavleT saqarTveloSi Tavdapirve-
lad afxazTa winaprebis cxovrebis Sesaxeb ara aqvs arc lingvisturi da arc
istoriuli safuZvlebi.
igive iTqmis dasavleT saqarTveloSi fs(a), yva, ra elementebiani da zogi
sxva tipis toponimebis, hidronimebisa da satomo saxelebis mcdari analizis sa-
fuZvelze Seqmnili Sexedulebis Sesaxeb, TiTqos aseTi enobrivi faqtebi adas-
turebdnen dasavleT saqarTveloSi winare-afxazur-adiRur tomTa cxovrebasa
da maT Semdgom asimilacias gvian mosuli qarTveluri mosaxleobis mier. Tana-
medrove mkvlevrebi ukve aRar iziareben am dausabuTebel `Teoriebs~ da axle-
burad xsnian amgvar faqtebs (ix.: a. onianis, t. futkaraZis, m. Cuxuasa da sxvaTa
axali gamokvlevebi). aq TvalsaCinoebisaTvis mokled SevexebiT erT sadavo sa-
kiTxs:
guria-aWaris teritoriaze dasturdeba ramdenime geografiuli saxeli, rom-
lebic yv(a) marcvals Seicaven: malTayva, boboyvaTi, juruyveTi... guriaSive ga-
vrcelebulia amave marcvlis Semcveli gvarsaxelebi: ingoroyva, royva, arTi-
layva, Releyva... erTi TvalsazrisiT, dasaxelebul geografiul saxelebSi yva
elementi Cerqezuli sityvaa da Reles, xevs niSnavs, xolo dasaxelebul gvareb-
Si gamoyofen aseve Cerqezul yva (`Ze, vaJi~) fuZes, rac TiTqos guria-aWaraSi
CerqezTa odindeli binadrobis damadasturebelia. meore TvalsazrisiT, dasaxe-
lebul geografiul nomenklaturaSi yva soxumis afxazur saxels ayva-s ukav-
Sirdeba, rac imave teritoriaze afxazTa winaprebis cxovrebis maniSnebeli yo-
fila. orive Tvalsazriss erTi arsebiTi meTodologiuri nakli aqvs: saanali-
zo sityvebSi gamoiyofa da ìdentificirdeba~ mxolod erTi segmenti, sityvaTa
danarCeni segmentebis axsnas ki veRar axerxeben. aravin iwuxebda Tavs imis dama-
jerebeli ganmartebiT, Tu ras warmoadgens malTa, bobo, juru (geogr. saxeleb-
Si), an ingoro, ro, arTila, Rele (gvarsaxelebSi). es imas niSnavs, rom saanali-
zo masalis etimologia daudgenelia, arada swored sanaxevro ànalizis~ sa-
fuZvelze keTdeba Sors mimavali istoriul-eTnologiuri daskvnebi, rac yov-
lad gaumarTlebelia1017.
1. afxazuri enis adgili monaTesave enaTa Soris istoriuli aspeqtebis ga-
TvaliswinebiT
is eTnosi, romelic Tavis dedaenaze sakuTar eTnikur vinaobas afsua saxe-
liT aRniSnavs, gviandeli qarTuli tradiciis mixedviT aRiniSneba afxazis sa-
xelwodebiT. afxazebTan enobriv-eTnikuri niSnebiT yvelaze axlos dganan aba-
zebi, romlebic amJamad CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, mdinare yubanis xeobaSi gafantviT
mdebare 13 sofelSi saxloben (yaraCaeT-CerqezeTis respublika). afxazTa kidev
erTi axlomonaTesave eTnosi _ ubixebi 1864 wlamde cxovrobdnen q. soWisa da
adleris mimdebare zolSi. es xalxi mTlianad gadasaxlda osmaleTSi, sadac
1016. afxazTa Soris gavrcelebul gvarsaxelTa lingvisturi analizi vrclad warmodgenilia qvemoT. rac
Seexeba n. maris kidev erT sanaxevrod mecnierul naSroms termin àfxazis~ Sesaxeb, misi kritikuli Sefasebac
qvemoTaa mocemuli.
7. magaliTad, egrisis mefeebi gubaz I (V s. 50-60-iani wlebi) da gubaz II (VI s. 40-50-iani wlebi).
1017. gansaxilvel sakiTxs sayuradRebo namSromi uZRvna m. Cuxuam 2006 wlis 22-23 seqtembers baTumSi
gamarTul saerTaSoriso simpoziumze, romelSic dasaxelebuli masala axsnilia qarTvelur niadagze.
naSromi ibeWdeba. aqve isic unda iTqvas, rom yva daboloebiani gvarsaxelebi ar fiqsirdeba uZveles
werilobiT wyaroebSi da amitomac ar gamodgeba istoriamdeli viTarebis sakvlevad.
197
dakarga dedaena da Seeria Turqebsa da kavkasiel muhajirebs. afxazTa axlomo-
naTesaveni arian agreTve Cerqezebis zogadi saxeliT cnobili adiRelebi (adi-
Res respublikaSi) da yabardoelebi (yabardo-balyareTisa da yaraCaeT-Cerqeze-
Tis respublikebSi).
afxazuri ena Sedis iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa ojaxis Crdilo-dasavlur, anu
afxazur-adiRur enaTa jgufSi abazur, ubixur, adiRur da yabardoul ènebTan~
erTad. realurad afxazuri da abazuri ar aris erTmaneTisagan imdenad daSore-
buli metyvelebani, rom maT damoukidebeli enebi ewodos1018. maT Soris iseTive
dacilebis xarisxia, rogorc qarTuli enis gurul da kaxur kiloebs Soris
gvaqvs. kidev ufro axlos dganan erTmaneTTan adiReuri da yabardouli. amitom
iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa Crdilo-dasavluri jgufis daxasiaTebisas ufro mar-
Tebuli iqneboda, gvesaubra ara am jgufSi Semaval 5 enobriv erTeulze, aramed
3 enaze (1. afxazur-abazuri ena; 2. ubixuri ena; 3. Cerqezuli ena). samive es ena
momdinareobs winareiberiul-kavkasiuri enisagan warmoqmnili winare-afxazur-
adiRuri enisagan, romelsac, savaraudod, unda earseba Zv. w. II-I aTaswleulebis
mijnidan ax. w. dasawyisamde da am dros unda daSliliyo amJamad arsebul 3
enad. sxvagvarad SeuZlebeli Cans im struqturuli da materialuri siaxlovis
axsna, rac TvalnaTliv SeiniSneba afxazur-abazur, ubixur da Cerqezul enebs
Soris.
wamoiWreba sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu konkretulad sad binadrobdnen amJamin-
del afxaz-abazaTa, ubixTa da CerqezTa saerTo winaprebi, anu winareafxazur-
adiRur enaze molaparake mosaxleoba. raki, winareafxazur-adiRur enaze Tu Ta-
namedrove afxazur-abazur, an Cerqezul enebze molaparakeTa binadroba dasav-
leT saqarTveloSi ver mtkicdeba verc werilobiTi wyaroebisa da verc enobri-
vi masalis analizis safuZvelze, logikuria, maTi sacxovrisi veZioT CrdiloeT
kavkasiaSi, mdinare yubanis auzidan mdinare Tergis napirebamde mdebare terito-
riaze. es is teritoriaa, sadac Sua saukuneebis istoriuli wyaroebi tradiciu-
lad miuTiTeben ubixTa, CerqezTa da, rac mTavaria, afxaz-abazaTa binadrobas
da sadac dRemde cxovroben abazebi da Cerqezebi (1864 wlamde _ ubixebic). sayu-
radReboa, rom afxazi xalxia erTaderTi afxazur-adiRuri modgmis eTnosi,
romelic samxreT kavkasiaSia warmodgenili, danarCenebi ki CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi
binadrobdnen abazebis CaTvliT. aseve mniSvnelovania isic, rom dasavleT
saqarTveloSi, Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze Zv. w. arcerT werilobiT wya-
roSi ar ixseniebian arc afxazebi, arc abazebi, arc ubixebi da arc Cerqezebi,
samagierod aq saxeldebian kolxebis//egrebis ueWvelad qarTveluri tomebi1019,
aqve dasturdeba aseve qarTveluri warmoSobis geografiuli saxelebic (ix. qve-
moT).
mainc sad unda gamocalkevebuliyvnen afxaz-abazaTa saerTo winaprebi winare-
afxazur-adiRuri eTnosisagan? am sakiTxis gadawyvetisaTvis arsebiTi mniSvne-
loba unda hqondes leonti mrovelis `mefeTa cxovrebis~ im nawils, romelSic
gadmocemulia kavkasiaSi mcxovreb xalxTa eTnarq-eponimebis gansaxlebis sqema.
unda aRiniSnos, rom leonti mroveli saerTod ar iyenebs terminebs àfxazi~ da
àfxazeTi~, rac avtoris myari koncefciis gamoxatulebaa. mematianisaTvis Tana-
medrove afxazeTis teritoria ar warmoadgens damoukidebel eTnikur-teritori-
ul erTeuls da igi ara marto egrisis ganuyofeli nawilia (ix. aqve, gv. 30),
aramed misi kulturul-ideologiuri da politikuri centris _ bediis (q. egri-
sis) samyofelia. Targamosis _ yovelTa kavkasielTa mamis _ Sesaxeb leonti
wers: `xolo egrissa [= egrossa _ avt.] misca queyana zRvis yurisa da uCina sa-
1018. niSandoblivia, rom afxazur-abazuri enis udidesi mkvlevari, akad. q. lomTaTiZe 1954 wlamde
gamocemul arcerT naSromSi calke enad ar asaxelebda abazurs da tapanTur-aSxarul metyvelebebs afxazuri
enis dialeqtebs uwodebda.
1019. araviTar angariSgasawev arguments ar emyareba Tvalsazrisi, TiTqos kolxebis saxeliT afxazTa
winaprebic aRiniSnebodnen. es mosazreba sasurvelis realurad warmodgena ufroa, vidre empiriuli masalis
obieqturi mecnieruli kvlevis Sedegi.
198
zRuari aRmosavliT mTa mcire, romelsa aw hquian lixi, dasavliT zRua, mdina-
re mcirisa xazareTisa, sada waswudebis wueri kavkasiisa. xolo aman egros aRa-
Sena qalaqi da uwoda saxeli Tvisi egrisi. aw mas adgilsa hquian bediaÁ~1020. e. i.
leontis cnobiT, egrisi (egri da eguri) erqva miwa-wyals lixis qedidan Sav
zRvamde da am miwis CrdiloeTis sazRvari mdinare yubanis (mcire xazareTis
mdinaris) SesarTavTan gadioda. am miwaze mobinadreebs mematiane megrni, megrel-
ni saxeliT aRniSnavs da gulisxmobs ara mxolod amJamindel megrelTa uSualo
winaprebs, aramed egrisis yvela mcxovrebs megrelebis, svanebisa da lazebis wi-
naparTa CaTvliT, magram aramcdaaramc amJamindel afxazTa winaprebs.
iqve mematiane asaxelebs kavkas(os)s, romelic afxazur-adiRur eTnosTa, maT
Soris afxazTa, saerTo winaparia. kavkasosis wilxvedri miwa ganisazRvreba mdi-
nare Tergidan kavkasionis qedis ukidures dasavleT punqtamde, anu mdinare yu-
banis zRvasTan SesarTavamde (egrosis wilxvedri miwis CrdiloeTis sazRvra-
mde): `da misca kavkasis [= kavkasoss _ avt.] mdinareTagan lomekisa [= Tergi _
avt.] vidre dasasruladmde kavkasisa [= kavkasionisa _ avt.] dasavliT~1021.
mematianes erTmaneTSi ar aereoda eTnikuri qarTveli (megreli, lazi, svani)
da eTnikuri afxazi (afsua) da maT saerTo winaprad egross ar igulisxmebda.
leonti mrovels swored kavkasosi miaCnda afxaz-abazaTa, ubixTa da CerqezTa
saerTo winaprad. misi samflobeloc uSualod esazRvreboda qarTvelTa miwa-
wyals, Tanac swored mdinare yubanis SesarTavTan, romlis siaxlovesac berZeni
avtorebi SemTxveviT sulac ar unda asaxelebdnen qalaq Zvel lazikas (lazi-
kac, rogorc cnobilia, im etapze mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos erqva da leon-
tiseuli eguris, egrisa da egrisis sinonimi iyo).
amrigad, Zv. w. II-I aTaswleulebis mijnidan ax. w. dawyebamde amJamindel
afxaz-abazaTa, ubixTa da CerqezTa saerTo winaprebi, romlebic jer kidev dauS-
lel enobriv-eTnikur erTobas qmnidnen, binadrobdnen ara dasavleT saqarTve-
los miwaze, aramed CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, mdinare Tergis marcxena napiridan
mokidebuli mdinare yubanis SesarTavamde, sadac `waswudebis wueri~ kavkasioni-
sa, e. i. qedis ukidures dasavleT wertilamde.
axali welTaRricxvis dasawyisidan iwyeba erTiani winareafxazur-adiRuri
eTnosis daSla, Cndeba 3 ena (afxazur-abazuri, ubixuri da Cerqezuli), rac 3
axali eTnosis Camoyalibebis momaswavebelia. Tavis mxriv, afxazur-abazur enaze
molaparake axali eTnosi 2 mTavari eTnikuri jgufisagan Sedgeboda 2 mTavari
dialeqtiT: amJamindel afxazTa, anu afsuaTa tomisagan da abazaTa tomisagan.
mezobeli eTnosebi (gansakuTrebiT Cerqezebi) afxaz-abazaTa ganmazogadebel, sa-
erTo saxelwodebad iyenebdnen abaza termins, romelic maTgan osmalebs SeuTvi-
sebiaT: gvian Sua saukuneTa osmalur wyaroebSic da amJamindel TurqulSic
afxazebs abaza saxeliT (mr. r. abaza-lar) aRniSnaven1022.
mosazreba saerTo iberiul-kavkasiuri (winarekavkasiuri) enisagan winarea-
fxazur-adiRuri enis Zv. w. II-I aTaswleulTa mijnaze gamoyofis Sesaxeb emyareba
sando lingvistur-istoriul monacemebs, Tumca mkvlevarTa erTi nawili uar-
yofs qarTvelur ena-kiloTa naTesaobas afxazur-adiRur da naxur-daRestnur
enebTan. kavkasiur enaTa ojaxis arsebobis faqti 1979 w. sabolood daadgina
akad. arn. Ciqobavam yvela am enis umdidres fonetikur-fonologiur, morfolo-
giur-sintaqsur da leqsikur monacemTa akademiuri analizis safuZvelze1023. arse-
biTia is faqtic, rom iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa ojaxis arsebobas upiratesad
uaryofen is avtorebi, romlebic icnoben da ikvleven an mxolod qarTvelur
ena-kiloebs da xeli ar miuwvdebaT afxazur-adiRur da naxur-daRestnur enaTa
1020. qarTlis cxovreba. ana dedofliseuli nusxa. simon yauxCiSvilis redaqciiT. Tbilisi, 1942, gv. 2.
1021. iqve, gv. 3.
1022. c. abulaZe. saqarTvelosa da misi politikuri warmonaqmnebis saxelwodebani osmalur werilobiT
ZeglebSi. - saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebis aRmniSvneli ucxouri da qarTuli terminologia, gv. 274-276.
1023. arn. Ciqobava. iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis Sesavali. Tb., 1979, gv. 253.
199
kvlevaze, an piriqiT, icnoben da ikvleven afxazur-adiRur Tu naxur-daRestnur
enebs, magram ar ZaluZT qarTvelur ena-kiloTa damoukideblad analizi. amitom,
bunebrivia, am sakiTxze im mecnierTa daskvnebi unda iqnes gaziarebuli, visac
dasaxelebuli nakli ara aqvs.
samxreT kavkasiasa da mis mimdebare teritoriaze mobinadre winarekavkasiele-
bis saziaro ena albaT minimum 4 mTavari dialeqtisagan Sedgeboda, romelTa
TandaTanobiTi enobrivi daSoreba unda gamoewvia winarekavkasielTa gansaxle-
bis arealis gafarToebas. savaraudoa, rom winarekavkasiuri enis winareafxazur-
adiRur dialeqtze (da ara enaze) molaparakeni ukve Zv. w. II aTaswleulis Sua
xanebSi dasaxldnen Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiis teritoriaze Tergidan yubanis
SesarTavamde, winarenaxur-daRestnur dialeqtze mosaubreni _ Tergidan daru-
bandamde, winare-albanur dialeqtze molaparakeni unda darCeniliyvnen amJamin-
deli azerbaijanis miwaze (istoriuli hereTis gamoklebiT), xolo axlandeli
somxeTis teritoriaze unda ecxovraT araindoevropul dialeqtze molaparake
tomebs, romlebic emezoblebodnen urartuelebs. rac Seexeba winareqarTvelur
dialeqtze mosaubre mosaxleobas, igi cxovrobda istoriuli saqarTvelos
mTel teritoriaze (Sdr. leonti mrovelis sqema) da samxreT-dasavleTiT emij-
neboda protoxeTur (xaTur)-xuritul tomebs. Zv. w. I aTaswleulis axlos es wi-
narekavkasiuri dialeqtebi ukve enebad Camoyalibda da ase miviReT winareqar-
Tveluri, winareafxazur-adiRuri, winarenaxur-daRestnuri da winarealbanuri
enebi, romlebic Tavis mxriv axali welTaRricxvis dasawyisisaTvis daiSala im
enebad, romlebic amJamad qmnian iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa ojaxs. gamonaklisad
unda CaiTvalos araindoevropuli winaresomxuri (haiuri) ena, romelic Zv. w. VI
saukuneSi wyvets arsebobas indoevropeli armenebis Semosevebisa da somxeTSi
damkvidrebis gamo.
ase rom, sruliad naTeli xdeba, Tu ratom ar Cans da arcaa saZiebeli Tanam-
edrove afxaz-abazaTa, CerqezTa da ubixTa winaprebis nakvalevi amJamindeli tu-
afse-fsous, afxazeTis, samegrelos, guriis, aWarisa da lazeTis miwebze, Tu ra-
tom ar ixseniebian afxaz-abaza-ubix-CerqezTa winaprebi antikur wyaroebSi, Tu
ratomaa mecnierulad gaumarTavi zogi afxazi avtoris miTologizebuli gan-
cxadebani: àRiarebulia, rom afxazuri ena msoflios erT-erTi uZvelesi enaa~;
àfxazur-adiRuri winareenis daSla sam ZiriTad Stod (afxazebad, adiRebad,
ubixebad), rogorc miCneulia, daiwyo xuTiaTasi wlis winaT~; àfxaz-adiRTa
winareenaze molaparake xalxi misdevda mesaqonleobas, iSenebda saqonels,
amzadebda sxvadasxvagvar xelosnur nawarms, amuSavebda liTonebs. amas
adastureben afxazeTis arqeologiuri masalebi~; ìmis sasargeblod, rom
winareenis matarebelni cxovrobdnen daaxloebiT imgvarsave pirobebSi,
rogorSic binadroben amJamindeli afxaz-adiRebi, da Camoyalibdnen
dasavlurkavkasiuri teritoriis farglebSi, metyveleben iseTi sityvebi,
rogoricaa: `zRva~, `napiri~, `Tevzi~, `mTa (tyiani)~, `tye (foTlovani)~, `tye
(wiwviani)~, `soWi~, `wifeli~, `Sindi~, `wabli~ da misTanani. imaveze metyveleben
toponimikuri saxelebic, magaliTad, im mdinareTa saxelwodebani, romlebic
Seicaven fs - `wyali~, `mdinare~ elements (arifsa, sufsa, akamfsisi, afsari,
lagumfsa), agreTve yva - `xevi~, `mdinare~, saxels da sxva~.1024 am gancxadebebs
saerTo araferi aqvs mecnierebasTan.
gamosaricxia agreTve mosazreba afxazTa da CerqezTa winaprebad Zv. w. II
aTaswleulSi wina aziaSi mosaxle abeSlasa da qasqebis miCnevis Sesaxeb (ix.
aqve, gv. 32-36), vinaidan: jer erTi, im epoqaSi jer kidev ar arsebobda arc
afxazur-abazuri da Cerqezuli (adiReur-yabardouli) enebi da arc Sesabamisi
eTnosebi; meore, am mosazrebas ar adasturebs abeSlaur-qaSquri enis monacemTa
mkacri kritikuli analizi: am enis leqsika Zalze Sors dgas afxazur-abazuri
1024. iqve.
200
da Cerqezuli enebis leqsikisagan.
amrigad, zemoT ganxiluli da qvemoT gansaxilveli masala sruli ueWvelo-
biT adasturebs, rom Crdilo-dasavleT saqarTveloSi XVI saukunemde arasodes
ucxovriaT afxazTa winaprebs, rom araferi vTqvaT Cerqez-ubixTa winaprebze.
garda amisa, Zv. w. III aTaswleulSi saerTod ar arsebobda arc winareafxazur-
adiRuri da arc winareqarTveluri enebi, isini mxolod aTasi wlis Semdgom Tu
warmoiqmneboda. rac Seexeba amJamindeli afxazeTis miwaze ori aborigeni eTno-
sis binadrobis `Teorias~, mas aranairi istoriuli da lingvisturi safuZvlebi
ara aqvs.
2. àfxazis~, àfxazeTisa~ da maTi fardi terminebis semantika Zvel wyaroTa
mixedviT
afxazi istorikosebi da qarTvel istorikosTa ufrosi Taobis erTi nawili
iziareben mosazrebas, rom terminebi àfxazi~ da àfxazeTi~ sxvadasxva epoqaSi
gamoiyeneboda Semdegi mniSvnelobebiT:
a) ax. w. IX saukunemde àfxazi~ da àfxazeTi~ aRniSnavda afsuebsa da maT sa-
binadros, anu Tanamedrove afxazeTs;
b) IX-X saukuneebSi igive terminebi paralelurad gamoiyeneboda ufro farTo
mniSvnelobiTac da aRniSnavda mTel dasavleT saqarTvelosa da am teritoriis
uklebliv yvela binadarsac (e. i. qarTvelebsa da afsuebs);
g) XI saukunidan XVI saukunemde àfxazeTi~ sruliad saqarTvelosac erqva,
xolo àfxazi~ aRniSnavda am qveynis nebismier binadars;
d) XVI saukunidan orive terminma dakarga farTo mniSvnelobebi da niSnavs
imas, rasac amJamad1025.
am mosazrebas aqvs metad seriozuli nakli. is ar iTvaliswinebs im ueWvel
faqts, rom arcerT Zvel werilobiT wyaroSi axali welTaRricxvis dasawyisa-
mde ar dasturdeba àfxazi~, àfxazeTi~, an fonetikurad msgavsi JReradobis
mqone raime sxva termini aramcTu awindeli afxazeTis teritoriisa da mis
mcxovrebTa, aramed Savi zRvis sanapiros mimdebare miwa-wylisa da mis binadar-
Ta aRsaniSnavadac, rac friad sayuradReboa. metic, qarTul werilobiT wyaro-
Tagan termini àfxazeTi~ yvelaze adre ax. w. V saukunis ambebTan dakavSirebiT
aris gamoyenebuli juanSeris matianis im nawilSi, romlis auTenturoba saeWvo
Cans: àmasve Jamsa gamovides berZenni afxazeTiT (А xelnawerSi: àfxazeTad~),
rameTu berZenTa hqonda egris-wylis quemoTi kerZi yoveli, da daipyres egris-
wyliTgan vidre cixe gojadmde~1026.
rac Seexeba sxva terminebs, maTgan termin àfsua~-s msgavsi JReradobis àf-
sili~ ax. w. I saukunidan dasturdeba laTinur wyaroSi (Sdr. gviandeli qarTu-
li àfSileTi~ || àfSeleTi~, berZn. àfselloÁ~, somx. afSeR), xolo termin
àbaza~-s msgavsi JReradobis àbasgi~ || àbasxi~ || àbaski~ berZnul wyaroSi
gvxvdeba ax. w. II saukunidan. afxaz istorikosebsa da qarTvel istorikosTa uf-
rosi Taobis nawils miaCniaT, rom termini àfsili~ || àfSili~ termin àfsua~-s
variantia da awindel afxazTa uSualo winaprebs aRniSnavda, xolo àbasgi~ ||
àbasxi~ || àbaski~ momdinareobs saxel àbaza~-sagan da abazebis uSualo wina-
parTa saxeli iyo, magram sakiTxi ase martivad, mxolod fonetikuri msgavsebis
niadagze ver wydeba damatebiTi ueWveli lingvisturi da istoriul-eTnologiu-
ri masalis ararsebobis gamo. magaliTad, danamdvilebiT ar viciT, Tu romel
konkretul enaze laparakobdnen ax. w. I-II saukuneebSi mcxovrebi abasgebi da af-
silebi (gvaqvs mxolod daukonkretebeli cnoba, rom maT sxvadasxva ena hqon-
daT); Cvenamde ar moRweula arcerTi afsiluri da abasguri sityvis Canaweri,
1025. Абхазия и абхазы средневековых грузинских повествовательных источников, gv. 3.

1026. qarTlis cxovreba. ana dedofliseuli nusxa. s. yauxCiSvilis redaqciiT. Tbilisi, 1942, gv. 94. imave
teqstSi aris kidev erTi SemTxveva, roca termini àfxazeTi~ ixmareba ax. w. I saukunis ambebTan dakavSirebiT.
igi aSkara anaqronizmia da marTebuladac miiCneva gviandel CanarTad: i. javaxiSvili. Txzulebani, t. VIII. Tb.,
1977, gv. 177.
201
rom maTi daxmarebiT gairkves afsilTa da abasgTa dedaenis Tu dedaenaTa zus-
ti raoba; terminTa garegnuli msgavseba ar aris sakmarisi am sityvaTa semanti-
kis dasadgenad, vinaidan eTnonimebi da satomo saxelebi sakmaod xSirad icvli-
an mniSvnelobas sxvadasxva mizezTa gamo, rac kargad Cans TviT terminebis
àfxazisa~ da àbasgis~ gamoyenebis istoriidanac. sanam es sakiTxebi ar garkveu-
la, gvrCeba mxolod varaudebis gamoTqmis ufleba imis Sesaxeb, Tu vin iyvnen
eTnikur-enobrivad abasgebi da afsilebi ax. w. I-II saukuneebSi. erTi daskvna ki
ueWvelad SegviZlia gamovitanoT:
ax. w. VI saukunemde mainc qarTul enaze àfxazeTi~ ar erqva arc amJamindeli
afxazeTis mTel teritorias da arc mis romelime nawils.
sakiTxis gasarkvevad yuradRebas iqcevs d. leTodianis mier gamovlenili
faqti ax. w. VI saukuneSi berZnul enaSi àbasgia~ da àbasgos~ saxelTa farTo,
aSkarad politikuri da ara eTnikuri semantikiT gamoyenebisa. bizantiis mier
qarTveluri lazikis (egrisis) dasustebis mizniT erT politikur odenobad ga-
erTianebul abasgiasa da ueWvelad qarTvelur sanigeTs berZeni avtorebi am
dros ukve ganzogadebul-gafarToebuli àbasgia~ saxeliT aRniSnavdnen, xolo
abasgebsa da sanigebs Sesabamisad àbasgebs~ uwodebdnen1027, e. i. es saxeli ber-
ZnulSi politonimad gadaiqca VI saukuneSi, rac bizantiuri imperiuli politi-
kis Sedegi da dampyroblis TvalTaxedvis anareklia. savaraudoa, rom VI sauku-
nemde qarTvelur ena-kiloebSi saerTod ar gamoiyeneboda àbasgia~ _ àbasgis~
Sesabamisi àfxazeTi~ da àfxazi~ terminebi (yovel SemTxvevaSi, Tanadroul
wyaroebSi isini ar Cans) da am politikurma faqtma Seuwyo xeli maT damkvidre-
bas politikuri semantikiT. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, qarTvelur ena-kiloebSi
terminebi àfxazi~ da àfxazeTi~ Tavdapirvelad damkvidrda ara rogorc eTni-
kuri Sinaarsis matarebeli saxelebi, aramed rogorc wminda politikuri saxel-
wodebebi. gavixsenoT, rom leonti mrovelis `mefeTa cxovreba~ ar iyenebs am
terminebs, matianeSi, romelSic aRwerilia saqarTvelos istoria uZvelesi dro-
idan ax. w. V saukunemde.
VI saukunidan abasgia anu politikuri afxazeTi bizantiis xelSewyobiT,
Zlerdeboda, rac VIII saukunis 70-80-iani wlebisaTvis TiTqmis mTeli dasavleT
saqarTvelos momcveli afxazeTis samTavros SeqmniT dasrulda1028. bunebrivia,
samTavros teritoriis zrda aisaxeboda terminTa (àbasgia_afxazeTi~, àbas-
gi_afxazi~) semantikis gafarToebaSic. kerZod, VI-VIII saukuneebSic termini
àfxazi~ ufro politonimi iyo, vidre satomo saxeli, xolo termini àfxazeTi~
erqva jer awindeli afxazeTis erT mcire nawils, VIII saukunis bolosaTvis ki
mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos, rasac TvalnaTliv adasturebs 786 wlis axlo xa-
nebSi dawerili iovane sabanisZis `habos wameba~, romlis mixedviTac afxazeTis
samTavro ukve moicavda teritorias qaldea-trapezuntidan nafsais (nikofsiis)
navsadguramde da lixis qedamde1029. e. i. saeWvoa, rom IX saukunemde termini
àfxazi~ aRniSnavda eTnikur afxazebs, anu amJamindel afsuaTa winaprebs, xolo
termini àfxazeTi~ erqva awindel afxazeTs. arsebuli faqtobrivi masala cxad-
yofs, rom VI saukunidan IX saukunemde periodSi orive termini qarTul enaSi
da terminebi àbasgi~ da àbasgia~ berZnul enaSi gamoiyeneboda farTo semanti-
kiT da es mniSvnelobani ganuwyvetliv farTovdeboda manam, sanam terminebma ar
miiRes mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelosa da am teritoriis mcxovrebTa aRmniSvne-
li ganzogadebuli saxelebis funqcia1030. rac Seexeba ax. w. I-V saukuneebis abas-
1027. d. leTodiani. afxazeTis, afSileTis da sanigeTis politikuri damokidebuleba egrisTan (lazikasTan)

IV-VIII saukuneebSi. Tb., 1991, gv. 39.
1028. Sdr.: z. papasqiri. afxazeTi - saqarTveloa. Tb., 1998, gv. 110-111.
1029. iovane sabanisZe. wamebaÁ wmindisa da netarisa mowamisa haboÁsi. - Zveli qarTuli literaturis qres-
tomaTia, t. I. Sedgenili s. yubaneiSvilis mier. Tb., 1946, gv. 62.
1030. calke ganxilvas moiTxovs juanSeris matianis teqstis monacemebi (anaqronizmebi, teqstis
avtoriseuloba da sxv.). vrclad ix.: T. gvancelaZe. afxazeTTan dakavSirebuli CanarTebi juanSeris matianis
202
gebisa da afSilebis eTnikur vinaobas, sakiTxi Riad rCeba saTanado enobrivi
masalis uqonlobis gamo. afSilebi da abasgebi ar unda yofiliyvnen Tanamedro-
ve afxaz-abazaTa winaprebi, magram kidevac rom yofiliyvnen, mainc ver CaiTvle-
bian Savi zRvis sanapiros aborigenebad Tundac imitom, rom isini arcerT wya-
roSi ar Canan am teritoriaze ax. w. I-II saukuneebamde.
IX-X saukuneebSi, roca arsebobda mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos momcveli
afxazeTis anu egrisis qarTuli samefo, terminebi àfxazi~ da àfxazeTi~ sis-
tematurad gamoiyeneboda mTeli am samefosa da mis moqalaqeTa aRmniSvnelad,
anu politikur saxelebad. magram sayuradReboa zogi sxva monacemic. magali-
Tad, amave periodSi somxur wyaroebSi àfxazisa~ da àfxazeTis~ sinonimebad
ixmareboda agreTve terminebi egeraciq ègriselebi~ da aSxarh egeracuc ègri-
selTa qveyana~1031, romlebic leonti mroveliseuli egr-i||egur-i||egris-i da megr-
i||megrel-i terminebis zusti Sesatyvisebia. es imas niSnavs, rom maSindelma so-
mexma avtorebma icodnen dasavleT saqarTvelos qarTveluri mosaxleobiT da-
saxlebulobis ambavi. aseTive mniSvnelobisaa X saukunis, kerZod, 982-983 wlebis
anonimuri sparsuli wyaros `qeTabe hodud al-alem~-is (`wigni qveynis sazRvre-
bisa~) monacemebi: am TxzulebaSi Sav zRvas `qarTvelTa zRva~ (`gorji darÁa~)
ewodeba 5 adgilas1032 (am zRvis sxva saxeli masSi ar dasturdeba).
rac Seexeba XI-XV saukuneTa viTarebas, am etapze saanalizo terminebi gamoi-
yeneboda ufarToesi politikuri semantikiT da aRniSnavda sruliad saqarTve-
losa da mis moqalaqeebs, rac kargad Cans rogorc qarTuli, ise ucxouri (ber-
Znuli, somxuri, arabuli, sparsuli...) wyaroebidan1033. am periodis wyaroTagan
gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa `qarTlis cxovrebis~ erT-erTi matianis, ìstoria-
ni da azmani SaravandedTani~-s zemoTmotanili cnoba Tamar mefis mamis, giorgi
III-is (1156-1184 ww.) bednieri mefobis Sesaxeb, romelSic afxazeTi CrdiloeT kav-
kasiaSi mdebare qveynad moixsenieba, alanTa qveynis gverdiT: `T9T mefe dajda
sixarulad da gansuenebad da nadirobad, odesme, Jamsa zamTrisasa, gardavidis
lixT-imeriT da miuwiis zRuad pontosa, moiwiis da moinadiris alanTa queyana,
romel ars afxazeTi, odesme gurgenis zRuadmde~1034. matianis es cnoba warmoad-
gens uZveles werilobiT dadasturebas eTnikuri afxazeTis mdebareobis Sesaxeb
CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, kerZod, md. yubanis auzSi. am daskvnis gamotanis uflebas
iZleva Semdeg garemoebaTa gaTvaliswineba:
a) alanTa qveyanas arasodes uarsebia kavkasionis samxreTiT, miT umetes, amJa-
mindeli afxazeTis miwaze;
b) matianis mixedviT, alanTa qveyana da afxazeTi XII saukunis dasasruls
mdebareobda pontos (Savi) zRvis aRmosavleTiT, xmeleTis siRrmeSi;
g) alanTa qveyana im periodSi ar Sedioda sruliad saqarTvelos anu àfxa-
zeTis~ SemadgenlobaSi, igi mxolod saqarTvelos ymadnafici iyo;
d) `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ termini àlani~ ar udris òvss~ (òvsebi~ da òv-
seTi~ masSi xSirad ixsenieba, àlanTa queyana~ ki zemoT miTiTebul erTaderT
SemTxvevaSi). àlani~ aq aRniSnavs amJamindel yaraCael-balyarelTa winaprebs
(Sdr. megruli alani `yaraCaeli~, alani koCi `Ronieri, vaJkaci kaci~1035), razec
gviani Sua saukuneebis evropuli rukebic miuTiTeben (mag.: 1654 wlis laTinur-
teqstSi. Tb., 1997; T. gvancelaZe. enobrivi monacemebi da maTi mniSvneloba afxazeTis eTnikuri istoriis
kvlevisaTvis. - afxazeTis istoriis problemebi, Tb., 1998, gv. 19-23.
1031. e. cagareiSvili. `qarTvelisa~ da `saqarTvelos~ aRmniSvneli terminebi somxur werilobiT wyaroebSi.
- saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebis aRmniSvneli ucxouri da qarTuli terminologia, gv. 207-208.
1032. hodud al-alemi. - isTaxri; hodud al-alemi; hamdallah yazvini. Targmani SeniSvnebiTa da
saZiebliTurT v. fuTuriZisa. Tb., 1937, gv. 13, gv. 16.
1033. ix. krebulSi: saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebis aRmniSveli ucxouri da qarTuli terminologia.
1034. qarTlis cxovreba, t. II, gv. 15; T. gvancelaZe. qarTlis cxovrebis erTi adgilis gagebisaTvis (àlanTa
qveyana, romel ars afxazeTi~)~. - qarTveluri memkvidreoba, t. II. quTaisi, 1998.
1035. И. Кипшидзе. Грамматика мингрельского (иверского) языка с хрестоматиею и словарем. С.-Пб., 1914, gv. 193; n.
baRaTuria. Turquli satomo saxelebi qarTul dialeqtebsa da folklorSi (yazaxi, alani). - qarTveluri
memkvidreoba, t. II, gv. 38-39.
203
franguli ruka "Tabula Colchidis hodie Mengrelis", romelzec kavkasionis
gadaRma, axlandeli afxazeTis gaswvriv dasaxelebulni arian afxazebi da ala-
nebi _ "Abkashi hodie Abbasa" da "Alani". Sdr. agreTve arqanjelo lambertis ana-
logiuri cnoba da a. S.);
e) afxazebisa da alanebis mezoblobas kavkasionis gadaRma adasturebs ag-
reTve ingliseli jon mandevilis 1375 wlis cnobac1036, romelic uZvelesi ucxo-
uri dadasturebaa afxazTa samSoblos CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mdebareobisa;
v) eTnikuri afxazeTis lokalizacia XII saukunis meore naxevarSi gamori-
cxavs im mosazrebas, TiTqos afxazebi da abazebi Tavidanve binadrobdnen axlan-
deli afxazeTis miwaze da tapanTelebi pirvelni gadasaxldnen yubanis auzSi.
z) eTnikuri afxazeTis mdebareobas mdinare yubanis auzSi adasturebs 1992
wlis martSi lundis (SvedeTi) universitetis wignsacavSi mikvleuli 13 rukac.
maTgan erT-erTze, romelic Sedgenilia italieli jakopo gastaldis mier 1561
wels, afxazeTi, afsuaTa olqi (Abcvas regi.) da qalaqi Acva (Sdr. soxumis awin-
deli afxazuri saxelwodeba àyva~) gamosaxulia CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, yubanis
Sua welze, xolo amJamindeli afxazeTi samegrelos (Mengrelia regi.) Semadgen-
lobaSia (ix. aqve, ruka #11). rac Seexeba danarCen 12 rukas, maTzec qalaqi ayva
yubanis napirzea miTiTebuli (es rukebia: merkatoris 1591 wlis, merkatorisa da
iudokus hondiusis 1633 wlis, iudokus hondiusis XVII s. I naxevris, frederik
de vitis 1671 wlis, ioan iansonis XVII saukunis, david de vilhelmis XVIII sau-
kunisa da a. S.)1037.
amrigad, arsebobs werilobiT, lingvistur da kartografiul cnobaTa mTeli
kompleqsi, romelic adasturebs, rom Tanamedrove afxazTa Tavdapirveli sa-
mSoblo mdebareobda kavkasionis CrdiloeTiT, mdinare yubanis auzSi, xolo
afxazTa winaprebis masobrivi Camosaxleba qeds aqeT daiwyo XVI saukuneSi.
3. termin àfxazis~ warmomavloba da urTierToba sxva fuZeebTan
àfxazi~, àfsua~, àbaza~, àbasgi~, àfsili || afSeli~, àfsari~ terminebis
etimologiisa da urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb mecnierTa Soris azrTa didi sxva-
dasxvaobaa. am sakiTxebis garkvevas cdilobdnen n. mari, s. janaSia, q. lomTaTi-
Ze, s. yauxCiSvili, o. kaxaZe, e. osiZe, T. gamyreliZe, T. gvancelaZe, v. Sengelia,
j. hiuiti, v. Cirikba, e. lomTaZe, r. Serozia, t. futkaraZe da sxvani, magram ga-
sarkvevi jer kidev bevri ram rCeba. warmovadgenT mxolod im debulebebs, rom-
lebic, iTvaliswinebs rogorc qarTvelur ena-kiloTa, ise afxazur-abazur da
Cerqezul enaTa enobriv specifikas. termini àfsua~: es saxeli amJamindel af-
xazTa avtoeTnonimia. afxazuri enis abJuur dialeqtSi termini JRers rogorc
afssJa (aqac da qvemoTac neitraluri, anu `racionaluri~ xmovani aRiniSneba s
asoTi), bzifur dialeqtSi ki mis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis ara sada s Tanxmovani,
aramed Zveli warmoSobis sisin-SiSina sˈ bgera, romelic Sualeduri Tanxmovania
sisina s da SiSina S bgerebs Soris. e. i. arsebuli ori formidan amosavalia
bzifuris varianti. sityvis TavSi warmodgenili a xmovani ar aris fuZis orga-
nuli nawili da igi xSirad Camoscildeba xolme mas (mag.: fsua wasla àfxazu-
ri wesiT~). es a- TavsarTi saxelTa zogadi formis mawarmoebelia (Sdr.: a-
qrTsJa `qarTveli~, a-urss `rusi~, a-bsrzen `berZeni~...) da Tavis mxriv momdinare-
obs ufro Zveli Áa- variantisagan (Sdr.: a-Áa-dsgÁ àdiReli~). afssJa saxelSi
gamoiyofa agreTve adamianis aRmniSvneli Ja Zir-sufiqsic, romelic fuZes gamoe-
yofa mravlobiTi ricxvis formaSi da mis win aRdgeba a xmovani: a-fsa-cJa||a-fsa-
qJa àfxazebi~. mravlobiTi ricxvis monacemebi gviCvenebs, rom àfsua~ saxelis
amosavali Ziria fsˈa, romelSic afxazur-abazur ZirTa amosavali CV, an CVCV
1036. T. gvancelaZe. jon mandevilis 1375 wlis cnobis mniSvneloba eTnikuri afxazeTis lokalizaciisaTvis.
- kavkasiologiuri krebuli. eZRvneba kavkasiur enaTa kaTedris daarsebis 70 wlisTavs. Tb., 2004, gv. 48-51; j.
mandevili afxazeTs CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi aTavsebs da mas Abson (Sdr. afsnˆ) saxeliT aRniSnavs.
1037. ix. agreTve: P. Allen. The Atlas of Atlases. The Map maker’s vision of the World. Atlases from the Cadbury Collection.
Birmingham Central Library. London, 1988; Дж.Гамахариа, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi.

204
(Tanxmovani + xmovani, an Tanxmovani + xmovani + Tanxmovani + xmovani) modelis
mixedviT SesaZlebelia fasˈa variantis aRdgena1038. Sesabamisad, afxazTa amJamin-
deli avtoeTnonimis Tavdapirvel formad unda CaiTvalos *Áa-fasˈa varianti,
romelsac mogvianebiT unda darTvoda adamianis aRmniSvneli Ja Zir-sufiqsi.
terminis formobrivi istoria ase warmoidgineba sqemis saxiT: *Áafasˈa  *afsˈa
 *afsˈaJa  afsˈsJa  afsJa. n. marisa da mis mimdevarTa mosazrebebisagan gan-
sxvavebiT, SeuZlebelia damajereblad miviCnioT am terminis dakavSireba mesx
fuZis romelime variantTan. Znelia imis Tqmac, Tu ra semantika unda hqonoda
amosaval *Áafasˈa saxeobas (eTnonimTa amosavali semantikis garkveva saerTod
urTulesi amocanaa da varaudTa mTel kaskads warmoSobs!).
àfsua~ saxelis realur da aRdgenil variantebTan fonetikurad yvelaze ax-
los dganan laTinur wyaroSi warmodgenili afsil, berZnuli afsil||afsel,
qarTuli afSil||afSel, somxuri afSeR da qarTuli afsar saxeobebi, romelTa
struqturis Sesaxeb aseve azrTa didi sxvaobaa. realobasTan axlos dgas Semde-
gi varaudebi: dasaxelebul variantebSi s da S TanxmovanTa arseboba imaze unda
miuTiTebdes, rom laTinur, berZnul, qarTul da somxur variantebs safuZvlad
unda edos sisin-SiSina sˈ Tanxmovnis Semcveli saxeoba afsˈa. afsil||afSil da
afSel||afSeR variantebSi aSkarad gamosayofia adamianTa sadaurobis qarTuli -
el sufiqsi (e  i cvalebadoba qarTvelur ena-kiloebSi Cveulebrivi movlenaa),
razec berZnuli afsel formac miuTiTebs1039. R Tanxmovani somxurSi l-s kanon-
zomieri monacvlea. rac Seexeba `qarTlis cxovrebis~ gvian Suasaukunovan Ca-
narTSi xmarebul afsar formas, masSic gamoiyofa adamianTa sadaurobis qarTve-
luri -ar sufiqsi (Sdr.: somxiT-ar-i, samSvild-ar-i, olTis-ar-i, opiz-ar-i, zu-
fu-ar-i, zugid-ar-i, senak-ar-i, xunw-ar-i...). unda davaskvnaT: ax. w. I saukuneSi
pliniusis CanawerebSi warmodgenili laTinuri apsilae saxeli ueWvelad Sei-
cavs qarTul sufiqss, rac imas niSnavs, rom romaeli avtori Sesabamis toms
qarTvelebis meSveobiT gascnobia.
terminebi àbaza~, àbasgi||abaski||abasxi~, àfxazi~ da àbazaxa~: am terminTa
pirveladoba-meoreulobisa da formobrivi mimarTebis sakiTxic cxovel kamaTs
iwvevs. sayuradRebo Cans varaudi am saxelTa kavSiris Sesaxeb, Tumca sakamaTo
mainc bevri ram rCeba.
Tu davuSvebT, rom ax. w. II saukunidan cnobili abask-oi varianti (flavius
ariane) marTlac momdinareobs abaza formisagan, maSin auxsneli rCeba, Tu ra
morfologiuri funqcia aqvs fuZeSi warmodgenil k Tanxmovans. abaskoi rom
marTlac abaza-sagan momdinareobdes, maSin Zvel berZnul enaSi unda gvqonoda
sul sxva, abaZa forma (Zv. berZnulSi ar iyo z Tanxmovani da igi Z-Ti icvlebo-
da). ase rom, istorikosTa nawilis mier gaziarebuli mosazreba mxolod hipoTe-
zaa da moiTxovs ori arsebiTi (fonetikuri da morfologiuri) problemis dama-
jereblad axsnas.
sagangebo ganxilvas moiTxovs n. maris mcdeloba termin afxaz-is etimologi-
is garkvevisa. n. maris koncefcia aseTia:
termini afxaz-i iafeturia (qarTveluria). igi momdinareobs *abaz-x varianti-
sagan. -x sufiqsi iafetur satomo saxelebSi gamoiyofa da mravlobiTi ricxvis
mawarmoebelia, rac ar aris marTali. n. mari iqve aRadgens ufro Zvel *abaz-x,
*afaz-x, *afas-x saxeobebs. misi azriT, *afasx  *afazx  qarT. afxaz-i, xolo
*abaz-x  berZn. abasg || Cerqez. abaZ+e-x. igive *abaz-x n. mars dakavSirebuli aqvs
1038
. q. lomTaTiZe. adamianis aRmniSvneli ao9 sityva afxazurSi. - saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, t. IV, #7. Tb.,
1947, gv. 726; q. lomTaTiZe. afxazuri da abazuri enebis istoriul-SedarebiTi analizi. I. fonologiuri sistema da fonetikuri procesebi. Tb.,
1975 (garekanze _ 1976), gv. 8-12, 80-81, 103-104, 240.
1039. satomo saxelze sadaurobis -el sufiqsis darTva ucxo ar aris qarTul sinamdvileSi. Sdr. kax-i 
kax-el-i, mesx-i  gvarsaxeli mesx-el-i, svan-i  gvarsaxeli svan-el-i...

205
abaza saxelTanac, romelsac igi xedavs baz-g-un||baz-g-on formebSic (bazgunebi
ki kaspiis zRvis midamoebSi saxeldebodnen), bas-il-q variantSic da pliniusis
afsil saxeobaSic (afsilebi n. mars ueWvelad afxazebad miaCnda). aRdgenili
bas Ziri mecniers gamoyofili aqvs mdinaris bzsb saxelSi (aseTi saxeoba ki re-
alurad ar arsebobs) da zufu toponimSi, agreTve abJua formaSi, afsua da
afsns saxelebSi. n. mari kidev ufro Sors midis da amave ZirTan akavSirebs Sem-
deg sityvebs: tuafse, jiqi (ziqxoi, Zugoi), adsRe, odiSi, fasi (mTa), faSgvaSi,
basiani, fasisi, dvabzu, mesxi||mosoxi, masquTi, masisi, mcxeTa, samcxe, somexi1040.
gamodis, rom n. mars amJamindel afxazTa winaprebis sacxovrisad da maTi mi-
graciis adgilebad miaCnda TiTqmis mTeli kavkasia (tao-klarjeTi, samcxe, qar-
Tli, raWa, svaneTi, amJamindeli afxazeTi, guria, samegrelo, Crdilo-dasavleTi
kavkasia, kaspiis zRvis midamoebi). misTvis araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvs, Tu
ramdenad Seesatyviseba misi varaudebi warsulis istoriul viTarebas, an ramde-
nad safuZvliania lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT misi ètimologiebi~. magaliTad,
veraviTar kritikas ver uZlebs n. maris mier bas||fas||baz ZirebTan iseTi sxvadas-
xvaenovani da, Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva warmoSobis sityvebis dakavSireba, rogo-
ricaa zemoT dasaxelebul saxelTa absoluturi umravlesoba: adiRe, jiqi, tu-
afse, odiSi, fasi, fazisi, faSgvaSi, basili, dvabzu, mesxi, masquTi, mcxeTa, some-
xi da a. S. am morevSi ikargeba is racionaluri marcvlebic, romlebic udavod
aris n. maris ganxilul naSromSi. magaliTad:
damajerebeli Cans Zvel berZnul wyaroebSi dadasturebuli abasx||abask||abasg
variantTa SesaZlo momdinareoba qarTuli afxaz fuZisagan. Zneli ar aris imis
axsna, rom berZnulisaTvis ucxo Tavkidura fx kompleqsi Secvala am enisaTvis
ufro bunebrivma bolokidura sx kompleqsma, romlisganac iolad miviRebdiT
meoreul sk||sg kompleqsebs1041. Sesabamisad, unda vivaraudoT, rom ax. w. II sauku-
nis axlo xanSi berZnebs qarTuli enisagan unda esesxebinaT es sityva, magram es
ar niSnavs imas, rom am saxeliT qarTulSi an berZnulSi maincdamainc amJamin-
del afxazTa winaprebi aRiniSnebodnen. terminebis afxazi, abasxos||abaskos||abas-
gos semantika im droisaTvis jer kidev sakvlevi rCeba.
aseve saZiebelia termin abaza-s struqtura da amosavali semantika, Tumca am
etapze sruliad ueWvelia, rom XVI saukunidan dRemde (ufro adre igi ar Cans
wyaroebSi) termins ramdenime mniSvneloba aqvs: 1. igi aris abazaTa avtoeTnonimi
da maTive amJamindeli saxeli mezobel xalxTa enebSi (CerqezulSi, yaraCaul-
balyarulSi, noRaurSi, osurSi, rusulSi...); 2. XVI saukunis meore naxevridan
dRemde Turqebi am saxels iyeneben afxazTa da abazaTa gamaerTianebel termi-
nad; 3. gvian Sua saukuneTa evropul wyaroebSi, agreTve XIX-XX saukuneTa masa-
lebis mixedviT, àbaza~ erqvaT dasavlurCerqezul tomebs (abaZexebs, SafsuRebs,
naTxvajebs, maxvaSebs, bJeduRebs, Janeelebs...), romlebic erovnul-enobrivadac
abazebi yofilan da XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi gaCerqezebulan (s. bronevski, l. lu-
lie, xan-girei, l. lopatinski, a. diri, l. lavrovi, n. volkova, j. kokovi...).
adiReSi mosaxle abazaTa gaCerqezebis procesi mTavrdeboda 1929 wels, s. jana-
Sias iq mivlinebiT yofnis dros1042.
àbaza~ terminTan fonetikurad axlosaa Zvel slavur matianeebSi xSirad
gamoyenebuli variantebi: Обез//Обежанин, romlebic abaza formisagan momdinareo-
ben, magram sruliad saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebs aRniSnaven1043. abaza saxeobas-
Tan fonetikurad axlosaa yaraCaul-balyaruli termini ebze, romelic aseve sa-
qarTvelosa da qarTvels (ufro zustad, svaneTsa da svans) aRniSnavs, Tumca
1040. Н. Я. Марр. История термина "Абхаз".

1041. T. gamyreliZe, Zveli kolxeTis satomo saxelTa istoriidan. - saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebis
aRmniSvneli ucxouri da qarTuli terminologia. Tb., 1993, gv. 584-585.
1042. c. abulaZe. dasax. naSr., gv. 274-275; Л. И. Лавров. "Обезы" русских летописей. - Советская этнография, №4, 1946,
gv. 163; Н. Г. Волкова. Этнонимы и племенные названия Северного Кавказа. М., 1973, gv. 36; s. janaSia. eqspedicia
adiRes avtonomiur olqSi, april-maisi, 1929. Sromebi, t. IV. Tb., 1968, gv. 74, 77, 98, 104, 110, 124...
1043. Г. Г. Паичадзе. Названия Грузии в русских письменных исторических источниках. Тб., 1989, gv. 11-60.
206
amave enaSi abaza terminic arsebobs, romelic abazebs aRniSnavs. daismis saki-
Txi: rodis unda SeeTvisebinaT slavebsa da yaraCael-balyarelebs obez da ebze
terminebi saqarTvelosa da qarTvelTa aRsaniSnad? albaT mxolod maSin, roca
dasavleT saqarTvelosa da iqaur qarTvelebs TviT qarTul enazec afxazeTi da
afxazni erqva, anu IX-XV saukuneebSi, Suamavali ki CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mosax-
le romelime xalxi iyo, romlis enaSic, etyoba, abaza saxeliT dasavleT saqar-
Tvelo da iqauri qarTvelebi aRiniSneboda (aseT eTnosad SeiZleba vigulis-
xmoT yivCaRebi, paWanikebi, an xazarebi).
termin àfxazis~ etimologizebis uamravi mcdelobidan sainteresod gamoiyu-
reba o. kaxaZis Tvalsazrisi. am Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, saxels safuZvlad
udevs amJamindeli erT-erTi Cerqezuli eTnografiuli jgufis, abaZexebis (abaZa-
xebis) aRmniSvneli Cerqezuli abazaxa saxelwodeba. am ori saxelis mimarTeba
mkvlevars ase warmoudgenia: Cerqez. abazaxa  Cerqez. abzaxa  megr. dial. *ab-
xaza  *abxaz-i1044. Cveni azriT, zedmetia b Tanxmovniani variantebis aRdgena
qarTveluri ena-kiloebisaTvis, vinaidan bx kompleqsi aq arabunebrivia da myisve
icvleba ufro bunebrivi fx kompleqsiT. amitom gardaqmnaTa jaWvi ase SeiZleba
aRdges: abazaxa  abzaxa  afxaza  afxaz-i. Tavis varauds o. kaxaZe amyarebs
s. janaSias mier uSualod CerqezeTSi mopovebuli ori sayuradRebo cnobiT: 1.
Cerqezul enaSi -xa sufiqsi gamoiyeneba gvarsaxelTa krebiTobis formisa da
satomo saxelTa mawarmoeblad, 2. abaZexebi XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebis muhaji-
robamde saxlobdnen mdinare yubanis marcxena Senakadebis napirebze da dasav-
leTidan uSualod emezoblebodnen abazur tomebs (barayaisa da baRs)1045. aqve un-
da davZinoT, rom abaZexebi XVII-XVIII saukuneebamde enobriv-eTnikurad abazebi
iyvnen (ix. zemoT), xolo s. janaSias 1929 wels adiReSi yofnisas daudasture-
bia, rom abaZexebi maSin jer kidev ar miiCnevdnen Tavs Cerqezebad da arc sxva
Cerqezebi miaTvlidnen maT Cerqezebs, adiReSi (sof. ulafSi) mosaxle TiTqmis
gaCerqezebuli abazebi ki abaZexebs TavianT uaxloes monaTesaveebad acxadebdnen
da maT saxelwodebas Targmnidnen rogorc àbazas qvemoT~1046.
arsebiTia erTic: Cerqezul enaSi -xa sufiqsi zemoT aRniSnulis garda gamo-
xatavs cnebebs: `qvemoT~, `mdinaris qvemo welisaken~, `dasavleTiT~ (s. janaSia,
j. kokovi...). amis gaTvaliswinebiT saxeli abazaxa Cerqezulidan SeiZleba iTar-
gmnos rogorc `qvemouri, qvemoeli abaza~, anda `dasavleli abaza~, rac imas niS-
navs, rom qarTvelur ena-kiloebSi termin afxazis damkvidrebis drosac da Se-
mdgomac CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, axlandeli afxazeTis gadaRma mosaxle afxazur-
abazuri erTobis zogadi saxeli àbaza~ iyo da es erToba iyofoda or mTavar
Stod: a) zemour, anu aRmosavlel abazebad, romlebic SesaZloa amJamindel aba-
zaTa uSualo winaprebi iyvnen da b) qvemour, anu dasavlel abazebad, romlebic
amJamindel afxazTa, SafsuRTa, abaZexTa da sxva amJamindel dasavlur-Cerqezul
tomTa uSualo winaprebi iyvnen.
sayuradReboa, rom am savaraudo daskvnas, garda zemoT ganxiluli istoriu-
li da lingvisturi monacemebisa, mxars uWers juanSeris matianis erTi cnobac
vaxtang gorgaslis (V s.) mier CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi ovsTa winaaRmdeg mowyobi-
li eqspediciis Sesaxeb: `...rameTu maSin mun iyo paWanigeTi mosazRvared ovseTi-
sa, mdinaresa mas ovseTisasa wiaR, da jiqeTi mun iyo. Semdgomad JamTa mravalTa
iotnes paWanigni, [da] jiqni TurqTagan; da warvides paWanigni dasavliT kerZo,
xolo jiqni daemkvidrnes bolosa afxazeTisasa~1047. es cnoba adasturebs, rom
1044. o. kaxaZe. afxaz||afxaza... fuZis Taobaze. - saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebis aRmniSvneli ucxouri da

qarTuli terminologia. Tb., 1993, gv. 557.
1045. s. janaSia. svanur-adiReuri (Cerqezuli) enobrivi Sexvedrebi. Sromebi, t. III. Tb., 1959, gv. 102; misive:
abaZaxebi. saenciklopedio masala. Sromebi, t. VI. Tb., 1988, gv. 227-228.
1046. s. janaSia. eqspedicia... gv. 74, 77, 98, 104, 110, 124.
1047. qarTlis cxovreba, ana dedofliseuli nusxa... Tb., 1942, gv. 103. cnobis mokle Sinaarsi Semonaxulia
`qarTlis cxovrebis~ somxur TargmanSic: `Sevidnen bajan[ik]eTsa da jiqeTs, romelic afxazeTis qvemoTaa~. ix.:
207
vaxtang gorgaslis dros afxazur-adiRuri modgmis jiqebi jer kidev ar cxov-
robdnen aramcTu amJamindeli afxazeTis miwaze, aramed arc Savi zRvis axlos
da Tanamedrove q. soWidan yubanis SesarTavamde teritoriis Crdilo-dasavleT
nawilSi mogvianebiT damkvidrebulan, rac savsebiT eTanxmeba leonti mrovelis
koncefciasac kavkasiis xalxTa sacxovrisis Sesaxeb.
rogorc vxedavT, o. kaxaZis varaudi sakmaod mwyobria da lingvisturi
TvalsazrisiT dabrkoleba ar axlavs, magram mas mxars ar uWeren antikuri da
adrefeodaluri xanis istoriuli wyaroebis monacemebi. kerZod, arcerT Zvel
doku-mentSi abaZexebi saerTod ar ixseniebian, maT mxolod gviani Sua saukunee-
bidan asaxeleben evropeli mogzaurebi.
arsebobs kidev erTi sayuradRebo mosazreba termin àfxazis~ warmoSobisa
da agebulebis Sesaxeb. kerZod, a. lomTaZe da r. Serozia varaudoben, rom
afxaz||afxaza saxeobaTa amosavali formaa svanuri Sesityveba afxaS zani `mTis
(zurgis) zani~1048, magram am varaudsac igive nakli aqvs, rac o. kaxaZisas: arcerT
Zvel werilobiT wyaroSi ar dasturdeba Sesityveba afxaS zani, Tu ar Ca-
vTvliT masTan fonetikurad axlomdgom afxazana (Апхазана) toponims, romelic
XVII saukuneSi, 1667 wels dasturdeba afxazeTis saxelad pavle alepoelis
cnobebSi1049. am SemTxvevaSi gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom am sakmaod gviandel wya-
roSi toponimTa fonetikuri damaxinjebis uamravi magaliTi dasturdeba (cnobe-
bi ar aris Cawerili uSualod avtoris, pavle alepoelis mier). amitom SesaZle-
belia afxazana forma SemTxveviTic iyos.
termin àfxazis~ gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT metad mniSvnelovania is faqtic,
rom Suasaukunovan wyaroebSi afxazi erqva 2 qalaqs _ erTi maTgani Savi zRvis
aRmosavleT sanapiros Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi mdebareobda, meore ki baqo-
darubandis gzaze (Tanamedrove qalaq qubasTan). es aSkarad politikurad simbo-
luri Cans da axsnas moiTxovs.
4. qarTveluri substrati afxazur enaSi
kargadaa cnobili, rom amJamindeli afxazeTis miwaze mraval qarTvelur
toms ucxovria ZvelTaganve1050, romelnic welTaRricxvaTa mijnamde laparakob-
dnen winareqarTvelur enaze, mere ki megrul da svanur dialeqtebze, agreTve
qarTvelur (qarTul) samwignobro enaze. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom am miwaze
mosaxle svanebi ukve adreul Sua saukuneebSi gaTqvefilan megrul mosaxleoba-
Si, ris gamoc afxazurma enam, romelic awindeli afxazeTis miwaze gavrcelda
mxolod XVI saukunidan, veRar mouswro svanur kiloebs. amis gamo afxazurSi
am kiloTa gavlenis kvali ar Cans, samagierod Zalze mkafioa megrulisa da sa-
mwignobro qarTulis anabeWdebi.
qarTveluri qristianuli terminebi afxazurSi. rogorc qarTul, ise ber-
Znul wyaroebSi daculia cnobebi amJamindeli afxazeTis miwaze qristianobis
gavrcelebis Sesaxeb ax. w. I-IV-VI saukuneebSi. Tuki am periodSi axlandel
afxazTa da abazaTa winaprebi realurad cxovrobdnen da saukuneTa manZilze
inarCunebdnen qristes rjuls, maSin afxazursa da abazur leqsikaSi ueWvelad
unda Candes, erTi mxriv, berZnul enasTan uSualo mWidro kontaqtis kvali da,
meore mxriv, warmodgenili unda iyos sakuTriv afxazur-abazuri warmoSobis
qristianuli terminebi, mesame mxriv ki bibleizmebi (bibliis teqstidan momdina-
re frazeologizmebi da epiTet-metaforebi). sagangebod Catarebulma kvlevam aC-
vena, rom: 1. berZnul enasTan xangrZlivi uSualo kontaqtis kvali saerTod ar
qarTlis cxovrebis Zveli somxuri Targmani. qarTuli teqsti da Zveli somxuri Targmani gamokvleviTa da
leqsikoniT gamosca i. abulaZem. Tb., 1953, gv. 150.
1048. a. lomTaZe, r. Serozia. eTnonim afxazis etimologiisa da istoriasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi. -
saistorio Studiebi, t. 3. Tb., 2002, gv. 257.
1049. n. asaTiani. masalebi XVII saukunis saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis (saqarTvelos aRwera, Sedgenili
pavle alepoelis mier). Tb., 1973, gv. 75.
1050. saTanado wyaroebisa da literaturis mimoxilva ix. wignSi: t. futkaraZe. qarTvelebi. nawili I, gv.
175-200; 264-297.
208
SeiniSneba afxazur-abazur leqsikaSi. metic, TviT berZenis aRmniSvneli a-
bsrzen eTnonimi afxazurs SeuTvisebia megrulisagan (Sdr. megr. berzeni), rac
Seexeba a-grek sityvas, igi rusulidanaa SeTvisebuli 100-150 wlis win. 2. ar ar-
sebobs afxazur-abazuri enebisaTvis saziaro originaluri, an kalkirebuli
qristianuli terminebi. sakuTriv afxazur qristianul terminTa mcire jgufs
(garda RmerTis aRmniSvneli ancva sityvisa romelic poliTeizmis droindeli
terminia da niSnavs `dedebs~) siZvelis kvali ar emCneva, isini aSkarad gvian Sua
saukuneebSia Seqmnili. 3. arc afxazurSi da arc abazurSi ar dasturdeba bib-
leizmebi `mama abramis batkani~-s, ùrwmuno Toma~-s, `sodomis codvisa~ da sxva-
Ta tipisa. am monacemTa safuZvelze unda davaskvnaT, rom afxazTa da abazaTa
winaprebs ar hqoniaT uSualo, xangrZlivi da intensiuri kontaqtebi berZnul
qristianul samyarosTan ax. w. I-VI saukuneebSi. sayuradReboa is, rom afxazur
enaSi ZiriTad qristianul cnebaTa gamosaxatad sakmaod xSirad gamoiyeneba mah-
madianuri terminebi, romlebic am enaSi gvian Sua saukuneebamde ver moxvdebod-
nen (es terminebi ZiriTadad Turqulidan, an am enis SuamavlobiTaa nasesxebi).
es terminebia: janaT `samoTxe~, jahansm `jojoxeTi~, a-maalsqÁ àngelozi~, a-
faaÁmbar `winaswarmetyveli~, a-kaameT `meored mosvla; saSineleba~, ajal `sik-
vdilis Jami~ da mr. sxvani.
mniSvnelovania sxva garemoebac: afxazur qristianul terminologiaSi gamoi-
yeneba qarTveluri warmoSobis, an qarTvelizebuli terminebis erTi jgufi,
romlebic saSualebas iZleva am sityvaTa afxazur enaSi damkvidrebis drois mi-
axloebiT gansazRvrisa, Sesabamisad, am terminTa meSveobiT SesaZlebelia
afxazTa gaqristianebis drois garkvevac. aseTia, magaliTad, termini a-Jaxvama
`salocavi, eklesia~, romelic dasturdeba abJuur da bzifur dialeqtebSi. am
sityvis wyaro megruli xvama `locva~ sityvisagan momdinare o-xvam-e `salocavi~
formaa (Sdr. svan. la-Ãvam `salocavi~). svanuri variantis Ã Tanxmovani migvaniS-
nebs, rom megrulSic Tavidanve igive bgera unda yofiliyo, rac bzifurSi mo-
gvcemda specifikur yelismier Tanxmovans, romelic kanonzomierad enacvleba
abazur Ã-s. magram realurad bzifurSi warmodgenilia Cveulebrivi x Tanxmova-
ni, rac imas niSnavs, rom sityva oxvame afxazur enas maSin SeuTvisebia, roca me-
grulSi amosavali Ã Tanxmovani ukve Canacvlebuli iyo x TanxmovniT, rac X sa-
ukunis Semdgom SeiZleboda momxdariyo. maSasadame, eklesiis aRmniSvneli termi-
ni afxazur enaSi X saukunidan XVIII saukunemdea Sesuli megrulidan.
afxazuri enis orsave dialeqtSi didi zomis cvilis sanTels a-kÁalantar
termini aRniSnavs. sityva momdinareobs berZnuli kerolampter `sasanTle, sa-
nTlis sadgari~ formisagan, magram nasesxebia ara uSualod, aramed qarTvelur
ena-kiloTa meSveobiT. Sdr.: samwignobro qarTulis kelaptar-i  megr. kelan-
tar-i  afxaz. a-kÁalantar. rodis unda esesxebina es termini afxazurs megru-
lisagan? rodis da sad Seecvala am sityvas amosavali semantika (`sasanTle~)
axali mniSvnelobiT (`didi zomis cvilis sanTeli~)? am kiTxvaTa pasuxebs gvaw-
vdian ZvelqarTuli werilobiTi Zeglebi. kerZod, 1042-1044 wlebSi daweril gi-
orgi mTawmindelis (aTonelis) ìovanesa da efTvimes cxovrebaSi~ kelaptari
jer kidev sasanTles aRniSnavs da mas semantika XI saukunis mere Sescvlia, rac
pirdapir aqvs miTiTebuli sulxan-saba orbelians Tavis leqsikonSi (daiwera
1685-1716 wlebSi): `kelaptari _ sasanTle, xolo aw dids sanTelsa uÃmoben tyu-
vilad~1051. bunebrivia, megruli kelantari sityvac XI-XVII saukuneebs Soris Se-
icvlida mniSvnelobas, xolo afxazur enas megrulidan es termini ukve Secvli-
li semantikiT imave XI-XVII saukuneebs Soris SeeZlo esesxebina.
ganxiluli ori termini gvikarnaxebs, rom: a) afxazTa winaprebs qristianuli
terminologia dasWirvebiaT X-XI saukuneebidan XVII saukunemde, e. i. X saukune-
1051. giorgi mTawmindeli. ioanesa da eqvTimes cxovreba. - qarTuli proza, t. I. Tb., 1981, gv. 382; sulxan-saba
orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, t. I. Tb., 1991, gv. 364.
209
mde mainc isini qristianebi ar yofilan; b) afxazebs qristianoba berZnebisagan
ki ara, qarTvelebisagan miuRiaT da qristianul terminebsac (maT Soris berZnu-
li warmoSobisasac) qarTvelur ena-kiloTagan iTvisebdnen; g) uarsayofia mo-
sazrebani, TiTqos Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze mosaxle afSilebi da
abasgebi amJamindel afxazTa da abazaTa winaprebi iyvnen da maT qristianoba I,
IV da VI saukuneebSi mieRoT.
am daskvnebs ganamtkicebs is faqtic, rom afxazur enaSi swored qarTveluri
an qarTvelizebuli sakulto leqsikiT gadmoicema ZiriTadi qristianuli cnebe-
bi: jvari, qriste, qristeSoba, qristiani, mTavarangelozi, wyalkurTxeva, episko-
posi, beri, kvirikoba, petreoba, bzoba da mr. sxva. afxazTa Soris qristianobis
XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi gavrceleba da poziciis sisuste (rwmenis zedapiruloba)
Cans iqidanac, rom afxazur enaSi TiTqmis ar gamoiyeneba bibleizmebi da afxa-
zeTSi ar dasturdeba arcerTi afxazuri toponimi, romelime qristianuli cne-
bis, an wmindanis saxelTan rom iyos dakavSirebuli (Sdr. qarTuli toponimebi:
jvari, sameba, Semoqmedi, amaRleba, ninowminda, andriawminda, stefanwminda, man-
cxvarkari...)1052.
5. qarTveluri substratuli toponimebi afxazeTSi
antikuri, adrefeodaluri da Sua saukuneebis arcerTi werilobiTi wyaro
axlandeli afxazeTis teritoriaze ar asaxelebs arcerT iseT geografiul sa-
xels, romelTac afxazurad an abazurad uproblemo axsna daeZebneboda, samagie-
rod arcTu iSviaTia iseTi toponimebi da hidronimebi, romlebic aSkarad qar-
Tveluri warmoSobisaa.
CamovTvliT im geografiul saxelebs, romlebic dasturdeba naratiul weri-
lobiT wyaroebSi uZvelesi droidan 1801 wlamde da romelTa qarTveluri
warmomavloba araviTar eWvs ar iwvevs:
zigana||siganei||ziganevi (dasturdeba ax. w. I saukunidan); moxora||muxorisi||muxu-
ri (ax. w. V saukunidan); wibili||wibiliumi||wibeli (554 wlidan); dandari||dranda
(VI saukunidan); fusta, moqvi da jixaxora (662 wlidan); cxumi||cxomi (VIIII sauku-
nidan); naJaneo||naJaneuli||naJanauri||naJanevi, wamxari, tyauru||tyavru, marmariskari
(yvela 1525-1550 wlebidan); bedia (XI saukunidan istoriamdel ambebTan dakavSire-
biT), q. egrisi (XI saukunidan istoriamdel ambebTan dakavSirebiT); egriswyali
(XI saukunidan Zv. w. IV s. ambebTan dakavSirebiT); magula||margula||morgula||me-
rkula (1615 wlidan); xoiri, xauJeli, TiliTi, Wala (yvela 1621 wlidan); skur-
Ca||squrCa (1630 wlidan); sof. da md. RaliZga (1639 wlidan); skavri||isgauri||izgau-
ri (1634 wlidan); kvitauli||kvitouli||kitouli||pitauri, fuwyuri (1640 wlidan);
oqumi, kodori, ilori, wifuria, korcxeri, oluSe (yvela 1654 wlidan); kapetis
wyali (XVIII saukunidan) da a. S.
am geografiul saxelTa nawili megrulia, nawili _ svanuri, nawili ki sa-
mwignobro qarTulisagan momdinareobs.
ueWvelad qarTveluri warmoSobisaa mTeli afxazeTis teritoriaze gavrce-
lebuli oikonimebi da polisonimebi: gagra||gagari||gakari||kakari, aJadhara, oTha-
ra, tyvarCeli, genwviSi, mguZirxva, merxeuli, kopiti, kamani, amtyeli1053 da mr.
sxva. aranakleb xSiria qarTveluri warmoSobis gaafxazurebuli mikrotoponime-
bi afxazur soflebSi (magaliTad, toponimi asayudara s. moqvSi, Wala-aimara s.
WlouSi...), romlebic am soflebSi afxazTa dasaxlebamdea Seqmnili.
werilobiT dadasturebuli toponimebidan afxazuri enis wesebis mixedviT
1052. am sakiTxTa Sesaxeb vrclad ix.: T. gvancelaZe. qarTveluri substratis sakiTxisaTvis afxazur enaSi
qristianuli sakulto leqsikis mixedviT. - qarTveluri memkvidreoba, t. I. quTaisi, 1996.
1053. vrclad ix.: T. gvancelaZe. qarTveluri substratuli toponimebi afxazeTSi (soxumi, gagra,
tyvarCeli). - artanuji, #10, 2000, gv. 87-92; T. gvancelaZe. qarTveluri substratuli toponimebi afxazeTSi:
avadhara, oThara. - qarTvelologiuri krebuli, I. Tb., 2002, gv. 34-41; T. gvancelaZe. toponim `tyvarCelisa~ da
yoCivardas megruli saxelwodebis etimologiisaTvis. - qarTveluri onomastika, I. Tb., 1998, gv. 102-108. q.
lomTaTiZe. bagismieris midrekileba anlautSi moxvedrisa afxazur enaSi da toponimi àmtyÁal~. b. jorbe-
naZis sazogadoebis II samecniero konferenciis Tezisebi. Tb., 1995, gv. 19.
210
gaformebul uZveles geografiul saxelebad unda CaiTvalos XVI saukunis
pirvel naxevarSi mamia III dadianis (1512-1523 ww.) mier biWvinTis RvTismSoblis
taZris saxelze gacemul `biWvintis iadgarSi~ moxseniebuli soflis saxelebi
aiTarne da aruxa. pirvel toponims safuZvlad udevs mesaqonleobis warmarTu-
li RvTaebis, aiTaris saxeli (Sdr. megr. Jini anTari), romelsac erTvis afxa-
zuri matoponimebeli –n s sufiqsi, meore saxelis fuZed ruxa gamodis, rome-
lic ar unda iyos afxazuri warmoSobisa, magram erTvis afxazur saxelTa zo-
gadi formis mawarmoebeli a- prefiqsi. mesaqonleobis RmerTis saxelis Serqmeva
soflisaTvis pirdapiri miniSnebaa imaze, rom XVI saukuneSi afxazeTSi Camosax-
lebul afxazTa mTavari saqmianoba mecxoveleoba iyo, rac exmianeba qaTib Cele-
bis 1645 wlis Semdgomdroindel cnobas: abazebs [igulisxmebian afxazebi _ avt.]
Soris versad SexvdebiT zRvaosnebs, miwaTmoqmedT da urmebso1054.
6. qarTveluri gvarsaxelebi afxazTa Soris
Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze afxazTa Camosaxlebamde mobinadre qar-
TvelTa eTnikuri identobis masobrivi cvlis utyuari sabuTia uklebliv yvela
afxazur sofelSi mosaxle afxazTa Soris qarTveluri warmoSobis gvarsaxel-
Ta farTod gavrcelebis faqti.
Sidaregionuli masStabis iZulebiT migrantebad unda CaiTvalon XVI-XVIII
saukuneebSi amJamindeli afxazeTis qarTuli soflebidan afxazur soflebSi
tyved gatacebuli da agruas (mojalabis) socialur kategoriaSi gadayvanili
qarTvelebi, romelTac sakuTari gvaris tarebis uflebac erTmeodaT da agruas
`megrelis~ gvars aniWebdnen afxazi patronebi. istoriuli dokumentebidan Cans,
rom XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebisaTvis gvarsaxeli agrua Zalze gavrcelebuli
yofila afxazeTSi, gansakuTrebiT ki maRalmTian zolSi, rac imas niSnavs, rom
qarTvel tyveTa Tavmoyra ZiriTadad swored maRal mTaSi ganlagebul afxazur
soflebSi xdeboda. amisi damadasturebelia 1867-1869 wlebSi rusi moxeleebis
mier Sedgenili muhajirTa komlobrivi siebi, romelTa mixedviTac muhajirebad
qceula agruas gvaris 239 komli1055. muhajirobis Semdeg afxazeTSi agruas gva-
ris arcerTi matarebeli aRar cxovrobda. xolo TurqeTSi am gvaris warmomad-
genlebs kidev erTxel aukrZales gvarsaxelis tareba da Turquli gvarebiT
`daasaCuqres~.
rac Seexeba afxazur soflebSi masobrivad mosaxle qarTveluri warmoSobis
gvarsaxelebis matarebelTa absolutur umravlesobas, isini ar arian migrantTa
STamomavalni da TavianTi qarTveli winaprebis miwaze saxloben, Tumca istori-
uli mizezebis gamo gamocvlili aqvT erovneba. XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi Sedgenil
sxvadasxva Sinaarsis qarTul iuridiul dokumentebSi amJamad afxazebiT Tu
qarTvelebiT dasaxlebul soflebSi da nasoflarebSi aTeulobiT qarTveli sa-
xeldeba, romelTac gvarsaxelebic qarTuli aqvT. es gvarebia: abaSia, abloTia,
ardaSelia, bebua, bekveria, buliskeria, basaria, gamsaxurdia, gamisonia, gargu-
lia, garmelia, eTeria, elerjia, gvagvalia, goCava, gurgulia, vardania, vaWaria,
Tofuria, kvekvesqiri, kilanava, korsantia, lamanZia, marxulia, markelia, melia,
mircxulava, minjoraia, moroxia, nanava, orJonia, papava, papasqiri, papasqua, rig-
vava, rogava, saria, sarua, seqania, sirginava, sonZia, sofia, torua, tufuria,
ubiria, qvaranZia, qvaCaxia, Rvinjilia, yurdgelia, Savaia, Sangua, Sarangia, Sa-
ria, Cabrava, CaCxalia, Cqotua, cacua, Wilava, Wolaria, xarbedia, xarebava, xarCi-
lava, xecia, xorava, xubutia, janjulia, jguburia, jejeia, harania da mr. sxva1056.
sayuradReboa, rom afxazeTis teritoriaze IX saukunidan mokidebuli 100-mde
qarTulenovani warweraa Sesrulebuli taZrebze, jvrebze, xidebze. maTgan ar-
cerTSi ar ixsenieba erovnebiT afxazi qtitori, Semsrulebeli Tu saeklesio
piri, samagierod iloris XI saukunis eklesiis warweraze dafiqsirebulia qar-
1054. qaTib Celebis cnobebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis Sesaxeb, gv. 136.

1055. b. xorava. afxazTa 1867 wlis muhajiroba. Tb., 2004, gv. 123-170.
1056. ix.: Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, dokumentebi ## 78, 82, 88, 94, 103 da maTi komentarebi.
211
Tuli gvari qoColvaÁ (qoColava), mere ki uamravi sxva qarTvelia naxsenebi sxva
warwerebSi1057.
qarTuli gvarsaxelebis gaafxazureba momxdara afxazuri enisaTvis damaxasi-
aTebeli sesxebis wesTa sruli dacviT. kerZod:
a) -(v)a daboloebiani megruli gvarsaxelebis es daboloeba, romelic -an su-
fiqsisagan momdinareobs (Sdr.: gig-an-i, bablu-an-i, fang-an-i, nak-an-i...), gadaazre-
bulia arsebiT saxelTa krebiTobis afxazur -aa sufiqsad (Sdr. amW-ba  kreb.
amW-aa àmiWbebi~...), xolo xmovanTa gamyaris funqciis mqone v Tanxmovani ikarge-
ba, Tumca igi megrul gamoTqmaSi isedac ar ismis. am gziTaa miRebuli gvarsaxe-
lebi: WsTanaa  WiTanava, ssWsnaa  siWinava, Tarnaa  Turnava, bigvaa  big-
vava, gerzmaa  gerzmava, lagvlaa  lagvilava da mr. sxv.
b) -ia  -ian daboloebiani gvarebi an inarCuneben am daboloebas, an Camoici-
leben mas da dairTaven afxazur a- TavsarTs. Sdr., erTi mxriv, geria, Saria, ku-
cia, xasaia, berzenia, gulia... da, meore mxriv, a-marSan  marSania  maruSiani
(Sdr. maruSisZe), a-mqvab||a-nqvab  miqvabia, a-mfar  meforia, a-jsnjal  jin-
jolia, a-blsskir  buliskiria||buleiskiri.
g) -ua daboloeba ucvleli rCeba: logua, Wolokua, jologua, matua, ZaZua,
asabua  esebua. daboloebis SenarCunebas albaT xeli Seuwyo gvarsaxelebad
gadaqceuli afxazuri sadaurobis saxelebis fuZeSi -ua || -Ja sufiqsis arsebo-
bam: agrua `megreli~, aSvanua `svani~, aSxarua `mTieli~ (Sdr. aSxaraa gvarsaxe-
li).
7. zRvaosnobisa da meTevzeobis terminebi afxazur enaSi
zRvis napiras mudmivad mosaxle eTnosis cxovrebaSi zRvas didi praqtikuli
mniSvneloba aqvs, vinaidan igi aris mTavari satransporto arteria da adamians
uxvad awvdis sakvebs. zRvasTan siaxlove aucileblad aisaxeba zRvispireli eT-
nosis enaSi naosnobis, meTevzeobisa da kulinarul terminTa siuxviT, aseve fra-
zeologiaSi. bunebrivia, leqsikis es dargobrivi jgufebi afxazurSic uxvad un-
da iyos warmodgenili, Tuki afxazebi marTlac imTaviTve saxlobdnen zRvis sa-
napiroze.
Savi zRvis sanapiroze afxazTa aborigenobis koncefcia udevs safuZvlad o.
ZiZarias (Zarias) monografias, romelSic ganxilulia afxazur enaSi arsebuli
zRvasTan dakavSirebuli leqsika1058. wignSi avtors warmodgenili aqvs Tavisi Se-
xedulebani 124 leqsikuri erTeulis warmomavlobisa da agebulebis Sesaxeb1059
(SedarebisaTvis: m. saliam Sekriba da gaaanaliza 536 megrul-Wanuri leqsikuri
erTeuli, romlebic mxolod meTevzeobasTanaa dakavSirebuli, da amJamad agrov-
ebs da ikvlevs naosnobis leqsikas)1060. avtoris daskvniT, am 124 ZiriTadi termi-
nidan 80 sakuTriv afxazuri warmoSobisaa, 15 sityvis warmomavloba gaurkveve-
lia, xolo danarCenebi afxazurs SeuTvisebia qarTveluri ena-kiloebidan (Ziri-
Tadad megrulidan), Turqulidan, berZnulidan da finikiuridanac ki.
dasaxelebuli cneba-terminebidan sakmaod didi nawili an saerTod ar ukav-
Sirdeba zRvas (mdinaris TevzTa saxeobebi: loqo, qariylapia...; Tavkombala), an
maTi kavSiri zRvasTan Zalze pirobiTia, vinaidan imave cnebebis aRmniSvneli
terminebi arsebobs im eTnosTa enebSic, romlebic ar cxovroben zRvis napirze,
magram kargad icnoben mdinareebsa da tbebs (napiri, niCabi, morevi, curva, war-
Rvna, wyaldidoba, walekva, wylis azvirTeba, yure, tivi, TevzsaWeri kalaTi, ge-
mi, navi, gemisa da navis nawilebi, qercli, mlaSe wyali, qviSa, Tevzi, afra, af-
riani gemi, afris saxeobebi, amoyvinTva, CayvinTva, CaZirva, nemskavi, ankesi, Wvil-
1057. vrclad ix.: l. axalaZe. afxazeTis epigrafika rogorc saistorio wyaro. I; T. gvancelaZe. Crdilo-
dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenloba Sua saukuneTa lapidaruli warwerebis mixedviT.
- qarTveluri memkvidreoba, t. III. quTaisi, 1999.
1058. О. П. Дзидзария (Дзария). Морская лексика в абхазском языке. Сухуми, 1989.
1059. iqve, gv. 46-69.
1060. m. salia. meTevzeobis leqsika zanurSi. Tb., 2005.
212
Ti, curvis saxeobebi, kunZuli, naxevarkunZuli). aseT termin-cnebaTa raodenoba
o. ZiZariaseul siaSi 48 erTeuls, anu Zireul afxazur sazRvao terminebad mi-
Cneuli sityvebis naxevarsa da mTlianad ganxiluli 124 sityvis 38,7%-s Seadgens.
Tu imasac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom am 124 sityvidan 34 nasesxebia sxva enebidan,
gamova, rom afxazur enaSi uSualod mxolod zRvasTan dakavSirebuli yofila
42 Zireuli (sakuTriv afxazuri) sityva1061, rac afxazTa winaprebis `zRvasTan in-
timuri urTierTobis~ maCvenebeli sulac ar aris. Tqmuli im mosazrebasac ac-
lis safuZvels, TiTqos afxazebi mezobel xalxTa maswavleblebi yofiliyvnen
sazRvao saqmeSi, vinaidan am 42 terminidan qarTvelur ena-kiloebSi arcerTi ar
aris nasesxebi afxazuridan. sayuradReboa isic, rom a. lambertis, qaTib Cele-
bis, J. Sardenis, n. vitzenis, s. orbelianis, v. bagrationis, i. blarambergis, f.
diubua de monperesa da sxvaTa cnobebiT, warsulSi afxazebi ar misdevdnen me-
Tevzeobas da maT racionSi ar Sedioda Tevzeuli, samagierod isini ganTqmulni
iyvnen rogorc sezonuri sazRvao mekobreebi. amJamad zRvispira soflebSi mo-
saxle afxazebic ar miirTmeven Tevzeuls, ar amzadeben navebsa da saTevzao mo-
wyobilobas. es ueWvelad imis maniSnebelia, rom afxazebma zRva gvian gaicnes
da mas mxolod mekobreobisaTvis iyenebdnen. sayuradReboa isic, rom afxazur
enaSi qarTveluri enobrivi samyarodan SeTvisebulia Tevzis im jiSTa saxelebi,
romelTac Tevzis moyvarul eTnosTa Soris didi mniSvneloba aqvT da gamoirCe-
vian sakvebi RirsebebiT (zuTxi, svia, kambala, loqo, kalmaxi, oraguli, wve-
ra||murwa, wveredi, Rorjo da a. S.). am saxelwodebebs afxazurSi mxolod nomina-
tiuri (saxelis rqmevis) funqcia aqvT da ar ukavSirdebian eTnografiul-kul-
turul realiebs.
afxazTa Tavdapirveli eTnikuri samSoblos adgilmdebareobis garkvevisaTvis
gansakuTrebiT faseulia erTi terminis analizis Sedegebi: afxazur enaSi zRvas
amJamad ori sityva aRniSnavs _ a-mSsn da a-ga. saxeli a-ga pirvel saxelTan Se-
darebiT ufro farTo semantikis mqonea da zRvasTan erTad aRniSnavs zRvis na-
pirsac da, rac arsebiTia sakvlevi sakiTxisaTvis, samxreTsac1062. Tanamedrove
afxazeTSi zRva zustad samxreTis mimarTulebiT mdebareobs q. gudauTidan
sof. fsircxamde mdebare ramdenimekilometrian zolSi, danarCen monakveTebze
ki zRva xmeleTs akravs dasavleTidan, anda samxreT-dasavleTidan. es faqti
iZleva varaudis safuZvels, rom a-ga sityvas samxreTis aRmniSvnelis funqcia
unda miniWeboda maSin, roca afxazTa winaprebi jer kidev cxovrobdnen Crdilo-
eT kavkasiaSi, mdinare yubanisa da misi marcxena Senakadebis napirebze, saidanac
Savi zRvisaken mimavali umoklesi gza samxreTisaken gadioda. damatebiT sabu-
Tad gamodgeba afxazur enaSi zRvauris (zRvidan monaberi qaris) aRsaniSnavad
agafSa (zedmiw.: `zRvis qari~) da agsrfSa (zedmiw.: `megruli qari~) sinonimur
terminTa arsebobac, rac ueWvelad imas niSnavs, rom XVI saukunemde afxazTa wi-
naprebs Savi zRva da samegrelo (egrisi) erT adgilas (erT mxares), kerZod ki
samxreTiT egulebodaT. zRvisa da zRvis sanapiros gaigiveba egrisTan im perio-
dis anareklia, roca megrelebi uwyvet zolad saxlobdnen ara marto Tanamed-
rove afxazeTis miwaze, aramed gansaxlebulni iyvnen mdinare fsoudan nikofsi-
amdec (ist. Zvel lazikamde).
8. sxva dargobriv jgufTa leqsika afxazur enaSi
teqnikuri mizezebis gamo aq mokled mimovixilavT botanikur, mecxoveleoba-
mecxeneobis, samiwaTmoqmedo, samSeneblo da sxva dargobriv jgufTa leqsikis
analizis Sedegebs. magaliTad, irkveva, rom kulturul mcenareTa 120 saxelwo-
debidan 34 termini (28,3%) afxazurs SeuTvisebia megruli dialeqtisagan, an qar-
1061. Tu am raodenobas gamovaklebT gaurkveveli warmoSobis 15 sityvasac, maSin Zireul afxazur terminTa
saerTo ricxvi 27 erTeulamde Camova.
1062. К. С. Шакрыл, В. Х. Конджария. Словарь абхазского языка, т. I. Сухуми, 1986, gv. 33. zRvis napirs aRniSnavs
agreTve kompoziti agaWa, romelic Sedgeba aga `zRva~ da a-Ws  *a-Wa `piri~ sityvebisagan. sainteresoa, rom
o. ZiZaria ar uTiTebs im faqts, rom aga samxreTsac niSnavs.
213
Tuli samwignobro enisagan. am jgufs ganekuTvneba Wvavis, qeris, Warxlis, Tal-
gamis, kitris, atmis, lobios jiSTa, komSis, vazis jiSTa da sxva mcenareTa sa-
xelebi. wilobrivi TvalsazrisiT gacilebiT naklebia qarTvelizmebi velur
mcenareTa saxelwodebebs Soris _ 20 sityva 145-dan (13,7%). am jgufSi Sedis Zi-
riTadad praqtikuli gamoyenebis mqone (samkurnalo da sameurneo daniSnulebis)
mcenareTa saxelebi (isli, baia, kowaxuri, ionja, suro, klerta da a. S.), magram
didad mniSvnelovania is garemoeba, rom am nasesxobaTa Soris ar dasturdeba
arcerTi iseTi mcenaris saxeli, romelTa gavrcelebis areali Semoifargleba
mxolod maRalmTianeTis (alpuri da subalpuri) sartyeliT. afxazurs megruli
dialeqtidan da qarTuli samwignobro enidan SeuTvisebia im kulturul da ve-
lur mcenareTa saxelebi, romlebic gavrcelebulia dablobSi, WaobebSi da da-
bali, an saSualo simaRlis mTaTa sartyelSi. es faqti utyuvrad asaxavs afxaz-
Ta winaprebis CrdiloeT kavkasiidan kavkasionis uReltexilTa gadmovliT amJa-
mindeli afxazeTis zRvispira Waobian da dablob adgilebSi damkvidrebis mar-
Sruts. yubanis auzis dablobidan da dabalmTianeTidan afxazebs jer unda ae-
nacvlebinaT kavkasionis CrdiloeTis maRalmTian zolSi (ix. zemoTnaxsenebi
1654w. ruka), sadac xangrZlivi cxovrebis dros gamoumuSavdaT mTielis fsiqo-
logia, rac enaSic aisaxa (afxazurSi metad detalizebulia maRali mTis lan-
dSaftis amsaxveli leqsika). XVI saukunidan afxazebi saxldebian mZimTis, fso-
us, bzifisa da gumisTis saTaveebSi, ufro gvian ki kodoris saTaveebSic. aq, ma-
Ral mTaSi maT ar dasWirdebodaT mTis landSaftis, florisa da faunis amsa-
xveli leqsikis sesxeba qarTvelTagan, vinaidan es leqsika maT enaSi kargad iyo
ganviTarebul-detalizebuli. magram roca afxazebi daeSvnen afxazeTis barSi,
Waobian zRvispira zolSi, afxazur enas aucileblad Seeqmneboda saWiroeba me-
grulidan, an qarTuli samwignobro enidan esesxebina sruliad axali geografi-
uli garemos amsaxveli leqsika1063.
mecxeneobisa da cxenosnobis terminebidan megruls afxazurisagan nasesxebi
aqvs ZiriTadad cxenis sadgomTan dakavSirebuli terminebi, romlebic mTis lan-
dSafts ukavSirdeba. es leqsika ar Cans lazurSi, rac imaze migvaniSnebs, rom
afxazuri mecxeneobis terminebi megrulSi Semosula megrel-lazTa teritoriu-
li daSorebis (VIII-IX ss.) Semdgom, xolo abazurSi Sesuli am jgufis saxelebi
unda mowmobdes maT sesxebas jer kidev dauSleli afxazur-abazuri enobrivi
koleqtivis mier XVI saukunemde1064. rac Seexeba mwyemsur leqsikas, am dargSi
sesxeba ormxrivia da ZiriTadad is terminebia gacvlili, romlebic mTian ia-
laRze yofnas ukavSirdeba1065. miwaTmoqmedebasTan dakavSirebuli leqsikidan
afxazurs uamravi qarTveluri termini aqvs nasesxebi (miwis nakveTis aRmniSvne-
li sityviT dawyebuli sameurneo iaraRebis saxelebiT damTavrebuli), rac imisi
kidev erTi sabuTia, rom afxazTa winaprebi mesaqonle mTielebi iyvnen da nakle-
bad icnobdnen miwaTmoqmedebas1066. rac Seexeba samSeneblo leqsikas, afxazurSi
swored qarTvelizmebiT aRiniSneba sacxovrebelTa ZiriTadi tipebi (facxis
garda), Senobis nawilebisa da samSeneblo iaraRebis umravlesoba1067. aranakleb
sayuradReboa is faqtic, rom afxazur enas ar moepoveba kapitalur mSeneblo-
basTan dakavSirebuli sakuTari, Zireuli leqsika da igi am mizniT iyenebs Ziri-
Tadad qarTveluri ena-kiloebidan SeTvisebul terminebs...
1063. vrclad ix.: T. gvancelaZe. qarTvelizmebi afxazur botanikur terminologiaSi da afxazTa istoriuli
migraciis mimarTulebani. - giorgi rogavas (saiubileo krebuli). Tb., 1997; n. maWavariani. mcenareTa leqsika
afxazurSi (semantikur-struqturuli analizi). Tb., 2006.
1064. m. bukia. mecxeneobisa da cxenosnobis leqsika zanurSi. Tb., 2006, gv. 183.
1065. m. bukia. afxazuri warmoSobis afun-is semantikuri veli megrulSi. - saenaTmecniero Ziebani, t. 10. Tb.,
2000, gv. 243-245.
1066. i. bebia. megruli nasesxobani afxazur samiwaTmoqmedo leqsikaSi. - XX respublikuri
dialeqtologiuri samecniero sesiis masalebi. Tb., 2000, gv. 27-30.
1067. T. gvancelaZe. afxazur sacxovrebelTa ZiriTadi tipebi da maTi saxelwodebani. - arn. Ciqobavas
saxelobis enaTmecnierebis institutis 57-e samecniero sesiis masalebi. Tb., 1998, gv. 20-21; Sdr. i. adamia.
qarTuli xalxuri xuroTmoZRvreba, w. II. Tb., 1968.
214
amrigad, zemoT ganxiluli enobrivi masala sruliad ueWvelad adasturebs,
rom afxazTa winaprebis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisi ar yofila Tanamedrove afxa-
zeTis teritoria da isini aq ar saxlobdnen XVI saukunemde.
Tavi XII. afxazeTi XVIII saukunis

dasawyisidan 80-ian wlebamde
XVII-XVIIIss. mijnaze dasavleT saqarTvelo TurqeTis politikuri gavlenis
sferoSi rCeboda. imereTis mefes, odiSis, guriis, afxazeTis mTavrebs taxtze
sulTani amtkicebda. maTi osmaleTze damokidebuleba sulTnisaTvis
yovelwliuri misarTmevelis - ,,qrTamis~ gagzavnaSi gamoixateboda. rac Seexeba
sasuliero xelisuflebas, is TurqeTze arafriT iyo damokidebuli da
mahmadianobis moZalebas energiulad ebrZoda1068. dasavleT saqarTvelos xelisu-
falni yovel xelsayrel SemTxvevas iyenebdnen, rom osmalTa
damokidebulebidan gaTavisuflebuliyvnen.
1702w. axalcixis faSas yovelwliuri misarTmevelis micema Seuwyvites
imereTis, guriis, odiSis mesveurebma, riTac osmaleTis morCilebaze uari Tqves.
morCilebidan gamovidnen afxazebic, romlebic Turq vaWrebs Tavs esxmodnen.
qarTvelebs osmalebisTvis ramdenime cixec waurTmeviaT1069. am ambebs uSualo
kavSiri hqonda ruseTis imdroindel antiTurqul gegmebTan. petre I-is mier
1696w. TurqebisTvis azovis cixis warTmevam da ruseTis flotis Sav zRvaze
gamoCenam dasavleT saqarTvelos mesveurebs garkveuli imedebi Causaxa.
brwyinvale portam gadamWrel zomebs mimarTa. 1703w. zafxulSi osmalebi
dasavleT saqarTveloSi SeiWrnen. mosaxleoba mters medgar winaaRmdegobas
uwevda, magram momxdurTa simravlem da feodalurma gankerZoebulobam
dampyrobTa warmatebas xeli Seuwyo. osmalebma guriis cixeebi daikaves, Semdeg
odiSSi SeiWrnen da aaoxres, ruxSi mecixovneebi Caayenes, zRvispiras axali
dasayrdenis Seqmnis mizniT anakliis cixe aaSenes. imavdroulad osmalebs
xomaldebi gaugzavniaT afxazebis winaaRmdeg, romlebmac ,,Seqmnes zogierTi
arev-dareva sanapiroebze~1070. dasavleT saqarTvelo sruli dapyrobis safrTxis
winaSe idga, magram male viTareba Seicvala. stambolSi ajanyda saqarTveloSi
gamosagzavnad gamzadebuli jari, rasac TurqeTSi xelisuflebis Secvla mohyva.
axalma sulTanma ahmed III-m (1703-1730ww.) dasavleT saqarTvelodan laSqris
gamowveva brZana, radgan portas laSqrobis gagrZeleba ar SeeZlo.
osmalebi mxolod baTumis, foTis, ruxis, anakliis cixeebSi darCnen. male
maT winaaRmdeg brZola gaiSala. 1704w. zafxulSi odiSis mTavarma osmalTa mier
dakavebul cixeebze miitana ieriSi. Mmas afxazebic exmarebodnen. quTaisis yadis
elhaj omeris 1704w. 1 seqtembriT daTariRebul werilSi naTqvamia, rom dadiani
morCilebidan gamovida, xmeleTze ajanyebul dadians zRvaze afxazebi
SeuerTdnen da TurqTa xelSi myofi ruxisa da anakliis cixeebi daikaves. Tumca
male es cixeebi kvlav osmalebma daibrunes1071.
odiSis laSqari afxazebTan erTad osmalTa winaaRmdeg brZolas ga-
nagrZobda, Tavs esxmoda cixeebSi gamagrebul osmalebs da awiokebda. 1714w.
didi siZneleebi SehqmniaT ruxisa da anakliis Turq mecixovneebs ,,afxaz da
1068
. istoriuli dokumentebi imereTis samefosa da guria-odiSis samTavroebisa (1466-1770ww.), S.burjanaZis
redaqciiT. Tb.,1959, gv. 45; q. CxataraiSvili. saqarTvelos sagareo urTierTobaTa istoriidan..., gv. 43-44;
saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. IV, gv. 455.
1069
. qarTlis cxovreba, t.IV.gv.863; mehmed raSidi. istoria, t.II, gv.581; ix. v.CoCievi. mehmed raSidis cnobebi...,
gv.25.
1070 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV. gv. 863-864; q. CxataraiSvili. saqarTvelos..., gv. 58-61; misive: dasavleT
saqarTvelo. – saq. ist. narkvevebi, t. IV, gv. 457-458; i.tabaRua. saqarTvelo-safrangeTis urTierToba. Tb.,1972,
gv. 63.
1071 . n. Sengelia. osmaluri dokumenturi wyaroebi anakliisa da ruxis cixeebis Sesaxeb, gv. 21, 23-27.
215
megrel urwmuno yaCaRTa~ Tavdasxmebis gamo. osmalebi iZulebuli gaxdnen
ruxis cixe daecalaT, Tumca 1719w. miwuruls Turqebma cixe kvlav daikaves da
65 mecixovne Caayenes1072.
20-iani wlebis dasawyisSi aRmosavleT Aamierkavkasiis mimarTulebiT ruseTis
imperia gaaqtiurda. ruseTis winsvlam kaspiispireTSi, urTierTobam
saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebTan osmaleTis mmarTveli wreebis SeSfoTeba
gamoiwvia. 1723w. osmaleTma, romelmac sefianTa dinastiis dacemis (1722w.) Semdeg
iranis CrdiloeTi da centraluri olqebi daikava (1723w.), saswrafod
gadmoisrola damatebiTi Zalebi kavkasiaSi da ruseTi aiZula, Seewyvita
winsvla kaspiispireTSi. imave wlis ivnisSi Turqebma Tbilisi aiRes. portam
Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroc gaamagra, Tavidan aaSenes foTisa da soxumis
cixeebi, daarRvies ruxis cixe da misi qvebiT kidev ufro gaamagres anaklia.
osmalo mecixovneebi Cadgnen cixisZirSi, anakofiasa da biWvinTaSi1073. foTs 200
Turqi mecixovne icavda, soxumis cixeSi 100 mecixovne idga 10 zamburakiT
(sacixo TofebiT); anakliis cixeSi 10 mecixovne iyo. amdenive idga zamburakebiT
anakofiaSi. 1725w. osmalebma foTSi orTuRiani faSa dasves da mas Savi zRvis
aRmosavleT sanapiros gamgebloba Caabares1074. erTi Turquli wyaros cnobiT,
1722w. soxumis cixis mflobelad moxseniebulia rostom-begis Zmiswuli
giorgi1075. es rostom-begi unda iyos zegnay SarvaSiZis Svili, romelmac ZmebTan
erTad afxazTa miwa-wyali gainawila. amrigad, osmaleTi daeufla Savi zRvis
sanapiro punqtebs. mosaxleoba TurqTa Zaladobas ar urigdeboda.Oosmalo
mematianis quCuk Celebi zades cnobiT, afxazebi zRvidan da xmeleTidan niadag
Tavs esxmodnen osmalebs, romlebic soxumSi cixes aSenebdnen. amitom isini
iZulebuli gamxdaran, Tavi moeyaraT mTeli TavianTi ZalebisaTvis da am gziT
daemorCilebinaT afxazeTi1076.
1725w. gazafxulze odiSis mTavari beJan dadiani da imereTis mesveurebi
osmalTa winaaRmdeg gamosvlisaTvis emzadebodnen, magram es gamosvla ver
ganxorcielda. imave wels afxazebmac scades TurqTa gandevna soxumis cixidan,
magram es cdac uSedegod damTavrda1077. amis Taobaze ruseTis despani
stambolSi a.rumiancevi da rezidenti i.nepliuevi ityobinebodnen: ,,samegrelos
cnobili mTavris beJan dadianis mier dawyebuli areuloba izrdeba da TiTqos
afxazeTSi, Savi zRvis sanapiroze axladagebuli erT-erTi cixidan Turqebi
gandevnes~-o; 1726w. 22 ivniss a.rumiancevi ityobineboda samegrelosa da
afxazeTSi axali areulobis Sesaxeb; 1728w. afxazebma isev Semoartyes alya
soxumis cixes. Turqebi eWvobdnen, rom dasavleT saqarTveloSi antiosmaluri
gamosvlebi ruseTis mxardaWeriT xorcieldeboda da mas qarTlis devnili mefe
vaxtang VI (1703-1724ww.) xelmZRvanelobda1078. 1728w. axalcixeli isay faSas
Svilma afxazebi Semoiriga, xolo antiosmaluri brZolis moTave beJan dadiani
RalatiT moakvlevina.
miuxedavad amisa, osmalTa agresiis winaaRmdeg brZola dasavleT
saqarTveloSi ar Camcxrala. osmalebma ver SeZles saqarTvelos, maT Soris
afxazeTis, sruli damorCileba. dampyroblebi maT mier dakavebul cixeebSic
1072
. iqve, gv. 90-92, 97.
1073 . qaTib Celebi. istoriul movlenaTa kalendari, gv.135; qaTib Celebis cnobebi..., gv.134, 253; qarTlis
cxovreba, t. IV, gv. 883; S.burjanaZe. lixT-imereTis 1737w. ruka, rogorc saqarTvelos istoriis pirvelwyaro, -
xelnawerTa institutis moambe, 1. Tb.,1959, gv. 192-197; q.CxataraiSvili. dasavleT saqarTvelos. – saq. ist.
narkvevebi, t. IV. gv. 461-462.
1074 . S.burjanaZe. lixT-imereTis 1737w. ruka, gv.183; q.CxataraiSvili. dasavleT saqarTvelo..., gv. 462.
1075 . qaTib Celebis cnobebi..., gv. 134.
1076 . n.Sengelia. XV-XIX saukuneebis saqarTvelos istoriis osmaluri wyaroebi, gv.116.
1077 . q.CxataraiSvili. dasavleT saqarTvelo..., gv. 467.
1078 . . . . - XVIII . .,1977, gv.63,79.
216
Tavs myarad ver grZnobdnen1079. es iyo periodi, rodesac SarvaSiZeebi, vaxuSti
batoniSvilis gadmocemiT, àravis morCilebasa Sina~ ar imyofebodnen1080.
1730w. gazafxulze osmalebma gadawyvites baTumidan azovamde zRvis
sanapiros sabolood dapyroba da jiqebis damorCileba. laSqrobas, romelSic
imereTis mefec monawileobda, foTis faSa sardlobda. osmalebma odiSi
moarbies. mosaxleoba, vidre afxazeTamde, md.RaliZgamde, sruliad daxiznuliyo.
,,arbevdnen osmalni da imerni da styuevnidnen, sada vis hpovebdnen, - wers
vaxuSti batoniSvili, - Sevidnen osmalni ilors, aramed xatni da juarni da
saxmarni eklesiisani daexiznaT. Seudves cecxli, mowves eklesia da aRZarcves
kramiti brpenisa da mospnes daxatulebani da Semdgomad ganvles da mividnen
afxazeTs~. afxazTa mTavarma winaaRmdegoba gauwia maT, magram damarcxda da
morCileba gamoacxada. osmalebma mTavari da misi axloblebi ZaliT
gaamahmadianes, ris Semdegac, Turqebi jiqeTisaken daiZrnen. imereTis mefe
mixvda, rom osmalTa laSqrobaSi monawileobas mxolod ubedureba mohqonda
misi qveynisTvis, amitom Tavisi laSqriT gzidan gamoipara.Mmale afxazebic
ajanydnen da osmalebma veRar gaagrZeles laSqroba. afxazebma maTi didi
nawili gaJlites, nawili gaiqca. faSamac gaqceviT uSvela Tavs1081. Tumca
mogvianebiT osmalebma kvlav aRadgines TavianTi gavlena afxazeTze. 1730-31ww.
soxumis cixeSi ali arslan begis xelmZRvanelobiT osmalTa 70-dan 100-mde
mecixovne idga; 1731-1735ww. osmalebi anakofiis cixeSic idgnen - 70 kaci.1082
afxazebi kargad grZnobdnen safrTxes, rasac dasavleT saqarTveloSi
Turqebis gabatoneba uqadda maT, amitom, odiSTan dapirispirebis miuxedavad,
qarTvelebTan erTad ebrZodnen dampyroblebs;Aamave dros monawileobdnen
feodalur SinaomSi da am brZolaSi odiSis mTavars uWerdnen mxars. es albaT
osmalTaAagresiis winaaRmdeg odiSar-afxazTa erToblivi brZolis,
SarvaSiZeebsa da dadianebs Soris damyarebuli mWidro urTierTobis Sedegi
iyo.
male anakofiidan da biWvinTidan Turqi mecixovneebi gaiyvanes, samagierod,
portam soxumis cixe gaaZliera. 1737w. aq orTuRiani faSa ijda, romelsac
anakliis cixec emorCileboda. soxumis cixis garnizoni 200 ianiCarisagan
Sedgeboda, xolo SeiaraRebaSi 60 qvemexi iyo1083.
Sinaomebisa da osmalTa Semosevebisagan dasavleT saqarTvelo saSinlad
iyo aoxrebuli. mZime mdgomareoba Seiqmna afxazeTSi, romelic Sinaurma
areulobam moicva. afxazTa mTavrebi faqtobrivad ver akontrolebdnen
situacias. Savi zRvis sanapiroze tyvis msyidvelebi TareSobdnen. maT Soris
gansakuTrebiT afxazebi aqtiurobdnen. vaxuSti batoniSvilis cnobiT, afxazebi
,,dauÃdebian osmalTa navTa da laz-WanTa da ufrosad odiS-guriasa~1084. isini
moulodnelad adgebodnen napirs, visac moixelTebdnen, itacebdnen da Turqebze
yiddnen, an afxazeTSi monebad asaxlebdnen1085. amasTan, afxazeTic xSirad
ganicdida mezobeli mTis tomebis Tavdasxmebs, qveynis Sida raionebSi xSirad
iWrebodnen Tavisufali afxazuri Temebis _ webelis, dalis, fsxus, ahWifsis _
mkvidrni1086. erTi gadmocemiT, afxazTa mezobelma mTis tomebma webelisa da
dalis Temebis mkvidrTa mxardaWeriT – mZarcveluri Tavdasxmis dros moarbies
dranda, merxeuli, kvitouli, didZali nadavli da tyve igdes xelT da
1079 . s.jiqia. dokumentebi osmanTa garnizonis soxumSi yofnis epizodis Sesaxeb. _ saqarTvelo da
aRmosavleTi. Tb., 1984, gv.217-223.
1081 . iqve, gv. 887-888.
1082 . n.Sengelia. osmaluri ,,quCuq beraTebi~ soxumis cixis Sesaxeb. _ axlo aRmosavleTi da saqarTvelo.
Tb., 1991, gv.311-314; . . . ..., gv. 274-286.
1083 . S. burjanaZe. lixT-imereTis 1737 w. ruka..., gv.123, 225-226.
1084 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, gv.785.
1085 . . . . XVII-XVIII , 2 – . ,1951, gv. 156.
1086 . . . . , . I. ., 1864, gv.45; . . - . ,- , XXIX,
,1958, gv.78,81.
217
CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi gadavidnen. afxazTa mTavari jiqeSia am tomebis
meTaurebTan mosalaparakeblad gaemarTa. molaparakeba warmatebiT damTavrda,
magram ukan dabrunebuli mTavari RamiT tyeSi gadaawyda marbielTa jgufs da
maTTan SetakebaSi daiRupa1087.
afxazTa samTavro taxtze jiqeSias ufrosi vaJi manuCari avida. am periodSi
osmalebma moaxerxes afxazeTisa da jiqeTis damorCileba. amis Semdeg isini
sul ufro aqtiurad ereodnen samTavros saSinao saqmeebSi da mxars uWerdnen
samTavro saxlis mowinaaRmdege Zalebs. 30-ian wlebSi osmalebma taxtidan
Camoagdes manuCar SarvaSiZe da or umcros ZmasTan - zurabTan da SirvanTan
erTad osmaleTSi gaagzavnes, sadac ZaliT gaamahmadianes. afxazeTis gamgebloba
soxumis komendantad daniSnuli jiqis aslan-bei geCis xelSi gadavida. am
periodSi afxazeTSi didi gavlena moipova samTavro saxlis metoqe ZafS-ifebis
sagvareulom, romlis gaZlierebasac mxars uWerda aslan-bei geCi. ZafS-ifebma
daikaves soxumis midamoebi, teritoria mdinareebs fsircxasa da kodors Soris
da mTavris kuTvnili mTeli rigi feodaluri Semosavlebi miiTvises1088.
SarvaSiZeebma male moaxerxes osmalebTan saerTo enis gamonaxva. ase rom,
1744w. manuCar SarvaSiZe baTumis begad ijda, zurabi - soxumisa, xolo Servani
faSas tituliT ganagebda rionis (foTis) cixesa da WaneTs, rizes ,,amoRma~1089.
erTi cnobiT, zurabi didi ambiT miiRes afxazeTSi, magram gaqristianeba
mosTxoves, isic moinaTla iloris eklesiaSi da amis Semdeg samTavro taxti
daikava1090. rogorc Cans, afxazeTSi jer kidev cocxali iyo tradicia, rom
afxazeTis mTavari qristiani unda yofiliyo. zurabs vaJiSvili ar hyavda,
amitom osmaleTidan Camoiyvana Tavisi Zmiswuli qelaiS-ahmed-bei (qeleS-bei)
manuCaris Ze, romelic axalgazrdobidan mZevlad iyo stambolSi da taxtis
memkvidred gamoacxada. Semdeg, zurabma baTumidan Camoiyvana meore Zmiswuli
beqir-bei Servanis Ze, romelsac abJua uboZa. afxazTa mTavarma ZafS-ifebis
Zlieri da gavleniani sagvareulos misamxrobad maTi asuli SerTo qeleS-beis,
rasac ZafS-ifebis opoziciis ramdenadme Sesusteba mohyva1091.
XVIIIs. Sua xanebSi afxazeTis sazRvari samxreT-aRmosavleTiT md.RaliZgaze
gadioda, sadac mas odiSi esazRvreboda; Crdilo-dasavleTiT _ md.bzifze
(kappetis wyali), sadac jiqeTi esazRvreboda1092. md.RaliZgasa da md.engurs
Soris mdebare teritoria – samurzayano - odiSis samTavros SemadgenlobaSi
Sedioda, Tumca am mxaris mmarTvelebad afxazeTis samTavro saxlis gverdiTi
Stos warmomadgenlebi darCnen. Aamis gamo samurzayanos aRmniSvnelad am xanis
qarTul wyaroebSi Lmkvidrdeba terminebi: ,,zemo afxazeTi~ da ,,samurzayano
afxazeTi~1093. igi kvlav qarTul regionad rCeboda da odiSis SemadgenlobaSi
imyofeboda. aRsaniSnavia samurzayanos maSindeli mflobelis xutunia
SarvaSiZis Tavdadeba xresilis brZolaSi (1757w.), roca qarTvelTa
gaerTianebulma laSqarma solomon I-is meTaurobiT osmalebi daamarcxa.
XVIIIs. 60-ian wlebSi afxazeTSi Turquli garnizoni mxolod soxumis cixeSi
idga. imereTis mefis solomon I-is elCis, mitropolit maqsime quTaTelis mier
1769w. Sedgenil imereTis aRwerilobaSi aRniSnulia, rom soxumi aris
navsadguri da cixe, sadac osmalTa garnizoni idga1094. rusi oficeri,Kkapitani
iazikovi 1770w. moxsenebaSi, Savi zRvis sanapiro simagreTa Soris asaxelebs
1087 . . . .., gv. 246.

1088 . b. xorava. odiS-afxazeTis urTierToba XV-XVIII ss.. Tb., 1996, gv.131.
1089 . q. CxataraiSvili. dasavleT saqarTvelo..., gv. 469.
1090 . . . ...,gv.247.
1091 . b. xorava. odiS-afxazeTis urTierToba XV-XVIII ss., gv.131-132.
1092 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, gv. 783; b.xorava. odiS-afxazeTis urTierToba XV-XVIII ss., gv.132.
1093 . b. xorava. odiS-afxazeTis urTierToba XV-XVIII ss., gv.132.
1094 . . . . XVIII , , . I. - .,
1891, gv.28.
218
ayus, anu soxums, sadac dgas osmalTa garnizoni da mcxovrebnic yvelani
Turqebi arian1095.
XVIIIs. II naxevarSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi gaaqtiurda osmalo dampyrobTa
winaaRmdeg brZola, rasac mniSvnelovanwilad Seuwyo xeli im garemoebam, rom
imereT-odiS-guriis mesveurni erTad gamodiodnen saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg,
magram solomon I-ma kargad icoda, rom saboloo gamarjvebis misaRwevad
sakuTari Zalebi sakmarisi ar iyo, amitom rogorc qarTl-kaxeTis mefe erekle II
(1762-1798ww.), solomonic ruseTTan kavSirs eZiebda. 1768w. ruseT-osmaleTis
axali omi (1768-1774ww.) daiwyo. omis Teatrma amierkavkasiac moicva. erekle II da
solomon I ruseTis daxmarebiT fiqrobdnen TurqTa gandevnas saqarTvelodan.
1769w. saqarTveloSi ruseTis saeqspedicio korpusi Semovida, romelic 1770w.
ivnisidan qarTvelebTan erTad TiTqmis or wels dasavleT saqarTveloSi
eweoda saomar moqmedebebs osmalTa winaaRmdeg. mokavSireTa erT-erTi mTavari
mizani saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTidan Turqebis gandevna iyo. 1770w.
oqtomberSi ruseTis korpusi foTisken daiZra. korpusis samegreloSi
Semosvlisas osmalebma ruxisa da anakliis cixeebi dacales da isini odiSis
mTavarma daikava. amis Semdeg totlebenma dadianTan erTad foTs alya
Semoartya, romelic samTvenaxevars gagrZelda. 1771w. TebervalSi solomon I-ma
totlebens acnoba, rom zurab da qeleS-bei SarvaSiZeebi apirebdnen, ruseTis
korpuss Tavs dasxmodnen, raTa aeZulebinaT, foTs gascloda. marTlac,
afxazebi Tavs daesxnen rusTa korpuss da cxenebi gaitaces1096. 1771w. zafxulSi
rusTa korpusma foTs kvlav Semoartya alya, Tumca isev uSedegod. odiSis
laSqris SemadgenlobaSi foTTan ibrZoda samurzayanos mflobeli levan
SarvaSiZec Tavisi razmiT. imavdroulad afxazebi ajanydnen Turqebis wi-
naaRmdeg. afxazTa mTavarma zurab SarvaSiZem da samurzayanos mflobelma levan
SarvaSiZem Seupovari brZolis Sedegad daikaves soxumis cixe da Turqebi
gandevnes, magram male uTanxmoeba Camovarda zurab da levan SarvaSiZeebs Soris
da am ukanasknelma cixe Turqebs mihyida, Tumca, isini Zlivs umklavdebodnen
afxazTa Tavdasxmebs. am ambebis Semdeg brwyinvale porta ukve aRar endoboda
zurab SarvaSiZes da yovelmxriv uWerda mxars qeleS-beis, Tumca amjerad mainc
ver gabeda zurabisaTvis mTavroba CamoerTmia1097.
70-ian wlebSi imereTis cixeebidan Turqebi gandevnes. quCuk-kainarjis zavis
(1774w. 10 ivlisi) dadebis Semdeg, osmaleTi xedavda, rom imereTs kargavda,
amitom odiSSi cdilobda poziciebis ganmtkicebas. aseT viTarebaSi, portam
xeli Seuwyo afxazi ,,batonebis~ laSqrobas odiSze.Oosmalebi SeuTanxmdnen
afxazebs; zurab SarvaSiZe, soxumis (ayus) cixis mflobeli qeleS-bei da abJuas
mflobeli beqir-bei SekavSirdnen; odiSis mTavars ganudga samurzayanos
mflobeli levan SarvaSiZec da isic xsenebul SarvaSiZeebs SeuerTda1098.
,,Seiyara sruliad afxazeTi Tavisi batonebiT, SarvaSiZeebi, jiqi, alani, da
Cerqezi, sxvani kidev ucxo jarebi iyo…cxenosani da qveiTi…jabaxaniT,
TofxaniT, zarbaznebiT~ da odiSisaken daiZrnen1099. zogierTi wyaros cnobiT, am
laSqrobas mTavari zurab SarvaSiZe ki ar sardlobda, aramed qeleS-bei.
safiqrebelia, rom Turqebi swored qeleS-beis SeuTanxmdnen laSqrobaze da
zurabma CaTrevas Cayola amjobina1100.
kacia II dadianma daxmarebisaTvis imereTis mefes mimarTa. solomonma Tavis
laSqars sof.banZaSi ubrZana Tavmoyra, aqve daibara gurielic. banZidan mefe
Tavisi jariT maleve mivida ruxis cixemde. brZola gaimarTa 1780 wlis martSi
1095 . iqve, gv. 261.

1096 . v. maWaraZe. masalebi..., naw. III, nakv. 2, gv. 42-45.
1098 . n.dadiani. qarTvelT cxovreba, gv.180; q.CxataraiSvili. dasavleT saqarTvelo XVIIIs. 70-80-ian wlebSi,
gv.665.
1099 . q. CxataraiSvili. dasavleT saqarTvelo XVIII s. 70-80-ian wlebSi, gv. 665.
219
s.ruxSi. n.dadiani brZolis suraTs ase gadmogvcems: ,,Semdgomad raodenisame
Jamisa moviden afxazni da mourideblad gamovidnen engurs da dasdgen pirispir
maTsa. meoresa dResa amxedrden afxazni da warmoemarTnen zarbazan-
artileriiTa da didZaliTa mxedrebiTa mefesa da dadiansa zeda. aqaT miegebnen
spani mefisa da dadianisani da Seiqmna saSineli brZolani. maSin mefe amxedrda
CveuliTa kiskasiTa guliTa da waruZRva raodensame gundsa mxedrobasa imereT-
odiSarTasa da miuxta marjveniT kerZo mamacad da mravlisa urTierTisa
ganglija razmi, da Seviden spani mefisa da dadianisa razmsa Sua da mxilveli
amisi afxazni ver winaaRudgen, da ivltoden afxazni da gaemarjvaT saxelovnad
mefesa da dadiansa~1101. ruxis brZolam, romelic qarTvelTa laSqris
brwyinvale gamarjvebiT damTavrda, bolo mouRo afxazebis Semotevas odiSis
samTavroze.Ees brZola qarTvelobam Tavidanve aRiqva, rogorc brZola qris-
tianobasa da mahmadianobas Soris. qarTvelTa simamacem da mxneobam odiSi
afxaz-jiq-CerqezTa walekvisagan ixsna, romelTa zurgs ukan osmaleTi da misi
vasali yirimis xani idgnen.
XVIII saukuneSi afxazeTSi qristianoba suls Rafavda, axalma mosaxleobam
Tan Camoitana warmarToba, vrceldeba islamic. dasavleT saqarTvelos
mRvdelmTavrebi zrunavdnen qristianobis aRorZinebisaTvis afxazeTSi, Tumca
amas maSindel pirobebSi arsebiTi Sedegi ar mohyolia. s.-s. orbelianis mier
safrangeTis imperatoris lui XIV-is saxelze Sedgenil memorandumSi (1714w.)
afxazeTis kaTolikosis grigol lorTqifaniZis (1696-1742ww.) TxovniT Sevida
punqti kaTolike misionerebis gagzavnis Sesaxeb CerqezeTsa da afxazeTSi
qristianobis asaRorZineblad1102, Tumca maTi Camoyvana ver moxerxda.1103 XVIII
saukunis 60-iani wlebis miwuruls afxazTa mZlavrobis gamo samurzayanoSi
bediis kaTedrac gauqmda1104. drandis, moqvisa da bediis eparqiebis gauqmebis
Semdeg afxazeTSi mxolod iloris wm.giorgis eklesia moqmedebda, romelic
caiSis eparqiaSi Sedioda. mitropoliti grigol caiSeli (1777-1823ww.)
aRniSnavda: ,,maxlobelobisaTvis samurzayano afxazeTsac vmwysidi da viRvwodi,
raTa sarwmunoeba ganmravlebiT mravalTa Soris mtkiced gebul iyo~1105. igi
bevrs iRvwoda qristianobis gavrcelebisaTvis afxazebSi, bevric monaTla da
bevrjer daifara eparqia aoxrebisagan. XVIIIs. miwuruls igi Tavis anderZSi
aRniSnavda: ,,gulmodginebiT maqvnda afxazeTis erni gardaqceulni
sarwmunoebisagan, romelic xelmisawTomel iyo Cem mier, igini momeyvana
sarwmunoebad da mravalnica moqceuli iqmnen da monaTlul. sifrTxiliTa da
RvawliTaca CemiTa davfare mravalgzis wartyvevnisagan warmarTTasa saeklesio
mamuli da saeparxioca~1106.
samurzayanos qarTveloba marTlmadeblobas, ase Tu ise, inarCunebda.
gansxvavebuli viTareba iyo afxazeTSi, sadac Camosaxlebulma warmarTebma
bolo mouRes qristianobas. mTeli XVIIIs. ganmavlobaSi md.RaliZgis Crdilo-
dasavleTiT ar funqcionirebda arcerTi eklesia, afxazeTis devnil
kaTolikosebs da samRvdeloebas fexic ar daudgamT axal, warmarTul
afxazeTSi1107.
XVIIIs-Si qarTuli da afsuuri eTnosebis, Sesabamisad, qarTuli qristianuli
kulturisa da CrdiloeT kavkasiidan Camotanili warmarTobis Serwymis
safuZvelze mimdinareobda Tanamedrove afxazi (afsua) eris formirebis
procesi. aman ganapiroba axali afxazebis religiuri warmodgenebis gaoreba;
1101 . n.dadiani. qarTvelT cxovreba, gv.180.

1102
. i.tabaRua. sulxan-saba orbelianis elCoba safrangeTSi. _ macne, istoriis... seria, 1965, #3, gv. 84.
1104 . b.xorava. bediis saepiskoposo. _ saistorio Ziebani, III. Tb., 2000, gv. 41.
1105 . a. tuRuSi. caiSis saepiskoposo. zugdidi, 2001, gv. 97.
1106 . iqve, gv.65.
220
eris Camoyalibebis aRniSnulma Taviseburebam gansazRvra qarTvelebisa da
afxazebis kulturaTa da tradiciaTa siaxlove.1108
miuxedavad warmarTobis damkvidrebisa, afxazeTSi qristianoba savsebiT ar
aRmofxvrila da misi nakvalevi darCa asimilirebuli mkvidri qarTvelebis
rwmenasa da yofaSi. afxazeTSi SemorCa iloris (elirnixa), qiaCis (qiaCnixa),
lixnis, biWvinTis, laSkendaris Tayvaniscema; amave dros mkvidrdeba axali
salocavebi: inal-kuba (inalis saflavi fsxuSi), didrifSi (sof.aWandara),
lafirnix (sof.blaburxva), Cigur-nix (sof.jirxva), aga-nixa (sof.marmariskari) da
sxv. aRsaniSnavia, rom maTi erTi nawili qristianuli eklesiebis adgilas iyo,
nawili ki, aSkarad Semotanilia afxazeTSi Camosaxlebuli tomebis mier. XVIII
saukunidan afxazeTSi vrceldeba islami, magram am saukunis pirvel naxevarSi
mas farTo masStabebisTvis ar miuRwevia. pirvelad mxolod mosaxleobis
zedafena _ samTavro saxli da feodaluri wreebi gamahmadiandnen.
XVIIIs-is afxazeTi didad gansxvavdeboda wina epoqebis afxazeTisagan.
arsebiTad, es iyo axali afxazeTi, axali politikuri erTeuli bevrad meti
teritoriiT, mosaxleobis gansxvavebuli eTnikuri SemadgenlobiT, sxva
sarwmunoebiT, ufro maRali statusiT (saerisTao faqtobrivad iqca samTavrod),
qarTul samyarosTan Sesustebuli kavSiriT da TurqeTis gazrdili gavleniT.
miuxedavad yovelive amisa, samTavro saxli da warCinebulTa wre pirad
naTesaur urTierTobaSi iyo odiSis, imereTis, guriis mmarTvel saxlebTan da
warCinebul sagvareuloebTan. afxazTa mTavrebi Tavs qarTul samyaros
miakuTvnebdnen. saqarTvelosa da imereTis mefeTa uzenaesobas formalurad,
magram mainc aRiarebdnen. gvian Sua saukuneebSi qarTuli ena afxazeTSi ramde-
nadme Tmobs poziciebs. vaxuSti batoniSvili Tavisi drois afxazebis Sesaxeb
werda: ,,ena sakuTari TÂisi aqusT, aramed uwyian warCinebulTa qarTuli~1109. qar-
Tul enaze muSaobda kvlavac mTavris kancelaria. s.-s.orbeliani, romelic
parizidan da romidan samSobloSi brundeboda, 1714 wlis dekemberSi maltaSi
SemTxveviT qarTvelebs Sexvda. `qarTvelnic vnaxe – zogi afxazi, zogi imereli,
guruli, megreli, rom TaTrisaTvis waerTmiaT, - werda saba. – ena isev kargad
icodnen. afxazma ratom icoda, is gamikvirda, qarTuli”1110. gakvirvebis mizezi
axal afxazeTSi arsebuli sruliad gansxvavebuli viTareba unda yofiliyo.
1108 . iqve, gv. 321-322.

1110 . qarTuli mwerloba, t. VII. Tb., 1989, gv. 272.
221
Tavi XIII. afxazeTi XVIIIs. miwurulsa da XIXs.
damdegs. afxazeTis Sesvla ruseTis `mfarvelobaSi”
XVIIIs. miwuruls osmaleTi cdilobda poziciebi ganemtkicebina afxazeTSi,
amitom Seecada Tavidan moeSorebina proqarTulad ganwyobili zurab SarvaSiZe
da mis winaaRmdeg qeleS-bei waaqeza. ,,drosa amas, - wers n.dadiani, - SeiSurven
urTierTisadmi SarvaSiZe zurab, romeli flobda zufus da Zmiswuli misi
qelaiS-ahmed-beg, romeli flobda ayus da mimdgomsa missa.~ zurab SarvaSiZem
odiSis mTavar kacia dadians sTxova daxmareba. dadianma saswrafod Seyara
laSqari, sardlad Tavisi Zma giorgi Cauyena da afxazeTSi gagzavna. ,,mividnen
ra afxazeTs, urCni zurabisani moswves, moswyvides da Semdgomad moadgnen
cxomis cixes.~Mmecixovneebis didi winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad giorgi dadianis
Zem cixe aiRo da urCni isev zurab SarvaSiZes daumorCila1111.
amrigad, zurab SarvaSiZem odiSis mTavris daxmarebiT SeinarCuna xelisu-
fleba. dadianisaTvis, ra Tqma unda, afxazTis taxtze sasurveli iyo
proqarTuli orientaciis zurab SarvaSiZe, vidre Turqofili qeleS-bei. am pe-
riodSi, afxazTaA samTavros mxareebidan Sua sofels, anu abJuas, teritorias
md.RaliZgasa da md.kodors Soris, flobda zurab SarvaSiZis Zmiswuli beqir-
bei; soxumis cixes (ayu) da gumisTis afxazeTs, anu teritorias md.kodorsa da
md.gumisTas Soris - qeleS-bei; bzifis afxazeTs, teritorias md.gumisTasa da
md.bzifs Soris, - zurab SarvaSiZe, romelic afxazeTis danarCen mxareTa
siuzerenia1112.
miuxedavad gancdili marcxisa, porta afxazeTis mimarT Tavisi gegmis
ganxorcielebas jiutad cdilobda. misi morigi mcdeloba warmatebiT
dasrulda. 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi qeleS-beim osmalTa daxmarebiT taxtidan
Camoagdo zurab SarvaSiZe daDTviTon gamTavrda. imavdroulad politikuri
mosazrebiT mTavris rezidencia lixnidan, samTavros Zveli politikur-
administraciuli centridan, soxumis cixeSi gadmoitana, sadac Turqi
mecixovneebi idgnen1113. TanamedroveTa daxasiaTebiT, qeleS-bei iyo mamaci,
sazriani, Wkviani adamiani.Mmas didi saxeli hqonda xalxSi da gavleniT
sargeblobda dasavleT kavkasiis mTielebSi. rodesac mTavari gaxda, qeleS-
bei gaSorda cols – ZafS-ifebis asuls, romelic politikuri garigebiT
SerTes. amis Semdeg is daqorwinda dabali warmoSobis qalze, gvarad leibaze
(tomiT jiqi) sof.muguZirxvadan1114. amiT qeleS-bei ZafS-ifebis gavlenian
sagvareulos daupirispirda, radgan tradiciiT, colis gaSveba sircxvili iyo
qalis gvarisaTvis da misi zRveva mxolod sisxliT SeiZleboda.
qeleS-bei mtkice mmarTveli gamodga. man Tavidanve daiwyo zrunva mTavris
xelisuflebis ganmtkicebisa da centralizaciisaTvis: daamarcxa da daimorCila
Tavisi metoqe biZaSvili, abJuis mmarTveli beqir-bei, romelsac anCabaZeTa
msxvili da gavleniani feodaluri sagvareulo uWerda mxars, daimorCila
1111. n. dadiani. qarTvelT cxovreba, gv.181.

1112. n.dadiani. qarTvelT cxovreba, gv. 183-184; . . . – saistorio
moambe, 1953, #7, gv.244.
1113 . . . XVII-XVIII . 2– . , 1951, gv.82; . .
. – , I. , 1988, gv. 22.
1114 . . . ..., gv.231, 244.
222
webelis mflobeli marSaniebic, cdilobda Tavisi gavlena samurzayanozec
gaevrcelebina. daqucmacebuli samTavros gaerTianebasa da centraluri
xelisuflebis ganmtkicebisaTvis brZolaSi man maqsimalurad gamoiyena
osmaleTis mxardaWera, amasTan mWidro urTierToba daamyara jiqebTan da
ubixebTan. amrigad, qeleS-beim ganamtkica Tavisi xelisufleba da mTeli
afxazeTis mbrZanebeli gaxda. mas angariSs uwevdnen imereTis mefe da odiSis
mTavaric. erTi cnobiT, qeleS-beis mniSvnelovani SeiaraRebuli Zala hyavda,
romelic 10 aTasi meomrisagan Sedgeboda, hyavda agreTve ,,kargad SeiaraRebili
galerebisagan~ Semdgari flotilia.
qeleS-beis Zalaufleba garkveulwilad SezRuduli iyo soxumSi dislocire-
buli osmalTa garnizonis ufrosis mier. porta did yuradRebas uTmobda
misTvis strategiulad mniSvnelovani soxumis cixisa da navsadguris Senar-
Cunebas. selim III-is (1789-1807ww.) brZanebiT soxumSi aigo gemTsaSeni, sadac
osmaleTis samxedro flotisaTvis ialqniani sabrZolo gemi ,,kilid ul bahiri~
aages. SemdgomSi portam afxazeTSi gemTmSenebloba Sewyvita, rac imiT iyo
gamowveuli, rom soxumis gemTsaSeni imperiis centridan Sors iyo, ver
xerxdeboda droulad gemis mSeneblobisaTvis aucilebeli masalis miwodeba, ar
iyo sakmarisi raodenobiT muSaxeli da specialistebi1115.
1784w. solomon I-is gardacvalebis Semdeg imereTis mefis taxti daviT
giorgis Zem daikava. es is periodia, roca giorgievski traqtati ukve
xelmowerilia da TurqeTi yovelnairad cdilobs dasavleT saqarTvelos
SenarCunebas. imereTis mefe ki ruseTTan analogiuri traqtatis dadebis mizniT
1784w. petreburgSi afxazeTis kaTolikos maqsime II abaSiZes, z.wereTels da
d.kvinixiZes agzavnis. imereTis elCebis Sexvedram ekaterine meoresTan 1784w. 29
dekembers Sedegi ver gamoiRo. 1787 wlidan maqsime II imereTis axal elCTan
besarion gabaSvilTan erTad agrZelebs diplomatiur saqmianobas. isini
cdilobdnen afxazeTis mxridan ruseTis jarebis Semoyvanas, afxazeTisa da
mTlianad dasavleT saqarTvelos osmalebisagan gaTavisuflebas da erTianad
ruseTis mfarvelobis qveS Sesvlas. mizans verc axla miaRwies. amasTan
dakavSirebiT kaTolikosi maqsime II samegrelos samRvdeloebas 1792 wlis 27
ivliss swerda, rom ruseTSi igi darCa àm mizeziT: mag Savs zRvis pirebzed
rom jari wamovida, saTuod ara mqonda, anafias (anapis _ avt.) aRebis mere
afxazeTSi da imereTSi movlen. anafia rom aiRes (1791w. 22 ivniss _ avt.), imasa
da biWvinTas Sua ormocdaaTi versis meti Turme ar aris; viRas egona im mxares
gauSvebdnen!
me amas vemzadebodi: rac im Cven saydars (biWvinTas _ avt.) eWirveboda, sul
xelmwifes movaxseneb da wyalobas vsTxov yovelsave saWiroebasa im Cvenis
eklesiisa, da uTuod imedic iyo aRsrulebisa. magram Cemis codvis ZaliT, esec
usruli Seiqmna da saukuno tkivili daSTa sulsa Sina Cemsa~.1116 dasavleT
saqarTvelos (afxazeTianad) gaerTianebis, osmalebisagan misi gaTavisuflebis,
biWvinTis sakaTolikoso saydris aRdgenis ocneba ganuxorcielebeli darCa.
maqsime II samSobloSi ver dabrunda. 1795w. 30 maiss is kievSi gardaicvala da
kiev-peCoris lavraSi hpova samudamo gansasvenebeli.
XVIIIs. 90-ian wlebSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi axali ZaliT ifeTqa
feodalurma Sinaomma, romelSic qeleS-beic Caeria. imereTis mefem, solomon II-
m (1789-1810ww.) miznad daisaxa dasavleT saqarTvelos politikuri gaerTianeba.
amas xels uwyobda sagareo-politikuri viTarebac. TurqeTis imperia, romelic
centridanul Zalebs uWerda mxars, am dros sakmaod dasustebuli iyo da
saTanado kontrols ver uwevda dasavleT saqarTveloSi mimdinare movlenebs.
amiT isargebla solomon II-m da xelmwifis pretenziebi gamoxata. igi Tavs
1115 . z.wurwumia. afxazeTis istoriis zogierTi sakiTxi Turqul istoriografiaSi. _ saistorio Ziebani, V.
Tb., 2002, gv. 130-132.
223
,,quÀmoisa iveriisa da sxuaTa mefes~ uwodebda. mefis marjvena xeli solomon
lioniZe werda, rom ,,afxazeTi uZvelesi droidanve imereTisa iyo,~ masve
ekuTvnoda foTis cixec. mefe dadians uyurebda rogorc urC ymas. misi azriT,
marTalia, dadiani ,,mTavrad daidgina, magram mas mefis winaaRmdegobis ufleba
ar hqonda,~ igi mefis morCili unda yofiliyo1117. dasavleT saqarTvelos
mTavrebs sruliad damoukideblad eWiraT TaviAda imereTis mefis uzenaesobas
ar scnobdnen. 1792w. SeTqmulebma, romlebsac mxars uWerda imereTis mefe,
grigol dadiani gadaayenes da mTavrad misi umcrosi Zma manuCari dasves.
grigol dadianma samurzayanos Seafara Tavi1118.
1794w. imereTis taxtis maZiebeli daviT giorgis Ze imereTSi SeiWra da
quTaisis axlos dabanakda. imereTis mefis dasaxmareblad manuCar dadiani
movida odiS-leCxumis laSqriT. amave dros, samurzayanodan grigol dadiani
gamoemarTa mefis winaaRmdeg. ,,Jamsa amas, - wers n.dadiani, - Sekrben samurzayano
afxazni Sesawevnad
grigol dadianisa, vinaTgan ixiles mflobeli maTi ganZebuli usamarTlod,~ da
banZis maxloblad, marsilSi dabanakdnen. solomonma daswreba gadawyvita.
imerTa laSqari RamiT moulodnelad Tavs daesxa grigol dadians da daamarcxa
igi. grigol dadianma afxazTa mTavars mimarTa daxmarebisaTvis. qeleS-bei
afxazTa laSqriT odiSSi gadavida da xibulaSi dabanakda. am dros solomons
mouvida erekle II-is gamogzavnili damxmare jari aleqsandre batoniSvilis
sardlobiT. solomoni 24 oqtombers Setevaze gadavida da daamarcxa daviT
giorgis Ze, romelic amis Semdeg grigol dadianisa da qeleS-beis banakSi
mivida. qeleS-beim Tavi aarida imereTis mefesTan brZolas da afxazeTSi
dabrunda1119. 1798w. grigol dadiani kvlav daeufla odiSs, magram solomons
amis Semdegac ar auRia xeli odiSis samTavros damorCilebis ganzraxvaze,
Tumca grigol dadianis odiSidan gandevna ver SeZlo. solomon II, radgan Tavis
mizans ver miaRwia, yovel wels iWreboda odiSSi imerelTa da lekTa
daqiravebuli laSqriT, ,,styvevnida mravalsa qristianTa tyveTa, swvida da
aoxrebda~ odiSs1120.
1802 w. zafxulSi imereTis mefem isev daamarcxa grigol dadiani. odiSis mTa-
varma daxmareba kvlav qeleS-bei SarvaSiZes sTxova, ,,romelsa epyra yoveli
afxazeTi vidre RaliZgamde da mZlavrebdaca dadianis samflobelo samurzayano
afxazeTsa~1121. afxazTa mTavarma mZevali moiTxova. dadianma taxtis memkvidre
levani gaugzavna mZevlad. amis Semdeg qeleS-bei Tavisi laSqriT, 20 aTasi
meomriTa da 3 zarbazniT odiSSi gadmovida da sofel abedaTSi dabanakda.
Semodgomaze solomon II odiSSi SeiWra da mis Semomtkicebas Seudga. qeleS-beim
mefesTan SebrZoleba ver gabeda, dauzavda mas da afxazeTSi dabrunda1122.
grigol dadianisTvis cxadi Seiqna, rom sakuTari ZalebiT imereTis mefis
mZlavrobas win ver aRudgeboda, amitom ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvla
gadawyvita da Sesabamisi TxovniT mimarTa aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi rusul
administracias.
rogorc cnobilia, ruseTTan mfarvelobiTi kavSiris Zieba 1801w. ruseTis
imperiaSi qarTl-kaxeTis samefos inkorporaciiT damTavrda. amieridan
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi rusuli mmarTveloba damyarda. qarTl-kaxeTis
SeerTebis Semdeg saqarTvelos danarCeni politikuri erTeulebis ruseTTan
SeerTeba mxolod drois saqme iyo. ruseTi flobda mniSvnelovan samxedro-
1117 . m. dumbaZe. dasavleT saqarTvelo XIXs. pirvel naxevarSi. Tb., 1957. gv.134-135.
1118 . n. dadiani. qarTvelT cxovreba, gv. 186; m. rexviaSvili. imereTi XVIII saukuneSi. Tb.,1982, gv. 220.
1119 . n. dadiani. qarTvelT cxovreba, gv. 186-188; b.xorava. odiS-afxazeTis urTierToba XV-XVIII ss., gv. 167-
168.
1120 . n. dadiani. qarTvelT cxovreba, gv. 190.
1121 . iqve, gv. 192.
1122 . , . II, gv. 577, # 688, gv. 340; n. dadiani. qarTvelT cxovreba, gv. 192.
224
strategiul placdarms da misTvis ukve advili iyo regionis politikuri
erTeulebis ZaliT dapyroba, an ,,nebayoflobiT~ damorCileba.
politika dasavleT saqarTvelos mimarT aSkarad gamoCnda ukve 1802 wels,
roca saqarTvelos mTavarsardalsa da astraxanis general-gubernators,
faqtobrivad, kavkasiis mTavarmarTebels, general p.cicianovs (1802-1806ww.)
daevala yvela Rone exmara dasavleT saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebis
ruseTTan mierTebisa da Savi zRvis kavkasiis sanapiroze ganmtkicebisaTvis1123.
garkveuli mizezebis gamo ruseTis xelisufleba dasavleT saqarTveloSi
frTxilad moqmedebda da mxaris uSualo SeerTebisagan Tavs ikavebda.
miuxedavad amisa, p.cicianovis mecadineobiT moxerxda dasavleT saqarTvelos
samefo-samTavroebis ruseTTan faqtobrivi mierTeba.
1803w. grigol dadianma xeli moawera ,,saTxovar punqtebs~ mefis ruseTisadmi,
sadac is odiSisa da afxazeTis mTavrad warmoadgenda Tavs, riTac pretenzias
acxadebda am mxareze. samegrelos nawilad afxazeTis warmoCenas isaxavda
miznad agreTve grigol dadianis mier ruseTSi despanad gagzavnil arqimandrit
pafnoti xoziaSvilisTvis moqvis episkoposis xarisxis miniWeba1124. 1803w.
dekemberSi grigol dadianma xeli moawera `samfarvelo” xelSekrulebas da
ruseTis xelmwifis erTgulebaze daifica. imavdroulad md.xobiswylis
SesarTavSi gadmosxda rusuli polki, romelmac sofel yulevis adgilas 1804w.
simagre redut-yale aago. es iyo rusebis mier dakavebuli pirveli punqti Savi
zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze.
cota ufro adre, imave 1803w. grigol dadianma p.cicianovs acnoba, rom
,,qeleS-beg SarvaSiZe, mflobeli afxazeTisa, eZiebs mfarvelobasa ruseTisa,~ da
TiTqos is ar iyo damokidebuli osmaleTze da man TviTon sTxova samegrelos
mTavars, ruseTis xelisuflebasTan Suamavali yofiliyo. p.cicianovma grigol
dadians SesTavaza, erCia qeleS-beisTvis, sagangebo kaci gamoegzavna TbilisSi
an werilobiT ganecxadebina Tavisi survili ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi Sesvlis
Sesaxeb; amasTan ganecxadebina, rom foTs Tavisi xalxiT icavda ara imitom, rom
osmaleTisagan jamagirs iRebda, aramed icavda rogorc sakuTar samflobelos,
romelic mzad iyo gadaeca ruseTisTvis, aseve anakliac. p.cicianovi grigol da-
dians pirobas aZlevda, rom yovelive es Sewynarebuli iqneboda da is
`mfarvelobas” miiRebda. samegrelos samTavros SeerTebiT ruseTi gzas ikafavda
Savi zRvis sanapirosken da SeeZlo zewola moexdina imereTis samefozec. 1804w.
25 aprils imereTis mefe solomon II iZulebuli gaxda, ruseTis mTavrobis mier
nakarnaxevi `samfarvelo” pirobebi mieRo. 25 aprilis elaznauris `samfarvelo”
xelSekruleba guriis samTavrozec vrceldeboda, radgan guria imereTis
samefos Semadgenel samTavrod cxaddeboda1125.
imperatorma imereTis mefesTan dadebuli xelSekruleba da dadianis
,,saTxovari punqtebi~ 1804w. 4 ivliss daamtkica. male saqarTvelos
mTavarsardalma ,,samegrelo-imereTisa da guriis mmarTvelad~ sagangebo moxele
- generali p.litvinovi moavlina, romlis mizani mefe-mTavrebTan dadebuli
SeTanxmebis praqtikuli xorcSesxma iyo.
ruseTis xelisuflebas gansakuTrebiT ainteresebda Savi zRvis kavkasiis
sanapiro da, kerZod, afxazeTi. 1803w. 2 ianvars imereTis mefe solomon II werda,
rom afxazebs, iseve rogorc sxva mTielebs (maT Soris svanebs, jiqebs, alanebs),
ar aqvT kanonebi (arian беззаконные)1126. p.cicianovma afxazeTis SemoerTebis
istoriul-qristianuli safuZveli ganaviTara. igi werda, rom afxazeTi iveriis
(saqarTvelos) provincia iyo da aq Turqebma cecxliTa da maxviliT
gaanadgures adgilobrivi mosaxleoba, gadaSenebis piramde miiyvanes qristianoba
1123 . r. lominaZe. ruseTis batonobis damyareba saqarTveloSi, gv.127.

1125 . m. dumbaZe. imereTis saxelmwifos gauqmeba, gv. 855-856.
1126 . , . II, gv. 340-341.
225
da sxva1127. rodesac XIXs. damdegs saqarTvelos teritoriis did nawilze
ruseTi gabatonda, cxadia, afxazeTi am procesis miRma ver darCeboda.
XIXs. dasawyisSi kavkasiaSi ruseTis poziciebis ganmtkicebis Semdeg qeleS-
bei SarvaSiZe politikuri orientaciis Secvlis gacnobierebas iwyebs1128.
TurqeTis mxardaWeriT man miaRwia politikuri miznebis ganxorcielebas -
afxazeTSi gabatonebas, mowinaaRmdege feodalTa damorCilebas, centraluri
xelisuflebis ganmtkicebas da sxva, magram vasaluri damokidebuleba despotur
imperiasTan mas ukve suls uxuTavs. igi eZiebda ufro mtkice sayrdens da mfar-
vels, vidre osmaleTi iyo. afxazTa mTavari kargad xedavda, rom saqarTveloSi
TandaTan mtkicdeboda ruseTis poziciebi, amasTan Rrma kriziss ganicdida os-
maleTis imperia. igi xvdeboda, rom dasavleT saqarTveloSi ruseTis
gabatonebis Semdeg afxazeTis jeric dadgeboda, radgan afxazeTi saqarTvelos
istoriuli nawili iyo1129. amitom qeleS-bei ruseTTan daaxloebisken iswrafvis.
safiqrebelia, ruseTis mfarveloba miT ufro mniSvnelovani iyo misTvis, rom
surda saimedod uzrunveleyo safar-beisaTvis memkvidris ufleba, radgan
uTanasworo qorwinebis Sedegad SeZenili Svili ar SeiZleboda memkvidre
yofiliyo1130.
miuxedavad qeleS-beis survilisa, daaxloeboda ruseTs, carizmi rTuli
saerTaSoriso viTarebis gamo sifrTxiles iCenda. peterburgi kargad xedavda,
rom mosalodneli iyo omi napoleonTan da amitom osmaleTTan urTierTobis
gamwvaveba ar surda. Tumca ruseTi Tavis mxrivac didad iyo dainteresebuli
afxazeTis SeerTebiT da am gziT dasavleT kavkasiaSi placdarmis mopovebiT.
Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom qeleS-bei aqtiurad eZiebda ruseTis mfarvelobas,
oficialurad igi ar wyvetda kavSirs osmaleTTan da mis samsaxurSi
imyofeboda. amdenad, misi politika ormagi TamaSi iyo1131. Tumca TandaTan
ikveTeba qeleS-beis dapirispireba portasTan. man, rogorc Cans, ukve aSkarad
gadawyvita CamoSoreboda osmaleTs da mxolod sababs eZebda. jer kidev 1803w.
grigol dadianis rwmunebulebma kvinixiZeebma p.cicianovs acnobes, rom qeleS-
bei ,,arafriT ar iyo damokidebuli otomanis brwyinvale portaze~1132. ruseTis
xelisuflebas ainteresebda, ramdenad gulwrfeli iyo qeleS-beis erTguleba
ruseTisadmi da ra damokidebulebaSi imyofeboda is portasTan, romelic mas
qveSevrdomad Tvlida. p.cicianovma p.litvinovs daavala, saidumlod ewarmoebina
molaparakeba qeleS-beisTan ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlis Taobaze, Tumca
afxazTa mTavris survilis gulwrfelobaSi eWvi epareboda. p.litvinovma
Seiswavla dasavleT saqarTvelos politikur mesveurTa orientaciis sakiTxi,
Sekriba saWiro masalebi qeleS-beis Sesaxeb da p.cicianovs moaxsena, rom misi
ndoba SeuZlebeli iyo1133.
am periodSi qeleS-beis urTierToba gaurTulda kavkasiaSi ruseTis sardlo-
basTan masTan mZevlad myofi samegrelos samTavro taxtis memkvidris gamo.
1804w. 23 oqtombers grigol dadiani gardaicvala. taxtis memkvidre, 12 wlis
levani afxazTa mTavars hyavda mZevlad. samegrelos samTavros mesveurebma
qeleS-beis sTxoves taxtis memkvidris gaTavisufleba, magram man sazRaurad
didi Tanxa moiTxova. rodesac es cnobili gaxda p.cicianovisaTvis, man imereTsa
da samegreloSi dislocirebuli ruseTis jarebis sardals general-maior
i.rikhofs ubrZana, Tu qeleS-bei levans ar gaaTavisuflebda, ,,warvides TvisiTa
rwmunebuliTa mxedrobiTa ayus da Semusros, raTa ara daSTes qva-qvasa zeda,
1127 . iqve, gv. 463.

1128 . iqve, gv. 337-339.
1129 . . . . ..., gv. 98-99. n. qorTua. saqarTvelo 1806-1812 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omSi. Tb., 1964,
gv.109.
1130 . . . XIX . , 1940, gv. 11.
1131 . . . . ..., gv. 98-99.
1132 . , . II, gv. 536.
1133 . iqve.
226
romel ara dairRves, da gamoiyvanos leon da qmnas Tvissa samkvidrosa zeda
mTavrad~1134. 1805w. martSi i.rikhofma Tavisi razmiT da samegrelos saxalxo
laSqriT gadalaxa md.enguri, 20 versis siRrmeSi SeiWra, soflebi dalaSqra,
samurzayanos Tavad-aznaurebs ruseTis erTgulebis fici daadebina da mZevlebi
aiyvana. Setevis Semdgomi gagrZeleba Seaferxa ugzoobam, amitom generali ukan
mobrunda da gezi anakliisken aiRo. 28 marts i.rikhofma sam saaTSi aiRo kargad
gamagrebuli anakliis cixe da zRviT soxumze ieriSis misatanad emzadeboda,
rodesac saomari moqmedebebiT SeSinebulma qeleS-beim 2 aprils levani
gaaTavisufla, Tavisi 8 mZevalic gamogzavna da saomari moqmedebebis Sewyveta
iTxova1135. 16 aprils generali i.rikhofi p.cicianovs acnobebda, rom afxazi Ta-
vadebi, visganac mZevlebi miiRo, da aseve isinic, vinc winaT dadianis
morCilebaSi iyvnen md.RaliZgamde, kvlav samegrelos samTavros mflobelobaSi
Semovidnen, razec fici misces levan dadians da surT ruseTis mfarvelobaSi
Sesvla1136.
ruseTis gaaqtiureba afxazeTis mimarT mtkivneulad ganicada osmaleTma.
anakliis cixis aRebis gamo, romelsac qeleS-bei flobda, Tumca osmaleTs
ekuTvnoda da osmalo mecixovneebic idgnen, portam ruseTis xelisuflebas
protesti ganucxada. aleqsandre I-ma sulTnisadmi gagzavnil werilSi bodiSi
moixada am incidentis gamo da aRniSna, rom es faqti Secdomisa da gaugebrobis
niadagze moxda. ivlisSi general p.litvinovs Sexvda osmaleTis reis efendi,
romelmac kategoriulad moiTxova Savi zRvis sanapiros ,,soxumidan dawyebuli
vidre baTumamde“ dacla1137. imperatorma p.cicianovs daavala daebrunebina
osmaleTisaTvis anaklia, xolo stambolSi ruseTis elCs italinskis daevala,
daerwmunebina porta, rom es arasasiamovno faqti ucabedi Secdomis gamo moxda.
osmaleTi aRniSnuli ganmartebiT dakmayofilda. oqtomberSi rusebma qeleS-beis
anaklia daubrunes da aTasi maneTic gadasces miyenebuli zaralis sazRaurad.
amasTan p. litvinovma kategoriulad gaafrTxila porta, SarvaSiZisTvis tyvis
syidva aekrZala1138. amrigad, osmaleTis mZafri protestis gamo ruseTis
xelisuflebam energiuli moqmedeba afxazeTSi mizanSeuwonlad miiCnia da
konfliqtis gaRrmavebisagan Tavi Seikava.
1805w. 9 ivliss sof. banZaSi samegrelos axalma mTavarma levan V dadianma
(1805-1840) ruseTis erTgulebis fici dado. fici dades agreTve odiTgan
samegrelos kuTvnili samurzayanos mflobelebma manuCar da levan
SarvaSiZeebma: ,,Cven qvemore xelis momwerni, afxazeTis Tavadni, samurzayanos
mflobelni, SemovediT ymad Cvenis qveyniT da Tavad-aznaurebiT miss im-
peratorobis didebulebisa yovlad umowyalesisa rusTa xelmwifisa, vficavT
yovlad Zlier RmerTs da wminda saxarebas, rom viyvneT erTgulni mona da ymani
samindReod da mis didebulobis urCobaSi da RalatobaSi arasdros ar SevideT
da agreTve Tu sxvaTagan Ralati anu urCoba SevityveT, diax swrafad
SevatyobinoT, saca marTebuli iyos da, rogorc zemo sweria, is ar aRvasrulo,
RvTisagan da wminda saxarebisagan SeCvenebuli viyvneT, da agreTve yovlad
umowyalesi xelmwifis yma vimyofebiT, agreTve samegrelos TviTmpyrobeli
levan dadianisa, radganac Cven Cvenis qveyniT vyofilvarT samegrelos
TviTmpyrobelis Tavadi dadianisa~1139. fici damowmebulia Wyondideli
mitropolitis besarionis (dadiani) beWdiT.
amrigad, samurzayanom, sadac XVIIIs. 90-iani wlebis miwurulidan qeleS-beis
gavlena vrceldeboda, samegrelos mTavris uzenaesoba aRiara. samurzayanos
ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlisa da dasavleT saqarTveloSi ruseTis

1135 . , . II, gv. 510.
1136 . iqve, gv. 514.
1137 . iqve, gv. 518. n. qorTua. saqarTvelo 1806-1812 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omSi, gv. 111.
1138 . , . II, gv. 534; n.qorTua. saqarTvelo 1806-1812 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omSi, gv. 111.
1139 . , . II, gv. 527.
227
poziciebis ganmtkicebis pirobebSi qeleS-bei siuzerenTan aSkara
konfrontaciisaken iRebs kurss. Aam periodSi, 1806w. martis bolos, qeleS-
beisTan TavSesafari hpova trapezundelma Taiar faSam, romelsac saxelmwifo
RalatSi edeboda brali da gadawyvita, ruseTisaTvis Seefarebina Tavi1140.
WaneTis faSa Taiari ganudga sulTan selim III-s da cdilobda, centraluri
xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg anatoliis sxva faSebic aemxedrebina. man mimowera
gamarTa ruseTis xelisuflebasTan mfarvelobaSi Sesvlis Sesaxeb da pirobas
debda, rom Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiros da mTel anatolias ruseTis
qveSevrdomobaSi Seiyvanda1141. rodesac Taiar faSas Ralati gamJRavnda,
sulTanma misi sikvdiliT dasja brZana, magram meamboxe faSa afxazeTSi
gaiqca1142. rogorc Cans, man kargad icoda qeleS-beis prorusuli ganwyobis
Sesaxeb, radgan swored mas Seafara Tavi. soxumidan Taiar faSam molaparakebebi
gamarTa ruseTis xelisuflebasTan, amasTan Tavisi samsaxuri SesTavaza ruseTis
mfarvelobaSi afxazeTis Sesvlis saqmeSi, rac, faqtobrivad, Savi zRvis
aRmosavleT sanapiroze ruseTis gabatonebas moaswavebda.1143 portam qeleS-beis
mosTxova, Tavi moekveTa faSasTvis, magram man brZaneba ar Seasrula. maSin
sulTanma Taiar faSas gadacemis moTxovniT mimarTa afxaz feodalebs - ZafS-
ifas, marRanias da sxvebs, SesTavaza maT, gavlena moexdinaT qeleS-beize,
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi omiT imuqreboda1144.
1806w. maisSi qeleS-beim TxovniT mimarTa kavkasiis rusul administracias,
mieRo afxazeTi ruseTis mfarvelobaSi da osmaleTisagan Zaladobis
SemTxvevaSi daecva igi. magram ruseTis xelisufleba masTan, rogorc osmaleTis
vasalTan, urTierTobisgan Tavs ikavebda, Tumca miaCnda, rom imJamindel
pirobebSi qeleS-beis mimxroba, an Tundac misi neitralizebac ki sasargeblo
iqneboda; kargi iqneboda misi dayolieba, rom urTierToba ar hqonoda ruseTis
winaaRmdeg amboxebul imereTis mefesTan, romelic Tu qeleS-beis Tavis mxareze
gadaiyvanda, samegrelos mniSvnelovnad avnebda1145.
imavdroulad qeleS-beim megobruli urTierToba daamyara samegrelos

samTavro saxlTan. general i.rikhofis SuamavlobiT afxazeTisa da samegrelos
mTavrebi, romlebic XIXs. dasawyisSi daupirispirdnen erTmaneTs, Serigdnen.
1806w. 20 maiss samegrelos dedoflis nino dadianis saxelze gagzavnil
werilSi qeleS-bei werda: ,,Cven Seni kargis mdomi viqmneT da Tqvens sazianosa
da dasamdablebel saqmeSid ar Sevide da arc SemeZlos; Seni kargis mdomi
viqmne Dda Seni mtris mteri viqmne, moyvarisa moyvare viqmne~1146. amasTan afxazTa
samTavro saxli daumoyvrda samegrelos samTavro saxls. qeleS-beis vaJi safar-
bei farulad moinaTla (naTlobis saxeli - giorgi) da samegrelos mTavris
grigol dadianis da Tamari SeirTo1147.Ees faqti moaswavebda afxazTa samTavros
politikur kavSirs ruseTis `mfarvelobaSi” myof samegrelosTan da qeleS-beis
politikuri orientaciis Secvlaze metyvelebda. rogorc Cans, qeleS-beis ukve
mtkiced hqonda gadawyvetili ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvla da es sakiTxi
1806w. ivnisSi gansaxilvelad gaitana saxalxo yrilobaze, romelic Cveulebriv
lixnSi, mTavris sasaxliswina moedanze gaimarTa. yrilobam mxari dauWira
qeleS-beis politikur kurss1148.Aam faqtma afxazTa mTavris poziciebi kidev
ufro gaamyara.
1140 . iqve, t. II, gv. 534; n. qorTua. saqarTvelo 1806-1812 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omSi, gv. 111.
1141 . , . II, gv. 885.
1142 . amede Joberi. mogzauroba somxeTsa da sparseTSi 1805-1806 wlebSi, Targmani frangulidan, gamokvleva
da komentarebi i. naWyebiasi. Tb., 1997, gv. 92.
1143 . , . II, gv. 872; . . ..., gv. 32-33.
1144 . . . ..., gv. 33.
1145 . , .III, gv. 190,194.
1146 . iqve, . III, gv. 190.
1147 . iqve, gv. 202, 209; ..., . III, . II, gv. 541.
1148 . iqve, . III, gv. 191-192, 574.
228
porta Seecada, samxedro ZaliT daemorCilebina urCi vasali. amasTan
osmaleTi didi xania dasavleT saqarTveloSi SeWrisTvis sababs eZebda da
CaTvala, rom xelsayreli dro daudga. saqme is iyo, rom ruseTis aqtiurobam
Sav zRvaze da anakliis dauflebam osmaleTi SeaSfoTa. 1806w. ivnisis
dasawyisSi sulTanma axalcixisa da arzrumis faSebs ubrZana, qeleS-beis
dasjis motiviT imereTsa da samegreloSi SeWriliyvnen da Savi zRvis sanapiros
dauflebodnen. xmeleTze moqmedi jarisTvis mxari unda daeWira sazRvao
flots.1149 ivlisSi afxazeTis sanapirosken daiZra osmaleTis eskadra 11
xomaldis SemadgenlobiT iuiruk bairaxdaris meTaurobiT. sazRvao eskadris
meTauri cdilobda, gadaebirebina zogierTi afxazi feodali, maT Soris
samuzayanos mflobeli manuCar SarvaSiZe, magram uSedegod. qeleS-beim ruseTis
xelisuflebas mimarTa daxmarebis TxovniT, magram ruseTi afxazeTis sakiTxSi
isev sifrTxiles iCenda. miuxedavad amisa, kavkasiis sardlobam miiRo
aleqsandre I-is brZaneba, Tu osmaleTis armia samegrelos gavliT afxazeTisaken
daiZreboda, misTvis gza moeWraT1150.
osmaleTis agresiis mosagerieblad qeleS-beim SeZlo 25 aTasi mebrZolis da-
razmva. aqedan, 10-12 aTasi iyo mxolod afxazi, danarCeni - daqiravebuli
Cerqezebi. 25 ivliss osmaleTis eskadra soxums miadga, magram rodesac Turqebi
darwmundnen, qalaqi mtkiced iyo daculi da qeleS-beis ganzraxuli hqonda,
medgari winaaRmdegobis gaweva, iZulebuli gaxda, ukan gabrunebuliyo.
axalcixisa da arzrumis faSebmac afxazeTSi laSqrobisagan Tavi Seikaves1151.
portasTvis cxadi gaxda, rom ra sababiTac unda momxdariyo osmaleTis jarebis
SeWra imereTsa da samegreloSi, ruseTis xelisuflebis mier es faqti aRqmuli
iqneboda rogorc ,,samSvidobo traqtatis~ darRveva, radgan es kuTxeebi ruseTis
mfarvelobaSi imyofeboda. amitom osmaleTis xelisuflebam Tavi Seikava
xmeleTiT jarebis gagzavnisagan. am droidan, rogorc Taiar-faSa aRniSnavda,
afxazTa mTavari ,,sulTnis brZanebebs ar asrulebda~1152.
male afxazeTSi politikuri situacia garTulda. TurqeTma gamoiyena
afxazeTis samTavro karze arsebuli uTanxmoeba da qeleS-beis mis mierve
aTvalwunebuli ufrosi Svili aslan-bei daupirispira. cota xniT adre qeleS-
beim samTavro taxtis memkvidreobis ufleba CamoarTva aslan-beis, romelic mas
pirveli qorwinebidan, ZafS-ifas qalisgan hyavda da es ufleba gadasca safar-
beis. mas ki, rogorc dabali warmoSobis qalis Svils, taxti ar ekuTvnoda.
osmalofiluri dajgufebis mier, romelSic Sediodnen eSereli ZafS-ifebi da
aslan-bei, TurqeTis mxardaWeriT momzadda SeTqmuleba afxazTa mTavris
winaaRmdeg, magram qeleS-bei sastikad gausworda SeTqmulebs, moakvlevina
masTan mosalaparakeblad miwveuli sami Zma ZafS-ifa. am sagvareulos danarCeni
warmomadgenlebi SurisZiebis SiSiT webelSi gaiqcnen, maTi sagvareulo mamuli,
md.Sickvaras da md.aZafSs (dampala) Soris, qeleS-beim Tavis mamuls SeuerTa,
radgan adaTiT, ZafS-ifebma, rogorc abragad gavardnilebma, sakuTrebaze
ufleba dakarges1153. amrigad, qeleS-beim situaciis stabilizacias miaRwia.
aseT viTarebaSi, osmaleTi ruseTTan omisaTvis mzadebas Seudga. porta
aZlierebda Savi zRvis sanapiro cixeebs - baTums, foTs, soxums, sujuk-kales,
anapas, raTa isini ruseTisaTvis auRebel forpostebad eqcia. ruseTis mTavroba,
romelic dRe-dReze moeloda osmaleTTan omis dawyebas, cdilobda Savi zRvis
sanapiros cixe-simagreTa komendantebi moesyida1154. ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa
ministrma a.budbergma 5 seqtembers kavkasiis xazisa da saqarTvelos
mTavarsardals i.gudoviCs (1806-1809ww.) auwya xelmwifis neba, osmaleTTan
1149 . iqve, # 905, gv. 517, # 906, gv. 517-518, #908, gv. 518.
1150 . iqve, gv. 192-193; , . I, gv. 133-134.
1151 . , . III, gv. 192-193; 519-520; #909, gv. 519.
1152 . iqve, # 912, gv. 521.
1153 . . . ..., gv. 231.
1154 . n. qorTua. saqarTvelo 1806-1812 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omSi, gv. 114.
229
urTierTobis gawyvetisTanave gamoecxadebina qeleS-beisaTvis ruseTis
qveSevrdomobaSi oficialurad miRebis Sesaxeb. aseT SemTxvevaSi ar
gaWirdeboda peterburgidan sigelisa da investituris qeleS-beisaTvis
gagzavna1155. ruseTis xelisufleba didad iyo dainteresebuli afxazeTis
dauflebiT. Savi zRvis vrceli sanapiro zoli anapis cixidan md.enguris
SesarTavamde da rionis marcxena napiridan, - portas mflobelobaSi iyo, maT
Soris, soxumis, isgauris, anakliis, foTis, baTumis, gonios cixeebi. amitom
a.budbergi 1806w. 25 seqtembris werilSi i.gudoviCs swerda: ,,es cixeebi uZvelesi
droidan saqarTvelos samefos ekuTvnoda, amitom ar SeiZleba, ar gvsurdes
yvela am adgilis ruseTTan SeerTeba da mTis xalxebis, yubans iqiT mcxovrebi
tomebis, damorCileba, romlebic anapasa da sxva Turqul cixeebSi TavSesafars
pouloben”1156.
1806w. oqtomberSi qeleS-beim Taiar faSa TavridaSi gaistumra da neba darTo,
Suamdgomloba gaewia afxazeTis ruseTis mfarvelobaSi miRebis saqmeSi. amasTan
mas gadasca is moTxovnebi, ra pirobebiTac surda ruseTis mfarvelobaSi
Sesvla. Taiar-beim novorosiis general-gubernators e.riSelies gadasca qeleS-
beis moTxovnebi, romlebic rva muxlisagan Sedgeboda: afxazebi mzad iqnebian,
erTgulad emsaxuron imperators qveSevrdomad aRiarebis SemTxvevaSi; qeleS-bei
darCes afxazTa mTavrad; eboZos mas Cini da daeniSnos wodebis Sesaferisi
jamagiri; misi 6 Svilidan ufross - safar-beis eboZos aseve Sesaferisi Cini da
daeniSnos jamagiri; xolo meore Svili mzad iyo peterburgSi saswavleblad
(faqtobrivad, mZevlad) gaegzavna; amasTan iTxovda 30 afxazi aznauris
dajildoebas; portas Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi mTavari unda yofiliyo
saTanadod momaragebuli sursaTiT; qeleS-beis simagre SeiaraRdes rusuli
qvemexebiT da gaigzavnos iq kanonirebi; ruseTSi akrZaluli tyvis syidva
afxazebs ar unda aekrZaloT, radgan uamisod arseboba ar SeuZliaT. amasTan
qeleS-bei pirobas debda, rom Tavisi 6 aTasi meomriT saqarTvelos sazRvrebze
da Tbilisis maxloblad gaagrZelebda ruseTis taxtisadmi samsaxurs,
xelisuflebas hpirdeboda xe-tyes gemTmSeneblobisaTvis, ramdenime karg adgils
navmisadgomad, romlebic zamTarSi saimedo TavSesafari iqnebodnen ruseTis
flotisaTvis1157.
a. budbergi 1806w. 14 noembers e.riSeliesadmi gagzavnil werilSi xazs
usvamda afxazTa mTavris ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi miRebis mniSvnelobas da
rekomendacias aZlevda, xeli moewera qeleS-beisTan preliminaruli
SeTanxmebisTvis mis mier warmodgenil pirobebze1158.
1806w. 24 dekembers portam ruseTs omi gamoucxada. amasTan dakavSirebiT
1807w. 7 ianvars a.budbergma sagangebo miweriloba gaugzavna i.gudoviCs da
daavala, ecada sparseTTan zavis dadeba, an droebiTi dazaveba mainc; kavkasiaSi
arsebuli ruseTis mTeli Zalebi saqarTvelos mezobeli Turquli olqebis
winaaRmdeg waremarTa; osmaleTTan sabrZolvelad miewvia qeleS-bei, yarsis
faSa, trapizonis faSa Taiari, romelic sulTans Seurigda, da molaparakeba
daewyo anapis cixis ufrosTan ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlis Taobaze1159.
saomari moqmedebebi dunais auzSi da amierkavkasiaSi gaiSala. osmaleTTan
axali omis (1806-1812ww.) dawyeba xel-fexs uxsnida ruseTs afxazeTis sakiTxis
mosagvareblad. omis dawyebisas qeleS-beim ruseTis sardlobas acnoba, rom
Turqebs ganzraxuli hqondaT, Tavs dasxmodnen yulevs, amave dros afxazTa
mTavari saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi jaris miSvelebas iTxovda1160.
1155 . , . III, gv. 193.

1156 . iqve, #918, gv. 525-526.
1157 . iqve, gv. 191-192.
1158 . iqve, gv. 194-195.
1159 . iqve, gv. 531-532.
1160 . iqve, gv. 196.
230
osmaleTis mokavSire safrangeTi cdilobda, mtkice antirusuli fronti
Seeqmna. safrangeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma taleiranma 1807w. 20 ianvars
safrangeTis elCs TurqeTSi sebastians sagangebo instruqcia misca:
,,aucilebelia, rom TurqeTis eskadram imoqmedos Sav zRvaSi, sadac rusebs ar
ZaluZT maT winaaRmdegoba gauwion... keTili urTierToba SeinarCuneT afxazTa
mTavarTan da daarwmuneT is, monawileoba miiRos saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg did
diversiaSi. dae, am mTavarma, arzrumis faSam, sparselebma da portam
erTdroulad Seution saqarTvelos, yirimsa da besarabias~1161. rogorc Cans,
taleiranisTvis qeleS-bei cnobili iyo rogorc portas vasali da
mniSvnelovani samxedro potencialis mqone mmarTveli, romlis gamoyenebas
aucileblad Tvlida. amitomac ruseTis mTavroba ar endoboda qeleS-beis,
fiqrobda, rom is ormag TamaSs eweoda.
kavkasiaSi saomari moqmedebebi 1807w. 8 Tebervals Turqebis redut-yaleze
(yulevi) TavdasxmiT daiwyo. rusebma SeZles am Setevis mogerieba. ruseTis
sardlobas gadawyvetili hqonda, xelT egdo Savi zRvis sanapiro simagreebi -
anapa, soxumi, foTi da sxva. amitom i.gudoviCs ebrZana, ar Semofargluliyo
pasiuri TavdacviT, SeteviTi moqmedeba ewarmoebina osmalebis winaaRmdeg da es
cixeebi daekavebina. 1807w. maisSi i.gudoviCi rusTa da qarTvelTa laSqriT
foTisa da axalqalaqis cixeebis aRebas Seecada, Tumca uSedegod. SemdgomSi
movlenebi ruseTis sasargeblod warimarTa _ 1807w. ivnisSi i.gudoviCma sastikad
daamarcxa sparseTi, ivlisSi ruseT-safrangeTs Soris daido tilzitis zavi,
xolo sparseT-osmaleTis kavSiris gaformebis mcdeloba CaiSala.
kavkasiaSi saomari moqmedebebis msvlelobisas qeleS-beis momlodine pozicia
ekava. i. gudoviCi 1807w. 14 ivlisis werilSi qeleS-beisadmi ukmayofilebas
gamoTqvamda imis gamo, rom is ruseTis armias daxmarebas ar uwevda da, ufro
metic, eWvs aRZravda, rom mowinaaRmdeges exmareboda. i.gudoviCi qeleS-beisagan
moiTxovda ruseTisadmi erTgulebis damtkicebas osmaleTis winaaRmdeg omSi
CabmiT da aSinebda, rom maSvel jars yulevTan Tu ar gamoiyvanda, maSin ,,did
wyalobas,~ anu imperatoris mfarvelobas ver miiRebda1162. qeleS-bei omSi ar
Cabmula, magram man saSualeba ar misca Turqebs desanti gadmoesxaT afxazeTis
sanapiroze da es mxare saomari moqmedebebis placdarmad eqciaT1163.
1807w. agvistoSi ruseTsa da osmaleTs Soris droebiTi zavi daido. sazavo
xelSekrulebiT dasavleT saqarTveloSi rCeboda ruseTis jaris nawilebi,
mtkicdeboda ruseTis poziciebi Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze da
osmaleTis xelidan SavizRvispira provinciebis, maT Soris, afxazeTis,
gamoxsnisaTvis niadagi mzaddeboda1164.
1807w. 23 agvistos redut-yaledan soxumSi Cavida gemi ,,konstantine~, romlis
meTauri iyo f.skirnevski. igi soxumSi Sexvda qeleS-beis. misi informaciiT,
afxazTa mTavari mouTmenlad eloda cnobas ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi miRebis
Sesaxeb. rodesac qveSevrdomobaSi miiRebdnen, igi mzad iyo, Tavisi 16 wlis
Svili peterburgSi gaegzavna samxedro samsaxurSi; amasTan Tanaxma iyo, ruseTis
flotis xomaldebs soxumis reidisaTvis Tavi SeefarebinaT. f.skirnevskim
daaTvaliera cixe da qalaqi. misi daxasiaTebiT, qeleS-bei iyo daaxloebiT 60
wlis, vaJkacuri, maRali, kunTmagari agebulebis adamiani.1165
brwyinvale portasTvis Zneli Seiqna meamboxe vasalis damorCileba da mis
winaaRmdeg SeTqmuleba moawyo. portas iaraRad kvlavac aslan-bei gamoadga.
mamasTan dapirispirebis periodSi igi afxazTa da jiqTa razmiT Tavs esxmoda
samegrelos samTavros sanapiro soflebs da arbevda. Semdeg is eaxla qeleS-
1161 . . . . XIX . ,
1958, gv.145.
1162 . , .III, gv. 197-198.
1163 . iqve, gv. 199.
1164 . n.qorTua. saqarTvelo 1806-1812 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omSi, gv. 185.
1165 . , . IV, gv. 49-50.
231
beis da Seurigda mas, Tumca, rogorc Cans, mamisa da Zmis - safar-beis
CamoSorebas da gamTavrebas imTaviTve fiqrobda1166. 1808w. 2 maisis Rames aslan-
bei beJan SarvaSiZesTan da Tavis amalasTan erTad soxumis sasaxleSi Tavs
daesxa qeleS-beis, sasikvdilod daWra da Semdeg xmliT akuwa1167. Tavdasxmisas
daiWra qeleS-beis umcrosi Svili baTal-beic. aslan-bei daeufla soxumis cixes
da Tavi afxazTa mTavrad da osmaleTis qveSevrdomad gamoacxada1168. brwyinvale
portam momxdarze saswrafod moaxdina reagireba da aslan-beis samxedro da
materialuri daxmareba gauwia1169.
safar-bei (giorgi), romelic qeleS-beis sicocxleSive iyo gamocxadebuli
memkvidred, zufuSi (lixni) imyofeboda. igi Seecada sakuTari ZalebiT aeRo
soxumis cixe, magram ver SeZlo da samegreloSi wavida1170. man werilobiT
sTxova nino da levan dadianebs, eSuamdgomlaT imperatoris winaSe ruseTis
mfarvelobaSi afxazeTis miRebis Taobaze. Tavis mxriv, nino dadiani safar-beis
Caagonebda, rom samTavro uflebis gansamtkiceblad misTvis saukeTeso
saSualeba ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi Sesvla iqneboda. samegrelodan safar-bei
dedofal ninos meSveobiT daukavSirda rusul administracias, daxmareba
iTxova da acnoba Tavisi mtkice gadawyvetileba, ruseTis mfarvelobaSi
Sesuliyo1171.
1808w. 19 maisis weriliT i.gudoviCma aleqsandre I-s acnoba afxazTa mTavris
qeleS-beis mokvla Svilis, aslan-beis mier da rom igi mTeli afxazeTis
dauflebas cdilobda; taxtis kanonieri memkvidre safar-bei daxmarebas iTxovda
da pirobas debda, rom ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi Sevidoda. i.gudoviCi
aRniSnavda, rom imJamad ar SeeZlo mis dasaxmareblad jaris gagzavna, radgan es
sababs miscemda osmaleTs, zavi daerRvia1172. samegrelos dedofali ninoc
daukavSirda ruseTis xelisuflebas da cdilobda, afxazeTis taxtze giorgi
SarvaSiZis damkvidrebisaTvis xeliASeewyo. dedofali nino i.gudoviCisadmi 8
ivniss gagzavnil werilSi ruseTisaTvis afxazeTis strategiul mniSvnelobaze
miuTiTebda. aseTi SenaZeniT, misi azriT, ruseTis saxelmwifos SeuerTdeboda
Savi zRvis sanapiro zoli, afxazebis mezobeli jiqebi da alanebic
(igulisxmeba yaraCaelebi) dauyovnebliv damorCildebodnen ruseTis imperators.
igi werda, rom safar-bei saidumlod monaTluli iyo da Tu xelmwife mas
qveSevrdomobaSi miiRebda, mTel afxazeTSi qristianoba gavrceldeboda. amitom
iTxovda, rom misTvis angariSi gaewiaT da imperators misi siZe qveSevrdomobaSi
mieRo, agreTve afxazeTSi jarebi SeeyvanaT1173. imave dRes nino dadianma
imperatorsac gaugzavna werili, romelSic werda, rom man safar-bei ukve
daafica èrTgulebiT monebad saimperiosa taxtsa Tqvensasa~. misi azriT,
swored axla iyo xelsayreli dro ruseTis mfarvelobaSi afxazeTis misaRebad,
radgan safar-bei samegrelos samTavro saxlis wevri da mezobeli iyo, winaTac
es mxare samegrelos samTavro saxlis samflobelos warmoadgenda1174.
samegrelos dedofali ruseTis xelisuflebas mouwodebda, rom afxazeTis
mfarvelobaSi miReba daeCqarebinaT. nino dadianis Suamdgomlobam daaCqara
afxazeTis sakiTxis gadawyveta. 13 ivniss ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma
n.rumiancevma i.gudoviCs gaugzavna miweriloba, romliTac daavala, safar-beis
survilis gulwrfelobaSi darwmunebis SemTxvevaSi daekmayofilebina misi
Txovna im pirobiT, rom es ar iqneboda gamocxadebuli, sanam osmaleTTan
1166 . . . ..., gv. 16.

1167 . am faqts uaryofs afxazuri istoriografia. ix. О. Х. Бгажба, С. З. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 213-214.
1168 . , .III, gv. 200; . .II, gv.41; n.dadiani, qarTvelT cxovreba, gv. 197.
1169 . , . I, gv. 137.
1170 . n. dadiani. qarTvelTa cxovreba, gv. 197.
1171 . , .III, gv. 200, 201-202, 205; n. dadiani. qarTvelT cxovreba, gv.197; ..., . 1, gv.137.
1172 . , .III, gv. 198-199.
1173 . iqve, gv. 203.
1174 . iqve, gv. 201-202.
232
sazavo molaparakeba ar dasruldeboda1175. safar-beimac 1808w. 21 ivniss general-
maior i.rikhofs mimarTa weriliT da sTxova, mis qveSevrdom xalxTan erTad
ruseTis mfarvelobaSi mieRo1176.
osmaleTTan droebiTi zavis (1807-1809ww.) pirobebSi, rodesac sazavo
molaparakebebi kvlav grZeldeboda, ruseTi afxazeTis saSinao saqmeebSi Riad
ver Caereoda, magram es imas rodi niSnavda, rom afxazeTSi damkvidrebisaTvis
brZolaze is xels aiRebda. i.gudoviCma brZaneba miiRo, Sedgomoda zrunvas
ruseTis imperiis mfarvelobaSi afxazeTis Sesayvanad. is ar Cqarobda, magram
i.rikhofs miswera, afxazebis dasaSineblad eCvenebina, rom ruseTi mzad iyo
safar-beisTvis daxmareba gaewia, Tumca afxazeTSi ar Sesuliyo; amasTan
samegrelos dedofals da manuCar SarvaSiZes daavala, safar-beis
daxmarebodnen; imavdroulad man safar-beis acnoba, rom imperatori mas
qveSevrdomobaSi miiRebda1177.
1808w. agvistos dasawyisSi samegrelosa da afxazTa samTavros gaerTianebuli
Zalebi soxumis dakavebas Seecadnen. i.rikhofma soxumisken daZra jaris nawili
samegrelos saxalxo laSqarTan erTad. laSqrobas niko dadiani sardlobda.
soxumis cixis aReba ver moxerxda, magram aslan-bei aiZules, gaeTavisuflebina
qeleS-beis meuRle (mesame coli), rebia-hanum marSania da misi Svili baTal-bei.
,,da davmZevleT yoveli afxazeTi, _ swers n.dadiani, - jiqeTis sazRvridam vidre
RaliZga – dadianis sazRvramde da mivaTvaleT safar-begs da esreT mSvidobiT
wamovediT odiSamde~1178. amave xanebSi aslan-beis dasaxmareblad soxumSi sami
xomaldiT Cavida misi naTesavi, foTis cixis komendanti quCuq-bei SarvaSiZe,
xolo mTidan samasamde Cerqezi Camovida. aslan-beisTan iyo qeleS-beize
Tavdasxmis monawile beJan SarvaSiZe. igi samurzayanos ruseTis `mfarvelobaSi”
Sesvlis droidan mTebSi iyo gaqceuli. aslan-beis mniSvnelovani momxreebi
hyavda feodalTa Soris. mas mxars uWerdnen umcrosi Zma, afxazeTis olqis
mmarTveli hasan-bei da abJuis mflobeli ali-bei SarvaSiZe, romlebsac
amoZravebdaT safar-beisadmi siZulvili da SiSi, rom is ruseTis SemweobiT
gamTavrdeboda.
soxumis cixis dauflebis uSedego cdam giorgi SarvaSiZe daarwmuna, rom au-
cilebeli iyo ruseTTan samfarvelo xelSekrulebis, e.w. ,,saTxovari punqtebis~
gaformeba. ,,saTxovari punqtebis~ teqsti ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa saministroSi
Seadgines, Semdeg is qarTulad iTargmna da, rogorc originali, giorgi Sarva-
SiZes waredgina. 1808w. 12 agvistos giorgi SarvaSiZem da afxazeTis Tavad-
aznaurTa warmomadgenlebma ,,saTxovari punqtebis~ qarTul teqsts xeli
moaweres.Mam dokumentiT giorgi SarvaSiZe iTxovda, misTvis memkvidreobiT
daemtkicebinaT am mxaris mmarTveloba da misi samflobeloTi mfarvelobaSi
mieRoT. ,,saTxovar punqtebSi~ naTqvamia: ,,uaRustesisa monarxis yovlad
mowyalisasa xelmwifisa Cvenisa uSevrdomilesi saTxoveli da micema Tavisa
Cemisa qveyniTurT CemiT weriliTa amiT CemiTa eseviTarad.
1. Sjulieri memkvidre da mpyrobeli afxazeTisa TaviTve sindisiTa CemiTa Sevekrav
da Semoval monad da msaxurad viTarca yma y~d umowyalesisa da uTviTmpyrobelisa
sruliad rosiis da sxvaTa mpyroblisa imperatorisa aleqsandres pavles Zisa da
agreTve taxtisa misisa mimRebelisadmi viTarca sarwmunoni ymani misni.
2. Sekvri amieridan weriliTa amiT da mivscem Cemsa da CemTana afxazeTsa da
afxazeTis Sina mkvidrad ymad da monad taxtsa y~d umowyalesisa anu uTviTmpy-
robelesis, s-d rosiisa monarxisa da egreTve taxtis misisa mimRebelisadmi
pirveliTavi sarwmunoebiTa CveniTa, romelica winaparni Cvenni qristianed berZniTave
kanoniTa sjulisaTa.
1175 . iqve, gv. 205-206.

1176 . iqve, gv. 206.
1177 . iqve, gv. 208-209; n. qorTua. saqarTvelo 1806-1812 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omSi, gv. 261.
233
3. inebos mowyalebiT moxedva Cveni saxierebisagan misis imperatorebiTa didebulebis
da aRminiSnos me niSniTa viTarca sxvani mTavarni aRniSnuli arian saimperiosa
taxtisadmi monad.
4. usamRToesiTa moqmedebiTa da mowyalebiTa misis imperatorebis didebulebisaTa
gardmomces me memkvidreobisa Cemisa damamtkicebeli da damadginebeli gramata, raTa
viyo me mTavrad da gamgeblad qveynisa Cemisa da agreTve Ze Cemi da Zis Zeni saukunod
iyvnen aRuxocel mTavrobisagan da mpyrobelobisa samkvidros samflobeloTa
mowyalebiT esreT, romel y~e taxti saimperio iyos bednierebiT da ZlierebiT
xelmwifed mdgomare, egreTve, memkvidreoba da mTavroba Cemi egos usamRToesiTa
mowyalebisa gramotiTa y~d umowyalesisa xelmwifisa Cvenisa usaSualod xelmoweriTa
da damtkicebiT.
5. SeizRudos qveyana Cemi mxedrobiTa y-d umowyalesisa da uTviTmpyrobelesis
xelmwifisa Cvenisa imperatorisaTa.
6. saxierebisa da kacTmoyvarebisa gamo uTviTmpyrobelesisa xelmwifisa Cvenisa
imperatorisa dauklebel meqmnes me sargebloba da mowyaleba ra igi aqunda memkvidresa
da mflobelsa afxazeTisa qelaiS ahmad begs mamasa Cemsa.
7. yovliTa guls modginebiTa vidre sisxliTa wveTamde viwodeb da vinebeb erTgule-
basa da monebasa da Sevkvri ficiTa da aRTqmiTa saukunisa pirisa dadebiTa da veqmnebi
morCil saqarTvelosa upirates mmarTebelisa erTgulTa da sarwmunoTa monaTa da
ymaTa CemTaTana da mivarTmev xesa xomaldisaTvis viTar igi miirTva uwinares amisa
portaman aTamanman da agreTve madansa oqrosa da vercxlisasa ukeTu ipoebis qveyanasa
Sina Cemsa raodenisa nawilisa gardmocemaTa uxvebisagan y~d umowyalesis da
uTviTmpyrobelesisisa xelmwifisa Cvenisa.
ese viTar uqveSevrdomilesTa da umxurvalesisa erTgulebiTa mivcem Tavsa Cem qveSe
qveyanasa Cemsa taxtsa ruseTis saimperiosasa aRTqmiTa da ficiTa da sarwmunoebiTa
berZenTa sjulisaTa romelsaca xels vawerT esred.
mTavari SarvaSiZeE giorgi
Tavadi SarvaSiZe
Tula
xels vawerT da vamowmebT werilsa amas Tavadni afxazeTisani: narCou inalis
Svili Tedaruya Seramet beslan, Tavadi: Tulafsu lakerbaia xitu jambulaT muT:
Tavadi zefis Svili levan da narCou, Tavadi Cabaluxa vomer, Temurya, Seramet wesubia
narejeb narCou Sarvan, zenubia edgin dedaruya Sarvan, bazux aqurTava Telafsu edgin
Seramet, Tavadi anCabaZe xutunia, Tavadi anCabaZe levan adlagiyva, miqambia SalamaT
Servan salman, marRania rostom, xitu, beJan, levan, janbulaT, aslan-beg, rostom. welsa
1808 agvistos 12~1179.
giorgi SarvaSiZe aRniSnavda, rom rusebTan adre gagzavnili werilebi da
`saTxovari punqtebic~ dawerilia samegrelos samTavro karis moZRvris dekanoz
ioane ioselianis mier, romelic `wrfeli guliT mirCevda gavmxdarviyavi
saimperatoro taxtis qveSevrdomi~.1180
qarTul enaze gaformebuli dokumentiT, romliTac afxazTa samTavro
qveSevrdomul urTierTobas amyarebda ruseTis saxelmwifosTan, naTlad Canda
afxazeTis samTavro saxlis qarTuli erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi da
kulturuli samyarosadmi kuTvnileba1181. aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom
`saTxovar punqtebs~ afxazuri istoriografia ukanono aqts uwodebs.1182
1809w. martSi ruseTsa da osmaleTs Soris droebiTi zavi dairRva da
saomari moqmedebebi ganaxlda. am droidan ruseTis sardlobam afxazeTis
sakiTxis gadasaWrelad brZola gaaaqtiura. ivnisSi axal mTavarmarTebels
a.tormasovs (1809-1811ww.) peterburgidan acnobes, rom safar-beis miReba
`mfarvelobaSi” gadawyvetili iyo da investituris niSnebic male
gamoegzavneboda. imperatoris brZanebiT, giorgi SarvaSiZe dajildovda wm.anas 1
1179 . saxalxo ganaTleba, 1989, 31 maisi.

1180 . , .III, gv. 202.
1181 . . . . 1810-1917 . – ..., gv. 217; z.papasqiri.
narkvevebi..., I, gv. 128.
234
xarisxis ordeniT da daeniSna pensia 2500 vercxlis maneTi weliwadSi, xolo
mis dedinacvals, rebia-hanum marSanias – 1500 maneTi. rogorc varaudobdnen,
xelmwifis es wyaloba gavlenas moaxdenda afxaz Tavadaznaurebze da safar-beis
avtoritets aamaRlebda1183.Aamrigad, afxazeTi aRiarebul iqna ruseTis
`mfarvelobaSi” myof provinciad. miuxedavad imisa, rom ruseTis xelisuflebam
safar-bei SarvaSiZe afxazeTis mTavrad aRiara, is realurad yovelgvar Zalas
da xelisuflebas moklebuli iyo. amas kargad xedavda kavkasiis rusuli
administracia. amitom iyo, rom a.tormasovi imereT-samegreloSi ganlagebuli
ruseTis jaris sardals d.orbelians, romelic misi davalebiT urTierTobaSi
Sevida afxaz mflobelebTan da maTi ndoba moipova, avalebda, safar-
beisaTvisEmxari daeWira da afxazi mflobelebi misTvis miemxro1184.
osmaleTi aslan-beis kvlavac mxars uWerda. nino dadianma d.orbelians
acnoba, rom stambolidan soxumSi Camovida Turquli gemi saCuqrebiT da fuliT.
porta aslan-beis hpirdeboda daxmarebas samegreloSi ganlagebuli ruseTis
jarebis winaaRmdeg. manuCar SarvaSiZem rusebs acnoba, rom foTis komendantma
quCuq-bei SarvaSiZem Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze mcxovreb
tomebs sTxova daxmareba jariT da es jari TiTqos ukve ikribeboda im
ganzraxviT, rom foTi daecva, xelSi Caegdo redut-yale da anaklia.
a.tormasovma d.orbelians ubrZana, Turqebis Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi redut-
yalesa da samegrelos dasacavad saWiro zomebi mieRo, aseve calkeuli afxazi
mflobelebi aslan-beisagan CamoeSorebina1185.
1809w. gazafxulidan ruseTis sardlobis yuradReba gamaxvilebuli iyo Savi
zRvis sanapiroze mis xelT arsebuli forpostebis gamagrebisa da osmaleTis
xelSi myofi simagreebis dapyrobisaken. 1809w. 15 ivniss rusebis samxedro-
sazRvao eskadram da saxmeleTo razmma general-maior i.fanCuliZis meTaurobiT
anapa aiRo, rac erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani movlena iyo am omSi. 12
agvistos d.orbeliani ruseTis jaris nawilebiT redut-yaledan foTisken
daiZra. mas samegrelo-samurzayanos saxalxo laSqaric axlda niko dadianisa
da manuCar SarvaSiZis meTaurobiT. samegrelos saxalxo laSqarSi imyofebodnen
levan V dadiani, besarion Wyondideli da grigol caiSeli. 15 noembers
d.orbelianma cixe aiRo1186. foTisaTvis brZolaSi guriisa da samegrelos
saxalxo laSqarTan erTad mxned ibrZodnen safar-beis momxre afxazebic1187.
foTis cixis aRebam mniSvnelovnad ganamtkica ruseTis gavlena. Savi zRvis
auzSi gabatonebisaTvis ruseTi did mniSvnelobas aniWebda afxazeTis
dauflebas da kargad esmoda am faqtis samxedro-politikuri da ekonomikuri
mniSvneloba. soxumis aRebiT arsebiTad Sesustdeboda osmaleTis kavSiri mTis
xalxebTan da maTi mtruli moqmedeba ruseTis mimarT SeizRudeboda. afxazeTis
SeerTebiT am mxridan Turqebis Tavdasxmis safrTxes bolo moeReboda; ruseTis
xelSi iqneboda anaklia da soxum-yale; amdenad samegrelo sruliad daculi
iqneboda; agreTve yirimidan momavali gemebi mSvidobianad gadacuravdnen zRvas;
gemTmSeneblobisaTvis saWiro masalas ruseTi didi raodenobiT
daeufleboda1188.
1810w. 17 Tebervals imperatorma aleqsandre I-ma safar-bei (giorgi) SarvaSiZe
daamtkica afxazeTis mTavrad ruseTis umaRlesi xelisuflebis aRiarebiT da
Sinagani avtonomiis cnobiT1189. es iyo formaluri aRiareba, radgan afxazeTSi
Zalauflebas aslan-bei flobda, romelic soxumis cixeSi ijda. safar-beis
1183 . , . III, gv. 204. n.berZeniSvili. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, w. II. Tb., 1965. gv. 408.
1184 . , .IV, #286, gv. 206.
1185 . iqve, #284, gv.202-203; #519, gv. 389-390.
1186 . iqve, #524; gv. 393-394; #291, gv. 209; #290, gv. 207; n. dadiani. qarTvelT cxovreba, gv. 200; n. qorTua.
saqarTvelo 1806-1812 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omSi, gv. 248-255.
1187 . n. berZeniSvili. saqarTvelos..., w. II, gv. 408.
1188 . , .III. gv. 209; n. qorTua. saqarTvelo 1806-1812 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omSi, gv. 257.
1189 . iqve, t. III, #571.
235
Tavisi ZalebiT ar SeeZlo afxazeTis daufleba, radgan mas iq momxreebi ar
hyavda. kavkasiis rusuli administracia kargad xedavda, rom aucilebeli iyo
safar-beis afxazeTSi gabatoneba, magram ruseTis administracias am ganzraxvis
Sesasruleblad Tavisufali Zalebi imJamad ar hyavda. 1 ivniss a.tormasovma
nino dadians auwya, rom imperatorma safar-ali-bei daamtkica afxazeTis
mTavrad. safar-bei darwmunebuli unda yofiliyo, rom mas yovelgvari daxmareba
gaeweoda aslan-beis winaaRmdeg da pirvelsave xelsayrel SemTxvevaSi Savi
zRvis flotilia soxums daikavebda1190. 8 ivniss a.tormasovma nino dadians
sTxova safar-beisaTvis gaegzavna samegrelos saxalxo laSqari manuCar
SarvaSiZis meTaurobiT, Tundac 1000 meomari, sanam soxumis dasaufleblad jari
da flotilia movidoda, rac samegrelos samTavro saxls imperatoris
samsaxurad CaeTvleboda1191.
ivnisis dasawyisSi sevastopolSi Tavi mouyares sazRvao eskadras, romelsac
soxumi unda aeRo. operaciis xelmZRvanelad kapitan-leitenanti k. doti
dainiSna. eskadras soxumis sanapiroze unda gadmoesxa desanti – me-4 sazRvao
polkis batalioni 600 meomriT, romelic saxmeleTo jarebis mosvlamde iq unda
darCeniliyo.Emas aseve aqtiuri zomebi unda mieRo afxazebis soxumidan
gasaxlebasTan dakavSirebiT1192. a.tormasovi 26 ivnisis werilSi levan V
dadianisadmi imeds gamoTqvamda, rom, rodesac soxumis cixis aRebis dro
dadgeboda, samegrelos mTavari safar-beis da imereTis mmarTvels T. simonoviCs
daxmarebas gauwevda. soxumis cixis aReba mas usaTuod am zafxuls surda da
masSi samegrelos mTavris monawileoba imperatorisadmi samsaxuric iqneboda da
samegrelos usafrTxoebisaTvis mniSvnelovanic. igi samegrelos mTavars
sTxovda, safar-bei daerwmunebina, rom Tavisi momxre afxazebis rac SeiZleba
meti gundi Seekriba; amasTan soxumis cixis aRebis ganzraxva garkveul dromde
saidumlod unda darCeniliyo, raTa mowinaaRmdeges sapasuxo zomebi ar
mieRo1193. aseT viTarebaSi imereTSi daiwyo ajanyeba solomon II-is meTaurobiT,
amitom samegrelo-imereTSi ganlagebul nawilebs da samegrelos saxalxo
laSqars saSualeba ar hqondaT, monawileoba mieRoT soxumis dakavebis
operaciaSi.
1810w. 8 ivliss, diliT, ruseTis eskadra soxums miadga. k.dotma cixis
osmaluri garnizons danebebis winadadeba misca, magram uari miiRo.
imavdroulad mowinaaRmdegem ruseTis eskadras cecxli gauxsna. meore dRes, 9
ivliss, dRis 4 saaTze eskadram soxumis dabombva daiwyo da navsadgurSi
mdgari 7 Turquli xomaldi CaZira. cixeSi ingreoda da iwvoda saxlebi, magram
mowinaaRmdege danebebas ar apirebda. 10 ivliss, rodesac cixis kedlebi zRvis
mxridan mniSvnelovnad daingra, desanti maior konradinis meTaurobiT napirze
gadasxda da soxumis cixe aiRo.1194
vidre soxumisaTvis brZola daiwyeboda, aslan-bei solomon II-is dasaxmare-
blad gaemarTa 4-aTasiani mxedrobiT. is apirebda samegreloze Tavdasxmas, raTa
mas imereTis winaaRmdeg moqmedi ruseTis jarisTvis daxmareba ver gaewia.
soxumze rusebis Tavdasxmis cnobis miRebisTanave aslan-bei ukan gamobrunda,
magram cixe ukve aRebuli daxvda da iZulebuli gaxda, mTebSi gaqceuliyo1195.
soxumisa da misi Semogarenis mcxovrebni k.dotTan midiodnen, mfarvelobas
1190 .iqve, t. IV, #529, gv. 396.

1191 .iqve, #532, gv. 396-397.
1192 .iqve, gv. 421; . - . 1806 1812 . .3. .,1849, gv. 266.
1193 .c. qiria, S.saria. masalebi saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis. Tb., 1967, #5, gv. 30.
1194 . , .IV, gv. 422-425; . - . ..., gv. 266; . .
, . I. , 1907, gv. 248-249; n. qorTua. saqarTvelo 1806-1812 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omSi,
gv. 264; . . ..., gv. 46. . . ..., gv. 25-26.
1195 . , .IV, #439, gv. 328; saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. 1V, gv. 873; n. qorTua. saqarTvelo 1806-
1812 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omSi, gv. 264-265.
236
sTxovdnen da ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi Sesvlis survils gamoTqvamdnen. mas
eaxlnen agreTve safar-beis Zmebi – hasan-bei da baTal-bei1196.
soxumis cixe TiTqmis mTlianad iyo dangreuli. k.doti Seecada igi
TavdacviT mdgomareobaSi moeyvana da misi aRdgenisaTvis zrunvas Seudga.
saswrafod SeakeTes dazianebuli adgilebi da cixeSi rusuli garnizoni
Caayenes. amis Semdeg eskadra sevastopolSi dabrunda1197.
soxumis aRebas didi mniSvneloba hqonda. 6 agvistos a.tormasovi ruseTis
sagareo saqmeTa ministrs, graf n.rumiancevs aRfrTovanebiT ulocavda ,,soxumis
cixis SeZenas, romelic batonobs mTel afxaz xalxze~ da imeds gamoTqvamda,
rom soxumis floba ruseTs ,,Savi zRvis im napiris srul mbrZaneblad~
aqcevda1198.
1810w. agvistos dasawyisSi f.simonoviCi imereTis mmarTvelad dainiSna.
oficialurad mas ewodeboda ,,imereTis, samegrelos, guriisa da afxazeTis
mmarTveli~. imavdroulad is dasavleT saqarTveloSi ganlagebuli jarebis
sardalic iyo. mas emorCileboda agreTve Savi zRvis sanapiro cixe-simagreebi
da navsadgurebi. amrigad, erTi piris xelSi iyo Tavmoyrili mTeli samxedro da
samoqalaqo xelisufleba dasavleT saqarTveloSi1199.
23 agvistos giorgi SarvaSiZem ficis teqsts xeli moawera, rac afxazeTis
samTavros ruseTis imperiis `mfarvelobaSi” Sesvlas, arsebiTad, samTavros
aneqsiis procesis dawyebas niSnavda1200. 19 seqtembers a.tormasovi imereTis
mmarTvels, general-maior T. simonoviCs swerda, rom yuradReba mieqcia safar-
beisaTvis da mxari daeWira misTvis, raTa aslan-bei metad ar gaZlierebuliyo
da rodesac amisi saSualeba iqneboda, misTvis sigeli, samTavro niSnebi da
investitura gadaeca, raTa afxazebs enaxaT, rom imperatori mas
`mfarvelobda”1201. oqtomberSi rusTa jaris aseulis TanxlebiT, romelsac
maiori moizi meTaurobda, giorgi SarvaSiZe redut-yaledan soxumSi Cavida.
afxazi Tavad-aznaurebis, uxucesebisa da xalxis TandaswrebiT man daifica
ruseTis xelmwifis erTgulebaze. maiorma moizim giorgi SarvaSiZes sazeimod
gadasca samTavro niSnebi da sigeli misi afxazeTis mTavrad damtkicebis
Taobaze. rogorc a.tormasovi aRniSnavda, ,,iq damswre afxazebma, moxiblulebma
maTTvis esoden axali sanaxaobiT, safar-ali-begi TavianT mTavrad sazeimod
aRiares~1202.
ruseTis jaris mier soxumis aRebis Semdeg Turqebma, romlebic aq mosaxleo-
bis umravlesobas Seadgendnen, daiwyes qalaqisa da misi Semogarenis datoveba.
amis Semdeg soxumi dacarielda, iq mxolod ramdenime aTeuli berZeni da somexi
– naxevrad vaWari, kontrabandisti da yaCaRi, - darCa. soxumis cixis daufleba,
rac mTeli afxazeTis dauflebis winapirobas warmoadgenda da qristiani
mTavris dasma ruseTis didi gamarjveba iyo. is fexs ikidebda Savi zRvis
Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze. safar-beisa da aslan-beis Soris brZola iyo
brZola rusul da Turqul gavlenas Soris. soxum-yales aReba rusebis mier da
aslan-beis gandevna iyo ara imdenad safar-beis gamarjveba aslan-beize,
ramdenadac ruseTis gamarjveba osmaleTze afxazeTSi.1203
giorgi SarvaSiZem Tavis rezidenciad soxumis cixe airCia. igi mxolod
saSinao TviTmarTvelobas inarCunebda. samTavro xelisuflebis dasacavad
ruseTis sardlobam soxumis cixeSi 3 aseuli datova. ruseTis jarebis daxmare-
1196 . , .IV, gv. 425; . - . ..., gv.266; n. qorTua. saqarTvelo 1806-1812 wlebis
ruseT-TurqeTis omSi, gv. 265; . . ..., gv. 46.
1197 . , .IV, 424; . - , ..., gv.267; . , ..., gv. 27.
1198 . ..., . I, gv. 140.
1199 . , . IV, # 434, gv. 312; g. vaWriZe. imereTis droebiTi mmarTveloba (1810-1840ww.). quTaisi, 1999, gv.117.
1200 . iqve, t. IV, gv.425.
1201 . iqve, #434, gv. 322.
1202 . iqve, gv. 425.
1203 . . . ..., gv. 158.
237
bis gareSe safar-bei, faqtobrivad, xelisuflebas ver SeinarCunebda. amitomac
iyo, rom rusi moxele kroki, romelic kargad icnobda XIX s. dasawyisis
afxazeTis politikur cxovrebas, aRniSnavda, rom afxazeTis mTavari giorgi
SarvaSiZe ruseTis mier ZaliT Seqmnili xelisufali iyo1204. afxazuri
istoriografia mas ukanono mTavradac miiCnevs.1205 ruseTis xelisufleba
cdilobda, gaeZlierebina safar-beis xelisufleba, afxazi mflobelebi misTvis
daemorCilebina. a.tormasovi nino dadians swerda, rom ruseTis xelisuflebam
misi pativiscemiT da xaTriT gauwia daxmareba giorgi SarvaSiZes da kvlavac
mxars dauWerda. mTavarmarTebeli avalebda nino dadians, daxmareboda safar-
beis, rom mas ,,afxazi xalxi miemxro~ da xelisufleba ganemtkicebina; mas
ainteresebda, ra gavlena hqonda safar-beis xalxSi, hyavda Tu ara momxreebi,
romelTa meSveobiTac samegrelos samTavro saxlisa da ruseTis xelisuflebis
daxmarebiT xelisuflebas ganamtkicebda da samegrelos samTavro saxli am
mimarTulebiT ras akeTebda; sWirdeboda Tu ara mas kidev ruseTis jaris
daxmareba1206.
XIXs. dasawyisSi afxazeTis samTavros politikur sazRvrad Crdilo-dasav-
leTiT md.bzifi iTvleboda, radgan gagris viwroebidan md. bzifamde miwa-wyali
jiqebs hqondaT mitacebuli. samxreT-aRmosavleTiT misi sazRvari md.RaliZgaze
gadioda, sadac mas samegrelos samTavro esazRvreboda. CrdiloeTiT sazRvari
nominalurad kavkasionis mTavar wyalgamyof qeds miuyveboda, xolo dasavleTiT
Savi zRva ekvroda. ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlis droisTvis afxazeTis sam-
Tavro erTian politikur erTeuls ar warmoadgenda. is calkeul mxareebad iy-
ofoda. afxazeTis mTavris xelisufleba mxolod zufuze anu bzifis olqze
(md.bzifsa da md.gumisTas Soris) vrceldeboda; gumis anu
afxazeTisa(md.gumisTasa da md.kodors Soris) da abJuis (md.kodorsa da
md.RaliZgas Soris) olqebs SarvaSiZeTa samTavro saxlis sxva wevrebi
flobdnen. masTan nominalurad iyo dakavSirebuli mTiani mxareebi:P webeli da
dali md.kodoris Sua da zemo welSi, da fsxu - md.bzifis zemo welSi,
romlebsac marSaniebi ganagebdnen. marSaniebma ar cnes giorgi SarvaSiZis (1810-
1821ww.) xelisufleba da arc ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sevidnen1207. imave 1810w.
afxazeTis mTavris magaliTiT da gavleniT, jiqebis mTavari levan canba
(canubaia) ruseTis `mfarvelobaSi” Sevida da afxazeTis mTavris uzenaesoba
aRiara1208.
1204 . saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t.IV, gv. 873.

1205 О. Х. Бгажба, С. З. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 214.
1206 . , .IV, #536, gv. 398-399.
1207 . iqve, t. IV, #575, gv. 425; b. xorava. odiS-afxazeTis…..., gv. 135-136, 178.
1208 . , .IV, #578, gv. 426; #583, gv. 429.
238
Tavi XIV. afxazeTi 1810-1880 wlebSi
1. ruseTis batonobis ganmtkicebis mcdelobani. 1810-1820ww.

viTreba afxazeTSi. afxazeTis samTavros ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi
Sesvlis Semdeg mTavris araerTgzisi Txovnis miuxedavad ruseTs ver
gadaewyvita qveynis siRrmeSi Sesvla da urCi mTiani mxareebis - fsxus, webelis,
dalis damorCileba. am periodSi carizmi cdilobda Savi zRvis sanapiroze
ganmtkicebuliyo da, faqtobrivad, qveynis marTvaSi ar ereoda. amasTan
samTavroSi arsebobda mZlavri proTurquli banaki, romelsac mTavris Zma
aslan-bei SarvaSiZe edga saTaveSi. am ukanasknels, mTavrobisgan gansxvavebiT,
xalxSi mniSvnelovani dasayrdeni hqonda antirusulad ganwyobili Zalebis
saxiT.
ruseTis xelisuflebis poziciebi afxazeTSi jer kidev susti iyo. soxumis
daufleba sulac ar niSnavda afxazeTis dauflebas. ufro metic, aslan-beis
momxreebi soxumis cixidan 20 versze Tavs esxmodnen soflebs, Zarcvavdnen, ada-
mianebs da saqonels itacebdnen. am uwesrigobebis aRsakveTad da qveynis
dasamorCileblad giorgi SarvaSiZem 1810w. dekemberSi general-maior
f.simonoviCs sTxova, misi naTesavi, samurzayanos sardal-mouravi manuCar
SarvaSiZe jariT mis dasaxmareblad gaegzavna.Ff.simonoviCma afxazeTis mTavris
am Txovnis dakmayofilebis mizniT nino dadians mimarTa.1209 dedofalma ninom
samegrelos saxalxo laSqari afxazeTSi gagzavna. adgilobrivi rusuli
administraciis daxmarebiT laSqarma osmalofiluri partia daamarcxa, ris
Semdegac aslan-bei trapizonSi gaiqca. samegrelos saxalxo laSqarma afxazeTis
mTavars jiqebis ramdenime Temic dauqvemdebara. nino dadianma giorgi
SarvaSiZesTan Seariga da mas daumorCila beqir-bei SarvaSiZis Svilebi,
gavleniani afxazi mflobelebi soslan-bei da ali-bei, romlebic mas mtrobdnen
da aslan-beis uWerdnen mxars. ninom maTgan mZevlebi aiyvana da imperatoris
erTgulebaze daafica. misive miTiTebiT rebia-hanum marSania molaparakebebs
awarmoebda Tavis ZmebTan, webelis mflobel marSaniebTan, giorgi SarvaSiZis
mTavrad cnobisa da ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi Sesvlis Taobaze.1210
buqarestis zavi. 1812w. 16 maiss, didi diplomatiuri brZolis Semdeg, ruseTsa
da osmaleTs Soris buqarestSi zavi daido. sazavo xelSekrulebis VI muxlis
mixedviT, kavkasiaSi sazRvrebi omamdeli saxiT unda aRdgeniliyo. xel-
Sekrulebis saidumlo muxlis mixedviT, Savi zRvis sanapiro ori saaTis
savalze md. rionis marjvena napiridan da anakliidan oTxi saaTis savalze,
sadac ar iyo simagreebi, komunikaciis uzrunvelyofis mizniT, ruseTis
sargeblobaSi gadadioda, Tumca portas mflobelobaSi iTvleboda. arcerT
mxares ar SeeZlo aq simagreebis ageba1211. xelSekrulebis VI muxli ruseTs
saSualebas aZlevda, Tavis mflobelobaSi SeenarCunebina dasavleT saqarTvelo.
saidumlo muxlis Tanaxmad ki, faqtobrivad, ruseTis gamgeblobaSi eqceoda
saqarTvelos Savi zRvis sanapiro zoli md. bzifidan md.Coloqamde.1212
1209 . , . IV,#452, gv. 339.

1210 . iqve, t. IV, #544, gv. 405-406; #545, gv. 406-407; n. qorTua. saqarTvelo 1806-1812 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis
omSi, gv. 266.
1211 . , . VI, gv. 413-414-415.
1212 . n. qorTua. saqarTvelo 1806-1812 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omSi, gv. 420-421; saqarTvelos istoriis
narkvevebi, t. IV, gv. 876.
239
buqarestis sazavo xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, ruseTis sardlobam 1812w. 29
seqtembers axalqalaqi, xolo 7 dekembers foTi, rogorc ,,iaraRis ZaliT~
dapyrobili, Turqebs gadasca. osmaleTis xelisufleba kategoriulad
moiTxovda soxumis gadacemasac, magram mTavarmarTebelma da saqarTvelos
korpusis mTavarsardalma n.rtiSCevma am sakiTxis gadawyveta 1813w.
gazafxulisTvis gadado.1213
samurzayanos sakiTxi. 1811w. SimSilobam da axalcixidan TiTqmis mTel
saqarTveloSi modebulma Savi Wiris epidemiam aTasobiT adamiani imsxverpla.
imereTisa da samegrelos mosaxleobis nawili samurzayanosa da afxazeTSi
gaixizna, ris Semdegac gaZlierda tyvis syidva. samurzayanos mflobelma
manuCar SarvaSiZem samegrelos mTavars, levan V dadians (1805-1840ww), wesrigis
dasamyareblad afxazeTSi galaSqreba urCia: ,,Tu axlave ar uSveleT, tyveebi
daiyidao da kidev mravali daikargebao~. samegrelos mTavarma laSqari Sekriba,
Wyondideli da caiSeli mRvdelmTavrebi iaxla da 1812w. oqtomberSi
afxazeTisken gaemarTa. samurzayanoSi gadasuli levan V dadiani manuCar
SarvaSiZis Zmis, levanis mamulSi, bediaSi gaCerda Ramis gasaTevad. RamiT, levan
SarvaSiZis Svilis, xutunias migzavnilebma manuCar SarvaSiZe mokles.
samegrelos mTavris cnobiT, mokvlas masac upirebdnen, magram droze Seityo da
gadarCa.1214 levan V dadiani dauyovnebliv dabrunda zugdidSi. mas ar SeeZlo
sakuTari ZalebiT aeRo kargad gamagrebuli bediis cixe, amasTan levan
SarvaSiZec sakmaod gavleniani kaci iyo samurzayanoSi. amitom man daxmareba
rusul administracias sTxova. mTavarmarTeblis brZanebiT, dadianis
dasaxmareblad ori aseuli zarbaznebis TanxlebiT, imereTisa da guriis
saxalxo laSqari gaigzavna. 1812 w. dekemberSi levan V dadiani bediisken
gaemarTa. jaris miaxloebisTanave xutunia SarvaSiZe webelSi gaiqca. levan
SarvaSiZe mixvda, rom dadians winaaRmdegobas ver gauwevda da cixe Caabara.
samegrelos mTavarma gulmowyaleba gamoiCina, levan SarvaSiZe moxucebulobis
gamo ar dasaja, ,,gamosazrdelad~ sof. faxulani miuCina da iq gagzavna, Semdeg
bediis cixe gaamagra, Tavisi mecixovneebi Caayena da zugdidSi dabrunda.1215
osmaleTis pretenziebi. kvlav mwvaved idga soxum-yales osmaleTisTvis gada-
cemis sakiTxi. n. rtiSCevi soxumis TurqebisTvis gadacemis winaaRmdegi iyo. 1813
w. 3 ianvars kancler n.rumiancevisadmi gagzavnil werilSi igi werda, rom
afxazeTze, rogorc nebayoflobiT SeerTebul mxareze, pretenzia ar unda
mieRoT, xolo soxumi yovelTvis iyo afxazeTis mTavarTa rezidencia. misi
azriT, marTalia, soxumi dasabrunebeli iyo, radgan giorgi SarvaSiZis ruseTis
qveSevrdomobaSi Sesvlisas mas Turquli garnizoni icavda da misi dakaveba
iaraRiT moxda, Tumca isic gasaTvaliswinebeli iyo, rom afxazebi
emorCilebodnen mxolod imas, vinc soxums flobda. Tu osmaleTi daeufleboda
soxums, afxazebi mTavars ganudgebodnen; qristianoba, romelic kvlav
vrceldeboda am mxareSi, daviwyebas miecemoda; ruseTis xelSi Tu ar iqneboda
soxumi da misi navsadguri, afxazebis damorCileba gaZneldeboda da afxazeTis
SenarCuneba SeuZlebeli iqneboda. aqedan gamomdinare, igi svamda kiTxvas, saWiro
iyo Tu ara TurqebisaTvis daebrunebinaT soxumi, im mTavris rezidencia,
romelic mTeli Tavisi xalxiT da samflobeloTi ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi
Sevida. yovel SemTxvevaSi, igi apirebda soxumis gadacema kvlav
gaeWianurebina.1216
n.rtiSCevis dasabuTeba peterburgSi mxedvelobaSi miiRes. male, man impera-
toris direqtiva miiRo, miuxedavad Turqebis moTxovnisa, soxumi ar gadaeca,
1213 . , . V, #926, gv. 785.

1214 . saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis istoriuli dokumentebi da arqivebi, II. istoriuli dokumentebi,
w. I. imereTis samefos politikuri sabuTebi (1784-1810). teqsti SeniSvnebiTa da saZieblebiT gamosacemad
moamzada S. burjanaZem. Tb., 1953, gv. 136.
1216 . , . V, #926, gv. 785-786.
240
radgan es mTeli afxazeTis dakargvas gamoiwvevda, Tumca uari sxva mizezebiT
unda yofiliyo motivirebuli.1217²peterburgis poziciis garkvevis Semdeg n.rtiS-
Cevma Turqebs uari ganucxada soxumis gadacemaze im motiviT, rom afxazeTi
portas uSualo sakuTrebas arasodes warmoadgenda, samSvidobo
xelSekrulebaSic arsad ixsenieboda, amitom maTi moTxovnis dakmayofileba ar
SeeZlo.1218
osmaleTi mxolod soxum-yales gadacemis moTxovniT ar dakmayofilda da
imereTze, guriasa da samegreloze pretenzia wamoayena.1219 kavkasiis rusuli
administraciis informaciiT, Turqebi afxazeTSi avrcelebdnen xmebs, TiTqos
ruseTma es mxare buqarestis traqtatiT portas dauTmo, xolo soxum-yale
aslan-beis gadaeca; aseTi xmebis gavrcelebis gamo afxazeTSi uwesrigobebi
moxda. n. rtiSCevis azriT, Turqebi cdilobdnen afxazeTSi Sinaomis³gaCaRebasa
da afxazebis giorgi SarvSiZisagan CamoSorebas, risTvisac aslan-beis partias
aZlierebdnen.Kkavkasiis rusuli administracia 1812w. bolos samurzayanoSi
momxdar ambebSic proTurqul Zalebs adanaSaulebda. TiTqos aslan-beis momxre
levan SarvaSiZem, Turqebis CagonebiT mokla Tavisi Zma, ruseTis erTguli
polkovniki manuCar SarvaSiZe; gaZlierda tyvis syidva, marto 5 Tvis
ganmavlobaSi afxazeTidan da samegrelodan Turqebma 300 tyve gaiyvanes.1220
Tu winaT Turqebi dasavleT saqarTvelos provinciebis gadacemas mxolod
moiTxovdnen, axla ZaliT maT dauflebas cdilobdnen. isini sagangebod
amaragebdnen foTis cixes da jars aZlierebdnen. 1813w. 29 ivniss foTSi Cavida
seraskiri seid-suleiman faSa, romelmac 2 aTasi jariskaci Camoiyvana. mas rwmu-
neba hqonda, daepyro dasavleT saqarTvelo. amave xanebSi jiqeTSi myofi aslan-
bei stambolSi Cavida. rogorc Cans, mas daxmarebas Sehpirdnen. stambolidan
aslan-bei foTSi Camovida, Semdeg TurqTa razmiT zRviT sof. gudavaSi
gadavida, mere sof.tamiSic daikava da mTeli afxazeTis dasaufleblad
emzadeboda. giorgi SarvaSiZem daxmarebis TxovniT ruseTis xelisuflebas
mimarTa.1221
aslan-beis afxazebis didi nawili miemxro. mis mxareze gadavida rebia-hanum
marSania or umcros SvilTan erTad. maT soxumi datoves da aslan-beis banakSi
gadavidnen; afxazeTis didebulTa mniSvnelovani nawilic mis mxares dadga1222.
Turqebi aslan-beis jariT, saomari saWurvliT da sursaTiT foTidan
amaragebdnen. 6 ivliss seraskirma foTidan aslan-beis 17 naviT jari da
sursaTi, agreTve fuli gaugzavna, xolo jaris meore nawili soxumis asaRebad
gaemarTa.1223
ivlisis dasawyisSi arzrumis seraskirma n.rtiSCevs mosTxova, osmaleTisTvis
gadaeca imereTi, guria, samegrelo da afxazeTi yvela simagriT. aseTive
moTxovniT mas trapizonis seraskirma seid-suleiman faSamac mimarTa.1224
n.rtiSCevis azriT, es gaugonari moTxovnebi buqarestis sazavo xelSekrulebis
VI muxlis pirobas ar Seesabameboda da, amdenad, ar
SeeZloⁿdaekmayofilebina1225. n.rtiSCevma trapizonis seraskiri gaafrTxila, rom
TurqTa jaris Sesvla afxazeTSi aslan-beis meTaurobiT da im teritoriebis
iaraRiT dapyrobis mcdeloba, romelsac adre portas saxeliT moiTxovda,
traqtatis darRvevad miaCnda, ris gamoc am samflobeloebis dasacavad
1217 . iqve, #595, gv. 504.

1218 . iqve, gv. 505.
1219 . , . VII, gv. 743.
1220 . АКАК, т. V, , 1873, #928, gv. 789.
1221
. n. dadiani. qarTvelT cxovreba, gv. 205; n. qorTua. saqarTvelo 1806-1812 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omSi,
gv. 446.
1222 . n. dadiani. qarTvelT cxovreba, gv. 205; , . V, #935, gv. 798.
1223 . АКАК, т. V, #935, gv. 798; n. qorTua. saqarTvelo 1806-1812 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omSi, gv. 446.
1224 . , . V, #929, gv. 790; #934, gv. 790.
1225 . iqve, gv. 796-797.
241
saTanado gankarguleba gasca. igi seraskirs mouwodebda, afxazeTidan jarebi
gaeyvana, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi isic adeqvatur zomebs miiRebda.1226
n.rtiSCevma polkovnik s.merlins ubrZana, afxazeTidan Turqebi ganedevna.
s.merlini SeuTanxmda levan V dadiansa da giorgi SarvaSiZes, aslan-beisa da
TurqTa winaaRmdeg erToblivi gamosvlis Sesaxeb. me-15 egerTa polkis meTaurs,
maior kutievs daevala, samegrelos saxalxo laSqarTan erTad SeWriliyo
afxazeTSi, winadadeba mieca TurqebisTvis, daetovebinaT es mxare, xolo am
moTxovnis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi Zalis gamoyenebiT ganedevna isini1227.
maior kutievis razmi, romelsac samegrelos saxalxo laSqaric axlda, en-
gurze gadavida da erTdRiani laSqrobis Semdeg ilorSi Cavida. rusTa da
qarTvelTa jaris miaxloebisTanave Turqebma miatoves aslan-bei da foTSi
dabrundnen, aslan-bei ki jiqeTSi gaiqca. Ggiorgi SarvaSiZem iTxova,
daxmarebodnen samTavros mosaxleobis damorCilebaSi, amitom jarma winsvla
ganagrZo, abJuis olqSi mZevlebi aiyvana Tavad-aznaurebisagan da mTavris
erTgulebaze daafica, Semdeg kodori gadalaxa, afxazeTis olqSic aiyvana
mZevlebi da Tavad-aznaurebi mTavris erTgulebaze daafica. rodesac jari
soxumSi Cavida, rebia-hanumi da misi ori umcrosi Svilic monaniebiT eaxlnen
sardlobas. soxumSi moiwvies zufueli Tavad-aznaurebic, mZevlebi CamoarTves
da erTgulebis fici daadebines. amrigad, mTeli afxazeTi giorgi SarvaSiZes
Semoumtkices. levan V dadianis rCeviT, afxazeTis mTavarma molaparakeba
gamarTa webelis mflobel marSaniebTan, mosTxova maT, SeewyvitaT yaCaRoba da
ar SeefarebinaT yaCaRebi, Tu am gafrTxilebas ar Seismendnen, yaCaRTa budes
daaqcevda da aaoxrebda. amis Semdeg jari ukan gamobrunda da Tan wamoiyvana is
xalxi, romlebsac aq SimSilobisa da Savi Wiris epidemiis dros Tavi
Seefarebina da afxazebs daetyvevebina.1228 ukan gamobrunebulma rusTa da
qarTvelTa laSqarma levan V dadiansa da manuCar SarvaSiZis qvrivs qeTevans
samurzayano daumorCila.1229
amrigad, afxazeTSi dawyebuli mRelvareba rusulma xelisuflebam 1813w.
agvistoSi sisxlisRvris gareSe CaaxSo da mosaxleobis didi nawilic
daimorCila.
1813w. noemberSi portam kvlav moiTxova imereTis, guriis, samegrelosa da
afxazeTis, aseve cixeebis – soxum-yales, anakliis da kemxelis, dabruneba.1230
n.rtiSCevma dasabuTebuli pasuxi gasca portas,1231 magram sakiTxi amiT ar
amowurula.
webelis mflobelTa da samurzayanoelTa fici. afxazeTSi rTuli viTareba
rCeboda. giorgi SarvaSiZis xelisufleba kvlav susti iyo. mTavars,
faqtobrivad, ar emorCilebodnen misi Zmebi da calkeul mxareTa mflobelebi.
samTavros xSirad Tavs esxmodnen mezobeli tomebi da afxazeTis mTis Temebis
mkvidrni. aq arsebuli uwesrigoba da anarqia mezobel samegrelozec axdenda
gavlenas. amitom 1814w. 3 oqtombers levan V dadianma n.rtiSCevs afxazeTSi
laSqrobis nebarTva sTxova. laSqrobis mizani unda yofiliyo webelSi
wesrigis damyareba, radgan am Temis soflebi samegrelosa da afxazeTis
avazakTa TavSesafars warmoadgenda1232. magram laSqrobis dawyeba gaWianurda,
male ki misi saWiroeba moixsna. 1815w. Semodgomaze levan V dadianma webelTan
urTierToba mSvidobianad moagvara. 29 noembers samurzayanos sof. oqumSi
Camovidnen webelis Temis batonebi – misost, saralufu, zerefsu marSaniebi da
levan V dadians erTgulebis fici misces, Sehpirdnen keTilmezoblobas da
1226 . iqve, #934, gv. 797.

1227 . iqve, #935, gv. 798; #936, gv. 800.
1228 . iqve, t. V, #596, gv. 505-506; #597, gv. 506; n. dadiani. qarTvelT cxovreba, gv. 205.
1229
. АКАК, т. V, #596, gv. 506; #597, gv. 506.
1230 . iqve, #940, gv. 805.
1231 . iqve, #940, gv. 805,807.
1232 . xelnawerTa instituti, _1130, gv. 34.
242
aRuTqves, rom samegrelodan tyveebis gatacebas, sxva borotmoqmedebas aRar
Caidendnen. ficSi igulisxmeboda, rom isini levan V dadians winaaRmdegobas ar
gauwevdnen, Sewyvetdnen Tavdasxmebs samurzayanoze. ficis teqstSi, romelic
qarTuladaa Sedgenili, naTqvamia: ,,q. Cven qvemo xelis momwerelni webelis
Temis batonebi, Tavadi marSaniebi mogarTmevT am werils Tqvens
uganaTlebulesobas mTavars dadians leons, ase rom Cven mama-papiT Tqvenis mama-
papis Tumca morCilebi da erTgulebi viyaviT, magram romelmanme SemTxveulma
SfoTebma daSorebul viqmeniT erTmaneTisagan, da awi ginebebiaT Cveni Tqvenda
maxlobloba da pirvelisamebr siyvaruli da wyaloba gangviaxleT, da Cvenc
rwmunebul – varT am Tqvenis WeSmaritis sityviT Cvenda dajerebas da Cvenc
vficavT amas wmidasa alyuransa zeda esreT, romel pirvel yovelTasa viyvneT
ara raisame Sina winaaRmdgom misis didebulebis ruseTis xelmwifisa
imperatoris aleqsandre pavles Zisa, da misgan dawesebulTa ama mxareTa
mmarTebelTa saSualobiTa TqveniTa. da Tqvenisaca brZanebisa Cvengan
SesaZlebelsa morCil da SeZlebisaebr Cvenisave mterTa ruseTisa da Tqvenis
uganaTlebulesobisaTa winaaRmdgom yovliTa gziTa da arca raimesa Sina Tanxma
maTTana sityviT anu saqmiT, da viyvneTve keTiliTa mezoblobiTa samTavrosa
Tqvenisa samurzayanod wodebuls afxazeTsa nawilsa Tana da odiSisa da masTa
mcxovrebTa da arca SeviwynaroTRa winaaRmdgomi vinme umaRlesis ruseTis
taxtisa da Tqvenis uganaTlebulesobisagan gamoqceulni vinme, da arca Cvengan
raime iqmnas avis moqmedeba samflobelosa ruseTisa da sakuTraT Tqvenisac
uganaTlebulesobisa samTavrosa Sina, _ arca taceba tyvisa, arca sxva raime, da
romelic ara arian aqa saxliskacni Cvenni, maTsaca vecdebiT esTave moyvanasa da
morCilebasa esreTve, viTa aRvTqviT Cven. da ama ficisa Semdgomad vemTxveviT
amas wmidasa alyuransa dasamtkicebelaT ficisa Cvenisasa da vawerT xelTa:
Tavadi misost Svili uCardiasi marSania, Tavadi saraluf Svili Tulafsisa
marSania, Tavadi zerefsu omeris Ze marSania.~1233
miuxedavad webelis mflobelTa mier ficis dadebisa, es mxare afxazeTis
mTavris xelisuflebisa da ruseTis gavlenis miRma rCeboda. imavdroulad
levan V dadianma beqir-bei SarvaSiZis Svili soslan-bei ruseTis mxareze
gadmoibira da imperatoris erTgulebis fici daadebina1234. igi aqtiurad Caeria
samurzayanos saqmeebSic da am mxareSi wesrigis damyarebas Seecada. 1815w. 20
noembers ,,samurzayanos afxazeTisa mTavarma~ levan V dadianma dadgenileba
gamosca, romliTac moiTxova samurzayanoSi qurdobis, avazakobis, tyvis syidvis
akrZalva, Savi Wiris epidemiisa da SimSilobis dros (1811-1812ww.) aq
gadmoxvewili imereli da megreli glexebis adrindel sacxovrebel adgilebSi
dabruneba, am mxareSi wesrigis SenarCuneba, risi Sesrulebac samurzayanos
Tavad-aznaurebma ficiT aRuTqves1235. fics xels awerdnen SarvaSiZeebi,
anCabaZeebi, Cqotuebi, emuxvarebi, marRaniebi da sxv.
ruseT - kavkasiis omis dasawyisi. XIXs. dasawyisSi carizmisTvis gadaudebel
strategiul da politikur amocanas warmoadgenda CrdiloeT kavkasiis
dapyroba. imperiasTan mierTebuli teritoriebi kavkasionis qedis samxreTiT
mdebareobda; maTi dapyroba CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTiani zolis Semomtkicebamde
moxda. amdenad imperiis kavkasiuri samflobeloebi metropoliidan
daumorCilebeli CrdiloeT kavkasiiT gamijnuli aRmoCnda. amitom dRis
wesrigSi dadga yuban-Tergis ,,sakordono xazis~ samxreTiT mdebare miwa-wylis
dapyroba. sanam es sakiTxi ar gadawydeboda, ruseTis batonoba amierkavkasiaSi
mtkice ver iqneboda. napoleonTan saomari kampaniis damTavrebis Semdeg carizmi
CrdiloeT kavkasiis dapyrobisaTvis mzadebas Seudga1236.
1233 . АКАК, т. V, #599, gv. 507-508.

1234 . xelnawerTa instituti, _1130, gv. 79r-82v.
1235 . iqve, gv. 94r-98v.
1236 . А. В. Фадеев. Россия и Кавказ..., gv. 282.
243
1815w. kavkasiis xazze, saqarTveloSi da, saerTod, amierkavkasiaSi ganlage-
buli ruseTis jaris nawilebisagan saqarTvelos korpusi calke Seiqmna. 1816w.
12 oqtombers kavkasiis mTavarmarTeblad general-leitenanti a.ermolovi
dainiSna. mogvianebiT, a. puSkini poemaSi ,,kavkasiis tyve~ dawers: ,,Zrwode,
kavkaso: modis ermolovi!~
a.ermolovi, Tavisi winamorbedebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic CrdiloeT
kavkasiis mTielTa winaaRmdeg calkeul sadamsjelo eqspediciebs atarebdnen,
CeCneTisa da daRestnis siRrmeSi gegmazomier Setevaze gadavida. rusebi
anadgurebdnen mTielTa soflebs, kafavdnen tyeebs, gahyavdaT gzebi, agebdnen
cixe-simagreebs da mTebis siRrmeSi nabij-nabij miiwevdnen.1237 carizmi cdilobda
CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi rusuli samxedro-administraciuli mmarTvelobis
danergvas, ramac misi koloniuri politika gaaSiSvla. ruseTis samxedro-
feodalur eqspansias CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTielTa sapasuxo reaqcia mohyva.
daiwyo ruseT - kavkasiis omi (1817-1864ww), romelSic ruseTi miznad isaxavda
mTiani daRestnisa da dasavleT kavkasiis dapyrobas, xolo kavkasiel mTielTa
mxridan oms antikoloniuri, erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli xasiaTi hqonda.1238
omis msvlelobisas ruseTis sardloba did yuradRebas aqcevda Savi zRvis
Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiros dakavebas, radgan dasavleT kavkasiis mTielebi
garesamyarosTan kavSirs aqedan amyarebdnen; inglisi da osmaleTi kavkasiel
mTielebs iaraRiT da tyvia-wamliT aqedan amaragebdnen. Savi zRvis Crdilo-
aRmosavleT sanapiros dakavebis mizniT ruseTi cdilobda afxazeTSi mtkiced
damkvidrebuliyo.
mTavris xelisuflebis gaZlierebis mcdeloba. ruseTi Savi zRvis afxazeTis
sanapiroze mxolod soxums flobda, sadac 500 jariskaci iyo dislocirebuli.
soxumis mcirericxovani garnizoni ver uzrunvelyofda stabilurobas am
mxareSi, sardlobas ki misi gazrdis saSualeba ar hqonda. ruseTis poziciebis
sisustes afxazeTSi mniSvnelovanwilad ganapirobebda susti mTavris
xelisufleba da misi dabali avtoriteti xalxSi. afxazeTis mTavari uZluri
iyo, sakuTari ZalebiT daecxro Sinapolitikuri brZola samTavroSi. aq kvlav
grZeldeboda adamianebis gataceba, mkvlelobebi, Zarcva, mTavrisadmi aSkara
daumorCilebloba. 1817w. giorgi SarvaSiZe levan V dadianTan da imereTis
mmarTvelTan, general-maior i.kurnatovskisTan (1817-1820ww.) Cavida. igi iTxovda,
misTvis miecaT samegrelosa da imereTis laSqari, raTa maTi meSveobiT
qveSevrdomebi daemorCilebina. dadianma da imereTis mmarTvelma umjobesad
CaTvales, mSvidobiani saSualebiT emoqmedaT da afxazeTis mTavars polkovniki
niko dadiani gaayoles, romelic afxazebSi didi avtoritetiT da gavleniT
sargeblobda. niko dadianma afxazeTis mTavarTan Seariga da mas daumorCila
misi Zma hasan-bei, deda _ rebia-hanum marSania, abJuis mflobeli ali-bei
SarvaSiZe Tavisi TavadaznaurebiT, bzifis olqis aznaurebi: Tlafs lakriba,
jamleT lakriba, kac marRania, romlebmac imperatoris erTgulebis fici dades
da mZevlebi misces. mxolod bzifis olqis Tavadebma, Zmebma narCou, darukel da
giorgi inal-ifebma da aznaurma edgi zvanbaiam ganacxades uari mTavris
morCilebaze.1239 imave xanebSi levan V dadianma ali-bei SarvaSiZe moanaTvlina,
aleqsandre uwoda da niko dadianis asuli, SemdgomSi cnobili sazogado
moRvawe kesaria SerTo.1240
afxazeTSi droebiT simSvide Camovarda, magram male, 1818w. aprilSi, giorgi
SarvaSiZem i.kurnatovskis kvlav acnoba Tavisi qveSevrdomebis aSkara
daumorCileblobis Taobaze. afxazeTis mTavari iTxovda, misTvis miecaT
1237 . . . , . I, gv. 32; . . , . . , . . .

( XVIII – 80- XIX . ). . , 1984, gv. 35.
1238 . Crdilo kavkasiis xalxTa...., II, gv. 144.
1239 . АКАК, т. VI, . I, #926, gv. 644.
244
samegrelos laSqari da 300-mde imereli mxedari, romelTac is Tavis erTgul
qveSevrdomebs daumatebda da samTavros mosaxleobas sisxlisRvris gareSe
daimorCilebda; garda amisa, igi iTxovda afxazeTSi ruseTis jaris nawilebis
Cayenebas, romelTa SiSiTac afxazebi ukve daumorCileblobas ver gabedavdnen.
i.kurnatovski Tvlida, rom afxazeTis mTavari imaze ufro susti iyo, vidre
Canda. mas xalxTan marto gamoCenac ar ZaluZda. amis mizezad imereTis
mmarTvels is miaCnda, rom afxazebis, mTis Tavisufali da meomruli sulis
xalxis marTva rTuli iyo; amasTan, giorgi SarvaSiZis mTavrad damtkiceba
misdami xalxis erTgulebis garkvevis gareSe moxda. misTvis aSkara iyo, rom
xalxi ufro hasan-beis emxroboda, romelic giorgi SarvaSiZisgan gansxvavebiT
mtkice xasiaTis, yoCaRi da mamaci iyo. igi ar emorCileboda Zmas da SesaZloa
farulad xalxsac amisken aqezebda. magram, radgan giorgi SarvaSiZe mTavrad
iyo daniSnuli, i.kurnatovskis azriT, xelisuflebas misTvis mfarveloba unda
gaewia da daecva. amitom unda daekmayofilebinaT misi Txovna imereTisa da
samegrelos laSqris micemis Taobaze, raTa am mxareSi wesrigi daemyarebina.1241
amave xanebSi adgilobrivi rusuli administracia Seecada moegvarebina
samurzayanos sakiTxi, romelic samegrelosa da afxazeTis samTavro saxlebs
Soris dapirispirebis sagani iyo. 1818w. maisSi i. kurnatovskis TandaswrebiT
afxazeTisa da samegrelos mTavrebs Soris SeTanxmeba daido. giorgi SarvaSiZem
samurzayano dadianis samflobelod cno. rogorc levan V dadiani aRniSnavda,
es aqti miznad isaxavda or samTavros Soris mSvidobiani urTierTobis
aRdgenas. SeTanxmebis mixedviT, samegrelosa da afxazeTs Soris sazRvrad md.
RaliZga ganisazRvra. orive mxare valdebulebas iRebda, meamboxeebisa da sxva
juris damnaSaveTaTvis TavSesafari ar miecaT1242. amrigad, afxazeTis mTavarma
samurzayano samegrelos samTavros SemadgenlobaSi aRiara, riTac bolo unda
moReboda SarvaSiZeTa samTavro saxlis pretenzias am mxareze.
kavkasiis rusulma administraciam mizanSewonilad miiCnia giorgi SarvaSiZis
Txovnis dakmayofileba afxazeTSi wesrigis dasamyareblad jaris gagzavnis Ses-
axeb, magram mudam mSfoTvare mxareSi ruseTis jaris nawilebis gagzavna da
maTi safrTxeSi Cagdeba ar surda, xolo samegrelo-imereTis laSqris gagzavnis
winaaRmdegi ar iyo.1243 levan V dadianis azriT, afxazeTSi laSqrobis
SemodgomisTvis gadadeba jobda. igi Tvlida, rom samegrelo-imereTis laSqris
afxazeTSi gamoCenis SemTxvevaSi, afxazebi winaaRmdegobas ar gaswevdnen da
morCilebas gamoacxadebdnen, magram gazafxulze mdinareebis adidebis gamo maTi
gadalaxva gaZneldeboda, afxazebi ki, Cveulebriv, tyes Seafarebdnen Tavs. misi
azriT, laSqrobis mowyoba sasurveli iqneboda oqtomberSi, rodesac afxazebi
Roms moiwevdnen da Rvinos daayenebdnen. maSin maT gauWirdebodaT TavianTi
sacxovreblebis datoveba; amasTan, mTebisTvis Tavis Sefareba SeuZlebeli iqne-
boda Tovlis gamo, laSqars ar gauWirdeboda mdinareebis gadalaxva da
afxazebi iZulebuli gaxdebodnen morCileba gamoecxadebinaT. ruseTis
sardlobam gaiTvaliswina samegrelos mTavris rCeva da afxazeTSi laSqroba
oqtombrisTvis gadado1244, magram misi saWiroeba ar dadga. SemodgomisTvis
afxazeTis mTavarma urC qveSevrdomebTan saqme mSvidobianad moagvara,
erTgulebis fici daadebina da mZevlebi CamoarTva. rusuli xelisufleba
samarTlianad fiqrobda, rom mSfoTvare afxazebi mTavris morCilebaSi didxans
ar iqnebodnen. adgilobriv rusul administracias afxazeTSi simSvidis
SenarCunebis, kavkasiel mTielTa Tavdasxmebis aRkveTis erT-erT pirobad
gagraSi jaris nawilis Cayeneba miaCnda1245, magram amis gakeTeba maSin ar SeeZlo.
1241 . , . VI, . 1, #926, gv. 644.

1242 . scssa, f. 1087, aRw. .2, s. 357, f. 14.
1243 . , . VI, . 1, #928, gv. 645.
1244 . iqve, #929, gv. 645.
1245 . iqve, #930, gv. 645-646.
245
imereTis ajanyeba da afxazeTi. 1819w. ivlisSi imereTSi ajanyeba daiwyo.
i.kurnatovski saqarTvelos korpusis Stabis ufross, general-leitenant
a.veliaminovs maSin swerda: ,,ajanyebis suli sayovelTaoa da aSkarad Cvens
mxareze aravinaa, gurulebi da megrelebi mzad arian, imerlebTan erTad
imoqmedon, xolo afxazi glexebi imdenad TanaugrZnoben imereTis ajanyebas, rom
imerlebs isRa darCeniaT, mxolod moiwvion afxazebi...…aq iseTi xmebic aris,
TiTqos mTavrebi Cvens winaaRmdeg erToblivi moqmedebisTvis iwveven:
samegrelosi _ svanebs da afxazebs, xolo gurieli _ aWarlebs~ . rogorc 1246
i.kurnatovski aRiarebda, ajanyebas guria-samegrelo-afxazeTis mosaxleobac
TanaugrZnobda, magram ruseTis sardlobis muqaram dadiani da gurieli aiZula
mTavrobis mxare daeWiraT. ajanyebam guriac moicva da samegreloSic hpova
gamoZaxili. frangi komersantisPpol gibalis cnobiT, romelic afxazeTSi am
xanebSi imyofeboda, soxumsa da mis midamoebSi daaxloebiT 8 saxalxo kreba _
,,seimi~ Sedga, sadac imereTisa da samegrelos mRelvarebis sakiTxi
ganixileboda. seimis mizani iyo ganesazRvra, saWiro iyo Tu ara ajanyebulebTan
SeerTeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom ,,seimis monawileTa didi nawili brZolis momxre
iyo~1247. 1819w. agvistoSi soxumSi imyofeboda qarTveli mwerali da mogzauri g.
avaliSvili. misi dakvirvebiT, ,,ara cxrebian aqaurni mcxovrebni, ese igi
afxazni, avazakebriTa qceviTa TvisiTa~ ruseTis xelisuflebis savnebad. aq igi
afxazeTis mTavarsac Sexvda da ruseTis erTguleba urCia. misi daxasiaTebiT,
giorgi SarvaSiZe saSualo asakis iyo, xmeli, ,,ferxRvlarWnili da Cansaca
uflad kmad mcireisa gonebisa~. g.avaliSvili Seecada, gamoerkvia, ramdeni ena
icoda mTavarma da gaarkvia, rom rusuli ar icoda. mTavris mxlebelma uTxra,
rom ,,ar uwyis man sxua ena, garda afxazurisa, Tumca esmis kualad mcired
raodenme qarTulica~. rodesac g.avaliSvili mTavars qarTulad SeekiTxa,
mxlebelma upasuxa, rom ,,ar ZaluZs laparaki ara romelsame enasa zeda, viTar
oden afxazurisa~1248. xelisufleba mkacrad afrTxilebda afxazeTis mTavars da
mis urC Zmebs, rom meamboxeebisTvis, romlebic samegrelodan afxazeTSi
garbodnen, TavSesafari ar miecaT1249. miuxedavad amisa, samegreloSi ajanyebis
erT-erTma meTaurma, mTavris Zmam giorgi dadianma 1820w. ivnisSi afxazeTs
Seafara Tavi. levan V dadianma misi gacema moiTxova, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi,
imuqreboda, rom ,,Zlevamosil ruseTis jarebTan erTad mTel afxazeTs
gadaabrunebda~. afxazeTis mTavarma misi gacema ganizraxa, amitom giorgi
dadiani jer foTSi, Semdeg ki svaneTSi gaiqca, sadac samegrelos mTavris
brZanebiT Seipyres da ruseTis xelisuflebas gadasces1250. 1820w. ivlisSi
ruseTis jaris nawilebma imereTis 1819-1820ww. ajanyeba mTeli sisastikiT
CaaxSes. afxazebs ajanyebaSi monawileoba ar miuRiaT, Tumca mas
TanaugrZnobdnen.
osmaleTis pretenziebis ganaxleba. afxazeTis mTavris xelisuflebisa da am
mxareSi ruseTis susti gavleniT waqezebuli osmaleTi kvlav daJinebiT
moiTxovda soxumisa da afxazeTis dabrunebas. ruseTis xelisufleba
orWofobda da dasaSvebadac ki miaCnda portas moTxovnis dakmayofileba.
sakiTxis Seswavla a. ermolovs daevala. 1820w. 16 ivliss man peterburgs vrceli
moxseneba warudgina, sadac im safrTxis Taobaze miuTiTebda, rasac afxazeTisa
da soxumis daTmoba gamoiwvevda. misi azriT, afxazeTis daTmoba negatiurad
imoqmedebda ruseTis poziciebze amierkavkasiis sxva samflobeloebSi, sadac
osmaleTis Careva gaZlierdeboda da samomavlod regionSi poziciebis
1246 . iqve, # 744, gv. 537.

1247 . . , . . (XIX- XX .
), . ,1981, gv. 21.
1248 . g. avaliSvili. mgzavroba Tbilisidan ierusalimamde. teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvleva,
leqsikoni da saZieblebi daurTo el. metrevelma. Tb., 1967, gv. 29-30.
1249 . , . VI, . 1, # 896, gv. 630.
1250 . b. xorava. dadianTa samTavro saxlis axali dinastia. Tb., 2001, gv. 61-62.
246
SesanarCuneblad gacilebiT meti samxedro Zala iqneboda saWiro, miT umetes,
rom ruseTis gavlena Sav zRvaze Sesustdeboda; giorgi SarvaSiZe iZulebuli
gaxdeboda, qristianoba daeTmo, xolo taxtze ruseTis dauZinebeli mteri,
Tavgamodebuli mahmadiani hasan-bei aRzevdeboda; Sewydeboda qristianobis
gavrceleba da axalmonaTlulebi mZime dReSi aRmoCndebodnen. yovelive es
saxels gautexda ruseTs dasavleT saqarTvelos sxva qveSevrdomTa TvalSi,
gaZlierdeboda tyvis syidva; afxazebs didi raodenobiT hqondaT navebi da
sanapiros maxloblad yaCaRobas eweodnen. Tu maT navmisadgomebad eqnebodaT
soxumisa da biWvinTis yureebi, ruseTis xomaldebs saSualeba moespobodaT,
yirimidan redut-yaleSi sursaTi CaetanaT, ar SeeZlebodaT TavianTi
samflobeloebis dacva da maSin ruseTi mxolod afxazeTs rodi dakargavda.
afxazeTis dakargviT ruseTs SeiZleboda mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelo daekarga.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu afxazeTis an soxumis bedi sxvagvarad gadawydeboda,
a.ermolovi Tanamdebobidan gadayenebas iTxovda1251.
a.ermolovis mier sakiTxis principulad dayenebam mTavroba aiZula, soxumisa
da afxazeTis osmaleTisTvis gadacemaze xeli aeRo. ruseTi moiTxovda, portas
mis mflobelobaSi ecno anaklia da kemxeli, rogorc samegrelos kuTvnili
punqtebi, amasTan arc soxumisa da afxazeTis daTmobas apirebda1252. Mmiuxedavad
imisa, rom ruseTis pozicia kategoriuli iyo, porta kvlav daJinebiT moiTxovda
anakliisa da soxum-yales gadacemas. 1820w. dekemberSi a.ermolovma peterburgs
kidev erTxel Seaxsena, rom xelisuflebas sirTuleebi Seeqmneboda maTi
daTmobiT am cixeebis mimdebare teritoriebis dacvaSi da Turqebi adgilobriv
mosaxleobas ruseTis winaaRmdeg waaqezebdnen, amitom maTi daTmoba
mizanSewonilad ar miaCnda1253. peterburgSi gaiTvaliswines a.ermolovis
argumentebi da osmaleTisaTvis soxumis, anakliisa da kemxelis gadacemaze
xelisuflebam uari Tqva.
2. saxalxo ajanyebebi da ruseTis mier gatarebuli samxedro-

diplomatiuri RonisZiebebi. XIXs. 20-iani wlebi
afxazTa 1821 da 1824 wlebis ajanyebebi. 1821w. 7 Tebervals afxazeTis mTavari
giorgi SarvaSiZe lixnSi gardaicvala. rogorc Cans, mTavari realurad
afasebda qveyanaSi arsebul ZalTa Tanafardobas da sikvdilis win umcros Zmas
hasan-beis meuRlesa da Svilebze mzrunveloba sTxova da ruseTis
xelisuflebis morCileba urCia1254. meore dRes, 8 Tebervals, Tamar SarvaSiZem
weriliT auwya soxumis cixis komendants, maior p.mogilianskis giorgi
SarvaSiZis gardacvaleba da sTxova, mTavarmarTeblisTvis euwyebina. amasTanave,
is iTxovda, gamoegzavnaT ufrosi Svili dimitri, romelic peterburgSi paJTa
korpusSi izrdeboda da misTvis qveynis marTva CaebarebinaT1255. ruseTis
realuri xelisufleba afxazeTSi soxumis cixis kedlebs ar scildeboda,
sadac 500 kaciani rusuli garnizoni idga1256. Tamar SarvaSiZis gavlenac
umniSvnelo iyo, taxtis memkvidre dimitri peterburgSi imyofeboda. aseT
viTarebaSi, sul mcire uTanxmoebas SeeZlo didi areuloba gamoewvia da asec
moxda. 8 Tebervals soxumis cixidan tyeSi SeSis saWrelad gasul jariskacTa
razms afxazebi Tavs daesxnen. am faqtma, miuxedavad imisa, rom afxazeTisTvis
uCveulo masSi araferi iyo, samTavroSi viTareba daZaba. soxumis Semogarenis
mosaxleoba hasan-beis qveSevrdomebi iyvnen, amitom p.mogilianskim damnaSaveTa
1251 . , . VI, . 1, #932, gv. 653-654.

1252 . , . XI, gv. 467.
1253 . , . VI, . 2, #759, gv. 760; #760, gv. 430.
1254 . xelnawerTa instituti, e. veidenbaumis fondi, #1717.
1255 . iqve, #1716.
1256 . . . , . VI. ., gv. 456-457.
247
gacemis moTxovniT mas mimarTa. lixnSi myofma hasan-beim, piroba dado, rom dam-
naSaveebs moZebnida da mTavrobas gadascemda1257. imave dRes p.mogilianskim
kavkasiis korpusis Stabis ufross, general-leitenant a.veliaminovs, romelic
kavkasias a.ermolovis aryofnis gamo marTavda, giorgi SarvaSiZis
gardacvalebisa da soxumis cixis garnizonis jariskacebze afxazebis
Tavdasxmis Taobaze auwya. es ambavi man warmoaCina rogorc hasan-beis waqezebiT
afxazebis ajanyeba ruseTis mTavrobis winaaRmdeg Zalauflebis xelSi Casagde-
bad1258.
a.veliaminovs miaCnda, rom Tumca hasan-beis momxreTa dajgufebas osmaleTis
daxmarebis gareSe raime warmatebis miRweva ar SeeZlo, afxazeTSi arsebuli
situaciidan gamomdinare, misi izolireba aucilebeli iyo, amitom p.
mogilianskis ubrZana, pirvelsave xelsayrel SemTxvevaSi hasan-bei
daepatimrebina, xolo imperatoris mier afxazeTis mTavris damtkicebamde
qveynis mmarTvelad Tamar SarvaSiZe daeniSna. soxumis cixis komendantma ar
daayovna brZanebis Sesruleba, Tumca xelsayrel SemTxvevas ar daeloda. 6
marts soxumis cixeSi mosalaparakeblad miiwvia hasan-bei da daapatimra.1259
1821 wlis 14 marts Tamar SarvaSiZem weriliT uSualod a. veliaminovs
mimarTa da sTxova, taxtis memkvidre dimitri afxazeTSi gamoegzavnaT. igi
werda, rom misma Svilma am qveynis ,,arc qceva da arc ena~ ar icoda, magram
samTavros kargad mouvlida. amasTan, hasan-beis gaTavisuflebasac iTxovda.
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, SeuZleblad miaCnda afxazeTSi darCena. igi
a.veliaminovs arwmunebda, rom ruseTis xelisuflebis winaSe hasan-beis
danaSauli ar miuZRoda1260. 1 aprils a.veliaminovma Tamar SarvaSiZes
damamSvidebeli werili gaugzavna. masSi aRniSnulia, rom afxazeTis samTavro
saxls imperatoris mfarveloba ar moakldeboda, ruseTis jaris nawilebi mudam
mzad iyvnen, mxari daeWiraT misi saxlisaTvis da afxazeTSi mas veravin
Seaviwroebda. a.veliaminovi gulaxdilad werda, rom hasan-beis dapatimrebis
mizezi gaxda giorgi SarvaSiZis sicocxleSi misi arakeTilganwyobileba da
daumorCilebloba mTavrisadmi, ris gamoc gansvenebul mTavars araerTxel
miumarTavs ruseTis xelisuflebisTvis. amasTan, generlis azriT, mas SeeZlo
areulobis moxdena, amitom Tamar SarvaSiZes misi gaTavisufleba ki ar unda
eTxova, aramed afxazeTidan moSoreba1261.
imereTis mmarTvels, general-maior p.gorCakovs (1820-1825ww.) miaCnda, rom
yovelgvari mizezis gareSe hasan-beis Sepyroba ar iyo gonivruli, radgan es
xels ar Seuwyobda afxazTa daSoSminebas da ufro met mRelvarebas
gamoiwvevda. 1821 wlis 22 marts a.veliaminovisadmi gagzavnil moxsenebiT
baraTSi igi aRniSnavda, rom p.mogilianskis cnobam afxazTa ajanyebis Sesaxeb
mas Tavidanve eWvi aRuZra. mdgomareobidan gamosasvlelad xelisuflebas ori
gza hqonda: pirveli, daekmayofilebina xalxis moTxovna da hasan-bei
gaeTavisuflebina; meore, afxazeTisken jarebi daeZra. amasTan, pirveli
RonisZieba sulac ar iqneboda sisustis gamovlena; meore SemTxvevaSi,
damatebiT aTasamde jariskaci mainc gaxdeboda saWiro; jars unda gaevlo
daumorCilebeli soflebi, winaaRmdegoba iqneboda desantis gadasxmis drosac;
ajanyeba mainc ar Sewydeboda, Tu jaris nawili didi xniT afxazeTSi ar
Cadgeboda, radgan soxumis cixis garnizons realurad didi Zala ar
Seswevda1262 da situacias marto ver gaakontrolebda.
1257 . xelnawerTa instituti, e.veidenbaumis fondi, #1717; , . III,

. 2, gv. 552.
1258 . ..., . III, . 2, iqve.
1259 . iqve; . . ..., . VI, gv. 461-462.
1260 . xelnawerTa instituti, e. veidenbaumis fondi, #1718.
1261 . , . VI, . I, #934, gv. 655.
1262 . ..., . III, . 2, gv. 553-554.
248
amrigad, p.gorCakovma savsebiT naTlad dasva sakiTxi: udanaSaulo hasan-beis
gaTavisufleba, an afxazeTis ajanyeba. a.veliaminovi imdenad uaryofiTad iyo
ganwyobili hasan-beis mimarT, rom afxazTa ajanyeba nakleb ubedurebad miaCnda,
vidre misi gaTavisufleba. ,,CvenTvis bevrad ufro momgebiania mSfoTvare
afxazeTi, vidre hasan-beis gaTavisufleba, romelic didi avtoritetiT
sargeblobs rogorc xalxSi, aseve TurqeTis mTavrobaSic~, _ werda
a.veliaminovi 28 marts p.gorCakovs. xelisuflebisaTvis sasurveli iyo
afxazeTidan misi moSoreba; afxazTa ajanyebis Sedegebi xelisuflebisaTvis
imdenad mniSvnelovani ar iqneboda. igi darwmunebuli iyo, rom ajanyebulebi
soxumis cixes Turqebis daxmarebis gareSe ver aiRebdnen. aucileblobis
SemTxvevaSi p.gorCakovs SeeZlo mis dasaxmareblad qvemexiT SeiaraRebuli ori
an sami aseuli gaegzavna1263.
amdenad, a.veliaminovis azriT, umjobesi iyo afxazTa ajanyeba, vidre hasan-
beis gaTavisufleba. 1821w. aprilSi igi cimbirSi gadaasaxles1264.
a.veliaminovis imedi, rom hasan-beis gadasaxlebiT afxazeTSi problemebi mog-
vardeboda, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, ar axda. afxazeTis mmarTvelad Tamar
SarvaSiZis daniSvnas xalxi sayovelTao drtvinviT da aRSfoTebiT Sexvda.
xalxi eWvobda, rom hasan-beis dapatimreba Tamar SarvaSiZis gareSe ar
moxdeboda, romelsac albaT misi moSoreba surda, raTa dimitrisaTvis
taxtisaken gza gaekafa. aprilis Sua ricxvebSi p.gorCakovi soxumSi Cavida, raTa
afxazeTSi Seqmnil viTarebas adgilze gascnoboda. man Tanamdebobidan gadaayena
soxumis cixis komendanti p.mogilianski, romelic, misi daxasiaTebiT,
,,sayovelTao siZulviliT~ sargeblobda da mis nacvlad maiori mixini daniSna,
romelmac imereTis 1819-1820ww. ajanyebisas Tavi guriis daSoSminebaSi
gamoiCina1265. afxazeTSi qariSxlis moaxloebis niSnebi aSkarad Canda, amitom
p.gorCakovma afxazi Tavad-aznauroba mosalaparakeblad soxumSi miiwvia. Tavad-
aznaurebma wuxili gamoTqves hasan-beis dapatimrebis gamo da misi
udanaSauloba daadastures. isini aRiarebdnen TavianT uZlurebas ruseTTan
brZolaSi da mtkiced acxadebdnen, rom ruseTis jaris nawilebis afxazeTSi
Sesvlis SemTxvevaSi gadawyvetili hqondaT, daewvaT TavianTi sacxovreblebi da
mTebSi wasuliyvnen.Pp.gorCakovTan Sesaxvedrad soxumSi Tamar SarvaSiZe ar
Cavida, riTac gamoxata undobloba xelisuflebisadmi hasan-beis umizezo
dapatimrebis gamo, xolo imereTis mmarTvelma lixnSi gamgzavreba saxifaTod
CaTvala1266.
amdenad, p.gorCakovi quTaisSi uSedegod dabrunda. sul male ki sayovelTao
mRelvareba afxazeTSi ruseTis koloniuri reJimis winaaRmdeg ajanyebaSi gadai-
zarda.
hasan-beis umcrosi Zmebi – baTal-bei, Taiar-bei da rostom-bei, romlebmac
misi saxiT mtkice sayrdeni da damcveli dakarges, xalxs daumorCileblobisken
mouwodebdnen. maT mxari dauWires inal-ifebma, hasan-beis simamrma da misma naTe-
savebma, aseve marSaniebma, naTesavebma dedis _ rebia-hanumis mxridan. meamboxeebi
Tavs esxmodnen im feodalebs, romlebic ajanyebas ar TanaugrZnobdnen. maTi
risxva pirvel rigSi Tamar SarvaSiZes da samTavro saxls daatyda Tavs.
soxumis komendantma TavisTan miiwvia afxazi Tavadebi, raTa Tamar SarvaSiZis
mimarT maTi ukmayofilebis mizezi gaerkvia. Tavadebi mixinTan ar gamocxaddnen,
Tumca SeuTvales, rom manamde ar daemorCilebodnen ruseTis xelisuflebas da
Tamar SarvaSiZes, sanam mTavroba hasan-beis ar daabrunebda. mRelvarebam
umTavresad hasan-beis mamuli, afxazeTis olqi moicva, rac Seexeba mTavris
1263 . iqve, gv. 554-556.

1264 . iqve, gv. 556.
1265 . iqve, gv. 553-558.
1266 . iqve, gv. 557.
249
domens, bzifis olqs, Tamar SarvaSiZis erTguli rCeboda, Tumca afxazeTis
droebiTi mmarTveli maincdamainc bzifelebsac ar endoboda1267.
1821w. ivnisis bolos osmaleTidan jiqeTSi Cavida aslan-bei. man deputaciis
meSveobiT Tamar SarvaSiZes mZevlebi da afxazeTSi Tavisuflad SeSveba mo-
sTxova. igi am dros soxumis cixis maxloblad idga banakad. man aslan-beis
mociqulebis mixinis TandaswrebiT soxumis cixeSi miiRo, moismina maTi wi-
nadadeba da ganucxada, rom mamis mkvlels afxazeTSi arasdros SeuSvebda.
Tamar SarvaSiZis amalaSi myofi bzifeli Tavad-aznaurebic mas daeTanxmnen.
Semdeg ukve, mixinTan saubarSi Tamarma aRniSna, rom darwmunebuli ar iyo Tavis
qveSevrdomTa erTgulebaSi, amitom sTxova, misi sasaxlis dasacavad lixnSi
mcire razmi gaegzavna1268.
afxazeTSi ruseTis batonobis sakiTxi safrTxis qveS idga, vinaidan misi
momxreTa ricxvi mcire iyo da mxolod qristianebiT Semoifargleboda.
mosaxleobis umetesi nawili ki, mahmadianebi da warmarTebi, osmalur
orientaciaze idgnen, an saerTod damoukideblobisaTvis ibrZodnen1269 soxumis
cixis garnizoni amjeradac 500 jariskacs ar aRemateboda. polkovniki mixini
yoveldRe Tavdasxmas eloda, amitom Tamar SarvaSiZis Txovnas ver
Seasrulebda. man Tamars soxumis cixeSi gadasvla SesTavaza, magram mTavris
qvrivs ver gadaewyvita xalxis winaSe Tavisi uZlurebis aRiareba, amitom man
arCia, sof. kodorSi wasuliyo, sadac saxli hqonda. magram mdgomareoba aqac
aranakleb saSiSi aRmoCnda, vidre lixnSi. 1 ivliss, saRamos, mixinma Tamar
SarvaSiZisagan cnoba miiRo, rom meamboxeebma rostom-beis, Taiar-beis da
webeleli marSaniebis meTaurobiT, mis saxls alya Semoartyes. ajanyebulebs
misi tyved Cagdeba da aslan-beis mTavrad gamocxadeba surdaT. Tamari Svelas
iTxovda. mixinma kodoris koncxisken dauyovnebliv gaagzavna samxedro xomaldi
,,konstantine~ da mis meTaurs, leitenant xomutovs daavala MmTavris qvrivi
SvilebTan erTad daexsna. imave RamiT xomutovma isini gamoixsna da 2 ivliss
soxumSi Caiyvana1270.
amasobaSi peterburgSi aqtiurad moqmedebda a. ermolovi. misi azriT, saWiro
iyo dimitris saCqarod afxazeTSi gagzavna, radgan eWvi ar epareboda, rom
mTavris aryofnaSi hasan-beis momxreebi uwesrigobas moawyobdnen. mas saWirod
miaCnda, dimitrisaTvis polkovnikis Cini eboZebinaT da a. veliaminovTan
TbilisSi gaegzavnaT. amasTan, is Sors iyo im azrisagan, rom ,,afxazeTis
veluri da mxecuri xalxi sruliad daemorCileboda axal mTavars~ magram,
radgan dimitri pataraobidan ruseTSi izrdeboda, albaT SeZlebda maT
damorCilebas1271.
agvistoSi dimitri SarvaSiZe paJTa korpusidan gamoiyvanes, imperatoris
brZanebiT, mas polkovnikis Cini eboZa da afxazeTis mTavrad dainiSna.1272 23 ag-
vistos dimitri SarvaSiZe peterburgidan TbilisSi gamoemgzavra.
ivlisSi afxazeTSi siwynare iyo. amiT damSvidebulma Tamar SarvaSiZem,
miuxedavad mixinis winaaRmdegobisa, soxumi datova da kvlav kodoris mamulSi
gadavida. adgilobrivi rusuli administracia grZnobda, rom es iyo siwynare
qariSxlis win. a. ermolovis informaciiT, aslan-bei anapis faSas daxmarebiT
mTebSi laSqars krebda da afxazeTSi SesaWrelad emzadeboda. igi werilebs
agzavnida afxazeTSi da xalxs ajanyebisaken mouwodebda1273. agvistos Sua
ricxvebSi aslan-bei 600 - kaciani razmiT jiqeTidan afxazeTSi SeiWra. 21
agvistos igi Tamar SarvaSiZis rezidenciasTan gamoCnda. Tamaris momxreebidan
1267 . iqve, gv. 558.

1268
. iqve, gv. 558-589.
1269 . . . . . ., . VI, gv. 459.
1270 . , . VI, . I, #940, gv. 659; ..., . III, . 2, gv. 560.
1271 . , . VI, . I, #935, gv. 655.
1272 . n. dadiani. qarTvelT cxovreba, gv. 209, . VI, . I, #937, gv. 656.
1273 . , . VI, . II, , 1875, #1094, gv. 746.
250
bevri aslan-beis mxareze gadavida. ajanyebulebma alya Semoartyes kodoris
sasaxles. ori kvira sasaxlis koSkSi Caketili Tamar SarvaSiZe iZulebuli
gaxda, fici daedo, rom ruseTis xelisuflebasTan yovelgvar urTierTobas
gawyvetda. 11 seqtembers ajanyebulTa mxedroba gaSlili droSebiT miadga
soxumis cixes, magram garnizonma Zlieri cecxli gauxsna da ukuagdo. aslan-
beim alya Semoartya soxums da TiTqmis mTeli afxazeTi daikava. seqtembris Sua
ricxvebSi is samegrelos samTavros sazRvarTan, md. RaliZgaze gamoCnda. levan
V dadianma mas SeuTvala, rom nebas ar miscemda, mis samflobeloSi SeWriliyo
da qvrivsa da oblebs, e.i. Tamar SarvSiZes da mis Svilebs daicavda1274.
imavdroulad samegrelos mTavarma p.gorCakovs acnoba, rom laSqars
agrovebda, raTa Tavisi samflobelo daecva da giorgi SarvaSiZis qvriv-oblebs
daxmareboda. imereTis mmarTvelma CaTvala, rom levan V dadians surda,
afxazTa mRelvarebiT esargebla da afxazeTis is miwa-wyali SeeerTebina,
romelic odesRac samegrelosEekuTvnoda. amitom samegrelos mTavars daJinebiT
mosTxova, afxazeTSi laSqrobis ganzraxvaze xeli aeRo da mTavris qvriv-
oblebze zrunva xelisuflebisTvis miendo1275. rogorc Cans, am etapze
xelisufleba afxazeTSi samegrelos mTavris aqtiurobiT dainteresebuli ar
iyo. levan V dadianisadmi gagzavnil 15 seqtembris werilSi p.gorCakovi
mwuxarebas gamoTqvamda imis gamo, rom Tamari ajanyebulebs Seurigda maSin,
roca mas yovelTvis SeeZlo soxumis cixeSi TavSesafari epova. imereTis
mmarTveli samegrelos mTavars avalebda, zomebi mieRo, raTa meamboxeebi
samurzayanoSi ver Sesuliyvnen1276.
aslan-beim gamoacxada, rom mas xelT hqonda sulTnis firmani, romlis Zali-
Tac is afxazeTis mTavrad iyo daniSnuli da ruseTic soxums mas uTmobda. aman
afxazebze didi gavlena moaxdina da bevri Tavadi mis mxareze gadavida, maT
Soris Zmebi baTal-bei, Taiar-bei da rostom-bei SarvaSiZeebi, agreTve hasan-beis
simamri narCou inaliSvili, misi Zma giorgi inaliSvili, abJuis mflobeli ali-
bei (aleqsandre) SarvaSiZe. amboxebulTa dasayrdens Seadgendnen sof.
kelasurisa da misi midamoebis mcxovrebni _ hasan-beis qveSevrdomebi, agreTve
biWvinTisa da misi Semogarenis mcxovrebni da webelelebi. bzifis olqis
mcxovrebTa didi nawili, maT Soris, lixnelebi, didxans inarCunebdnen Tamar
SarvaSiZis erTgulebas da ajanyebulebs iaraRiTac uwevdnen garkveul
winaaRmdegobas, magram Semdeg isinic aslan-beis mxareze gadavidnen1277. amrigad,
1821 wlis oqtombrisTvis mTeli afxazeTi aslan-beis emorCileboda.
Seqmnil viTarebaSi kavkasiis rusuli administracia afxazeTSi eqspediciis
mosawyobad mzadebas Seudga1278. seqtembris bolos dimitri SarvaSiZe TbilisSi
Camovida.AafxazTa ajanyebis CaxSoba da samTavro taxtze misi ayvana p.gorCakovs
daevala. eqspediciaSi samegrelos samTavros laSqarsac unda mieRo
monawileoba. a.veliaminovma dimitri SarvaSiZes dawvrilebiTi instruqcia misca.
afxazeTSi CasvlisTanave mas unda moexmo samTavro saxlis erTguli Tavadebi
da maTi meSveobiT gaevrcelebina proklamacia, romelic axalgazrda mTavris
saxeliT iyo Sedgenili da afxazeTis mosaxleobas auwyebda, rom is dainiSna
afxazeTis mTavrad, mosaxleobas morCilebisaken mouwodebda, xolo
Tavadebisagan erTgulebis niSnad mZevlebs moiTxovda1279. a.veliaminovis azriT,
es ramdenadme xels Seuwyobda aslan-beis im sicruis gaqarwylebas, TiTqos
ruseTis xelisuflebam daadastura sulTnis firmani afxazeTis mTavrad misi
damtkicebis Taobaze. ruseTis jaris nawilebis Sesvla kidev ufro
1274 . n. dadiani. qarTvelT cxovreba, gv. 209; , . VI, . I, #940, gv. 659; #941, gv. 659; . VI, . II, #1094, gv.
746; ..., . III, . 2, gv. 560; . . ..., . VI, gv. 464-466.
1275 . . . ..., . VI, gv. 460; ..., . III, . 2, gv. 560.
1276 . c. qiria, S. saria. masalebi..., #13, gv. 38-39.
1277 . , . VI, . I, #940, gv. 659; . . ..., . VI, gv. 464.
1279 . iqve, gv. 209; , . VI, . I, #940, gv. 658-659.
251
daarwmunebda afxazebs, rom imperatorma dimitri SarvaSiZe daamtkica afxazeTis
mTavrad da samTavro taxtis erTaderTi kanonieri memkvidre is iyo; axal
mTavars dauyovnebliv unda daedgina Tamar SarvaSiZis adgilsamyofeli da
ecnobebina jariT misi afxazeTSi Sesvla, daerwmunebina igi soxumSi
gadasuliyo, raTa iq dalodeboda mas; dimitri Semwynarebeli da
gulmowyale unda yofiliyo imaT mimarT, vinc moinaniebda da morCilebas
gamoacxadebda, gansakuTrebiT ubralo xalxis mimarT, magram vinc
SeiaraRebul winaaRmdegobas gauwevda, mkacrad
unda dasjiliyo; ajanyebis moTaveebi Zlieri sagvareuloebidan, romlebic didi
xnis manZilze mtrobdnen samTavro saxls da kvlavac SeeZloT afxazeTSi simS-
vidis darRveva, aucileblad unda gaenadgurebinaT, an SeepyroT da afxazeTidan
gaesaxlebinaT. amasTan, ar unda yofiliyo sarwmunoebrivi devna da ZaliT
gaqristianeba. rodesac simSvide damyardeboda da xelisufleba ganmtkicdeboda,
warmarTTa gasaqristianeblad mTavroba izrunebda. a.veliaminovi mTavars
urCevda araferi moemoqmedebina p.gorCakovis rCevis gareSe; amasTan, misi sruli
usafrTxoebisaTvis sasurveli iyo pirvel xanebSi sacxovreblad soxumis cixis
garnizonSi darCena1280.
amasobaSi p. gorCakovma redut-yaleSi Tavi mouyara afxazeTis eqspedicias,
romelic Sedgeboda samegrelos qveiTTa da 44-e egerTa polkebis ori batali-
onisagan 600 meomriTa da ori qvemexiT, kazakTa razmisa da samegrelos
samTavros cxenosani miliciisagan. 1821w. 21 oqtombers dimitri SarvaSiZe
quTaisSi gaemgzavra, iqidan ki p.gorCakovisa da samegrelos samTavros
cxenosani miliciis TanxlebiT afxazeTisken gaemarTa. levan V dadianma
p.gorCakovi samegrelos samTavros sazRvramde, md. RaliZgamde gaacila, iqidan
ki samegrelos laSqars polkovniki niko dadiani waruZRva. mas, rogorc
leCxumis sardal-mouravs, ZiriTadad leCxumelTa mxedroba axlda _ sul 600
meomari1281.
1821w. 1 noembers p.gorCakovma samurzayanos sazRvarze cnoba miiRo, rom
aslan-bei 3 aTaskaciani afxazTa da jiqTa razmiT kodoris koncxsa da sof.
kelasurs Soris iyo gamagrebuli1282, TviTon ki afxazTa laSqriT moqvSi idga.
niko dadianma gadmoibira aslan-beis banakSi myofi misi siZe ali-bei SarvaSiZe
da colisZma salarufu marSania, ,,romelsa usmendnen sruli webelni da
sxvanica. da iyo mas Jamsa afxazTa Soris SemZle kaci~, da isini Tavis banakSi
gadmoiyvana. maTi gadabirebis Semdeg aslan-bei moqvidan gaiqca. rusTa da
qarTvelTa mxedrobac ukan mihyva da wyabaSi dabanakda1283. cnobili gaxda, rom
aslan-beis kelasuramde gzaze ramdenime adgilas Zlieri safari moewyo. 14
noembers samegrelos mxedroba, romelic avangardSi iyo, md. kodoridan 4
versze mowinaaRmdegis Zlier safars waawyda da mniSvnelovani danakargi
ganicada. mas mieSvela egerTa polkis meTauri, polkovniki ivane afxazi,
romelmac mowinaaRmdegis xergilebi brZoliT daikava. afxazebi uSedegod
cdilobdnen Setevis SeCerebas, magram qvemexebi wmenddnen gzas. n.dadianis
cnobiT, didi brZola moxda aSiRvarasTan axlos, romelic 16 saaTs gagrZelda.
rusTa da qarTvelTa gaerTianebulma laSqarma aslan-beis safrebi aiRo da misi
razmi gaaqcia, Tumca Tavadac sakmaod dazaralda. p.gorCakovis razmi im RamiT
md.maWaris piras dabanakda, xolo diliT isev gaagrZela Seteva. afxazebma
scades winaaRmdegobis gaweva, magram leCxumelTa Setevas ver gauZles da
gaiqcnen. p.gorCakovis razmi TxubunSi Cavida da daba, axlo-maxlo soflebi,
hasan-bei SarvaSiZis sasaxle sof. kelasurSi gadawva da aaoxra, aqedan ki
1280 . , . VI, . I, #940, gv. 658-659; #941, gv. 659; ..., . III, . 2, gv. 563-564.
1281
. n. dadiani. qarTvelT cxovreba, gv. 209; АКАК, т. VI, ч. I, #941, gv. 659; Н. Дубровин. История..., т. VI, gv.
465; Утверждение..., т. III, ч. 2, gv. 565-566.
1282 . n. dadiani. qarTvelT cxovreba, gv. 209-210.
1283 . iqve, gv. 210. . . ..., . VI, gv. 468; ..., . III, . 2, gv. 566.
252
yovelgvari winaaRmdegobis gareSe soxumSi Cavida1284. p.gorCakovis damsjeli
eqspediciis soxumSi Casvlis Semdeg ajanyeba TandaTan Cacxra.Aaslan-bei
jiqeTSi gaiqca. rusTa da qarTvelTa laSqari soxumis cixeSi ramdenime dRes
darCa, mcired daisvena da lixnisaken gaemarTa. lixnSi movidnen bzifis
afxazeTis Tavadebi da morCilebis piroba dades. radgan narCou da giorgi
inaliSvilebi maT Soris ar iyvnen, p.gorCakovma sainaliSvilos asaoxreblad da
morCilebaSi mosayvanad damsjeli razmi gagzavna niko dadianisa da ivane
afxazis meTaurobiT. giorgi inaliSvilma damsjeli razmis meTaurebs
morCileba gamoucxada da epatia danaSauli, xolo narCou inaliSvili
miimala.Nn.dadiani da i.afxazi am ukanasknelis saxlSi dabanakdnen md.kapoetis
wylis (bzifi) piras da leCxumelTa razmi saTareSod gagzavnes. leCxumelebma
moiTareSes axlo-maxlo soflebi da alafiT datvirTuli dabrundnen.
damsjelma eqspediciam narCou inaliSvilis saxli da axlo-maxlo soflebi
gadawva da afxazebTan mcire Setakebisa da maTi gafantvis Semdeg lixnSi
dabrunda1285.
30 noembers lixnSi p.gorCakovma afxaz Tavad-aznaurTa da ruseTis jaris
nawilebis TandaswrebiT dimitri SarvaSiZe afxazeTis mTavrad sazeimod ga-
moacxada. mas gadaeca droSa da xmali, rogorc umaRlesi Zalauflebis
simbolo, da afxazma Tavad-aznaurebma misi erTgulebis fici dades.
p.gorCakovma mTavris dasacavad lixnSi samegrelos egerTa polkis ori aseuli
datova maior rakocis meTaurobiT. amis Semdeg man Tavisi funqcia afxazeTSi
amowurulad CaTvala, rusTa da qarTvelTa laSqriT soxumSi dabrunda, iqidan
ki regularuli jaris nawilebiT zRviT redut-yaleSi Cavida, xolo n.dadiani
saxalxo laSqriT saxmeleTo gziT samegreloSi dabrunda1286.
dimitri SarvaSiZem (1821-1822ww.) ver SeZlo mtkice xeliT aeRo samTavros
marTva. misi xelisuflebac mTlianad ruseTis samxedro Zalas eyrdnoboda.
rogorc J._f. gamba aRniSnavda, peterburgidan, aleqsandre I-is sasaxlidan
,,mamiseul xis ubrali saxlSi gadmosaxlebuli mTavari, romelic arc Tavis
xalxs icnobda da arc misi ena icoda, ori wlis ganmavlobaSi ufro tyves
hgavda, vidre suverens~, qveyanas faqtobrivad dedamisi ganagebda1287. peter-
burgSi gazrdili axalgazrda mTavari samSobloSi Tavs ucxod grZnobda da
xalxic mas ucxosaviT uyurebda. misi ZiriTadi garToba lixnis garnizonis
oficrebis monaxuleba iyo. es sazogadoeba ufro Seefereboda mas aRzrdiT,
ganaTlebiT da TviT eniTac, vidre isini, vinc mas gars exvia da kariskacebis
movaleobas asrulebda1288.
1821w. miwuruls cnobili gaxda, rom aslan-bei anapis faSas daxmarebiT Savi
zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze mcxovreb tomebSi laSqars agrovebda da ruseTis
mier daniSnuli mTavris gansadevnad kvlav afxazeTSi SeWras apirebda. dimitri
SarvaSiZem jiqebis Tavadebs, romlebic adre afxazeTis mTavars emorCilebodnen,
mosTxova, aslan-bei TavianT samflobeloze ar gaetarebinaT. jiqeTis Tavadebma
uari Tqves am moTxovnis Sesrulebaze da ganacxades, rom SarvaSiZeTa samTavro
saxlis memkvidred dimitris ar cnobdnen. isini misgan moiTxovdnen afxazeTidan
da soxumidan rusebis gandevnas1289. aslan-beis mosalodneli SemoseviT
SeSinebuli mTavari lixnidan soxumis cixeSi gadavida. 1822w. ianvarSi aslan-bei
jiqebisa da dasavleT kavkasiis sxva mTiel tomTa laSqriT afxazeTSi SeiWra
1284 . n. dadiani. qarTvelT cxovreba, gv. 210-211.

1285 . iqve, gv. 211; . , ..., . VI, gv. 468; ..., . III, . 2, gv. 566.
1286 . n. dadiani. qarTvelT cxovreba, gv. 211; . , ..., ,VI, gv. 469-470; ..., . III, . 2, gv.
566.
1287 . J. f. gamba. mogzauroba amierkavkasiaSi, t. I. frangulidan Targmna, komentarebi daurTo m.
mgalobliSvilma. Tb., 1987, gv. 86.
1288 . ..., . III, . 2, gv. 568.
1289 . . VI, . II, #777, gv. 437; #779, gv. 438 . . ..., . VI, gv. 471.
253
da lixnis garnizonze miitana ieriSi. n.dadianis cnobiT, ,,rusTa dauwyes
brZola da gaaqcies jiqni da mravalni mokles da alafi daayrevines~1290.
amrigad, lixnisaTvis brZolaSi (31 ianvari _ 3 Tebervali) aslan-bei damar-
cxda. man mniSvnelovani zarali ganicada da isev jiqeTSi gaiqca,Semdeg ki os-
maleTSi wavida da trapizonSi damkvidrda. Tumca brZolaze xelis aRebas ar
apirebda. kavkasiis rusuli administraciisTvis imTaviTve aSkara iyo, rom
afxazTa mRelvarebebis mizezi aslan-bei portas mxardaWeriT sargeblobda da
mas gareSe Zalebi aqezebdnen1291.
afxazeTi mcire xniT simSvidem moicva. 1822w. zafxulSi afxazeTSi imogzaura
J. -f. gambam. man naTlad dainaxa, rom am mxareSi rusebis gamgeblobaSi mxolod
soxumis cixe iyo, misi galavnis miRma ki rus jariskacebs yovel fexis nabijze
safrTxe emuqrebodaT. afxazTa Tavdasxmisa da tyved gatacebis SiSiT
jariskacebi cixidan SeiaraRebuli gadiodnen. soxumis cixeSi yoveldRe
modiodnen afxazebi saqonlis gacvlis mizniT. Cveulebriv, isini didi jgufebiT
modiodnen. vidre cixeSi Sevidodnen, iaraRs aixsnidnen, xolo gasvlisas kvlav
aisxamdnen1292. rogorc J.-f. gambas cnobidan Cans, miuxedavad simSvidisa,
regionSi faruli daZabuloba mainc igrZnoboda. dimitri SarvaSiZe Seecada, es
periodi xelisuflebis gansamtkiceblad gamoeyenebina da opoziciur ZalebTan
molaparakebebs Seudga. lixnSi dabrunebul dimitri SarvaSiZes ciebis niSnebi
aRmoaCnda. male seni gauZlierda da loginad Caagdo. 1822w. 16 oqtombers
dimitri SarvaSiZe, romelic maSin mxolod 20 wlis iyo, gardaicvala1293.
Tamar SarvaSiZem p.gorCakovs dimitris gardacvaleba acnoba da samTavros
marTvaSi daxmareba da materialuri Semweoba iTxova. igi SeSfoTebas
gamoTqvamda afxazeTis saqmeebis gamo da mosalodneli garTulebis Tavidan
asacileblad samxedro daxmarebas – lixnis garnizonis gaZlierebas iTxovda.
misi cnobiT, vrceldeboda xmebi, rom aslan-bei modioda afxazeTSi. Tamari
afrTxilebda p.gorCakovs, rom Tu jari droze ar movidoda, afxazebi kvlav
ajanydebodnen1294. dimitri SarvaSiZis gardacvalebis Semdeg, im mizeziT, rom
mas pirdapiri memkvidre ar hyavda, afxazeTis samTavro taxtis kanonieri
memkvidre misi momdevno Zma, 13 wlis mixeili iyo. ruseTis xelisufleba
sisxlxorceulad iyo dainteresebuli afxazeTis samTavro taxtze giorgi
SarvaSiZis saxlis ganmtkicebiT, amitom soxumis komendants daevala,
dawvrilebiTi cnobebi Seekriba mis Sesaxeb da sardlobisTvis dauyovnebliv
miewodebina. amasTan xelisufleba cdilobda, ramdenadac SesaZlebeli iyo,
Tamar SarvaSiZe gaemxnevebina, daemSvidebina da daeimedebina1295. p.gorCakovma
acnoba a.veliaminovs, rom mixeil SarvaSiZeEnamdvilad flobda iseT Tvisebebs,
rasac kavkasiis mTielebi didad afasebdnen: is iyo mamaci, uSiSari da kargi
mxedari, ufros ZmasTan SedarebiT ufro Tamami da marjvec Canda.
xelisuflebisTvis kargad iyo cnobili, rom 1821w. afxazTa ajanyebis dros
lixnis dacvisas man samxedro unaric gamoavlina1296.
noemberSi Tamar SarvaSiZe soxumSi Cavida im saqmis mosagvareblad, romelic
dimitris daumTavrebeli darCa – webeleli marSaniebis Semosarigeblad. dedo-
falma isini soxumSi miiwvia, magram marSaniebi ar Camovidnen. maSin Tamar Sarva-
SiZe Tavad-aznaurTa jgufTan erTad webelisken gaemarTa. sazRvarze mas
marSaniebi Seegebnen, morCileba gamoucxades da mZevlebic misces1297. noembris

1291 . . VI, . II, #777, gv. 437; #779, gv. 438.
1292 . J._f. gamba. mogzauroba amierkavkasiaSi, gv. 81-82.
1293 . n. dadiani. qarTvelT cxovreba,gv. 211; . . ..., . VI, gv. 471; ..., . III, . 2, gv. 568-
569.
1294 . , . VI, . I, #944, gv. 660.
1295 . iqve, #946, gv. 661; ..., . III, . 2, gv. 570.
1296 . . , . VI, . I, # 946, gv. 661; ..., . III, . 2, gv. 570.
1297 . iqve, #947, gv. 661.
254
bolos Tamar SarvaSiZem a.ermolovTan gagzavna Temuryva anCabaZe da Tlafs
marRania weriliT, romelSic mTeli afxazi xalxis saxeliT mixeilis mTavrad
damtkicebas iTxovda1298. sapatio TavadTa da mTeli afxazi xalxis saxeliT
mixeil SarvaSiZis mTavrad damtkicebis Txovna mxolod sasurvelis realobad
warmoCena iyo, Tumca orive mxares es xels aZlevda.
1823w. 14 Tebervals imperatorma aleqsandre I-ma mixeil SarvaSiZe afxazeTis
mTavrad daamtkica. mas eboZa maioris Cini da jamagiri daeniSna1299. a. ermolovma
mixeil DSarvaSiZe TbilisSi daibara da gaacno imperatoris brZaneba misi
mTavrad damtkicebis Sesaxeb. mTavarmarTebelma daariga is, yofiliyo
samarTliani, gamoeCina sarwmunoebrivi Semwynarebloba, xalxTan
damokidebulebaSi yofiliyo mSvidi da Tbili, rac mas xalxis siyvaruls
moutanda, amasTanave misi bednieri mmarTvelobis garantic iqneboda. amis Semdeg
mixeil SarvaSiZe afxazeTSi gaistumra1300. p.gorCakovma igi lixnSi Caiyvana,
sadac afxazi Tavad-aznaurobisa da jaris nawilis winaSe waikiTxa imperatoris
brZaneba mixeilis mTavrad damtkicebis Taobaze, ris Semdegac mTavarma
imperatoris erTgulebis fici dado. p.gorCakovma mis dasacavad lixnSi
samegrelos egerTa polkis ori aseuli datova 2 msubuqi qvemexiT da quTaisSi
dabrunda1301.
mixeil SarvaSiZis xelisuflebac susti iyo. Zneli aRmoCnda, axalgazrda
mTavrisTvis im intrigebTan gamklaveba, romlis Zafebi Tavs iyrida misi Zlieri
da moxerxebuli biZis aslan-beis xelSi. mixeilis mcirewlovnobis gamo
samTavros faqtobrivad dedamisi – Tamar SarvaSiZe marTavda. a.ermolovi Tamars
urCevda, mixeili saTanadod daemoZRvra, Tavad mTavars ki daavala mudmivad
hqonoda kavSiri p.gorCakovTan, romelsac misi moTxovnebi, romlebic ,,samTavros
marTvisa da ruseTis imperatoris interesebs waadgebodnen~, unda
daekmayofilebina .1302
1823w. martSi urCma afxazma da webelelma Tavad-aznaurebma, maT Soris

rostom-beim, Tamar SarvaSiZes imperatoris erTgulebis, qveSevrdomobisa da
afxazeTis mTavrisadmi morCilebis fici misces. imavdroulad p.gorCakovs
eTxova patieba gamoecxadebina rostom-beisTvis da levan V dadianis daze,
manuCar SarvaSiZis qvriv qeTevanze qorwinebis neba daerTo1303. kavkasiis rusuli
administracia ukmayofilo iyo rostom-beis ,,ara keTil qceulebisa gamo~,
magram samegrelos mTavris pativiscemiT miuteva mas da qorwinebis nebac
darTo. 1823w. levan V dadianma rostom-bei moanaTvlina da qeTevani SerTo1304.
Aam nabijiT samTavro saxlis mowinaaRmdege erT-erTi gavleniani afxazi Tavadi
Semorigebul iqna. @
Tamar SarvaSiZe kargad xedavda, rom mixeilis xelisufleba myari ar iyo,
amitom a.ermolovs lixnis garnizonis gaZliereba sTxova. kavkasiis sardlobas
saamiso Zalebi ar gaaCnda, ris gamoc mTavarsardalma Txovnis dakmayofilebaze
uari Tqva. amis Semdeg Tamar SarvaSiZe kvlav amtkicebda im safrTxis Sesaxeb,
romelic, misi azriT, samTavro saxls emuqreboda. rogorc Cans, am mizniT
dimitri SarvaSiZis gardacvalebidan sami Tvis Semdeg man adgilobriv rusul
administracias yofili mTavris mowamvlis Taobaze acnoba. Tamar SarvaSiZe
soxumis cixis komendants, podpolkovnik mixins werilebSi da pirad saubarSi
arwmunebda, rom dimitri SarvaSiZe misma erT-erTma mosamsaxurem urus lakvarma
mowamla. igi daapatimres, magram braldebas uaryofda. mixeil SarvaSiZis
1298 . iqve, #949, gv. 661; iqve, #948, gv. 661; ..., . III, . 2, gv. 569.
1299 . n. dadiani. qarTvelT cxovreba, gv. 212; . VI, . I, 951, gv. 662; #953, gv. 663; #956, gv. 664; .
. ..., . VI, gv. 471; ..., . III, . 2, gv. 570.
1300 . , . VI, . I, #956, gv. 664; ..., . III, . 2, gv. 570.
1301 . . , gv. 133.
1302 . , . VI, . I, #953, gv. 662; ..., . III, . 2, gv. 570.
1303 . , . VI, . I, #952, gv. 662- 663.
1304 . n.dadiani. qarTvelT cxovreba, gv. 212.
255
gancxadebiT, eWvmitanili misi da umcrosi Zmis – konstantines mowamvlasac
cdila. afxazi Tavad-aznaurebi adasturebdnen, rom uruss namdvilad hqonda
kavSiri aslan-beisTan. p.gorCakovma mixeilASarvaSiZisa da misi dedis Tamaris –
afxazeTis faqtobrivi mmarTvelis prestiJis amaRlebis mizniT CaTvala, rom
maTi mowmoba savsebiT sando Canda, urus lakvari damnaSaved cno da a.ermolovs
misi CamoxrCobis nebarTva sTxova, razec es ukanaskneli daTanxmda. 1823w.
Semodgomaze dimitri SarvaSiZis mowamvlaSi braldebuli pirovneba lixnSi,
mTavris sasaxliswina moedanze CamoaxrCves1305
afxazeTSi politikuri xelisuflebis sisustiT dasavleTKkavkasiis mTis
tomebi sargeblobdnen. jiqebi da ubixebi yovelwliurad mTebiT an Savi zRvis
sanapiro zoliT gadmodiodnen md.bzifze. isini Zarcvavdnen soflebs,
mierekebodnen saqonels, mihyavdaT tyveebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom mTielTa
marbieli laSqrobebi yovelTvis warmatebiT rodi mTavrdeboda, xalxs did
zians ayenebda. 1823 wlis zafxulSi ubixebis aTaskaciani razmi sahaTqeri
adagvas Ze barzegis meTaurobiT mTis bilikebiT afxazeTSi gadmovida, magram
mwyemsebma SeniSnes da xalxs Seatyobines. Aafxazebma ubixebs ukandasaxevi gzebi
mouWres da mTlianad amowyvites. maTi winamZRolic Setakebisas daiRupa. amis
Semdeg ubixebi mxolod zamTarSi, ianvar-TebervalSi esxmodnen Tavs
afxazeTs1306. mTielTa Tavdasxmebma mixeil SarvaSiZe aiZula, ruseTis sardlo-
bisaTvis afxazeTis bunebrivi WiSkris – gagris dakaveba eTxova1307. ruseTis
sardlobasac kargad esmoda gagris strategiuli mniSvneloba, misi dakavebis
Zala ar Seswevda. jer saWiro iyo bzifis afxazeTSi mtkiced damkvidreba1308.
miuxedavad ruseTis mTavrobis mier gatarebuli garkveuli RonisZiebebisa,
romlebic miznad isaxavda afxazeTis axalgazrda mTavris xelisuflebis
ganmtkicebas, mixeil SarvaSiZis Zalaufleba kvlavac susti iyo. samTavros
sxvadasxva mxareSi grZeldeboda mRelvarebebi. mosaxleobaSi antirusuli
moZraobis zrdas ganapirobebda TviT ruseTis mTavrobis mouqneli politika.
rusi moxeleebi afxazebs velurebs, mxecebs da mourjuleblebs uwodebdnen,
Sesabamisad, nebismier xelsayrel SemTxvevaSi mzad iyvnen, maT mxecurad
gasworebodnen. mRelvareba kidev ufro gaZlierda 1824 wlis gazafxulze. aseT
viTarebaSi webelelma xinkuras marSaniam mokla rostom-bei SarvaSiZe. am faqtma
kidev ufro daZaba viTareba. afxazebis daSinebis mizniT rusulma
administraciam zogierT sofelSi damsjeli eqspediciis gagzavna gadawyvita.
1824 wlis 22 maiss soxumis cixis garnizonis razmi. 225 jariskacis
SemadgenlobiT podpolkovnik mixinis meTaurobiT Tavs daesxa sof. akafas,
sadac, misi informaciiT, meamboxeebi afarebdnen Tavs. rusTa razmma daarbia da
gadawva sofeli, Seipyro xinkuras marSania. ukan dabrunebul razms Tavs
daesxnen afxazebi. Setakebisas mixini da 42 jariskaci daiRupa. afxazTa mxridan
ormxriv srolaSi daiWrnen Tavadebi yazilbek da levan marSaniebi, romelTac
ruseTis xelisufleba mTavar meamboxeebs da uwesrigobebis wamomwyebT
uwodebda1309. es SemTxveva afxazTa saerTo-saxalxo ajanyebis niSani gaxda.
5 ivniss p.gorCakovi auwyebda a.veliaminovs, rom daferflil sof. akafis
mcxovrebT amis Semdeg ruseTis jaris nawilebze raime Tavdasxma ar mouwyviaT
da fsxuSi gadasaxleba surdaT. soxumis cixeSi mosalaparakeblad movidnen we-
belelebi. isini xinkuras marSanias gaTavisuflebas iTxovdnen, samagierod mor-
Cilebis gamocxadebasa da mZevlebis micemis pirobas debdnen. isinic fsxuSi
apirebdnen gadasaxlebas marSaniebis CagonebiT, romlebic, erTi salarufus
1305. , . VI, . I, #955, gv. 663.; iqve, #957, gv. 664-665; #958, gv. 665; ..., . III, . 2, gv. 571.
1306. . . . . , 1982, gv. 15-16.
1307 . a. n. diaCkov-tarasovi. gagra da misi Semogareni, gv. 93.
1308 . iqve.
1309 . eduard aixvaldi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb (XIX saukunis pirveli mesamedi). germanulidan
Targmna,Sesavali da saZieblebi daurTo g. gelaSvilma. Tb. , 2005, gv. 217; , . VI, . I. #962, gv. 668; .
. ..., . VI, gv. 512; ..., . III, . 2, gv. 572.
256
garda, ruseTis xelisuflebisadmi mtrulad iyvnen ganwyobili. p.gorCakovis
cnobiT, webelSi daaxloebiT 800 komli cxovrobda, romelTa didi nawili
ueWvelad wavidoda fsxuSi, radgan ruseTis xelisuflebisadmi
daumorCileblobisa da rostom-beis mkvlelobis gamo SarvaSiZeebis mxridan
SurisZiebis SemTxvevaSi webelSi darCena faqtobrivad ar SeeZloT. p.gorCakovma
veraguli gadawyvetileba miiRo - afxaz Tavadebs neba darTo, Tavdasxmebi
moewyoT daumorCilebel webelelebze, Suri eZiaT maTze, waerTmiaT saqoneli
da, saerTod, maT winaaRmdeg iaraRiT emoqmedaT. male akafelebi webelSi
gadavidnen, raTa gadaewyvitaT, damorCilebodnen ruseTis xelisuflebas, Tu
fsxuSi gadasax-lebuliyvnen, Tumca es sakiTxi maSin ver gadawyda1310.
rodesac afxazeTSi viTareba garTulda, osmaleTidan jiqeTSi saswrafod
Camovida aslan-bei, laSqari Sekriba da afxazeTSi SeiWra. man Tamar SarvaSiZis
mmarTvelobiT ukmayofilo afxazebs daumorCileblobisken mouwoda.
ajanyebulebi Tavs esxmodnen rusuli orientaciis Tavad-aznaurTa mamulebs da
awiokebdnen. mixeil SarvaSiZe am dros dedasTan da da-ZmebTan erTad lixnSi
imyofeboda. man sworad ganWvrita Seqmnili mdgomareobis mTeli simZime, deda
da da-Zmebi soxumis cixeSi gagzavna, TviTon ki lixnis sasaxleSi gamagrda,
romelsac samegrelos polkis 300 jariskaci icavda1311.
ajanyebaSi monawileoba miiRes imaTac, vinc mixeil SarvaSiZis yvelaze erT-
gulebad iTvlebodnen. bzifis olqSi amboxebas meTaurobda aznauri kac
marRania, romelsac Tavisi WkuiT, simamaciT da Zlieri xasiaTiT didi saxeli
hqonda ara marto afxazTa, aramed mezobel mTielTa Soris. bevri afxazi
Tavadi da aznauri masTan megobrobas da kavSirs eZiebda1312. ajanyebas
SeuerTdnen didi gavlenis mqone Tavadi narCou inal-ifa (inaliSvili), aznauri
gid lakrba, jiqi Tavadi edigei camba da sxv. meamboxeebma fici dades, bolomde
ebrZolaT ruseTis interesebis gamomxatveli mixeil SarvaSiZis winaaRmdeg da
sicocxle moespoT yvelasTvis, vinc fics gatexda, Tundac maTi axlo naTesavi
yofiliyo. ajnyebulebma Sikrikebi gagzavnes webelSi, jiqeTSi, ubixeTSi,
adiRur tomebSi da daxmareba iTxoves. mTielebma siamovnebiT miiRes es
mowodeba da lixnisken xalisiT gamoemarTnen. meamboxeTa saerTo raodenobam 10-
12 aTass miaRwia1313.
7 ivniss lixnis garnizonis ufrosma, Stabs-kapitanma maraCevskim cnoba miiRo,
rom ajanyebulebi mTavris sasaxleze apirebdnen Tavdasxmas. sasaxlis
maxloblad idga karis eklesia – saxelganTqmuli RvTismSoblis miZinebis
taZari. ezos marcxniv ekra mesriT, TxrilebiTa da miwayrilebiT gamagrebuli
patara miwuri simagre, romelic rusTa razms eWira. simagris dasacavad
maraCevskim sagangebo zomebi miiRo. meore dRes, diliT, ajanyebulebma simagres
alya Semoartyes. maT karis eklesiac daikaves da iqidan simagres cecxli
dauSines. 18 ivniss, RamiT, rusTa razmi eklesiaSi SeiWra da iq gamagrebuli
afxazebi amowyvita. mxolod erTi, kac marRania gadarCa SemTxveviT da Semdeg
Tavisi boboqari cxovrebis am epizods yovelTvis ZrwoliT ixsenebda. amis
Semdeg afxazebi lixnis karis eklesiaSi gamagrebas ver bedavdnen1314. miuxedavad
amisa, viTareba kvlav kritikuli iyo. Tvis bolos lixnis garnizons sursaTis
maragi Semoelia. soxumidan daxmarebis imedi ar Canda, radgan isic
alyaSemortymuli iyo meamboxeebis mier da yoveldRe ieriSs eloda1315.
afxazTa ajanyebis CaxSoba kavkasiis sardlobam p.gorCakovs daavala. mas
lixnis garnizoni da mixeil SarvaSiZe afxazeTSi simSvidisa da misi xelisu-
1310 . , . VI, . I, #961, gv. 665; #962, gv. 668.

1311 . . , gv. 133; ..., . III, . 2, gv. 572.
1312 . . . . . , 1885, gv. 191.
1313 . ..., . III, . 2, gv. 572.
1314 . e. aixvaldi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 216-217; . . ..., . VI, gv. 513; ..., . III, . 2,
gv. 573-574.
1315 . ..., . III, . 2, gv. 574-575;.
257
flebis aRdgenamde soxumSi unda gadaeyvana1316. samxedro eqspediciaSi
monawileobis Sesaxeb miweriloba levan V dadianmac miiRo. 1824w. 1 ivliss
damsjeli eqspedicia p. gorCakovis meTaurobiT redut-yaledan afxazeTisken
daiZra. eqspediciis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda samegrelos qveiTTa da 44-e egerTa
polkebis 1400 meomari qvemexiT, agreTve samegrelos saxalxo laSqari _ 1100
meomari levan V dadianis meTaurobiT. eqspedicias sanapiros gaswvriv samxedro
xomaldebi _ brigi ,,orfeosi~ da fregati ,,speSni~ acilebda1317. Eeqspedicia
mZime brZolebiT miiwevda win. mis Setevas masirebuli cecxliT mxars uWerda
samxedro-sazRvao xomaldebis artileria. 8 ivliss eqspediciam md. kodors
miaRwia. kodoridan soxumamde p. gorCakovs kvlav afxazTa ZlieriMwinaaRmdegoba
Sexvda. 10 ivliss, saRamos, man didi msxverplis fasad soxums miaRwia1318. 16
ivliss p.gorCakovi ,,orfeosiT~ sanapiros gaswvriv lixnisaken gzis dasazverad
gaemarTa da darwmunda, rom soxumidan lixnamde gzis gagrZeleba did
msxverpls gamoiwvevda, radgan afxazebs yvelgan safrebi hqondaT mowyobili,
amitom man jaris nawilebis zRviT gayvana gadawyvita1319. 21 ivliss, diliT,
p.gorCakovma eqspediciis nawili, 800 meomari, bomboris maxloblad gadasxa.
ajanyebulebi Seecadnen, winaaRmdegoba gaewiaT desantisTvis da sanapiroze
placdarmis dakavebaSi xeli SeeSalaT, magram xomaldebis artileriis cecxlma
maT amis saSualeba ar misca. 24 ivliss, ganTiadisas, jaris danarCeni nawilic
gadasxda da p.gorCakovi lixnisken gaemarTa. meamboxeebi desants sastik
winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen, magram maT zurgidan lixnis garnizonmac Seutia. isini
orcecxlSua aRmoCndnen da gaifantnen. p.gorCakovma daixsna mixeil SarvaSiZe
lixnis garnizonTan erTad da imave saRamos soxumSi dabrunda1320. eqspedicia
soxumis cixis maxloblad dabanakda. afxazebi ramdenjerme daesxnen Tavs banaks,
Tumca uSedegod. imereTis mmarTveli ukan dasabruneblad mzadebas Seudga,
magram misTvis cnobili gaxda, rom afxazebs gzaze safrebi hqondaT mowyobili.
man soxumis cixis garnizonis gasaZliereblad 44-e egerTa polkis sami aseuli
da erTi savele qvemexi datova, xolo jaris danarCeni nawilebiT da
samegrelos saxalxo laSqriT zRviT redut-yaleSi gadavida, iqidan ki
quTaisSi dabrunda1321.
Aamis Semdeg ajanyeba TandaTan Cacxra. aslan-bei kvlav jiqeTSi gaiqca. rac
Seexeba mixeil SarvaSiZes, regionSi Seqmnili mZime mdgomareobis gamo igi
iZulebuli gaxda afxazeTs gascloda. dedasTan da da-ZmasTan erTad
p.gorCakovma igi samegreloSi gadaiyvana. afxazeTis mTavris ojaxi sof. xeTaSi,
xolo Semdeg redut-yaleSi saxelmwifo xarjze ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi
cxovrobda1322.
1824 wlis ivlisis eqspediciis warmatebiT dasrulebis Semdeg a.ermolovs
ainteresebda, rodis SeiZleboda eqspediciis ganmeorebiT mowyoba afxazTa
dasamorCileblad. p.gorCakovma 24 agvistos a.ermolovs moxsenebiTi baraTi
gaugzavna, sadac aRniSnavda, rom afxazebi arcerT xelisuflebas ar emorCile-
bodnen; isini Cerqezebis msgavsad ZarcviT da tyvis syidviT cxovrobdnen,
Sesabamisad, maT zne-Cveulebebi unda SeecvalaT. misi azriT, daimorCilebdnen
afxazebs, magram yovelTvis iqneboda mRelvarebebi. amitom umjobesi iyo
1316 . . . ..., . VI, gv. 513-514.
1317 . e. aixvaldi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 217; . , gv. 134; . . ..., . VI, gv.
514; ..., . III, . 2, gv. 575.
1318 . saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba. muzeumis xelnawerTa axali (Q)
koleqcia, t. I. Tb., 1957, gv. 265; e. aixvaldi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 217; . , ..., . VI, gv. 575-576.
1319 . e. aixvaldi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 217; . , gv. 134; . . ..., . VI, gv. 516;
..., . III, . 2, gv. 577.
1320 . qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba, muzeumis xelnawerTa axali (Q) koleqcia, t. I, gv. 265; .
, gv. 134-135; . . ..., . VI, gv. 516-517; ..., . III, . 2,. gv. 578.
1321 . e. aixvaldi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 218; . , gv. 136; . . ..., . VI, 517;
..., . III, . 2, gv. 578.
1322 . - . _ , . III, ,1870, gv. 211; .
. ..., . VI , gv. 517.
258
afxazeTis sanapiroze ramdenime adgilas - gagrasa da biWvinTaSi, agreTve il-
orSi, simagreebis mowyoba; maSin, erTi wlis Semdeg afxazeTi srulad iqneboda
damorCilebuli. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi eqspediciebi sasurvel Sedegs ver
gamoiRebdnen. a.ermolovma damajereblad miiCnia p.gorCakovis argumentebi da
damsjeli eqspediciis mowyobaze xeli aiRo1323.
afxazeTSi ruseTis mflobelobaSi mxolod soxumi darCa, romelic,
faqtobrivad, afxazTa blokadaSi imyofeboda. seqtemberSi, aslan-bei kvlav
gamoCnda. igi Seecada mixeil SarvaSiZesTan da dedamisTan kavSiri daemyarebina.
man mTavars SesTavaza, rom daemorCileboda mis xelisuflebas, Tu hasan-beis
mamuls miscemdnen da mixeilic pirobas dadebda, rom rusebs samTavroSi ar
SeuSvebda. mixeil SarvaSiZem mas, ra Tqma unda, uari SeuTvala. soxumis cixis
komendantis, kapitan lindenfeldis cnobiT, aslan-bei gamTavrebas cdilobda.
igi mosaxleobisagan mTavrad aRiarebas, erTgulebis fics da mZevlebs
moiTxovda. amasTanave pirobas debda, rom Turqebis daxmarebiT soxumidan
rusebs gandevnida. afxazeTis sanapiroze gaxSirda Turquli kanjoebis viziti,
romelTac iaraRi SemohqondaT, farTo masStabebi miiRo adamianebiT vaWrobam1324.
qristianobis aRorZinebis pirveli mcdelobebi. ruseTi da afxazeTis mTavari
am mxareSi sakuTari poziciebis ganmtkicebis mizniT qristianobis gavrcelebas
cdilobdnen. carizmi qristianobis mfarvelobis droSiT niRbavda dampyroblur
miznebs da koloniur politikas saqarTvelosa da mTlianad kavkasiaSi. qris-
tianobis gavrceleba ruseTis politikuri gavlenis gavrcelebas moaswavebda.
amitom iyo, rom afxazeTis samTavros ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi Sesvlis
Semdeg yuradReba mieqca am mxareSi qristianobis aRorZinebas.
afxazeTSi ruseTis mflobelobis damyarebis Semdeg dekanozma ioane
ioselianma sakuTari saxsrebiT aRadgina samTavro saxlis karis eklesia –
lixnis RvTismSoblis miZinebis taZari, ganaaxla RvTismsaxureba da mRvdlebi
(ioane qavTaraZe da simeon Jordania) gaamwesa, amasTan mravali afxazic
monaTla, maT Soris afxazeTis mTavris giorgi SarvaSiZis ojaxic. amasTanave
1810w. man sakiTxi aRZra lixnSi sasuliero saswavleblis gaxsnis Taobaze. igi
imeds gamoTqvamda, rom am gziT afxazeTs qristianobis naTeli kvlav
moefineboda, Tumca rTuli politikuri viTarebis gamo xelisuflebam am
winadadebas mxari ar dauWira.
1817 wlidan soxumis eklesiaSi moRvaweobda mRvdeli solomon nadirovi
(nadiraZe Tu nadareiSvili), romelic qristianobas qadagebda afxazebSi da
mravalic monaTla. mis Tbil damokidebulebas afxazebisadmi, did
gulmodginebas maTi gaqristianebis saqmeSi 1823w. maRal Sefasebas aZlevda
afxazeTis axalgazrda mTavari mixeil SarvaSiZe. 1823-1824ww. solomonma lixnsa
da biWvinTaSi 62 warmarTi da mahmadiani afxazi monaTla1325. 20-iani wlebis
dasawyisSi afxazeTSi ganviTarebulma movlenebma afxazTa gaqristianebis
procesi garkveuli xniT Seaferxa.
afxazeTi 20-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi. 1826w. 1 ivliss ruseTsa da os-
maleTs Soris q.akermanSi (amJamad ukraina, odesis olqis q.belgorod-
dnestrovski) molaparakebebi daiwyo, romelic konvenciis xelmoweriT
dasrulda. akermanis konvencia adasturebda buqarestis zavis pirobebs.
osmaleTma ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi oficialurad aRiara Savi zRvis
navsadgurebi: soxumi, redut-yale (kemxeli), anaklia, riTac mis
mravalsaukunovan, maT Soris ukanaskneli periodis pretenziebs am mxareze
bolo moeRo.1326PmTavris politikur xelisuflebas moklebul afxazeTSi
arsebuli rTuli viTareba samegrelozec axdenda negatiur gavlenas. afxazebi
1323 . ..., . III, . 2, 578-580, gv. 581.

1324 . iqve, gv. 581; . , ..., . VI, gv. 517.
1325 . g. rogava. religia da eklesia saqarTveloSi XIX-XX ss. Tb., 2002, gv. 80.
1326 . , . XIV,gv. 850-853.
259
xSirad iWrebodnen samegreloSi, itacebdnen saqonels, mihyavdaT tyveebi.
germaneli mecnierisa da mogzauris e. aixvaldis cnobiT, rogorc ki
samegrelos mTavari maT dasasjelad gailaSqrebda, isini tyeebsa da mTebs
afarebdnen Tavs da maTi dasja mxolod zamTarSi iyo SesaZlebeli, rodesac
aseT TavSesafars moklebuli iyvnen. 1826w. maisSi, rodesac e.aixvaldi
samegreloSi Cavida, gaigo, rom afxazebi kvlav SemoWriliyvnen samTavroSi da
levan V dadiani maT gasadevnad da afxazeTTan sazRvris gasamagreblad iyo
wasuli. aRmoCnda, rom samegrelos mTavris miaxloebisTanave afxazebi
Cveulebriv mTebSi gaqceuliyvnen1327.
levan V dadiani da kavkasiis rusuli administracia sisxlxorceulad iyvnen
dainteresebuli afxazeTSi situaciis mogvarebiT. mixeil SarvaSiZec fiqrobda
im gzebze, romlebic mas faqtobrivad droebiT dakargul afxazeTis taxts
daubrunebda. rogorc Cans, igi im daskvnamde mivida, rom mxolod hasan-beis
avtoritets SeeZlo misTvis daumorCilebeli afxazebis mimxroba da, sabolood,
realuri Zalauflebis mopoveba. amitom man a.ermolovs sTxova cimbiridan hasan-
beis dabruneba, romelic xelmwifis morCili qveSevrdomi iqneboda da
samTavros marTvaSi daexmareboda. mTavarmarTebelma gaiTvaliswina afxazeTis
mTavris Txovna da 1827w. 15 ianvars Sinagan saqmeTa ministris winaSe Sesabamisi
Suamdgomloba aRZra. a.ermolovi aRniSnavda, rom 6 wlis gadasaxlebis Semdeg
hasan-bei gankurnebuli iqneboda samTavros dauflebis survilisagan da Tavisi
gavleniT xelisuflebas afxazeTSi didad daexmareboda1328. imavdroulad, 1827w.
7 Tebervals a. ermolovma levan V dadians daavala, gaego afxazeTSi arsebuli
viTareba da am mxareSi politikuri situaciis mowesrigebis saqmeSi aqtiurad
CarTuliyo. davalebis Sesrulebis mizniT, samegrelos mTavarma afxazeTSi
Tavadebi manuCar Cqotua da Tlafs marRania gaagzavna. 14 marts isini
afxazeTidan dabrundnen. maTi cnobiT, afxazi da webeleli Tavadebi mzad
iyvnen, mosuliyvnen ali-bei SarvaSiZis kuTvnil sofel gufuSi da morCileba
gamoecxadebinaT1329.
aseT viTarebaSi kavkasiis rusul administraciaSi mniSvnelovani cvlileba
moxda. 1827w. 27 marts a.ermolovi kavkasiidan gaiwvies, 28 marts ki kavkasiis
korpusis mTavarsardlad general-leitenanti, grafi i.paskeviCi (1827-1831ww.)
dainiSna. am garemoebam mcire xniT Seaferxa afxazeTSi politikuri viTarebis
mowesrigeba. 30 aprils 129 afxazma da webelelma Tavad-aznaurma moinania
ajanyebaSi monawileoba da ruseTis imperatoris erTgulebis fici dado1330. maT
Soris iyo ajanyebis erT-erTi xelmZRvaneli kac marRaniac. 30 aprils i.paskeviCi
saimperatoro mTavari Stabis ufross auwyebda, rom 1824w. ajanyebulma
afxazeTma, rogorc iqna, ajanyebis droSa dauSva da survili gamoTqva,
imperatoris nebas damorCileboda; zogierTma afxazma da webelelma Tavad-
aznaurma erTgulebis fici dado da maT imperatoris saxeliT patieba
gamoecxadaT. sxva Tavad-aznaurebisagan ficis CamosarTmevad levan V dadiani
da kapitani nikoloz dadiani gaigzavna. i.paskeviCi sixaruliT aRniSnavda, rom 3
wlis ganmavlobaSi CamoSorebuli qveyana gasrolis gareSe iqna dabrunebuli1331.
amrigad, afxazeTi kvlav daemorCila ruseTis xelisuflebas, raSic didi iyo
levan V dadianis wvlili. 3 maiss i.paskeviCma imereTis mmarTvels v.bebuTovs
(1825-1827ww.) ubrZana, mixeil SarvaSiZe lixnSi gaegzavna da misTvis Caegonebina,
rom qveSevrdomebisadmi Tbili mopyrobiT, SemwynareblobiT, umniSvnelo
codvebis daviwyebiT da ara SurisZiebiT, maTi siyvarulis mopovebas SeZlebda.
rogorc Cans, i. paskeviCi bolomde ar iyo darwmunebuli afxazeTSi simSvidis
1327 . e. aixvaldi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 173.

1328 . ..., . III, . 2, gv. 581-582.
1329 . , . VI, . I, #960, gv. 665.
1330 . , . VII. , 1878, #334, gv. 401; . . .
. ., 1972, gv. 75.
1331 . , . VII, #332, gv. 401.
260
SenarCunebaSi, amitom v. bebuTovs ubrZana, Tamar SarvaSiZe da misi qaliSvilebi
soxumSi gadaeyvana1332. 1827w. maisSi mixeil SarvaSiZe soxumSi Cavida, sadac igi
didi pativiT miiRes, reidze mdgarma ruseTis samxedro xomaldebma misi
dabruneba zarbaznebis salutiT aRniSnes1333.
ruseTis xelisuflebas kargad esmoda, rom afxazeTSi misi gavlenis
ganmtkicebis garanti samTavro taxtze rusul-qristianuli orientaciis mTavris
xelisufleba iyo, amitom yovelmxriv mxars uWerda mixeil SarvaSiZes da misi
xelisuflebis gaZlierebas cdilobda. mTavris xelisufleba realurad
mxolod bzifis olqze vrceldeboda. mas nominalurad emorCileboda
afxazeTisa da abJuis olqebi. mTavris xelisuflebas ar cnobdnen afxazeTis
mTis Temebi _ webeli, dali da fsxu. samTavroSi xSirad iWrebodnen Savi zRvis
Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapirodan jiqebi da ubixebi, sanapiro zolSi _
afxazeTis mTis Temebis mkvidrni; grZeldeboda adamianebis gataceba, tyvis
syidva da sxva danaSaulobebi. 1827w. mixeil SarvaSiZem ruseTis sardlobisagan
daJinebiT iTxova gagris dakaveba, raTa jiqebisa da ubixebis Tavdasxmebs
afxazeTze bolo moReboda1334. afxazeTSi arsebuli rTuli viTareba samegrelos
samTavrozec axdenda gavlenas, sadac gaxSirda adamianTa gataceba, tyvis syidva.
1827w. levan V dadiani wyalobis wigns aZlevs manuCar zaalis Ze faRavas,
qarTveli kaci usjuloze gauyidiaT, axla is kaci afxazeTSia, gamoisyide da
Sen gyavdeso; agreTve, sof. banZis mcxovreb aznaur gabunias baxia Tavisi col-
SviliT afxazeTSi gauyidia, axla sofel foqveSSi aris, ecade, gamoiyvano da
Sen giboZebo1335.
mixeil SarvaSiZe qveynis marTvaSi hasan-beize amyarebda imedebs. amitom man
dedamisTan erTad ruseTis xelisuflebas hasan-beis gadasaxlebidan dabruneba
sTxova. hasan-beic pirobas debda, rom Sewyalebis SemTxvevaSi ruseTis
xelisuflebis erTguli iqneboda da misi samSobloSi dabrunebis Semdeg
afxazeTis mosaxleoba ruseTis xelisuflebis morCili gaxdeboda. i.paskeviCmac
aRZra Suamdgomloba hasan-beis gadasaxlebidan dabrunebis Taobaze. sul male
mas samSobloSi dabrunebis neba darTes1336.
1828w. hasan-bei afxazeTSi dabrunda. am droidan iwyeba mkacri
Sinapolitikuri brZola, romelic mTavris xelisuflebis damkvidrebisa da
ganmtkicebisaken iyo mimarTuli1337. hasan-beis ar surda mixeil SarvaSiZis erT-
guli vasalis rolSi yofna. is Tavs ar Tvlida mixeil SarvaSiZis
qveSevrdomad da miaCnda, rom mas samTavro taxtze naklebi ufleba hqonda.
samSobloSi dabrunebis Semdeg hasan-beis neba daerTo, gaxiznuli Tanamema-
muleebi Semoekriba. is afxaz Tavad-aznaurebs ruseTis xelisuflebasTan
TanamSromlobisken mouwodebda da TviTonac erTgulad emsaxureboda carizms,
Tumca viTarebas Zabavda mixeil SarvaSiZesa da hasan-beis Soris arsebuli
Seurigebeli dapirispireba, romelic male Ria mtrobaSi gadaizarda. mxolod
ruseTis xelisuflebis Carevam aiZula, mowinaaRmdegeebi garegnulad loialuri
urTierToba eCvenebinaT1338.
3. afxazeTis samTavro XIXs. 30-50-ian wlebSi
XIXs. 20-ian wlebSi ruseTma mniSvnelovan warmatebebs miaRwia kavkasiaSi.
1826-1828ww. ruseT-iranis omSi gamarjvebam carizms aRmosavleT amierkavkasia
moupova. ruseTis warmatebam aRmosavleTSi SeaSfoTa inglisi, romelic
cdilobda, irani Zlier buferul saxelmwifod gadaeqcia da misi saSualebiT
1332 . iqve, #333, gv. 401.

1333 . . . , . II. . ,1847,gv. 180.
1334 . a. n. diaCkov-tarasovi, gagra..., gv. 94.
1335 . quTaisis istoriul-eTnografiuli muzeumis xelnawerTa fondi, sab. #1562.
1336 . , . VII, #335, gv. 402.
1337 . n. TakalanZe. dasax. naSromi, gv. 73.
1338 . . . 1870 . Сухуми, 1939, gv. 108.
261
gza Caeketa ruseTisaTvis indoeTisaken. amasTan, inglisi yovel Rones xmarobda,
raTa ruseTis batonoba kavkasiaSi moespo. iranTan omis damTavrebisTanave
ruseT-TurqeTis axali omi (1828-1829ww.) daiwyo. am omSi ruseTis gamarjvebam
Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiros sakiTxi gadawyvita. adrianopolis zaviT
(1829w. 14 seqtemberi) kavkasiaSi ruseTis xelSi gadavida samcxe-javaxeTi Zveli
qarTuli qalaqebiT: axalcixiT, axalqalaqiT, aspinZiT, awyuriT, da sxv. agreTve
Savi zRvis sanapiro md. yubanis SesarTavidan md. Coloqamde qalaqebiT: anapiT
da foTiT. brwyinvale porta uars ambobda yovelgvar pretenziaze ruseT-
TurqeTis axali sazRvris CrdiloeTiT mdebare teritoriebze da maT ,,ruseTis
imperiis samudamo mflobelobaSi~ cnobda.Aam teritoriebSi Sedioda dasavleT
kavkasia, romelic, marTalia, TurqeTis mflobelobaSi ar iyo, magram masze
brwyinvale portas politikuri gavlena vrceldeboda. TurqeTis es nominaluri
gavlena imiT iyo gamowveuli, rom sulTani iTvleboda yvela muslimis, maT
Soris, kavkasieli mTielebis, uzenaes mfarvelad da mbrZaneblad. politikurad
isini sruliad damoukideblebi iyvnen da mxolod religiuri TvalsazrisiT
cnobdnen sulTnis uzenaesobas. amdenad, Tumca TurqeTma dasavleT kavkasia
ruseTis mflobelobaSi cno, es mxare ruseTs jer kidev dasapyrobi hqonda.
sanam ruseTi CrdiloeT kavkasias, maT Soris yubanis mxares ar daipyrobda,
misi batonoba samxreT kavkasiaSi mtkice ver iqneboda. amitom carizmi am
sakiTxis gadawyvetisaTvis zrunvas Seudga. roca nikoloz I (1825-1855ww.)
kavkasiis mTavarmarTebels i.paskeviCs ruseT-TurqeTis omSi gamarjvebas
ulocavda, werda: ,,...daamTavreT ra amrigad erTi didebuli saqme, Tqven mogeliT
meore, Cemi azriT, iseTive didebuli, xolo pirdapiri sargeblis TvalsazrisiT
ufro mniSvnelovani – mTielTa sruli damorCileba an maTi ganadgureba~.1339
imperatoris direqtiva – ,,mTielTa sruli damorCileba an maTi ganadgureba~,
_ naTlad axasiaTebs carizmis koloniuri politikis arss da mizans kavkasiaSi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom iseTi liberaluri da demokratiuli Zala am xanis ruseTSi,
rogorebic iyvnen dekabristebi, aseTsave poziciaze idgnen. dekabristTa
,,samxreTis sazogadoebis~ lideri p.pesteli saprogramo dokumentSi ,,russkaia
pravda~, kavkasiis xalxebs yofda mSfoTvare, daumorCilebel da mSvid, damyol
tomebad. misi azriT, aucilebeli iyo pirvelTa gadasaxleba imperiis Sida
guberniebSi, xolo meoreTa TandaTanobiTi asimilacia da sruli gaTqvefa
kavkasiaSi Casaxlebul rusul mosaxleobaSi1340. SemdegSi carizmi swored ase
moiqca.
iranTan da TurqeTTan omebSi gamarjvebis Semdeg, XIXs. 30-iani wlebis
dasawyisSi ruseTis jarebma gaaaqtiures moqmedeba CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, maT
Soris Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze. nikoloz I-is direqtivis
realizebis mizniT i. paskeviCma SeimuSava kavkasiis mTis xalxebis, maT Soris
afxazebis, swrafi damorCilebis gegma, romelic imperatorma 1829w. oqtomberSi
daamtkica1341. gegma iTvaliswinebda dasavleT kavkasiaSi _ yubanis mxareSi da
kavkasionis qedis samxreT kalTebze mcxovrebi adiRuri tomebis damorCilebas,
risTvisac saWirod iyo miCneuli Savi zRvis sanapiroze arsebuli simagreebis
redut-yales, soxumis, anapas garda axali simagreebis ageba, maTi erTmaneTTan
mtkiced dakavSireba sanapiro gziT, agreTve CrdiloeTidan ramdenime
eqspediciis mowyoba yubanis mxareSi. am gegmis realizaciis mizniT Seiqmna
,,afxazeTis eqspedicia~, romlis mizans soxumidan anapamde sanapiro zolis
dakaveba, gamagrebuli sanapiro xazis Seqmna da simagreebs Soris saxmeleTo
mimosvlis uzrunvelyofa, saboloo jamSi ki dasavleT kavkasiis mTianeTSi
rusuli samxedro-administraciuli mmarTvelobis damyareba warmoadgenda. 1830
wlis 8 ivliss rusTa desanti soxumidan zRviT gagraSi gadasxda da daikava
1339. . . . - - , . III. . ,1891,gv. 229-230.

1340 . . . . . ., 1906, gv. 48.
1341 . . - , . X. ,1889, gv. 123.
262
igi. am cnobis miRebis Semdeg ,,afxazeTis eqspedicia~, romlis uSualo meTaurad
daniSnuli iyo generali k. gese, soxumidan gavida da 16 ivliss bombora daikava.
aqve eqspedicias lixnidan afxazeTis mTavari mixeil SarvaSiZe SeuerTda. Semdeg
eqspediciam winsvla ganagrZo da 19 ivliss biWvinTa daikava. miuxedavad
Tavdapirveli warmatebisa, gagris Crdilo-dasavleTiT ruseTis jaris winsvla
Seferxda jiqebisa da ubixebis medgari winaaRmdegobis gamo. ,,afxazeTis
eqspediciis~ moqmedebis paralelurad i. paskeviCma md. yubani gadalaxa da
SafsuRebis soflebi gaanadgura, amasTan md. yubanze ramdenime simagre aago.
amdenad, eqspediciam dasaxul mizans srulad ver miaRwia. afxazeTis sanapiro
zolSi – bomboraSi, biWvinTaSi, gagraSi rusebi simagreebis agebas Seudgnen.
bomboraSi dabinavda ,,afxazeTis eqspediciis~ Stabic. Aam simagreebs jiqebisa da
ubixebisaTvis unda gadaeketaT sanapiro gza, romliTac isini afxazeTSi
iWrebodnen, maT unda ganemtkicebinaT agreTve ruseTis batonoba afxazeTSi1342.
rusebis mier afxazeTis sanapiro zolis dakavebam mniSvnelovani gavlena
moaxdina jiqebze, ubixebze da TviT afxazebze. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo
gagris gasasvlelis dakaveba, rasac mixeil SarvaSiZe didi xania ruseTis
xelisuflebas sTxovda.
amave xanebSi afxazeTis mTavarma samurzayanoze ganacxada pretenzia. 1834 w.
mixeil SarvaSiZe sof. ilorSi SeiWra da soflis mcxovreblebs erTgulebis
fici daadebina. kavkasiis rusulma administraciam mkacrad gaafrTxila
afxazeTis mTavari, TviTnebobaze xeli aeRo. mTavarmarTebeli, baroni g. rozeni
mixeil SarvaSiZes swerda: ,,aseTi moqmedeba emsaxureba afxazeTSi uwesrigobis
gamravlebas da ar SemiZlia gakvirveba ar gamovTqva sxvis samflobeloSi
Tqveni aseTi TviTnebobis gamo. xelisuflebisaTvis cnobilia, rom cocxali
sazRvari samegrelosa da afxazeTs Soris aris mdinare RaliZga da ramdenadac
sofeli ilori mdebareobs mdinaris marcxena napirze, is ar SeiZleba
ekuTvnodes afxazeTs. amitom me valdebuli var, gTxovoT, gamoucxadoT
werilobiT yvela ilorels, rom maT mier micemuli fici Tqvendami
erTgulebaze usafuZvloa da isini ekuTvnian ara Tqvens umaRlesobas, aramed
samegrelos mflobels~1343. mixeil SarvaSiZe iZulebuli gaxda, ilori
daetovebina.
1834-1835ww. kavkasiis rusulma administraciam redut-yaledan soxumamde da
soxumidan gagramde gza gaiyvana. imavdroulad, 1835w. Savi zRvis saqarTvelos
sanapiroze ori simagre aages – ilorsa da drandaSi1344. soxumidan bomborisa
da biWvinTis gavliT gagramde gzis gayvanis Semdeg md. bzifsa da gagras Soris
teritoria afxazeTis mTavris iurisdiqciaSi dabrunda1345. imave xanebSi ruseTis
xelisuflebam mixeil SarvaSiZes abJuisa da afxazeTis olqebis mflobelebi
ali-bei da hasan-bei SarvaSiZeebi daumorCila, riTac is erTmmarTvelad aqcia.
amdenad, faqtobrivad, afxazeTis samTavro mxolod XIX s. 30-ian wlebSi
ruseTis samxedro ZaliT Seiqmna.
afxazebi da Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze mcxovrebi jiqebi da
ubixebi mcire razmebiT Tavs esxmodnen rusul simagreebs, ruseTis jaris
nawilebs da mudmivi SiSis qveS hyavdaT rusuli garnizonebi. am partizanul
razmebs mxars uWerdnen da exmarebodnen afxazeTis mTis Temebi, romelTac
ruseTis administracia ver akontrolebda. yvelaze Zliersa da medgar
winaaRmdegobas ruseTis gabatonebas afxazeTSi webeli uwevda. 1837w. maisSi
baronma g.rozenma eqspedicia moawyo webelSi da marSaniebi daimorCila,
romlebmac mas ruseTis erTgulebisFfici misces.Aam droidan Temis
saxelwodebad rusuli forma – webelda mkvidrdeba. imavdroulad g.rozenTan
1342 . b. xorava. 1830 wlis afxazeTis eqspedicia. - saistorio Ziebani, VI. Tb., 2003, gv. 93-112.
1343 . , . VIII, gv. 449.
1344 . b. xorava. afxazTa 1867 wlis muhajiroba, gv. 28.
1345 . a. diaCkov – tarasovi. gagra..., gv. 108.
263
gamocxaddnen daleli marSaniebi, romlebmac aseve morCileba aRuTqves mas.Aam
mTis TemebSi rusuli mmarTveloba damyarda, Seiqmna webeldis saboqaulo
administraciuli centriT sof. mrambaSi1346.
misioneruli moRvaweoba afxazeTSi. 30-ian wlebSi afxazeTSi ruseTis
xelisuflebis SedarebiT ganmtkicebis Semdeg aq qarTvel sasuliero pirTa
misioneruli moRvaweoba gaiSala, romlis aucileblobasac am mxareSi
qristianobis savalalo mdgomareoba ganapirobebda. mixeil SarvaSiZes kargad
esmoda samTavroSi qristianobis gavrcelebis mniSvneloba misi xelisuflebis
ganmtkicebis TvalsazrisiT. 1831w. imereTis mmarTvelisadmi werilSi igi
aRniSnavda, rom misi qveSevrdomebis didi nawili mahmadiani iyo; maTze
uaryofiT gavlenas axdendnen Cerqezebi; winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen ruseTis
mTavrobisa da mTavris RonisZiebebs, romlebic am mxareSi simSvidis
uzrunvelyofisaken iyo mimarTuli. raTa CamoeSorebina afxazebi Cerqezebis
mavne zegavlenisagan, mTavars saWirod miaCnda maTi gaqristianeba.Aam mizniT is
winadadebas ayenebda, afxazeTSi Seqmniliyo calke eparqia da mRvdelmTavrad
daeniSnaT misi naTesavi, cageris monastris winamZRvari, iRumeni anton dadiani.
mTavari werda, rom anton dadians pativs scemdnen rogorc warmoSobis, ise misi
wodebisa da SesaniSnavi Tvisebebis gamo, man SesaniSnavad icoda Tavisi saqme da
adgilobrivi ena. mixeili imeds gamoTqvamda, rom is afxazeTSi bevr sasikeTo
saqmes gaakeTebda1347.
kavkasiis jarebis mTavarsardlis movaleobis Semsrulebelma da
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo nawilis ufrosma, general-leitenantma n.pankratievma
saqarTvelos egzarqoss, mitropolit ionas sTxova, afxazeTis mTavris
Suamdgomlobis Taobaze Tavisi azri gamoeTqva. amasTan dakavSirebiT
sinodalurma kantoram samegrelos eparqiis mmarTvels, mitropolit daviT
wereTels (1829-1834ww.) sTxova, miewodebina cnobebi afxazeTSi arsebuli
eklesiebisa da mRvdelmsaxurTa raodenobis Taobaze. 1831w. 5 noembers
mitropolitma daviTma sinodalur kantoras acnoba, rom afxazeTis
mosaxleobis udidesi umravlesoba mahmadiani iyo da mxolod erTi eklesia fun-
qcionirebda lixnSi, sadac RvTismsaxurebas misi eparqiis mRvdeli simeon
Jordania eweoda1348.
imis gamo, rom afxazeTSi eklesiebisa da mrevlis raodenoba umniSvnelo iyo,
sinodalurma kantoram afxazeTis mTavris Txovnis dakmayofilebaze uari Tqva,
amasTan mizanSewonilad CaTvala afxazeTSi misioneruli moRvaweobis
gasaSlelad samegrelos eparqiidan mRvdlebis gagzavna. ruseTis xelisufleba
Tvlida, rom sasurveli iyo afxazeTSi misioneruli saqmianobisaTvis
Tavdapirvelad qarTveli sasuliero pirebi gamoeyenebinaT. am sakiTxis
ganxilvis Semdeg sinodma daadgina, iRumeni anton dadiani arqimandritis
xarisxSi aemaRlebinaT, miecaT misTvis erTi monasteri samegreloSi da mis
umTavres movaleobad afxazeTSi urwmunoTa gaqristianeba ganesazRvraT. 1833w.
TebervalSi anton dadiani arqimandritad ekurTxa, xolo momdevno wlis
dasawyisSi is afxazeTSi Cavida da misionerul moRvaweobas Seudga.
misioneruli moRvaweobis dadebiTi Sedegebi male aSkara gaxda. 1834w. martidan
maisamde mxolod lixnSi 155 kaci moinaTla. Bbzifis olqSi afxazTa
gaqristianebaSi arqimandrit antonsa da mis TanaSemweebs didi daxmareba
gauwies Tamar SarvaSiZem da Tavadma salaruf inal-ifam. misionerebi abJuis
mxareSic moRvaweobdnen. 1834w. kvitoulSi 156 kaci moinaTla, tamiSSi – 93, kin-
dRSi – 72. mTlianad afxazeTSi misionerebma pirvel wels 554 afxazi monaTles.
1346 . b. xorava. rusuli mmarTvelobis damyareba webeldaSi 1837 wels. _ axalgazrda mecnierTa da
aspirantTa IV sauniversitetTaSoriso samecniero konferenciis masalebi. Tb., 2006, gv. 201-205;
, . I, gv. 180.
1347 . , . VII, . I, #341, gv. 404.
264
es procesi Semdgom wlebSic gagrZelda. 1835 w. moinaTla 784, xolo 1836w. 617
kaci.1349. arsebobs 1834-1836ww. monaTlulTa siebi, romlebic qarTul enazea
Sedgenili. es siebi SesaniSnavi wyaroa XIXs. 30-iani wlebis afxazeTis
toponimikis, mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenlobis da sxva sakiTxebis
Sesaswavlad1350. am siebidan kargad Cans, rom bzifis mxareSi ZiriTadad
afxazuri gvarebi Warbobs, Tumca sakmaod bevria qarTuli (megruli) gvarebic,
rogorc Cans, gaafxazebuli qarTvelebi; abJuaSi ufro meti qarTuli (megruli)
gvarebi gvxvdeba.
30-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi misioneruli muSaoba Seferxda, rac ramdenime
faqtoriT iyo gamowveuli. samegrelodan da leCxumidan Camosuli sasuliero
pirebi ciebiT daavaddnen, riTac xeli eSlebodaT saqmianobaSi; Tu pirvel
wlebSi sanapiro zolis mosaxleoba gaqristianda, axla jeri mTian soflebze
midga. sanapiro zolis mosaxleobis didi nawili ZiriTadad gaafxazebuli
qarTvelebisagan Sedgeboda, romelTac didad ar eucxoebodaT mama-papaTa
sarwmunoebisaken mobruneba, amasTan isini jerac mokrZalebiT iyvnen
gamsWvaluli aq SemorCenili mitovebuli Tu dangreuli eklesiebisadmi; mTaSi
ki cxovrobdnen arcTu didi xnis win CrdiloeT kavkasiidan Camosaxlebuli
warmarTi da mahmadiani mTielebi, romlebic misionerebs aqtiur winaaRmdegobas
uwevdnen. qristianobis gavrceleba maTTvis miuRebeli rusuli xelisuflebis
ganmtkicebas da TanamoZme mTielebTan kavSiris gawyvetas niSnavda. isini
xvdebodnen, rom xelisuflebas maTi gaqristianeba politikuri miznebis
misaRwevad surda. amitom sastik winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen qristianobis
gavrcelebas, ufro metic, axalmonaTlulTa kvlav gamahmadianebas
cdilobdnen1351. 1836w. 31 marts levan V dadianma weriliT mimarTa baron rozens.
igi gamoTqvamda azrs, rom misioneruli moRvaweoba dasaxul mizans ver
miaRwevda. mas aeWvebda, rom mTavrobis ganzraxva ,,saWurvlisa jvarisaTa~
daeZlia mTielTa urCoba da daumorCilebloba, warmatebas miaRwevda1352. amis
Semdeg ruseTis xelisuflebam marTlmadideblobis meSveobiT afxazeTSi
imperiis poziciebis ganmtkicebis mcdelobas samxedro Zalis gamoyenebiT
moqmedeba arCia1353. Tumca, rTuli pirobebis miuxedavad, qarTveli misionerebi
kvlav agrZelebdnen moRvaweobas afxazeTSi. A
Savi zRvis sanapiro xazi da afxazeTi. 1837w. miwuruls kavkasiis mTavarmar-
Teblad da jarebis sardlad baron rozenis nacvlad generali e. golovini
(1837-1842ww.) dainiSna. Aam droidan ruseTis sardlobam kavkasiel mTielTa
winaaRmdeg efeqturi brZolis mizniT meti yuradReba miaqcia Savi zRvis
aRmosavleT sanapiroze simagreebis agebas da dapyrobil teritoriebze gzebis
gayvanas. rogorc wesi, simagreebi da fortebi igeboda mdinareebis SesarTavTan,
adgilobriv mkvidrTaTvis warTmeul miwebze. simagreebis aSenebiT rusebi
kavkasiel mTielebs uspobdnen zRviT garesamyarosTan, pirvel rigSi, TurqeTTan
da inglisTan urTierTobis saSualebas, amasTan rusebi magrdebodnen Savi
zRvis sanapiroze, ruseTis flots xelsayreli pirobebi eqmneboda Sav zRvaze
batonobisaTvis. 1837w. Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze aigo
simagreebi: sviatogo duxa (adleri) – md.mZimTas SesarTavTan, adleris koncxze;
novo troickoe – md. fSadis SesarTavTan; mixailovskoe – md.vulanis
SesarTavTan; 1838 wels: aleqsandriis forti, romelsac 1839w. navaginski ewoda –
md.soCis SesarTavTan; veliaminovskoe – md. tuafses SesarTavTan; Tenginskoe –
1349 . g. rogava. religia da eklesia saqarTveloSi XIX-XX ss. , gv. 83-85; j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da
marTlmadide-
bloba, gv. 379.
1350 . g. gasviani. Zveli da axali afxazebi, gv. 139-184.
1351 . g. rogava. religia da eklesia saqarTveloSi XIX-XX ss. gv. 87; j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da
marTlmadidebloba, gv. 390.
1353 . iqve, gv. 398.
265
md.Safsuxos SesarTavTan; novorosiiski – cemesis yureSi; 1839 wels: forti
golovinski – md.subaSis (Saxe) SesarTavTan; forti lazarevskoe –
md.fsezuafses SesarTavTan. 1839 wels Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiros yvela
rusuli simagre erTmaneTTan saxmeleTo gziT daakavSires. aRniSnuli
simagreebi md.yubanis SesarTavidan md.Coloqamde, agreTve afxazeTi da webelda
iq ganlagebul jarebTan erTad Sevida Savi zRvis sanapiro xazis sistemaSi,
romlis ufrosad generali n.raevski dainiSna. sanapiro xazi or ganyofilebad
gaiyo: I. md.yubanis SesarTavidan md. soCis SesarTavamde (navaginski); II. md.soCis
SesarTavidan md.Coloqamde (wm.nikolozis saguSago, SekveTili). sanapiro xazis
II ganyofilebis ufrosi imavdroulad afxazeTSi ganlagebuli jarebis ufrosis
movaleobas asrulebda1354. Savi zRvis sanapiro xazis sistemaSi afxazeTis
gaerTianeba am mxaris saqarTvelodan CamoSorebis pirveli seriozuli
mcdeloba iyo.
1840 wlis oqtomberSi Savi zRvis sanapiro xazis reorganizacia ganxor-
cielda. Camoyalibda sami ganyofileba: I. yubanis SesarTavidan gelenjikamde; II.
gelenjikidan navaginskamde; III ganyofilebas Seadgenda: navaginskis,
golovinskis, adleris, gagris, biWvinTis, bomboris, soxum-yales simagreebi;
mrambis, drandis, kvitoulis, iloris saguSagoebi; anakliis, redut-yales,
foTis, ozurgeTis simagreebi da wm. nikolozis saguSago. III ganyofilebis
ufrosi valdebuli iyo, ,,politikuri meTvalyureoba gaewia afxazeTze~.
aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi mas iaraRis gamoyenebis uflebac hqonda1355.
ruseTis sardloba Tvlida, rom sanam jiqebsa da ubixebs ar daimorCilebda,
manamde afxazeTis damorCileba sruli ver iqneboda. 1840 wlis dasawyisSi
jiqebma, ubixebma da SafsuRebma Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze
gaaaqtiures moqmedeba ruseTis jarebis winaaRmdeg. dasavleT kavkasiaSi
antirusul ganwyobilebas aRvivebdnen inglisis agentebi, romlebic kavkasiel
mTielebs mfarvelobas hpirdebodnen. inglisi cdilobda ruseTis poziciebis
Sesustebas kavkasiaSi da, sabolood, am mxaris ruseTisagan mowyvetas1356.
kavkasieli mTielebisaTvis cnobili iyo, rom Savi zRvis sanapiro xazis
simagreebi saTanadod ar iyo daculi; mcirericxovani iyo simagreTa garnizoni,
jariskacebs mravali problema hqondaT, maT Soris, SeiaraRebis mxriv. amiT
Segulianebulma mTielebma rusebis simagreebs Seuties da Teberval-martSi
lazarevskoe, veliaminovskoe da mixailovskoe daikaves. imavdroulad ajanyda
webeli da dali. maT dasaxmareblad mouwodes fsxuelebsa da svanebs.
zafxulSi ruseTis sardlobam afxazeTis mTis Temebis dasamorCileblad
damsjeli eqspedicia gagzavna, romelSic afxazeTis saxalxo laSqaric
monawileobda mixeil SarvaSiZis meTaurobiT. eqspediciam webelda daikava,
webeldisa da dalis marSaniebs erTgulebis fici daadebina1357. imave 1840 wlis
ivlisSi rusebma fsxu dalaSqres. afxazeTis am mTis TemSi rusuli
mmarTveloba damyarda. Seiqmna fsxus saboqaulo1358.
webeldisa da dalis damorCileba moCvenebiTi aRmoCnda. male situacia am
mxareSi kvlav daiZaba. 1840w. oqtomberSi n. raevski werda: ,,webeldelebs ubixebi
aqezeben... afxazeTSi xalxis nawili mzadaa ajanydes mTavris winaaRmdeg da
ubixebs SeuerTdes~1359. ruseTis sardlobisTvis cnobili gaxda, rom dalelebma
daxmarebisTvis mezobel mTielebs mimarTes, xolo ubixebma dalis
dasaxmareblad aTaskaciani razmi Seqmnes. sardlobam gadawyvita, ar daeSva
mTielTa gaerTianeba da dali manamde daemorCilebina. 1840 wlis dekemberSi
dalis winaaRmdeg samxedro eqspedicia gaigzavna Savi zRvis sanapiro xazis III
1354 . , . IX, #404, gv. 460-461; b. xorava. afxazTa 1867 wlis muhajiroba, gv. 29-30.
1355 . . . . , gv. 50; b. xorava. afxazTa 1867 wlis muhajiroba, gv. 30.
1356 . . . . XVI-XIX . . ,1958, gv. 197.
1357 . , . IX, #426, gv. 492-493; , . I, gv. 180.
1358 . . . . , gv. 63.
1359 . . . . . , 1990, gv. 17-18.
266
ganyofilebis ufrosis, polkovnik n. muraviovis meTaurobiT. eqspediciaSi
afxazeTisa da samurzayanos saxalxo laSqaric monawileobda. 1841 wlis
ianvarSi eqspediciam SturmiT daikava dalis ,,WiSkari~ _ bagadis viwroebi da
xeobaSi SeiWra. dalelebma medgari winaaRmdegoba gauwies momxdurT, magram
damarcxdnen. n.muraviovis brZanebiT rusebma sastikad aawiokes dali, cecxls
misces mTielTa dasaxlebebi da sursaTis maragi, xolo mosaxleoba TavianTi
samkvidrodan gaasaxles1360. n.muraviovma iTxova dalSi 500 rusis ojaxis
Casaxleba, raTa daecvaT afxazeTi da webelda kavkasiel mTielTa Semoseve-
bisagan, radgan yubanis auzidan afxazeTisaken gza kavkasionis qedis gavliT
swored dalze gadioda. amasTan, man zomebi miiRo, rom dalSi ar daeSva
adgilobrivTa dabruneba. magram n.muraviovma aseTi nebarTva ver miiRo. Semdeg
iq Crdilokavkasieli mTielebi Casaxldnen,1361 adgilobriv mkvidrTa nawilic
dabrunda.
1841 wlis martSi sanapiro jiqebis Temebi rusebs damorCildnen, raSic didi
iyo mixeil SarvaSiZis wvlili. amis Semdeg, ruseTis xelisuflebis mTavari
amocana gaxda jiqeTSi ganmtkiceba. am mizniT ruseTis sardloba afxazeTidan
jiqeTisaken gzis gayvanas Seudga. zafxulSi ubixebis Temma saSem da jiqebis
mTis Temma wvijma ruseTis sardlobasTan samSvidobo molaparakebebi daiwyes.
aseT viTarebaSi dasavleT kavkasiaSi gavrcelda cnoba guriis ajanyebis
Sesaxeb. Aimave xanebSi ruseTis sardloba apirebda eqspediciis mowyobas
ubixeTSi, magram ar gamocxadda guriisa da samegrelos saxalxo laSqari,
Zalian mcirericxovani iyo samurzayanodan da svaneTidan mosuli milicia.
ruseTis sardloba bolomde ar endoboda afxazeTis mTavarsac. jiqebamde da
ubixebamde guriis ajanyebis (1841w. maisi-seqtemberi) ambebi damaxinjebuli da
gazviadebuli aRwevda, amis gamo wvijisa da saSas Temebma rusebTan
molaparakeba Sewyvites. magram seqtemberSi rusebma guriis ajanyeba sastikad
CaaxSes da kavkasiel mTielTa winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad meti SesaZlebloba
miecaT.
seqtembris bolos ruseTis sardloba ubixeTSi eqspediciis momzadebas
Seudga. sanapiro xazis III ganyofilebis jaris nawilebTan erTad eqspediciaSi
afxazeTis, samurzayanos, svaneTis, samegrelos, imereTis, guriis saxalxo
laSqaric monawileobda, romelsac saerTo xelmZRvanelobas mixeil SarvaSiZe
uwevda. misi meTaurobiT oqtombris dasawyisSi eqspedicia ubixeTSi SeiWra,
ramdenime sofeli gaanadgura, gadawva saxlebi da navaginskamde miaRwia.
noembris dasawyisSi eqspedicia adlerSi dabrunda, Tumca raime realuri Sedegi
mas ar mohyolia.1362
1841-1842ww. kvlav iyo gamosvlebi dalSi, webeldaSi, fsxuSi, soflebSi: guma,
jgerda, Wlou, romlebic ruseTis sardlobam sastikad CaaxSo1363. 1843w.
dekembris bolos damsjelma eqspediciam afxazeTis mTavris uSualo
meTaurobiT kvlav dalaSqra da droebiT daimorCila fsxu1364. cota xanSi
fsxuelebma kvlav gaagrZeles daumorCilebloba da brZola rusebis winaaRmdeg.
samurzayanos sakiTxi. 30-iani wlebis miwuruls afxazeTis mTavari Seecada
xelisuflebaze zewoliT samurzayanos daufleboda. 1839w. mixeil SarvaSiZem
TxovniT mimarTa ruseTis xelisuflebas, rom samurzayano, rogorc adre
afxazeTis kuTvnili mxare, CamorTmeoda dadians da afxazeTis samTavros
gadascemoda1365. amiT aRSfoTebulma levan V dadianma vrceli moxsenebiTi
1360 . , . IX, #432, gv. 496-497;b. xorava. afxazTa 1867 wlis muhajiroba, gv. 33.
1361 . . . . XIX . , 1982, gv. 373.
1362 . , . IX, gv. 513-519; a.diaCkov–tarasovi. gagra..., gv. 121; b.xorava. afxazTa 1867 wlis muhajiroba,
gv.35.
1363. . . . ..., gv. 55,69-70.
1364. , . I, gv. 183.
1365 . z. cincaZe. samegrelos (odiSis) samTavros sazRvrebis sakiTxisaTvis XIX saukunis I naxevarSi. _
sigk, VII. Tb., 1989, gv. 97.
267
baraTiT mimarTa xelisuflebas. igi afxazeTis mTavris pretenziebs
usafuZvlod miiCnevda da aRniSnavda, rom samurzayano ZvelTaganve samegrelos
samTavroSi Sedioda da man memkvidreobiT miiRo. amasTan samegrelos mTavars am
olqze misi kanonieri uflebebis dasamtkiceblad giorgi SarvaSiZesTan 1818w.
daDmixeil SarvaSiZesTan 1827w. Ddadebuli SeTanxmebebi mohqonda, romliTac
afxazeTis mTavrebi samurzayanos samegrelos samTavros Semadgenel nawilad
aRiarebdnen1366. mixeil SarvaSiZes samurzayanos gadacemaze uari eTqva im
motiviT, rom is afxazeTis samTavrosagan didi xnis win iyo gamoyofili, magram
xelisuflebis gadawyvetilebiT is arc samegrelos samTavros SemadgenlobaSi
unda darCeniliyo. ruseTis xelisuflebas gadawyvetili hqonda axlad SeZenil
teritoriebze, sadac SesaZlebeli iqneboda, SemoeRo rusuli mmarTveloba.
1840w. TebervalSi ruseTis xelisuflebam samurzayano, teritoria md.
engursa da md. RaliZgas Soris, CamoarTva samegrelos mTavars da aq uSualo
rusuli mmarTveloba SemoiRo. Seiqmna administraciul-teritoriuli erTeuli
samurzayanos saboqaulo, romelic quTaisis gubernators emorCileboda1367.
samurzayanos mimarT carizms aseTi gadawyvetilebis miReba afxazeTisa da
samegrelos mTavrebs Soris atexilma davam gauadvila, Tumca mTeli XIXs.
pirveli mesamedis manZilze ruseTis administracia samurzayanos samegrelos
nawilad aRiarebda.Llevan V dadianma gaasaCivra samurzayanos CamorTmeva da
moiTxova, Tu dabruneba ara, sazRauris micema mainc. 1847w. xelisuflebam
samegrelos mTavars daviT dadians samurzayanos sanacvlod kompensaciis saxiT
25 aTasi vercxlis maneTi gadauxada. am faqtma afxazeTis mTavari gaanawyena. igi
imiTac iyo nawyeni, rom 1847w. maisSi xelisuflebam mas CamoarTva gudas
(gudauTis), oCamCiris, kelasuris navsadgurebi, saidanac kontrabanduli
vaWrobidan mniSvnelovani Semosavali hqonda. es navsadgurebi sabaJo uwyebas
gadaeca, xolo mTavars sanacvlod pensia daeniSna – 12 aTasi man. weliwadSi.
mixeil SarvaSiZe xedavda, rom carizmi mis xelisuflebas zRudavda, ramac is
gaaRiziana. am faqtebis gamo protesti man 1847w. 10 noembers samTavro
uflebebze uaris TqmiT gamoxata1368.
afxazeTis mTavari grZnobda, rom misi momavali bewvze ekida, amitom
gadawyvita, movlenebisTvis daeswro. magram misma nabijma kavkasiis umaRlesi
xelisufleba Zalian SeaSfoTa, radgan mas imxanad srulebiT ar SeeZlo,
sakuTari ZalebiT afxazeTisTvis moevlo. Ffaqtobrivad, mixeil SarvaSiZe
rusebma aqcies afxazeTis namdvil mTavrad, afxazeTSi ruseTis samxedro
yofnis gaZlierebis kvalad gaZlierda misi xelisuflebac.Mmixeil SarvaSiZis
avtoriteti 30-40-ian wlebSi gaizarda, roca afxazeTSi Tavisi Zalauflebis
gaZlierebis mizniT carizmi samTavro xelisuflebis gavlenis amaRlebaze
zrunavda. mixeil SarvaSiZem ruseTis jarebis daxmarebiT daimorCila
feodaluri opozicia; afxazeTSi rusuli simagreebis agebam, afxazeTis mTis
Temebis damorCilebam, xelisuflebis mier boZebulma wodebebma da jildoebma
gazardes misi Zala da avtoriteti. amasTan, ruseTis xelisufleba saTanadod
afasebda mixeil SarvaSiZis damsaxurebas afxazeTis mTis Temebis
damorCilebaSi, dasavleT kavkasiis mTielTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, 1841w. jiqebis
sanapiro Temebis damorCilebaSi da sxv. afxazeTis mTavars didi gavlena hqonda
jiqebs, ubixebs, SafsuRebs, abaZexebs Soris, amitom ruseTs mixeil SarvaSiZe
jer kidev sWirdeboda. mefisnacvalma m.voroncovma (1844-1854ww.) afxazeTis
mTavars weriliT mimarTa, romelSic mTeli mondomebiT arwmunebda, xeli aeRo
Tavis ganzraxvaze1369. marTlac, es ambavi maSin Caifarcxa.
1366 . m. dumbaZe. dasavleT saqarTvelo XIX s. pirvel naxevarSi. Tb., 1957, gv. 268.
1367 . , . X, #256, gv. 248.
1368 . , . X, #278, gv. 268; . . , . I, gv. 134-135.
1369 . . . , . I, gv. 135-137.
268
afxazeTis eparqiis Seqmna. 40-iani wlebis bolos momwifda afxazeTis calke
eparqiis Seqmnis sakiTxi. Sesabamisi winadadebiT saqarTvelos egzarqoss mixeil
SarvaSiZem 1849 w. mimarTa. 1851 w. 30 aprils imperatoris gankargulebiT
afxazeTis saepiskoposo kaTedra dafuZnda. afxazeTis episkoposad ekurTxa
mixeil SarvaSiZis sulieri moZRvari germane (gogelaSvili)1370. kavkasiis omisa
da dasavleT kavkasiaSi miuridizmis SeRwevis mcdelobis fonze afxazeTSi
qristianobis gavrcelebis mniSvneloba aSkara iyo. kvlav grZeldeboda
qarTveli misionerebis moRvaweoba afxazeTSi. 1851w. samurzayanos
administraciul centrSi, sof. oqumSi da aseve sof. ilorSi gaixsna am mxareSi
pirveli skolebi, xolo 1852w. afxazeTSi, kerZod, lixnSi daarsda pirveli
skola _ lixnis sasuliero saswavlebeli, rasac didi mniSvneloba hqonda am
mxareSi ganaTlebis gavrcelebis TvalsazrisiT. saswavlebeli gankuTvnili iyo
afxazeTis sasuliero pirebisa da adgilobriv mkvidrTa yvela fenis Svilebis
swavla-aRzrdisaTvis.1371 mogvianebiT, sxva afxaz bavSvebTan erTad,
saswavlebelSi afxazeTis mTavris Svili giorgic swavlobda. saswavleblis
funqcionirebas da bavSvebis Senaxvas didi amagi dasdo saswavleblis
zedamxedvelma, iRumenma aleqsandre oqropiriZem.
yirimis omi da afxazeTi. XIXs. 40-iani wlebis miwuruls kvlav gamwvavda
,,aRmosavleTis sakiTxi~. axlo aRmosavleTSi gabatonebis pretenzia hqonda,
erTi mxriv, ruseTs, romelic cdilobda gavlenis ganmtkicebas TurqeTSi; meore
mxriv, inglissa da safrangeTs, romlebic dominirebdnen axlo aRmosavleTis
bazrebze, surdaT am regionSi gadamwyveti ekonomikuri da politikuri
upiratesobis mopoveba, TurqeTisa da mTeli axlo aRmosavleTis damorCileba;
avstrias Tavisi interesebi hqonda balkaneTSi, sadac aseve ruseTi cdilobda
poziciebis ganmtkicebas. es saxelmwifoebi SiSobdnen, rom mowinaaRmdegeebi
daaswrebdnen, amitom 50-iani wlebis dasawyisSi isini cdilobdnen kvanZis gaxsna
daeCqarebinaT.
ruseTis agresiulma politikam inglisi da safrangeTi daaaxlova. maTi mTa-
vari mizani gaxda, xeli SeeSalaT ruseTisaTvis, waeqezebinaT brwyinvale porta
da saqme ruseT-TurqeTis omamde mieyvanaT. ingliss da safrangeTs surdaT
ruseTis gandevna yirimidan da kavkasiidan. cnobili ingliseli saxelmwifo
moRvawisa da diplomatis h.palmerstonis gegmiT gaTvaliswinebuli iyo ruseTis
danawileba. Mmas unda CamorTmeoda mTeli rigi samflobeloebi, maT Soris,
yirimi da kavkasia. yirimi da saqarTvelo unda gadascemoda TurqeTs, xolo
CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, romelsac palmerstoni CerqezeTs uwodebda, unda
Seqmniliyo saxelmwifo CerqezeTi, romlis saTaveSic Samili moiazreboda.
CerqezeTi iqneboda damoukidebeli, an TurqeTis proteqtoratis qveS
gadavidoda. am kavkasiur saxelmwifos unda gadaeketa gza ruseTis
winsvlisaTvis samxreTisaken. amdenad, ingliss mxari unda daeWira Samilis
brZolisaTvis1372. Ginglisis gegmebi eTanxmeboda TurqeTis revanSistul
miswrafebebs, romelic yirimisa da kavkasiis dabrunebas gulisxmobda.
1853 wlis 4(16) oqtombers TurqeTma ruseTs omi gamoucxada. daiwyo aRmosav-
leTis omi (1853-1856ww.), romelic aseve yirimis omis saxeliTaa cnobili. omis
dasawyisSi ruseTi saerTaSoriso izolaciaSi aRmoCnda. 1854w. martSi inglisma
da safrangeTma omi gamoucxades mas. omis mTavari movlenebi yirimis
naxevarkunZulze ganviTarda, magram yirimsa da balkaneTSi ruseTis mier
gancdili marcxis erTgvari kompensacia gaxda ruseTis jarebis warmateba
kavkasiis frontze.
Sav zRvaze inglis-safrangeTis flotis gabatonebis gamo ruseTis
sardlobas ar SeeZlo Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapirosTan, maT Soris,

1371 . wm. mRvdelmTavari aleqsandre (oqropiriZe) da afxazeTi. Semdg. j. gamaxaria. Tb., 2006. gv. 14-21.
1372 . P. Guedalla. Palmerston. London, 1926, gv. 360-361; , . I,gv. 656-664.
269
afxazeTTan kavSirurTierTobis ganxorcieleba. amitom ruseTis sardloba
iZulebuli gaxda, 1854w. mart-aprilSi srulebiT daecala afxazeTi da Savi
zRvis sanapiro xazis likvidaciac moexdina. Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT
sanapiros simagreebidan garnizonebi evakuirebul iqna, xolo TviT simagreebi
aafeTqes1373. afxazeTis mTavris mixeil SarvaSiZis xelmZRvanelobiT
ganxorcielda Savi zRvis sanapiro xazis soxumis, bomboris, biWvinTis,
webeldis simagreebidan ruseTis samxedro nawilebis evakuacia, risTvisac
ruseTis sardloba mTavars didad emadliereboda.
1855 wlis martSi soxumSi TurqeTis jaris nawili gadmosxda. Turquli ad-
ministraciis ufrosi soxumSi mustafa-faSa afxazuri aristokratiis
gadabirebas aqtiurad cdilobda. qarTveli misionerebis mier afxazebis
monaTvlam, eklesiebis ganaxlebam, agreTve mixeil SarvaSiZis Zalisxmevam
CaSala TurqTa gegmebi, maT ver SeZles afxazebis masobrivad gadabireba.1374
afxazeTidan ruseTis jarebis gayvanis Semdeg mixeil SarvaSiZe samegreloSi,
Tavisi simamris – giorgi dadianis mamulSi gaixizna. is imedovnebda, rom
rogorc ruseTis armiis general-leitenants da imperatoris general-
adiutants, Sesaferis samsaxurs SesTavazebdnen, magram misi imedebi ar
gamarTlda. amasTan samegrelos mTavris qvrivi ekaterine dadiani
xelisuflebisagan moiTxovda, mixeil SarvaSiZes samegrelo daetovebina. maisSi
mixeili afxazeTSi dabrunda da TurqTa sardlobasTan pirdapiri urTierToba
daamyara. igi Turqebis mier okupirebul afxazeTSi gadasvlas imiT xsnida, rom
surda samTavroSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis gakontroleba da ruseTis
sardlobisaTvis SeZlebisdagvarad daxmarebis aRmoCena. marTlac, mas ar
Seuwyvetia faruli kontaqtebi ruseTis sardlobasTan da mniSvnelovan
informacias awvdida. ivnisSi man CaSala lixnSi mTielebisa da afxazebis
ganzraxva, marbieli laSqroba moewyoT samurzayanoSi tyveebisa da nadavlis
xelSi Cagdebis mizniT. amasTan igi cdilobda TurqebTan saerTo ena
gamoenaxa1375.
1855w. ivnisSi ruseTis jarma alya Semoartya yarss da amiT TurqeTis um-
Tavres centrebs safrTxe Seuqmna. Yyarsis gadasarCenad Turqebma seqtembris
dasawyisSi soxumSi omer faSas sardlobiT 45 aTasiani desanti gadmosxes1376.
omer faSas gadawyvetili hqonda, saqarTvelos gavliT yarsamde CaeRwia da
alyaSemortymul cixes daxmareboda. oqtomberSi TurqeTis armiam TiTqmis
mTeli samegrelo daikava, magram Semdgomi winsvla Seferxda.
1855 wlis 16 noembers yarsis cixe-simagre rusebs danebda. amdenad, omer
faSas laSqrobam yarsis dasaxmareblad azri dakarga. samegreloSi gaCaRebuli
partizanuli brZoliTa da rusTa maSveli jarebis mier Seviwroebulma omer
faSam Savi zRvis sanapirosaken daixia, xolo 1856 wlis TebervalSi misi
sakmaod SeTxelebuli armia soxumidan da redut-yaledan zRviT baTumisa da
trapizonisaken gaemarTa, 10 ivliss ki soxumi ruseTis jarebma daikaves1377.
TurqebTan erTad afxazeTidan mosaxleobis mcire nawilic wavida, umTavresad
Tavad-aznauroba1378.
1856 wlis martSi parizSi xeli moewera sazavo xelSekrulebas, romlis
Tanaxmadac ruseTma SeinarCuna Tavisi kavkasiuri samflobeloebi omamdel saz-
RvrebSi, xolo dapyrobili yarsisa da baiazeTis safaSoebi TurqeTs daubruna.
mas aekrZala Sav zRvaze samxedro flotis yola da Savi zRvis navsadgurebis
1373 . , . X, #282, gv. 270; #283, gv. 271;#286, gv. 273-274; e. burWulaZe. yirimis omi da saqarTvelo. Tb.,
1960, gv. 268-270.
1375 . n. TakalanZe. mixeil SarvaSiZe da yirimis omi. - saistorio Ziebani, II. Tb., 1999,Bgv. 114-115.
1376 . e. burWulaZe. yirimis omi da saqarTvelo. Tb., 1960, gv. 270.
1377 . iqve, gv. 405-421; , . I, gv. 196.
1378 . . . 1853- 1856 . _ a. m. gorkis
saxelobis soxumis saxelmwifo pedagogiuri institutis Sromebi, t. IX. soxumi, 1956, gv. 196.
270
gamagreba. amdenad, parizis traqtatma axlo aRmosavleTSi gabatonebisaken
ruseTis swrafvas zRvari daudo.
yirimis omis damTavrebis Semdeg carizms TiTqmis Tavidan mouxda afxazeTis
dapyroba. sanapiro zolSi isev Cadgnen ruseTis samxedro nawilebi. antirusuli
moZraoba afxazeTSi daqveiTebis gzas daadga. Mmagram ruseTis xelisufleba
Tavs damSvidebulad ver grZnobda. amitomac 1856w. ivnisSi, roca mefisnacvalma
n.muraviovma (1854-1856ww.) yirimis omis dros TiTqosda mixeil SarvaSiZis
Ralatis gamo afxazeTis samTavros gauqmebisa da mTavris ruseTis romelime
Soreul guberniaSi gadasaxlebis sakiTxi aRZra1379, imperatorma es winadadeba
ar miiRo. ruseTis xelisufleba mixeil SarvaSiZes afxazeTsa da dasavleT
kavkasiaSi ruseTis gavlenis aRdgenisa da ganmtkicebis erTgvar garantad miiC-
nevda. saomari moqmedebebi kvlav grZeldeboda CeCneT-daRestanSi, dasavleT
kavkasia dasapyrobi iyo, arc afxazeTSi sufevda simSvide. amitom carizms
mixeil SarvaSiZe jer kidev sWirdeboda. imperatorma afxazeTis mTavris Ralati
damtkicebulad ar cno da es saqme miyuCda.
1856 wlis ivnisSi mefisnacvlad da kavkasiis korpusis mTavarsardlad
generali a.bariatinski (1856-1862ww.) dainiSna. man kavkasiis korpusis marTvis
reorganizacia ganaxorciela, agreTve Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiros
politikur-administraciuli mowyobis sakiTxi axleburad gaiazra. yirimis omis
dros saomarma moqmedebebma quTaisis guberniis samoqalaqo da samxedro
xelisuflebis gaerTianeba gamoiwvia. marTvis centralizaciis mizniT, 1856 wlis
agvistoSi quTaisis guberniisa da Savi zRvis sanapiro xazis III ganyofilebis
gaerTianebiT Seiqmna quTaisis sageneralgubernatoro; SemoRebul iqna
afxazeTis jarebis ufrosis Tanamdeboba. afxazeTis samTavro nominalurad
quTaisis general-gubernators, xolo realurad ki mefisnacvals
1380
daeqvemdebara . imavdroulad carizmi Tavisi poziciebis ganmtkicebas
saqarTveloSi feodaluri samTavroebis gauqmebiT – 1857w. samegrelos, xolo
1858w. svaneTisa da iq rusuli mmarTvelobis SemoRebiT Seecada. dRis wesrigSi
dadga afxazeTis samTavros gauqmebac, magram saboloo gadawyvetilebis miReba
droebiT gadaido.
yirimis omis damTavrebis Semdeg xelisuflebam gansakuTrebuli yuradReba
miaqcia ruseT-kavkasiis oms. carizms saSualeba mieca, kavkasiaSi Tavi moeyara
mniSvnelovani ZalebisaTvis. kavkasiis korpusi armiad gardaiqmna. Aa.
bariatinskis yuradReba ZiriTadad CeCneT-daRestnisaken iyo mipyrobili, magram
igi fiqrobda, rom Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapirosa da afxazeTSi
ganmtkicebis gareSe dasavleT kavkasiis dapyroba SeuZlebeli iyo1381. magram
viTareba afxazeTSi ruseTisaTvis saxarbielo ar iyo. kavkasiis armiis marjvena
frTis sardali, generali gr. filipsoni kavkasiis armiis mTavari Stabis
ufross, general d.miliutins 1858w. 13 maiss swerda: ,,viTareba afxazeTSi
ukeTesobisken ar Secvlila. Cvens jariskacebs ise ar SeuZliaT moSordnen
TavianT simagreebs erT versze, rom tyved Cavardnis an sikvdilis safrTxis
qveS ar iyvnen. erTi sityviT, Cven gvikavia afxazeTi, magram ver vflobT mas~1382.
am azrs eTanxmeboda ruseTis jarebis sardali afxazeTSi, generali m.loris-
meliqovi, romelic 1858w. 12 agvistos moxsenebiTi baraTiT quTaisis general-
gubernators, general-leitenant g. erisTavs auwyebda: ,,Cven davikaveT soxumi
1810 wels. amis Semdeg ukve naxevari saukune gavida da unda vaRiaroT, rom Cveni
gavlena afxazeTSi odnavadac ar gazrdila. ase, rom rogorc generalma fil-
ipsonma aRniSna, Cven ki ar vflobT afxazeTs, aramed gvikavia igi...da esec
1379 . , . XI, #43, gv. 54.

1380 . . . , . I, gv. 97-99.
1381 . . . . ,1815- 1879, . , 1888, gv. 33-35.
1382 . , . XII, . II, gv. 776.
271
naklebad mtkiced, vidre uwin~1383. kavkasiis omis pirobebSi ruseTi Tavs ikavebda
afxazeTSi gadamwyveti zomebis miRebisagan.
4. ruseT-kavkasiis omis dasruleba da afxazeTis

samTavros gauqmeba
carizmma didi ZalebiT Seutia kavkasiel mTielebs. 1859 wlis 25 agvistos
ruseTis sardlobas danebda kavkasiel mTielTa erovnul-gamaTavisuflebeli
brZolis meTauri Samili. ruseTma CeCneT-daRestani daipyro. mTielebi
darwmundnen, rom ruseTTan brZolis ganaxleba uazroba iyo da gadawyvites,
gasclodnen maTTvis miuRebel axladdamyarebul koloniur reJims. TurqeTis
emisrebis, mTielTa socialuri zedafenisa da sasuliero wreebis zegavleniT,
ruseTis xelisuflebis zewoliT kavkasielma mTielebma TurqeTSi gadasaxleba
gadawyvites. Aasi aTasamde daRestneli, CeCeni, osi TurqeTSi gadasaxlda.
ruseTis mier CeCneT-daRestnis dapyrobis Semdeg carizmis winaaRmdeg
brZolas ganagrZobdnen dasavleT kavkasiis mTielebi. amitom ruseTis
sardlobam aqeTken gadmoisrola 200 aTasiani kavkasiis armiis ZiriTadi
nawilebi. aleqsandre II (1855-1881ww.) sardlobisagan moiTxovda, rom ruseT-
kavkasiis omi, romelic naxevari saukunis manZilze gaWianurda da uzarmazar
saxsrebs nTqavda, male daemTavrebinaT. DdasavleT kavkasiis dapyrobisaTvis
brZolaSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda afxazeTs. ruseTis sardlobisaTvis
naTeli iyo, rom sanam maT afxazeTSi mxolod sanapiro zoli eWiraT, ruseTis
gavlena am mxareSi mtkice ver iqneboda. 1860w. damdegs ruseTis sardlobam
yuradReba gaamaxvila afxazeTis CrdiloeT kavkasiasTan damakavSirebeli
gzebis gayvanaze, rasac samxedro da administraciuli mniSvneloba
hqonda.Ppirvel rigSi, gadawyda, afxazeTis sanapirodan fsxumde sasapalne gzis
gayvana. fsxuelebi kvlav esxmodnen Tavs afxazeTis soflebs, rusul simagreebs,
mihyavdaT tyveebi. amitom gzis gayvana rom ar Seferxebuliyo da sabolood
daemorCilebinaT es Temi, gadawyda eqspediciis mowyoba. 1860w. agvistoSi
ruseTis jaris nawilebi fsxusken daiZrnen. eqspediciaSi 3000 afxazi
milicielic monawileobda. miuxedavad medgari winaaRmdegobisa, fsxuelebi
damarcxdnen da ruseTis sardlobas morCileba gamoucxades. eqspediciis
warmatebas mTis am TemSi ruseTis gavlenis gaZliereba ar mohyolia.1384 fsxu
kvlav rCeboda ruseTis winaaRmdeg brZolis erT-erT mniSvnelovan kerad.
1860w. seqtemberSi kavkasiis armiis sardlobam omis swrafad damTavrebis
mizniT axali gegma SeimuSava, romelic iTvaliswinebda dasavleT kavkasiis
mTielebis ayras TavianTi sacxovrebeli adgilebidan da iq rusebis Casaxlebas.
rusul kolonizacias ara mxolod unda daegvirgvinebina qveynis dapyroba,
aramed is TviTon unda yofiliyo dapyrobis erT-erTi mTavari saSualeba1385.
aqamde mTielebis winaaRmdeg ewyoboda eqspediciebi, amarcxebdnen maT, magram
Semdeg isini kvlav ibrZodnen rusebis winaaRmdeg, qveyana daumorCilebeli
rCeboda. amieridan gadawyda, SeewyvitaT did msxverplTan dakavSirebuli
samxedro eqspediciebi da Sedgomodnen CrdiloeT kavkasiis sistemur
dasaxlebas kazakTa stanicebiT, xolo kavkasieli mTielebi gadaesaxlebinaT
dablobze, an gaesaxlebinaT TurqeTSi. ruseTis xelisufleba am gziT
cdilobda maTTvis moespo bunebrivi TavSesafari mTebis saxiT da Tavisi
administraciis kontrolisaTvis daeqvemdebarebina, an TurqeTSi gadasaxlebiT
daesustebina isini. a.bariatinski gulaxdilad aRniSnavda, rom mTielTa
1383 . iqve, gv. 792.

1384 . iqve, #737, gv. 859-860; #739, gv. 861-865. , . I, gv. 188; b. xorava. ruseTis
mier dasavleT kavkasiis dapyroba da afxazeTi. - saistorio Ziebani, VII, Tb. ,2004, gv. 110-111.
1385 . . . . , gv. 371; b. xorava. ruseTis mier dasavleT kavkasiis dapyroba
da afxazeTi, gv. 111-112.
272
gadasaxlebis mizani iyo am SesaniSnavi da nayofieri adgilebis kazakTa
dasaxlebebisaTvis gaTavisufleba1386.
dasavleT kavkasiaSi saomari moqmedebebis msvlelobaSi ruseTi did
mniSvnelobas aniWebda afxazeTis faqtors da mixeil SarvaSiZis rols. 1862w.
aprilSi a.bariatinski samxedro ministrs d.miliutins swerda: mixeil
SarvaSiZis ,,gavlena afxazeTSi da mezobel tomebze, rogorc CemTvis cnobilia,
jer kidev mniSvnelovania...amitom am kacis keTilad ganwyoba Cven mimarT Zalze
saWirod mimaCnia~1387. naTeli iyo, rom afxazeTSi ruseTis xelisuflebis
ganmtkiceba dasavleT kavkasiaSi misi mflobelobis damyarebis kvalad
moxdeboda. es kargad icoda mixeil SarvaSiZemac. ruseTis sardloba fiqrobda,
rom afxazeTis mTavari, romelic didi pativiscemiT sargeblobda jiqebs,
ubixebs,SafsuRebs, abaZexebs da sxv. Soris, farulad uWerda mxars maT
brZolas. afxazeTis mTavarmac kargad icoda, rom am tomebis ruseTisadmi
damorCilebis Semdeg mis xelisuflebasac bolo moeReboda. amitomac mixeil
SarvaSiZe afxazeTis mTis Temebis gavliT CrdiloeT kavkasiisaken gzebis
gayvanas keTilganwyobiT ar ucqerda1388.
1864w. TebervalSi rusebma daiwyes kavkasionis qedis gadmolaxva. isini
utevdnen Savi zRvis sanapiro zolSic. martSi, mefisnacvali mixeil romanovi
(1862-1881ww.) aleqsandre II-s swerda: ,,vimoqmedoT windaxedulad, magram
gabedulad, raTa sabolood gavwmindoT Savi zRvis mTeli sanapiro.
safiqrebelia, rom mTielebis didi nawili arCevs TurqeTSi gadasaxldes, vidre
gadavides maTTvis gansazRvrul adgilebze yubanSi. Savi zRvis aRmosavleT
sanapiros saboloo dapyroba yvelaze metad damokidebulia adgilobriv
mkvidrTa gasaxlebis siswrafeze~1389.
1864 wlis maisSi ruseTis jaris nawilebma kavkasiel mTielTa
winaaRmdegobis ukanaskneli kera, jiqebis mTis Temi ahWifsi daikaves md. mZimTas
zemo welSi. 21 maiss, ahWifsis centrSi, sof. gubaadvSi, kavkasiis omi
damTavrebulad gamocxadda. ivlisSi ruseTis jaris nawilebi fsxuSi SeiWrnen,
CrdiloeTidan, kavkasionis qedis mxridan sanWaros uReltexiliT, da
afxazeTidan, dous uReltexiliT. fsxuelebi TavganwirviT ibrZodnen, magram
damarcxdnen. brZolis Semdeg cocxlad darCenilma fsxuelebma cecxli
waukides TavianT saxlebs da xeoba datoves.1390
amrigad, 1864 wlis ivlisSi rusebma fsxu daikaves; 105 ojaxi (862 kaci) am
Temidan CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, mdinare kumas xeobaSi gadasaxlda, xolo 3,5
aTasi kaci TurqeTSi wavida.1391 amis Sedegad bzifis xeobis zemo weli mTlianad
daicala.
Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiaSi mcxovrebi adiReelebisa da abazebis
mniSvnelovani nawili, ubixebi ki - mTlianad 1858-1864ww. iZulebiT TurqeTSi
gadasaxldnen. ruseTis sardlobis angariSis Tanaxmad, dasavleT kavkasiidan
TurqeTSi gadasaxlda 418 aTasi kaci, xolo yubansa da labaze – daaxl. 90
aTasi kaci. gadasaxlebis procesi 1865 welsac grZeldeboda. Savi zRvis
Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze TiTqmis ar darCnen adiReelebi da abazebi, maTi
mcire nawili aulebad Caasaxles yubanze. sul, oficialuri, magram,
safiqrebelia arasruli monacemebiT, dasavleT kavkasiidan TurqeTSi TiTqos
470 aTasi adamiani gadasaxlda1392.
1386 . . . . ..., gv. 198.

1387 . . . . , gv. 388.
1388 . b. xorava. ruseTis mier dasavleT kavkasiis dapyroba da afxazeTi, gv. 116-117.
1389 . . . . ..., gv. 183.
1391 . . . . ..., gv. 195; b. xorava. fsxuelebis gadasaxleba. _ II respublikuri samecniero
konferenciis Sromebi. quTaisi, 2004, gv. 256-259.
1392 . . . , . I, gv. 52; b.xorava, afxazTa 1867 wlis
muhajiroba,
gv. 62.
273
ruseT-kavkasiis omis damTavrebis Semdeg carizmma vrceli teritoria miiRo
sakolonizaciod. 1861-1864ww. dasavleT kavkasiaSi kazakTa 111 stanica (14239
ojaxi, 85 aTasi kaci) Caasaxles. imavdroulad, am mxareSi asaxlebdnen ruseTis
Sida guberniebidan gadmosaxlebul rusebs, ukrainelebs, TurqeTidan
gadmosaxlebul berZnebs da somxebs1393.
1866w. carizmma dasavleT kavkasiis administraciuli mowyobis reforma
ganaxorciela. vrceli mxare md.yubanidan kavkasionis qedamde yubanis olqis,
xolo Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleTi sanapiro – Savi zRvis okrugis
SemadgenlobaSi Sevida, romelic yubanis olqis ufross eqvemdebareboda.
amrigad, carizmma miaRwia mizans – dasavleT kavkasia imperiis adminis-
traciul sistemaSi moaqcia. amis Semdeg dRis wesrigSi afxazeTis sakiTxic
dadga.
jer kidev kavkasiis omis damTavrebamde mefisnacvalma, didma mTavarma
m.romanovma samxedro ministris d.miliutinisadmi 1864 wlis 27 marts gagzavnil
werilSi samTavros gauqmebis sakiTxi aRZra. misi azriT, es RonisZieba saWiro
iyo imisaTvis, rom Sesrulebuliyo umaRlesi mTavrobis mier mowonebuli
proeqti Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze, md. yubanis SesarTavidan md.
bzifamde kazakTa stanicebis mowyobis Sesaxeb. Mman amis Taobaze praqtikuli
winadadebebic wamoayena: 1. mTavrisa da misi memkvidris daTanxmeba, raTa uari
Tqvan taxtze; 2. mTavars da mis memkvidreebs daeniSnoT Sesaferisi jamagiri; 3.
afxazeTisagan Seiqmnas samxedro okrugi, romelic webeldasTan erTad
daeqvemdebareba gansakuTrebul samxedro pirs olqebSi ganyofilebebis
ufrosebis uflebiT, quTaisis general-gubernatorisadmi daqvemdebarebiT; 4.
Tuki Tavisufali miwebis raodenoba saSualebas mogvcems, Savi zRvis
sanapiroze, md. enguris SesarTavamde, Seiqmnas kazakTa dasaxlebebi, romlebic
md.bzifze ganlagebul dasaxlebebTan erTad Seqmnian afxazeTis kazakTa jars
afxazeTis samxedro okrugis ufrosis meTaurobiT; 5. yubanisa da afxazeTis
jarebs Soris sazRvrad dawesdes qedi, romelic gagris viwroebs ketavs da
amJamad afxazeTs jiqebis miwa-wylisagan gamoyofs1394. A
1864 wlis aprilSi aleqsandre II-m moiwona kavkasiis mefisnacvlis mier
warmodgenili winadadebebi. maisSi m.romanovs gaegzavna imperatoris Sesabamisi
brZaneba, romlis realizacia man quTaisis general-gubernators d.sviatopolk-
mirskis da afxazeTis jarebis sardals, general p.Satilovs daavala. 24 ivniss
m.romanovma oficialurad auwya mixeil SarvaSiZes imperatoris brZaneba
afxazeTis mTavris movaleobisagan misi gaTavisuflebisa da afxazeTSi rusuli
mmarTvelobis SemoRebis Sesaxeb1395. ruseTis xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebs
ukve mzad hqondaT winadadebebi afxazeTis samTavros gauqmebis Semdeg misi miwa-
wylis mkvidri mosaxleobisagan daclis Sesaxeb. d.sviatopolk-mirski kavkasiis
armiis mTavari Stabis ufross, general a.karcovs 1864 wlis 27 ivniss swerda:
,,Tu afxazebis nawili samTavros gauqmebis Semdeg TurqeTSi gadasaxlebas
moisurvebs, vfiqrob, amas xeli ar unda SevuSaloT~1396. xelisuflebas surda,
rac SeiZleba Cqara Sedgomoda afxazeTis kolonizacias. ,,Tu SeviZendiT
mTavris mamulebs, romlebic metad vrcelia da mniSvnelovani, axlave SegveZlo
SevdgomodiT afxazeTis kolonizacias kazak-rusebis meSveobiT~1397, _ aRniSnavda
quTaisis general-gubernatori. Mmisi winadadebiT, yubanis olqsa da quTaisis
gubernias Soris sazRvrad unda dadgeniliyo gagris qedi da esec mxolod
erTi mizniT: ,,Tu Cven xelT iqneba carieli adgilebi bzifis orsave mxares, _
1393 . . . . ..., gv. 208; b. xorava. afxazTa 1867 wlis muhajiroba, gv. 63.
1394 . scssa, f. 5, aRw. 1, s. 7506, f. 41; Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi. gv. 329-333.
1395 . scssa, f. 416, aRw. 3, s. 177, f. 48; . . , ..., gv. 250-252.
1396 . s. janaSia. giorgi SarvaSiZe, gv. 7.
1397 . iqve.
274
swerda d.sviatopolk-mirski 1864 wlis 6 ivnisis werilSi general a.karcovs, _
SevZlebT safuZveli CavuyaroT rusul mosaxleobas afxazeTSi~1398.
1864 wlis 12 ivliss q.soxumSi Camosulma d.sviatopolk-mirskim afxazeTis
samive olqis warmomadgenlebs gamoucxada imperatoris brZanebuleba afxazeTis
samTavros gauqmebis da uSualo rusuli mmarTvelobis SemoRebis Sesaxeb1399.
Seiqmna soxumis samxedro ganyofileba, romelic quTaisis general-gubernators
eqvemdebareboda. igi Sedgeboda bzifis, soxumis, abJuis okrugebisagan,
samurzayanosa da webeldis saboqaulobebisagan. soxumis samxedro ganyofilebis
(afxazeTi) ufrosad afxazeTis jarebis sardali, generali p.Satilovi
dainiSna1400. afxazeTis mTavari mixeil SarvaSiZe, romelic maSin avadmyofobda
da iTxovda, afxazeTSi Tu ara, imereTSi, kerZod, quTaisSi cxovrebis ufleba
miecaT, 1864 wlis noemberSi voroneJSi gadaasaxles, sadac 1866 wlis 16 aprils
gardaicvala. maisSi misi neSti Camoasvenes da moqvis taZarSi dakrZales1401.
amrigad, afxazeTis samTavros gauqmebiT da rusuli mmarTvelobis SemoRebiT am
mxareSi koloniuri politikuri reJimi mkvidrdeba1402.
1865 wlis statistikuri monacemebiT, afxazeTis mosaxleobis saerTo
raodenobam 13037 komli (79190 suli) Seadgina1403.
uSualo rusuli mmarTvelobis damyarebis Semdeg, afxazeTis rusuli admin-
istracia Seudga zrunvas am mxareSi ,,saxelmwifoebrivi wesrigis~
damyarebisaTvis, rac, pirvel rigSi, Tanmimdevruli kolonizatoruli
politikis gatarebas gulisxmobda. 1866 wels soxumis samxedro ganyofilebaSi
saglexo reformis gatarebisaTvis mzadeba daiwyo, magram afxazeTis socialur-
sazogadoebrivi wyobis Taviseburebebis gauTvaliswineblobam, Cinovnikuri
aparatis uxeSma Carevam afxazTa cxovrebis wesSi, ekonomikurma siduxWirem,
adgilobrivi mosaxleobisa-Tvis miuRebelma administraciulma reformam da
Tavisi xasiaTiT batonymuri reformisaTvis niadagis momzadebam afxazeTis
mosaxleobis masobrivi ukmayofileba gamoiwvia, romelic saxalxo ajanyebaSi
gadaizarda. igi daiwyo 1866 wlis 26 ivliss sof. lixnSi mravalaTasiani
SekrebiT. imave dRes ajanyebulebma mTavris sasaxleSi Sexiznuli ganyofilebis
ufrosi polkovniki koniari da sxva Cinovnikebi sicocxles gamoasalmes.
ajanyebam male TiTqmis mTeli afxazeTi moicva. carizmma afxazeTSi saswrafod
gadaisrola jaris nawilebi da agvistoSi ajanyeba CaaxSes. misi xelmZRvanelebi
da aqtiuri monawileebi sastikad dasajes.
amis Semdeg carizmi mxaris administraciuli mowyobis reformis momzadebas
Seudga, romelic miznad isaxavda xelisuflebis mxridan kontrolis
gaZlierebas. 1866w. 11 agvistos debulebis Tanaxmad, soxumis samxedro
ganyofileba biWvinTis, drandis, webeldis, oqumis okrugebad daiyo. calke
administraciuli erTeulis saxiT Sevida masSi q.soxumi. soxumis samxedro
ganyofilebis ufross samxedro gubernatoris ufleba mieniWa, Tumca
nominalurad is quTaisis general-gubernators eqvemdebareboda. imis gamo, rom
carizms gadawyvetili hqonda md. bzifidan md. enguramde Savi zRvis sanapiros
kolonizacia kazak-rusebiT, samurzayano (oqumis okrugi) afxazeTs SeuerTes.
1866 wlis ajanyebis Semdeg gaCnda afxazTa TurqeTSi gadasaxlebis gegmis
pirveli dasabuTeba, romelic mocemulia quTaisis general-gubernatoris
d.sviatopolk-mirskis 1866 wlis 27 oqtombris mimarTvaSi kavkasiis mTielTa sam-
marTvelos ufrosis d.staroselskisadmi. masSi naTqvamia: ,,arsebobs mxolod
erTi radikaluri saSualeba soxumis ganyofilebis mxridan yovelgvari
1398 . iqve.
1400 . scssa, f. 416, aRw. 3, s. 177, f. 78; , . 1, gv. 201; . . .
, gv. 67.
1401 . , 1866, #68.
1402 . , gv. 87.
1403 . . . - , V. - , 1866, #76.
275
saSiSroebis aRmosafxvrelad, esaa afxazeTis mosaxleobis TurqeTSi gadasax-
leba~1404. d.sviatopolk-mirskis azriT, Tu am nabijze wavidodnen, yvela sxva
saSualeba zedmeti iqneboda da sakiTxi erTxel da samudamod gadawydeboda. igi
am RonisZiebas im sistemis dagvirgvinebad miiCnevda, rac miRebul iqna dasavleT
kavkasiis mTiel tomTa mimarT1405. kavkasiis administraciis warmomadgenlebi
afxazTa gadasaxlebas metad mniSvnelovan RonisZiebad miiCnevdnen, ramdenadac
afxazeTi da webelda Ggeografiuli mdebareobis gamo did rols asrulebdnen
kavkasiis omis dros da, maTi azriT, kvlavac eqneboda didi mniSvneloba
kavkasiaSi yovelgvari saomari moqmedebisas. amitom am mxaris muslimi
mosaxleobis Semcireba maTi TurqeTSi gadasaxlebis gziT, rogorc miaCnda
mTavrobas, xels Seuwyobda politikuri simSvidis uzrunvelyofas da,
Sesabamisad, mefis xelisuflebis ganmtkicebas am mxareSi1406. mefisnacvali
m.romanovi pirdapir aRniSnavda, rom ,,afxazTa gadasaxlebis mTavar amocanad
miaCnia ruseTis imperiis sazRvrebidan mosaxleobis im nawilis moSoreba,
romelic xelisuflebisadmi yvelaze ufro mtrulad aris ganwyobili~1407.
1866 wlis noemberSi aleqsandre II daTanxmda, pirvelive
SesaZleblobisTanave afxazeTisa da webeldis muslimi mosaxleoba TurqeTSi
gaesaxlebinaT. imperatorisagan Tanxmobis miRebis Semdeg, mixeil romanovma
kavkasiis jarebis Stabis ufross, general a.karcovs ubrZana, dauyovnebliv
Sedgomoda am gadawyvetilebis Sesrulebas1408. Tavis mxriv, muslimi afxazebic
daJinebiT moiTxovdnen TurqeTSi gadasaxlebas, amitom ruseTis xelisuflebam
elCs TurqeTSi, graf n. ignatievs daavala, amis Taobaze molaparakeba gaemarTa
portasTan. male ruseTis elCi SeuTanxmda TurqeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrs
ali faSas afxazTa gadasaxlebis Sesaxeb. SeTanxmeba moxda imazec, rom
TurqeTis xelisuflebas muhajirebi ruseTis sazRvrispira adgilebSi ar
daesaxlebina1409.
kavkasiis administracia Tvlida, rom imJamad xelisuflebisaTvis umTavresi
afxazTa gadasaxlebis sakiTxi iyo. amasTan, xelisufleba aRiarebda, rom Tu
afxazeTis mTeli muslimi mosaxleoba moisurvebda gadasaxlebas, garkveul
sirTulesa da uxerxulobas Seqmnida. amitom, maTi azriT, es procesi unda dae-
regulirebinaT. rekomendebuli iyo aseve, rom gadasaxlebulTaTvis ukan
dabrunebis neba ar daerToT1410.
ruseTis xelisuflebam winaswar gansazRvra emigrantTa ricxvi. navaraudevi
iyo afxazTa 4500 ojaxis gasaxleba. Tavis mxriv, porta mzadyofnas gamoTqvamda,
afxazeTidan 4000 ojaxi mieRo1411.
mefisnacvali m.romanovi 1867 wlis 13 Tebervals aleqsandre II-s swerda, rom
kavkasiis administraciam gadawyvita, ZaliT ar gandevnos afxazebi TurqeTSi, ma-
gram yovelmxriv Seuwyos xeli maT gadasaxlebas. amasTanave xelisuflebas
surda pirvel rigSi gaesaxlebina strategiuli mniSvnelobis, _ webelda-dalis
muslimi mosaxleoba, romelic cxovrobda mTis Znelad misadgom adgilebSi da
kavkasionis qedis uReltexilebiT kavSiri hqonda yaraCaelebTan da
yabardoelebTan. amasTan xelisufleba maT reformis sawinaaRmdego moZraobaSi
sdebda brals da Tvlida, rom webelda-dali metnaklebad dakavSirebuli iyo
ajanyebasTan1412.
1404 . scssa, f. 545, aRw. 1, s. 91, f. 21; . . . ...,gv. 283.

1405 . scssa, f. 545, aRw. 1, s. 91, f. 21.
1406 . . . . ...,gv. 284.
1407 . scssa, f. 545, aRw. 1,s. 91, f. 74; . . . ..., gv. 284.
1408 . scssa, f. 545, aRw. 1,s. 91, f.. 19; . . , ...,gv. 284.
1409 . . . . ...,gv. 285.
1410 . iqve.
1411 . scssa, f. 545, aRw. 1,s. 91, f. 4-6; . . . ...,gv. 283.
1412 . . . . ..., gv. 285-286.
276
TurqeTisagan Tanxmobis miRebis Semdeg mefisnacvalma gankarguleba gasca,
aprilis bolodan dawyebuliyo afxazTa gadasaxlebis procesi. soxumsa da
afxazeTis sxva adgilebSi kvlav gadaisroles jarebi1413. jer kidev
gadasaxlebis dawyebamde, 1867 wlis 6 aprils, sof. Ffsircxadan muhajirTa
pirveli nakadi sami xomaldiT wavida baTumSi, romelic maSin TurqeTis
imperiis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda. eseni iyvnen jiqebi da fsxuelebi (49 ojaxi,
218 suli), romlebic sof. fsircxaSi 1864 wlidan cxovrobdnen1414.
1867 wlis aprilis bolos muhajirobis organizebuli procesi daiwyo.
afxazTa gadasaxleba ZiriTadad ZaldatanebiT xasiaTs atarebda, rac aSkarad
Cans imdroindeli dokumentebidan. 1867w. 31 marts mefisnacvali imperators
swerda, rom biWvinTis olqis mcxovrebT ar surdaT TurqeTSi wasvla. Aafxazebi
nebayoflobiT
qristianobasac iRebdnen, rom darCena moexerxebinaT1415. gaz. ,,droeba~ maSin

iuwyeboda: ,,afxazebi Zlier dajavrianebulni arian... samurzayanoSi kankaleben
SiSiT, vaiTu Cvenc gadagvasaxlono... aqaurebs da afxazebs didi naTesaoba aqvT.
webeldelebi, dalelebi da gufuelebi wavidnen. abJuis mazridanac mravali
wavida. Wilouelebi da jgerdelebi gamorekes TavianTi binidan. maT saSineli
guliT ar undaT wasvla. afxazebi didad aqeben bzufus mazris ufross dimitri
WavWavaZes. man mamobrivi mzrunvelobiT auxsna, rom rusis mmarTvelobis qveS
yofna sjobs osmaleTSi gadasaxlebas~1416. miuxedavad im SiSisa, romelic
samurzayanoelebs hqondaT, muhajiroba maT ar Sexebia, rac imiT iyo
gamowveuli, rom mosaxleoba ZiriTadad qarTuli da, Sesabamisad, qristianuli
iyo, xolo afxazebi, vinc aq cxovrobdnen, qristianebi iyvnen.
wmida aRmsarebeli ambrosi (xelaia) mogvianebiT igonebda, rom muhajirobis
dros afxazeTis episkoposTan aleqsandre oqropiriZesTan (1862-1869ww.), romelic
didi siyvaruliTa sargeblobda afxazebSi, mosula mahmadiani afxazi, saxelad
urusi, 12 wlis SvilTan erTad. man mRvdelmTavars auxsna, rom samudamod midis
osmaleTSi. misi Txovna aseTi iyo:
`Cemi vaJi minda davstovo SenTan... coli da sxva Svilebi adre davkarge, ar
vici, ra momelis ucxo mxareSi, magram mainc vstoveb samSoblos. ar minda, Cemi
ubedureba gavuziaro Cems erTaderT Svils da SenTan moviyvane, mowyaleo mamao,
vici, miiReb, aRzrdi qristianulaT da iqneba bednieri”.1417 Tvalcremliani mama
gamoeTxova Svils, romelic ep. aleqsandrem aRzarda, gaxda mRvdeli da didi
sargebloba moutana qristianobas afxazeTSi.
kavkasiis armiis mTavari Stabis ufrosi, generali a.karcovi aRniSnavda, rom
afxazTa gadasaxlebis xelSemwyobi garemoeba iyo ,,afxazuri sagvareuloebis
naTesauri Tu megobruli kavSirebi TurqeTSi wasul afxazur Tu dasavleT
kavkasiis mTielebTan~1418. maTma gadasaxlebam namdvilad iqonia didi gavlena am
moZraobis dawyebaze afxazeTSi. igive a.karcovi xazs usvamda, rom afxazeTis
mosaxleobis mniSvnelovan nawils, gansakuTrebiT sazogadoebis zedafenebs
araerTxel gamouTqvamT survili, miebaZaT erTmorwmune mTielebisaTvis da
TurqeTSi wasuliyvnen1419.
1413 . iqve, gv. 286.

1414 . scssa,f. 545, aRw. I, s. 91, furc. 115: . . . …,gv. 286.
1415 . . . . …, gv. 288.
1416 . ,droeba, 1867, #23. AaRsaniSnavia, rom biWvinTis olqis mcxovreblebma 1868 w. TxovniT mimarTes
soxumis samxedro ganyofilebis ufross general v. geimans, olqis ufrosad maior d. WavWavaZis datovebis
Sesaxeb,romelsac Zalian emadlierebodnen, gansakuTrebiT, 1867 wlis muhajirobis dros dakavebuli poziciis
gamo (scssa, f. 545, aRw. 1, s. 324, f. 5-11).
1417 . wm. mRvdelmTavari aleqsandre da afxazeTi..., gv. 205; b. xorava. afxazTa 1867 wlis muhajiroba, gv. 70.
1418 . scssa, f. 545, aRw. 1, s. 91, f. 27: . . . …,gv. 282.
1419 . scssa, f. 545, aRw. 1, s. 91, f. 28.
277
afxazi memamuleebi daSinebuli iyvnen saglexo reformiTac. isini xedavdnen,
rom samTavros gauqmebisa da 1866w. ajanyebis Semdeg xelisuflebis
damokidebuleba maT mimarT Seicvala. carizms adgilobrivi Tavadaznauroba
ukve ar miaCnda dasayrdenad, rac imaSi gamoixata, rom ar cno maTi uflebebi
glexTa miwebze. amaSi mJRavndeboda carizmis survili, Tavis gankargulebaSi
mieRo miwebis mniSvnelovani fondi Semdgomi kolonizaciisaTvis1420. amis gamo
afxazma Tavadaznaurobam gadawyvita, TurqeTSi waeyvana damokidebuli glexobac
da maT xarjze aego iq Tavisi bedniereba1421.
soxumis samxedro ganyofilebis ufrosi, gen. m.tolstoi 1867w. 16 marts
quTaisis general-gubernators swerda, rom daaxloebiT 40 webeldel Tavads 1
maisidan ganzraxuli hqonda TurqeTSi gadasaxleba glexTa 2170 ojaxTan
erTad1422. glexebi aucileblad unda wahyolodnen TavianT memamuleebs. amas
ganapirobebda tradicia da naTesauri damokidebuleba Tavad-aznaurebTan.
webelda-dalidan gadasaxlebulTa Soris iyvnen 1866w. ajanyebis aqtiuri
monawileebi: kvaj zurab-ifa marSani, TaTlasTan Tengiz-ifa marSani, fsxubei
sastanRaz-ifa marSani, yizilbek marSani, Sirinbei marSani da sxvebi1423.
roca gadasaxlebis procesma mniSvnelovani gaqaneba miiRo, xelisufleba

Seecada, SeezRuda igi, rasac miaRwia kidec. 1867 wlis ivnisis dasawyisSi gadas-
axlebis procesi dasrulda. TurqeTis xelisuflebam, SeTanxmebisamebr,
muhajirebi ruseTis imperiis sazRvrebidan Sors daasaxla – nawili anatoliaSi,
xolo nawili balkaneTSi, ZiriTadad bulgareTSi1424.
gadasaxlebis procesSi dgeboda muhajirTa siebi soflebis mixedviT, ojaxe-
bis raodenobis, ojaxis Tavkacebis saxelisa da gvaris miTiTebiT, ojaxis
wevrTa (qalebi, kacebi) raodenobis CvenebiT. Aam siebis mixedviT, sof.
fsircxadan gadasaxlda 51 ojaxi(210 suli), sof. foqveSidan – 10(69 suli).
aqedan 9 ojaxi faCulia – 65 suli, 1 ojaxi jinjia -'4 suli), sof. Wloudan –
125 (539 suli), sof. aTaridan – 7 (43 suli) da a.S. biWvinTis okrugidan
gadasaxlda 226 ojaxi(1357 suli), drandis okrugidan – 629 ojaxi (3245 suli),
webeldis okrugidan – 2503 ojaxi (14740 suli). amrigad, afxazeTidan, webelda-
dalTan erTad, gadasaxlda ara dagegmili 4500, aramed 3358 ojaxi, 19342 suli1425.
1867 wlis agvisto-seqtemberSi soxumis olqis ufrosma, general-maiorma
v.geimanma Semoiara misdami rwmunebuli mxare. 26-28 seqtembers is iyo webeldasa
da dalSi. mxare TiTqmis mTlianad iyo ,,gawmendili~ adgilobrivi
mosaxleobisagan. v.geimanma neba darTo mixeil marSans, 17 ojaxTan erTad,
romlebmac kodoris adidebis gamo ver moaxerxes TurqeTSi wasvla, aq
gazafxulamde darCeniliyo1426.
kavkasiis mTielTa sammarTvelos cnobiT1427, 1867 wlis noembrisaTvis soxumis
samxedro ganyofilebis (afxazeTi) mosaxleoba okrugebis mixedviT aseTi iyo:
mosaxleobis raodenoba
okrugebi komlebis ojaxebis
raodenoba raodenoba mamakacTa qalTa sul
1420 . . . . …, gv. 279-280.

1421 . iqve, gv. 280.
1422 . scssa, f. 545, aRw. 1, s. 91, f. 1; . . . …, gv. 281.
1423 . ix. . . ...,iqve, gv. 118-119.
1424 . . . . ...,gv. 287-289.
1425 . b. xorava. afxazTa 1867 wlis muhajiroba, gv. 72-73.
1426 . scssa, f. 545, aRw. 1,s. 252,f. 2.
1427 . , . 1, . II, gv. 39.
278
biWvinTis 4730 14183 14183 12300 26483
drandis 2868 3278 8824 7681 16505
oqumis 3493 3493 11795 10063 21858
webeldis 27 27 46 41 87
sul 11118 12696 34848 30085 64933
TiTqmis mTlianad ,,gaiwminda~ webelda da dali. am Temebis TiTqmis 15

aTasiani mosaxleoba Tavisi samkvidrodan ayares da ucxoeTSi gadaasaxles.
1868 wlis monacemebiT, webeldaSi sul 13 ojaxi cxovrobda, xolo dalSi –
arcerTi1428. afxazTa 1867 wlis muhajirobis Semdeg sul male, 1874 wels
kavkasiaSi Camovida ingliseli mogzauri grove. igi yaraCaidan gadmovida
kodoris xeobaSi. ingliseli mogzauri moixibla kodoris xeobiT: ,,Znelia naxo
ufro didebuli da mSvenieri adgili, vidre mdeloTi dafaruli sivrce da
tyeebi, romelzec kodori miedineba~, _ aRfrTovanebiT wers igi. magram
mogzaurs sevda da naRveli ipyrobs, roca xedavs, rom aq adamianis yofnis
araviTari kvali ar Cans. ,,xeobis zemo weli sruliad ukacrieli iyo~ _
aRniSnavs igi1429.
1867 wels afxazTa muhajirobis gamo dacarielebuli miwa-wylis dasaxlebisa
da soxumis samxedro ganyofilebis mmarTvelobis Semdgomi centralizaciis au-
cileblobam dRis wesrigSi daayena axali administraciuli reformis gatareba,
romelic 1868 wlis maisSi ganxorcielda. gamsxvilda administraciul-terito-
riuli erTeulebi. Seiqmna ori okrugi: biWvinTis, romelic Sedgeboda
gudauTisa da gumisTis ubnebisagan, da oCamCiris - kodorisa da samurzayanos
ubnebisagan. kolonizaciisaTvis gankuTvnil webeldaSi, gansazRvruli iyo
dasaxlebaTa samzrunvelos Seqmna1430. aseTma administraciulma dayofam 1883
wlamde iarseba.
soxumis samxedro ganyofilebis (afxazeTi) Crdilo-dasavleTi sazRvari
md.beRerefsTaze (xolodnaia reCka) gadioda, sadac mas yubanis olqis Savi
zRvis okrugi esazRvreboda; samxreT-aRmosavleTiT – md. engurze, xolo
CrdiloeTiT – kavkasionis mTavar wyalgamyof qedze1431.
afxazeTis eklesia 60-ian wlebSi. 1860w. 9 ivniss Seiqmna ,,kavkasiaSi marTl-
madidebeli qristianobis aRmdgeneli sazogadoeba~, romelic mowodebuli iyo
am mxareSi mahmadianobis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. am mizniT mis farglebSi
iyo gaTvaliswinebuli misioneruli muSaoba. sazogadoebis droSiT, rusi
misionerebis meSveobiT kavkasiaSi mTielTa aSkara rusifikacia warimarTa1432.
sazogadoebam Tavisi muSaoba afxazeTSic gaSala. episkoposma aleqsandre
oqropiriZem (1862-1869ww.) SeZlo marTlmadideblobis poziciebis SenarCuneba da
ganmtkiceba afxazeTSi. misi mecadineobiTa da biWvinTis okrugis ufrosis d.Wa-
vWavaZis ZalisxmeviT 1867w. moxerxda sami aTasamde afxazis monaTvla. episkoposi
aleqsandre sakuTari saxsrebiT zrdida da sasuliero ganaTlebas aZlevda
afxaz ymawvilebs1433.
1867w. soxumis samxedro ganyofilebis ufrosma v.geimanma mefisnacvals
vrceli moxseneba warudgina ,,afxazeTSi qristianobis Sesaxeb~, sadac
aRniSnavda, rom afxazeTis eklesiebSi RvTismsaxureba ,,gaugebar qarTul enaze
1428 . iqve.
1429 . . , gv. 212.
1430 . . . ...,gv. 279; , gv. 89-90, . , ..., gv. 32.
1432 . : . . . . . . ,1989, gv. 442.
1433 . wm. mRvdelmTavari aleqsandre da afxazeTi, gv. 36-37, 143-145.
279
sruldeboda~. mosaxleobis mcirericxovnebis gamo igi afxazeTis eparqiis
gauqmebisa da misi imereTis episkoposisadmi daqvemdebarebis sakiTxs ayenebda.
afxazTa 1866w. ajanyebisa da 1867w. muhajirobis Semdeg v. geimanma CaTvala, rom
xelsayreli dro dadga afxazeTis danarCeni mosaxleobis garusebisaTvis,
amasTan mas qarTuli samRvdeloebis CamoSoreba da maTi rusi samRvdeloebiT
Secvla surda. 1869w. 30 maiss afxazeTis eparqia imereTis eparqias SeuerTda.
imereTis episkoposi da afxazeTis eparqiis mmarTveli, episkoposi gabrieli
(qiqoZe) did misionerul muSaobas eweoda afxazeTSi. 1868-1877ww. misi
ZalisxmeviT 19 aTasamde afxazi moinaTla1434. afxazeTis daCqarebuli
asimilaciis imperiuli gegma ki ver ganxorcielda, raSic uzarmazari wvlili
gabriel episkoposs miuZRvis.
afxazuri damwerlobis Seqmna. 1861 wels ruseTis xelisuflebam miiRo
gadawyvetileba kavkasiis mTis udamwerlobo xalxebisaTvis damwerlobis
Seqmnis Taobaze.Aam sakiTxis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb enaTmecnieri, mefis armiis
generali p.uslari werda: ,,am enebis ugulebelyofa SeuZlebelia... ramdeni enac
unda SeviswavloT, vercerTi ver aRibeWdeba Cvens sulier samyaroSi ise Rrmad,
rogorc mSobliuri ena, ena, romliTac uSualod gamoiTqmis Cveni cnobierebis
Taviseburi wyoba. es mSobliuri enebi saimedo megzurebi arian mTielTa Soris
axali yaidis mcnebaTa gavrcelebisaTvis. aviyvanoT es megzurebi sakuTar
xelSi, SevZloT maTi gamoyeneba da marTva... rTuli saqmea, magram imsaxurebs
imas, rom masze davfiqrdeT~1435. ruseTis xelisufleba daTanxmda kavkasiis mTis
xalxebisaTvis damwerlobis Seqmnas, magram gadasawyveti darCa, romeli anbani
(grafika) iyo mizanSewonili am mizniT gamosayeneblad. cnobili enaTmecnierebi:
g.rozeni, a.Siogreni, a.Sifneri samarTlianad Tvlidnen, rom mTis kavkasiur
enebsa da qarTuls erTi bgeriTi sistema aqvT, amitom qarTuli anbani (grafika)
mcireodeni cvlilebebis Semdeg savsebiT gamosadegia kavkasiuri enebisaTvis. am
azrs p.uslaric iziarebda. misi azriT, qarTuli anbani erT-erTi yvelaze
srulyofili iyo arsebul anbanTa Soris, sadac yoveli bgera calke aso-niSniT
gadmoicema da yoveli aso-niSani yovelTvis erTsadaimave bgeras gamosaxavs.
,,qarTuli anbanis sistema SesaZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnes yvela kavkasiuri enis
anbanis safuZvlad, romelTac dRes damwerloba ara aqvT. magram Tu Cven
qarTvelebisagan aramxolod anbanis sistemas, aramed asoebis moxazulobasac
visesxebT, sruliad Tavisuflad SevqmniT sirTuleebs, romlebic miT ufro
iqneba sagrZnobi, rac wera-kiTxvis codna kavkasiaSi gavrceldeba~1436. amrigad,
kavkasiis mTis udamwerlobo xalxebisaTvis damwerlobis Seqmna emsaxureboda
ara kulturul, aramed politikur miznebs – gaeadvilebina mTielebisaTvis
rusuli enis Seswavla da, saboloo azriT, maTi asimilacia. amitom miCneul
iqna, rom kavkasiis mTis xalxTa enebisaTvis, da maT Soris afxazurisaTvis,
mizanSewonili iyo rusuli anbanis (grafikis) gamoyeneba garkveuli
cvlilebebiT.
1861w. TbilisSi Seiqmna specialuri komisia cnobili numizmatisa da siZ-
veleTa mkvlevaris, mefis armiis general-leitenantis, i. barTolomeis
xelmZRvanelobiT, romelic Seudga muSaobas afxazuri damwerlobisa da
saanbano wignis Sesadgenad. komisiis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen d.furcelaZe,
mRvdeli v.trirogovi, afxazeTis mkvidrni: mRvdeli ioane gegia, praporSiki
giorgi qurcikiZe, aznauri simon eSba, romlebmac icodnen afxazuri, qarTuli
da rusuli enebi. 1862 wlidan p. uslaric Seudga afxazuri enis Seswavlas. sul
mokle xanSi p.uslari gaerkva am enis struqturaSi da imave 1862 wlis maisSi
TbilisSi gamosca monografia ,,afxazuri ena~, romelsac erTvoda mis mier
rusuli grafikis safuZvelze Sedgenili afxazuri anbani.
1434 . wm. mRvdelmTavari gabrieli da afxazeTi. Semdg. j. gamaxaria. Tb., 2007, gv. 124, 200-204.
1435 . . . . , gv. 16-17.
1436 . . . . ..., gv. 48-49.
280
afxazur anbanSi yovelgvari cvlilebis gareSe Sevida rusuli anbanis 24
aso-niSani (19 Tanxmovani da 5 xmovani), romlebic orive enisaTvis saerTo
fonemebs aRniSnavda; danarCeni specifikuri fonemebis gamosaxatavad
gamoyenebuli iyo rusuli anbanis aso-niSnebi garkveuli cvlilebebiT. garda
amisa, zogierTi aso-niSani nasesxebi iyo sxva anbanebidan (qarTuli, laTinuri,
berZnuli, slavuri). mogvianebiT, rodesac kavkasiis saswavlo olqis saolqo
inspeqtorma m. zavadskim 1887w. p.uslaris ,,afxazuri ena~ stamburi wesiT
gamosca, afxazuri anbanidan amoiRo mis mier nasesxebi qarTuli asoebi: w,W,j.
amdenad, man es sami qarTuli aso-niSanic ver aitana afxazur anbanSi.
TiTqmis imavdroulad i.barTolomeis komisiamac daasrula muSaoba afxazur
saanbano wignze da anbanze, romelSic gamoyenebuli iyo qarTuli grafika.
Tumca, sabolood, komisia im daskvnamde mivida, rom p.uslaris mier Sedgenili
anbani ufro Seesabameboda afxazuri enis bgerebs. rogorc Cans, komisiis am
gadawyvetilebaSic Sorsmimavali politikuri zraxvebi imaleboda. cnobili
qarTveli moRvawe n.janaSia amis Taobaze werda, rom ruseTis xelisufleba
Seecada, bolo moeRo im mcireodeni naSTisaTvisac ki istoriuli kavSirisa,
romelic saukuneebis manZilze akavSirebda afxazebsa da qarTvelebs da am
miznis misaRwevad gamoiyenes iseTi sasiamovno da kulturuli movlena,
rogoric aris damwerlobis Seqmna afxazur enaze. qarTul asoebsac Seswames
politikuri arasaimedooba da qarTuli anbani uaryofil iqna1437.
afxazuri damwerlobis Seqmna emsaxureboda qarTuli samyarosagan afxazTa
Camocilebisa da maTi garusebis mizans, Tumca politikuri mizandasaxulobis
miuxedavad, es iyo mniSvnelovani kulturul-istoriuli movlena afxazi
xalxis cxovrebaSi1438. realurad xelisuflebas afxazuri enis bedi ar
ainteresebda, radgan misi adgili rusul enas unda daekavebina.Pp.uslari
gulaxdilad aRniSnavda, rom ,,...tuzemcebis damwerloba unda emsaxuros
mxolod imas, rom maT gauadvildeT rusuli enis Seswavla. TavianTi
mdgomareobis gamo maT damoukidebeli literaturis Seqmna ar SeuZliaT da igi
arc arasodes eqnebaT~1439. afxazuri damwerlobis Seqmna rom emsaxureboda ara
kulturul, aramed politikur mizans, amaze daufaravad werda mefisnacvlis
sabWos wevri e.veidenbaumi: ,,afxazuri ena, romelsac ar gaaCnia damwerloba da
literatura, ra Tqma unda ganwirulia gasaqrobad ase Tu ise axlo momavalSi.
sakiTxi isaa, romeli ena Secvlis mas. albaT, mosaxleobaSi kulturuli
ideebisa da cnebebis gamtareblis roli unda Seasrulos ara qarTulma, aramed
rusulma enam. amitom mimaCnia, rom afxazuri damwerlobis damkvidreba
TviTmizani ki ar unda iyos, aramed eklesiisa da skolis meSveobiT qarTuli
enis gamoyenebis dasustebisa da saxelmwifo eniT misi TandaTan Secvlis
saSualeba~1440.
i.barTolomeis komisiam didi muSaoba gaswia afxazuri saanbano wignis
Sesadgenad. komisiis muSaobaSi monawileoba miiRes cnobilma afxazma
moRvaweebma k.SarvaSiZem da gr.SarvaSiZem. saanbano wigns safuZvlad daedo
p.uslaris anbani, romelmac garkveuli cvlileba ganicada, da afxazuri enis
abJuuri dialeqti. 1865w. TbilisSi gamovida ,,afxazuri saanbano wigni~, romelic
praqtikulad gamouyenebeli darCa. carizmi cdilobda mosaxleobisaTvis pirvel
rigSi saeklesio literatura miewodebina misTvis yvelaze ufro gasageb
mSobliur enaze. 1866w. TbilisSi kidev erTi wigni gamovida afxazur enaze:
,,kavkasiaSi marTlmadidebeli qristianobis aRmdgenelma sazogadoebam~ gamosca
1437 . hamuT-bei. Wreli SeniSvnebi afxazTa da afxazeTis Sesaxeb, mexuTe werili. _ droeba, 1909, noember-
dekemberi.
1438 . T. gvancelaZe, m. tabiZe, r. Serozia, r. Wanturia. RvTismsaxurebisa da sasuliero ganaTlebis ena,
rogorc rusifikatoruli politikis ganxorcielebis saSualeba. _ qarTveluri memkvidreoba, V, quTaisi 2001,
gv. 101-102.
1439
. Ш. Д. Инал-Ипа. Страницы абхазской литературы. Сухуми,1980,gv. 23.
1440 . . . . . , 1970, gv. 96.
281
,,mokle wmida istoria~, romelic rusulidan i.gegiam, g.qurcikiZem, d.marRaniam
Targmnes. magram 1866 wlidan carizmis mier afxazebis mimarT dakavebulma
poziciam afxazuri damwerlobis ganviTarebaSi uaryofiTi roli Seasrula.
1868w. ,,kavkasiaSi marTlmadidebeli qristianobis aRmdgeneli sazogadoebis~
sabWom afxazuri ena miiCnia ,,imdenad Cvil da ganuviTarebel~ enad, rom masze
yovelgvari Targmanis mcdeloba Sewyda1441.
afxazTa sazogadoebis zedafena, romelsac usityvod mihyveboda xalxis didi
nawili, jer kidev qarTuli orientaciisa iyo, rac kargad Cans afxazeTisa da
samurzayanos Tavadaznaurobis deputatTa 1870w. 23 martis moxsenebiTi
baraTidan wodebriv-saadgilmamulo komitetis Tavmjdomaris, general-
leitenant d.sviatopolk-mirskisadmi. mas xels awerdnen b.emuxvari, m.marSani,
t.marRani, k.inal-ifa. afxazi xalxis warmomadgenlebs afxazeTi saqarTvelos
ganuyofel nawilad miaCndaT. isini xazs usvamdnen afxazTa da qarTvelTa yofa-
cxovrebisa da tradiciebis, istoriuli bedis erTianobas.
5. afxazeTis kolonizacia XIX s. 60-70-ian wlebSi

afxazeTis samTavros gauqmebisa da afxazTa 1867 wlis muhajirobis Semdeg
carizmma vrceli teritoria miiRo sakolonizaciod. afxazeTis ucxouri
kolonizacia ruseTis saxelmwifos ekonomikur da politikur interesebSi
Sedioda. am periodSi ruseTis xelisuflebis safiqrals warmoadgenda ara
marto afxazeTis, aramed Savi zRvis mTeli Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiros
kolonizacia. Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiros kolonizaciis ideologi a.
vereSCagini maSin werda: ,,rogorc fsous, ise mZimTas auzebSi ukve ramdenime
welia sicocxlis araviTari niSani ar iyo~1442.
mkvidrTa gasaxlebis Semdeg ruseTis xelisuflebis winaSe idga amocana,
kvlav daesaxlebina bunebiT uxvad dajildoebuli, magram gaukacrielebuli
mxare; misi bunebrivi simdidre – vrceli tyeebi da nayofieri miwebi –
aeTvisebina, ganeviTarebina meRvineoba, meabreSumeoba, meTambaqoeoba, mebaReoba,
mefutkreoba. magram umTavresi iyo mxaris mosaxleobis sakiTxi. xelisuflebas
surda, Savi zRvis sanapiro zolSi politikuri TvalsazrisiT sruliad
saimedo mosaxleoba hyoloda1443. am amocanebis relizaciis mizniT SemuSavda
,,debuleba Savi zRvis okrugis dasaxlebisa da misi marTvis Sesaxeb~, romelic
imperatorma 1866 wlis 10 marts daamtkica. debulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli
RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebis mizniT Seiqmna Savi zRvis okrugi1444.
1866w. 10 martis debulebis Tanaxmad Savi zRvis sanapiro zoli gansaz-
Rvruli iyo rus moaxalSeneTa ,,sanapiro sasoflo dasaxlebebis~ Sesaqmnelad.
gadmosaxlebulebisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli iyo mTeli rigi SeRavaTebi:
nadelebi – ojaxze 30 desetina, erTdrouli fuladi daxmareba (50 man.),
gadasaxadebisagan gaTavisufleba 15 wliT, sarekruto valdebulebisagan
gaTavisufleba da sxv. magram pirvel xanebSi Savi zRvis okrugSi
gadmosaxlebuli rusebis ricxvi mainc mcire iyo. amitom xelisuflebam
gadawyvita, gadmosaxlebaze uari ar eTqva qristianebisTvis amierkavkasiidan da
anatoliidan, slavebisaTvis, moldavelebisaTvis da sxv. aseTi politikis
wyalobiT, anapasa da novorosiisks Soris rusebis garda dasaxldnen Cexebi,
bulgarelebi, berZnebi1445. Savi zRvis okrugis saukeTeso miwebi daisakuTres
imperatorma da misma naTesavebma, kavkasiis mefisnacvalma, didma samxedro da
samoqalaqo Cinovnikebma. md. fsous marcxena napirze, samxedro dasaxleba
1441 . 1860-1910 . , gv. 157.
1442 . . . . ..., gv. 66.
1443 . . . . ..., gv. 7-16.
1444 . . . . ..., gv. 7-11; . . . ..., gv. 24.
1445 . . . . ..., gv. 16-17; . . . ..., gv. 20.
282
moewyo, xolo md.candrifSidan or versze _ moldavelebis dasaxleba,
romelsac Savi zRvis okrugis ufrosis d.pilenkos pativsacemad 1870w.
pilenkovo ewoda; jiqebis aulSi md.fsous marjvena napirze rusebi Casaxldnen
da mas vesioloe ewoda1446.
afxazeTis kolonizacia imave principebiT unda ganxorcielebuliyo, rogorc
Savi zRvis okrugis kolonizacia. afxazeTis samTavros gauqmebis Semdeg
carizmma yofili mTavrisa da samTavro saxlis wevrTa vrceli samflobeloebis
konfiskacia moaxdina. 1867 wlis muhajirobis Semdeg afxazeTSi bevri
,,Tavisufali miwa~ gaCnda.Ees miwebi Sevida saxazino miwebis fondSi, romelsac
kavkasiis mTielTa sammarTvelo ganagebda1447. saxazino miwebis fondSi Sevida
agreTve mosaxleobisagan sruliad gaTavisuflebuli webelda, romelsac aseve
kavkasiis mTielTa sammarTvelo ganagebda. webeldis okrugis nacvlad Seiqmna
webeldis dasaxlebaTa ,,samzrunvelo~. pirvel mzrunvelad rusi oficeri
n.diaCkov-tarasovi dainiSna. mis movaleobas Seadgenda mxaris gawmenda
adgilobrivi mosaxleobisagan, romlebic Tavs afarebdnen xeobis miuval
adgilebs, gansakuTrebiT md. sakenis xeobas; mas unda SeerCia adgilebi momavali
dasaxlebebis mosawyobad1448. xelisufleba Tvlida, rom webeldis strategiuli
mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, es mxare politikuri TvalsazrisiT sando xalxiT
unda dasaxlebuliyo.Nn.diaCkov-tarasovis azriT, webeldis kolonizacia saWiro
iyo am mxareSi meurneobisa da mrewvelobis ganviTarebisaTvis, romelic
afxazTa xelSi ,,sacodav dReSi iyo~. mxaris bunebriv-geografiuli pirobebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, aq unda ganeviTarebinaT mebaReoba, mexileoba, meRvineoba,
mefutkreoba, mesaqonleoba, mesimindeoba. mrewvelobis ganviTarebisTvis aq iyo
samSeneblo xe-tye, spilenZis, rkinis, tyviis madnebi.1449 gamoirCeoda jansaRi
haviT, rbili klimatiT, nayofieri niadagiT, amitom webeldis dasaxlebaTa
mzrunvelis azriT, problema ar unda gamxdariyo aq mosaxleobis mozidva.
amdenad, webelda SeiZleboda gamxdariyo ayvavebuli mxare – SesaniSnavi
venaxebiTa da xexilis baRebiT, samTamadno warmoebiT, oRond amisaTvis saWiro
iyo kidev erTi da mTavari piroba – gzebis gayvana1450.
1867w. webeldaSi 6 punqti gamoiyo dasaxlebisaTvis: mixailovskoe –
md.amtyelis sanapiroze, olginskoe – md. aRm. maWaris saTavesTan,
aleqsandrovskoe – md.kelasurze, anastasievskoe da nikolaevskoe – afianCas
mTasTan, md.nauSze, yofili sof. nauSis teritoriaze, georgievskoe – sof.
jamfalis teritoriaze1451.
xelisuflebas surda, webeldaSi aucileblad rusebi Caesaxlebina, magram isini

pirvel xanebSi xalisiT ar modiodnen. amasTan, miwis simwire-siviwroviT
sulSexuTuli qarTvelebi moiwevdnen aq dasasaxleblad, rac xelisuflebis
SeSfoTebas iwvevda.
aseT pirobebSi mTavrobam arCevani ucxoelebze SeaCera, ufro sandod
anatolieli berZnebi da bulgarelebi miiCnia. soxumis samxedro ganyofilebis
ufrosis, general v.geimanis brZanebiT TurqeTidan gadmosaxlebuli pirveli
berZeni kolonistebi 1869w. Teberval-martSi sam sofelSi – aleqsandrovskoeSi,
georgievskoeSi, olginskoeSi Caasaxles. 1869w. ivnisSi soxumSi Camovida 1800-iani
wlebis dasawyisidan tiraspolis guberniaSi mcxovrebi bulgarelebis 62 ojaxi,
romlebic anastasievskoesa da nikolaevskoeSi Caasaxles1452.
1446 . . . . ..., gv. 70-95.

1447 . . . - . ..., gv. 191; . . . ..., gv. 431.
1448 . . . - . ..., gv. 194.
1449 . . . - . . - , 1868, 129.
1450 . . . - . ...,gv. 196.
1451 . iqve.
1452 . iqve, gv. 196-199.
283
imavdroulad xelisuflebam vrceli miwa-wyali uboZa rus Cinovnikebs –
samxedro da samoqalaqo pirebs, magram maTTvis SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda
samsaxuris paralelurad meurneobis gaZRola, miwebis ijariT gadacemis
SesaZleblobac ar hqondaT, radgan msurvelebi ar Candnen. amis gamo miwebis
didi nawili gamouyenebeli iyo. ase Tu ise awyobili meurneoba kolonistebis
mxolod 8-10%-s hqonda. CinovnikTa dasaxlebebi ar viTardeboda, miwebi
daumuSaveblad iyo migdebuli1453.
1866 wlis afxazTa ajanyebis CaxSobisa da 1867 wlis muhajirobis Semdeg
carizmi ufro mSvidad Seudga afxazeTSi saglexo reformis gatarebas. 1870w. 8
noembers imperatorma aleqsandre II-m daamtkica debuleba soxumis samxedro
ganyofilebaSi saglexo reformis Sesaxeb, romlis gamocxadeba mTavrobam
ruseTSi batonymobis gauqmebis aT wlisTavs _ 1871w. 19 Tebervals daamTxvia.
afxazeTSi gauqmda batonymoba, glexoba gaTavisuflda feodalTa piradi
damokidebulebisagan, magram umniSvnelo nadelebi miiRo da droebiT
damokidebul urTierTobaSi darCa. O
1872 wlidan afxazeTSi mimdinareobda e.w. ,,sakurorto~ kolonizacia.
erTidan sam desetinamde miwa, e.w. ,,sanitaruli nakveTebi~ soxumsa da mis
SemogarenSi SeRavaTiani pirobebiT eZleodaT rus Cinovnikebsa da oficrebs,
magram 70-ian wlebSi arc amas mohyolia didi warmatebebi1454. xelisufleba
fsxus dasaxlebasac Seecada. am mizniT aq 21-e saxazo batalionis Stabi da 2
aseuli ganaTavses, romlebic 1874 wlamde darCnen. am droidan bzifis xeobis
zemo weli sruliad dacarielda. afxazebs, maTi politikuri arasaimedoobis
gamo, iseve rogorc webeldaSi, fsxuSi dasaxleba ekrZalebodaT1455.
70-iani wlebidan afxazeTSi samonastro kolonizaciac warimarTa. 1872w. da-
fuZnda biWvinTis rusuli monasteri, romelsac sargeblobaSi gadaeca 1049
desetina miwis nakveTi, fiWvnari da inkiTis tba. 1875w. fsircxaSi aTonis mTis
wm. panteleimonis rusuli monastris filiali dafuZnda. monasters jer
gamoeyo 327 desetina miwa da 200 desetina tyis masivi, mogvianebiT kidev 1000,
xolo SemdgomSi - 4 aTasamde desetina miwa.1456
ruseT-TurqeTis omi da afxazTa axali muhajiroba. 1877 wlis aprilSi
ruseT-TurqeTis axali omi daiwyo, romlis asparezi kavkasiac gaxda. Omisi
dawyebidanve rTuli viTareba Seiqmna afxazeTSi. carizmis koloniuri reJimiT
gamowveulma ukmayofilebam am droisaTvis kulminacias miaRwia da ajanyebam
ifeTqa. aseT daZabul viTarebaSi 29 aprils gudauTasTan TurqeTis desanti gad-
mosxda, romelic ZiriTadad afxazi muhajirebisagan Sedgeboda. soxumis
garnizonis ufrosma, general-maiorma p. kravCenkom, romelic imavdroulad
soxumis samxedro ganyofilebis ufrosi iyo, ver gabeda SedarebiT Zlier
mterTan Sebma, soxumi datova da md.kodorisken daixia. april-maisSi Turqebma
TiTqmis mTeli afxazeTi daikaves. imavdroulad ajanyebuli afxazebi TurqTa
desants SeuerTdnen. ruseTis winaaRmdeg ajanyeba daiwyo CeCneTsa da
daRestanSic. brwyinvale portas imedi mieca, rom ruseTis winaaRmdeg
kavkasiis mTel mahmadianur mosaxleobas
aamxedrebda, magram ruseTis jarebis warmatebebma kavkasiis frontze da
gansakuTrebiT balkaneTSi, imedebi gaucrua. ivlisSi ruseTis jaris nawilebi
Setevaze gadavidnen afxazeTSi da ukve agvistoSi mTeli mxare gawmindes okupan-
tebisagan1457. afxazeTidan gaqcevisas Turqebs afxazTa nawilic gahyva. magram
1453 . . . . ..., gv. 78; . . . ...,gv. 432.

1454 . iqve, gv. 79.
1455 . . . ..., 7, gv. 90.
1456 . wm. mRvdelmowame kirioni da afxazeTi, gv. 203; wm. mRvdelmTavari gabrieli da afxazeTi, gv. 44-58.
1457 . . . . - 1877-1878 . gv. 77-84; S. megreliZe. saqarTvelo
aRmosavleTis omebSi, gv. 74.
284
maTi meti nawili, agreTve mcire raodenobiT qristiani qarTvelebi (megrelebi)
da berZnebi ZaliT waiyvanes1458.
1877w. afxazeTidan muhajirobaSi wasulTa ricxvis gaangariSeba SesaZlebelia
1878w. bolos soxumis samxedro ganyofilebis ufrosis, polkovnik p. arakinis ma-
salebis mixedviT. 1878 wels soxumis samxedro ganyofilebis oCamCiris okrugis
samurzayanos ubanSi (9 sasoflo Temi) 24 461 suli cxovrobda. samurzayanos
muhajirobis procesi amjeradac ar Sexebia. oCamCiris okrugis kodoris ubanSi
(9 sasoflo Temi) 3 935 ojaxi cxovrobda. aqedan 1 071 ojaxi gadasaxlda.
,,kavkazski kalendris~ redaqcias saWirod miuCnevia kodoris ubnis mosaxleobis
suladobrivi gaangariSeba, risTvisac amosavlad auRia gumisTisa da gudauTis
ubnebis komlobriv-suladobrivi monacemebi. kerZod, TiToeuli komlis wevrTa
saSualo odenobis ganmsazRvrelad, argumentirebuli varaudiT, oTxnaxevari
suli miuCneviaT. aseTi gaangariSebiT TurqeTSi gadasaxlebamde kodoris ubanSi
mosaxleobis odenoba daaxl. 17 707 suli unda yofiliyo, saidanac TurqeTSi
daaxloebiT 4819 suli gadasaxlda, xolo daaxloebiT 12 888 adgilze darCa.
biWvinTis okrugis gumisTis ubnidan (8 sasoflo Temi), sadac 2 221 ojaxi (9 985
suli) cxovrobda, yvela gadasaxlda. gudauTis ubnis (17 sasoflo Temi) 5 293
ojaxidan (23 545 suli) 17 160 mcxovrebi (3 775 ojaxi) gadasaxlda, xolo 6 385
suli adgilze darCa1459. amrigad, 1877 wels muhajirobaSi afxazeTis
daaxloebiT 31 964 mcxovrebi wavida. Tu 1867w. muhajirobis Sedegad mTlianad
daicala kodoris xeobis zemo weli – webelda da dali, 1877 wlis muhajirobis
Sedegad TiTqmis dacarielda afxazeTis sanapiro zoli. aRsaniSnavia, rom
qarTveli misionerebis dauRalavma saqmianobam, aTasobiT afxazis monaTvlam,
afxazi xalxi masobrivad gadasaxlebisagan ixsna da am gziT, ubixebis msgavsad
fizikuri ganadgurebisagan daifara1460.
rodesac Turquli samoTxis Sesaxeb miTi daimsxvra, muhajirebi dabrunebas
Seecadnen, magram ruseTis xelisuflebas maTi miReba ar surda. ruseTsa da
TurqeTs Soris arsebuli SeTanxmebiTac muhajirebs samSobloSi dabrunebis
ufleba ar hqondaT, ramac ukan dabrunebis msurvelTa nakadi Seamcira, magram,
miuxedavad amisa, muhajirebi yovelnairad cdilobdnen samSobloSi dabrunebas.
san-stefanos zavis dadebis Semdeg isini pirvel rigSi baTumisken gaemarTnen da
iqidan Seecadnen afxazeTSi dabrunebas. bevri maTgani baTumsa da mis
SemogarenSi damkvidrda da maTi STamomavlebi dResac iq cxovroben. 1879w. 27
ianvars ruseT-TurqeTs Soris xeli moewera konstantinopolis xelSekrulebas,
romlis safuZvelzec kavkasiis rusulma administraciam dauSva afxazebis
nawilobrivi repatriacia xelSekrulebis moweris dRidan sami wliT. 1881
wlisTvis afxazeTSi 15 aTasamde muhajiri dabrunda1461. muhajirobis Semdeg gau-
kacurebuli afxazeTi damTrgunveli sanaxavi iyo. rogorc n.mari aRniSnavda:
,,afxazeTis centraluri eTnografiuli nawilic ki gaukacurda... darCa mxolod
gavelurebuli ezoebi xexiliT, ar iyo arc erTi afxazi da arc afxazuri
sityva ismoda~ (ни души абхазской, ни звука абхазского)1462.
carizmma vrceli miwa-wyali miiRo sakolonizaciod, amjerad afxazeTis
sanapiro zolSi, da mis winaSe kvlav dadga sakiTxi, vin daesaxlebina
afxazeTSi. maSin, cxel kvalze, 1877 wlis 27 seqtembers, gaz. ,,tiflisski
vestniki~ werda: ,,axlandelma omma, sxva mraval SedegebTan erTad, gamoiwvia is
Sedegic, rom Cveni qveynis saukeTeso kuTxe moulodnelad gaudaburda, vinaidan
is miatova TiTqmis yvela misma mkvidrma mcxovrebma. Cven vlaparakobT
afxazeTisa da misi mcxovreblebis Sesaxeb, romlebmac datoves TavianTi
1458 . . . - . ..., gv. 206-208; . . . ..., gv. 356-369.

1459 . 1879 , gv. 330-331.
1460 . j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 511, 515.
1461 . . . . ..., gv. 381, 396.
1462 . . . . , gv. 177.
285
samSoblo da gadasaxldnen TurqeTSi. eWvs gareSea, rom es gadasaxleba
droebiTi ar aris, aramed samudamoa: afxazeTi verasodes veRar ixilavs Tavis
Svilebs. es garemoeba rigSi ayenebs sakiTxs: vin unda dasaxldes am mxareSi,
romelic samudamod datova misma mkvidrma mosaxleobam~. werilis avtori iyo
cnobili sazogado moRvawe i.gogebaSvili (1840-1912ww.). misi gamoqveyneba
gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom 1877w. gaz. ,,kavkazi~-s #207 daibeWda soxumis okrugis
ufrosis a. vedenskis statia, romelic, Tavis mxriv, mimarTuli iyo i.
gogebaSvilis werilebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic ,,tifliski vestnikis~ #209-210-Si
gamoqveynda. i.gogebaSvilis am werilebSi is azri iyo gatarebuli, rom
dacarielebuli afxazeTisaTvis saukeTeso kontingents Seadgendnen megrelebi,
imerlebi da gurulebi. swored am werils mohyva a.vedenskis gamolaSqreba. Amis
pasuxad i. gogebaSvilma yovelmxriv Seiswavla sakiTxi da vrceli statia
gamoaqveyna, sadac adre gamoTqmul mosazrebas adasturebda. rogorc aRmoCnda,
a.vedenski daeTanxma mis mosazrebas afxazeTSi qarTvelTa dabrunebis Sesaxeb,
gazeTis redaqcias estumra da ganacxada, rom amieridan im azrs eTanxmeboda,
romelic sruli safuZvlianobiT iyo gazeTSi gatarebuli.1463
1878w. gazafxulidan xelisufleba afxazeTis kolonizaciisaTvis praqtikuli
RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebas Seudga. 1878w. 1 maiss biWvinTis okrugis mmarT-
velobam gamoaqveyna gancxadeba sof. anuxvis venaxebisa da xexilis baRebis erTi
wlis vadiT ijariT gacemis Sesaxeb. imave wlis 25 maiss gamocxadda md.gumisTi-
dan md.kodoramde teritoriaze arsebuli xexilis baRebisa da venaxebis erTi
wlis vadiT ijariT gacemis Sesaxeb. 5 oqtombers soxumis samxedro
ganyofilebis saxeliT gamocxadda md.maWarasa da md.kodors Soris
teritoriidan gadasaxlebuli afxazebis miwebis ijariT gacemis Taobaze. garda
moijareTa mowvevisa, biWvinTis okrugSi sami nakveTi gamoiyo rusi
kolonistebisaTvis samudamo mflobelobaSi gadasacemad . 1464
1879w. biWvinTis okrugSi rusi glexebis 137 ojaxi Caasaxles, magram ukve
1881w. maTgan mxolod 99 ojaxi iyo darCenili.Aaq verc germaneli kolonistebi
damkvidrdnen. 24 germaneli kolonistis ojaxidan 1883 wlisTvis afxazeTSi
mxolod 3 ojaxi iyo darCenili1465.
amdenad, 60-70-ian wlebSi kolonizaciis warmatebebi afxazeTSi umniSvnelo
iyo. miuxedavad carizmis didi mondomebisa, afxazeTis kolonizacia gaWianurda.
rusebi ver eguebodnen afxazeTis bunebriv pirobebs – notio havas, tyian, mTian
mxares, Waobian sanapiro zols; aq puri ar modioda, marcvleuli kulturebidan
simindi xarobda, rac uCveulo iyo rusebisaTvis1466. sanapiro zolSi ciebiani
hava musrs avlebda kolonistebs; webeldisa da dalis maRalmTiani pirobebi
uCveulo iyo ruseTis Sida guberniebidan gadmosaxlebuli glexebisaTvis.
miuxedavad imisa, rom afxazeTis miwebi rus Cinovnikebs dauriges, qveyana kvlav
dausaxlebeli iyo, miwebi ki upatronod migdebuli. webeldaSi miwebs 24, xolo
dalSi 23 memamule flobda. isini ramdenime weliwadSi erTxel Tu akiTxavdnen
TavianT mamulebs. dalSi, sadac 1867 wlis muhajirobamde 5 aTasamde mcxovrebi
iyo, XIXs. miwurulsac ki aravin cxovrobda. cnobili qarTveli moRvawe petre
Waraia 1897w. dalis xeobis Sesaxeb gulistkiviliT werda: ,,didi xani ar aris
mas aqeT, rac dali gaWedili iyo afxazebiTa... ZvelaT iqaur mcxovrebTa
vaJkacobiT ganTqmuli qveyana dRes gaveranebulia ise, rom Sig aravin
cxovrobs~1467.
afxazTa muhajirobis Semdeg, rodesac afxazeTis didi nawili gaukacurda da
gaveranda, xolo rusebi da ucxoelebi xalisiT sulac ar modiodnen aq
1463 . i. gogebaSvili. Txzulebani, t. 3, Tb. ,1954, gv. 317.

1464 . . . . ...,gv. 79.
1465 . iqve, gv. 79.
1466 . s. mesxi. afxazeTis dasaxleba. - droeba, 1878, #24.
1467 . p. Waraia. miwaT-mflobeloba afxazeTSi. - kvali, 1897, #13, gv. 268.
286
dasasaxleblad, imereTidan da samegrelodan miwis simciriTa da simwiriT
sulSexuTuli
glexoba gadmodioda da mkvidrdeboda afxazeTSi,aSrobda Waobebs, kafavda
buCqna-rebs, nar-ekals da meurneobas misdevda. dasavleT saqarTvelodan
glexebis gadasvlam da afxazeTSi damkvidrebam xelisufleba SeaSfoTa. gaz.
,,Cernomorski vestniki~ maSin werda: ,,aucilebelia Cqara davasaxloT rusebi
Savi zRvis sanapiroze, Torem megrelebi daRupaven am wmida saqmeso~1468.
carizmis moxeleebi Tvlidnen, rom wlebis ganmavlobaSi xelisuflebas
afxazeTis kolonizacia ,,saWiro sistemurobis gareSe uwarmoebia, radgan
rusebs aq fexi ise ver moukidebiaT, rogorc saWiro iyo~1469. a.vereSCagini amis
Taobaze 1878w. 19 ianvars aRniSnavda: ,,...Savi zRvis kavkasiis sanapiroze, rogorc
saxelmwifos ganapira mxareSi, romelic ase bevri rusuli sisxli da fuli
dajda, samarTlianad unda batonobdnen rusuli eklesia, rusuli ena, rusuli
wera-kiTxva. mosaxleobis sxvadasxva tomobrioba iwvevs skolebis daarsebis
aucileblobas, radgan mxolod skoliT SeiZleba es sxvadasxvatomobrivi
mosaxleoba momavalSi rusad iqces~1470.
carizmis politika afxazeTSi mimarTuli iyo afxazTa da qarTvelTa wi-
naaRmdeg. 1877 wlis anticaristuli ajanyebis gamo imperatoris 1880 wlis 31
maisis brZanebulebiT gudauTis, gumisTis da kodoris ubnebis afxazur
mosaxleobas CamoerTva miwaze sakuTrebis ufleba da maTi miwebi saxazino
uwyebas gadaeca; afxazebs aekrZalaT soxumidan 20 versze da sanapiro zolSi
md. kodorsa da md. fsircxas Soris dasaxleba da mieniWaT ,,damnaSave~
mosaxleobis statusi1471. imxanad cnobili sazogado moRvawe anTimoz juReli
werda: ,,axla afxazeTSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani sakiTxia aqauri udaburi
adgilebis dasaxleba. ukanaskneli omis (1877-1878ww. omi, _ avt.) Semdeg umaRlesi
gankarguleba iyo, rom md. kodorsa da md. fsircxas Sua mdebare adgilebze
afxazebi ar dasaxlebuliyvnen. maT garda yvelas eZleoda neba aq dasaxlebisa.
qveyanas mileTis xalxi moawyda, magram aqaurobas veravin SeeTvisa garda
imerel-megrelebisa da berZnebisa. amJamad soxumis garSemo Svidi-rva
1472
megrelebis sofelia da sami Tu oTxi berZnebisa~ . mogvianebiT, Savi zRvis
aRmosavleT sanapiros kolonizaciis erT-erTi ideologi s.Sarapovi ruseTis
zraxvebze afxazeTSi gulaxdilad aRniSnavda: ,,mTeli Tavisi xangrZlivi
istoriuli brZolisas, miiswrafvis ra samxreTisaken, Tbili cisa da Tbili
zRvisaken, rusi xalxi iRebs msxverpls da, ai, bolos mas aqvs es cac da es
zRvac. Aaq frialebs rusuli droSa, dalivlivebs rusuli arwivi. magram ra-
tomaa, rom rusi kaci aq laRad ver grZnobs Tavs, ratomaa, rom is aq Seviwroe-
bulia, sulSexuTulia? ratomaa ucxo is am Tbil napirze, am kaSkaSa mzis qveS?
vfiqrob imitom, rom rusuli sikeTis wyalobiT aq, am miwaze, romelic rusuli
sisxliTaa mopovebuli, mokalaTda yovelgvari ucxotomeli, gansaxlda
saukeTeso adgilebze da ara marto aviwroebs rus adamians, aramed dascinis
mas. magram es didxans ar gagrZeldeba. Cveni saxelmwifoebrivi amocanebi
moiTxoven, rom es mxare ara marto saxeliT, aramed marTlac iqces male
rusul mxared, rom aq mxardaWerili, gaZlierebuli da daimedebuli iyos rusi
kaci. visurvoT, batonebo, rom es moxdes Cqara, rom mZlavr rusul mucelSi
male moixarSos mTeli aqauri sxvadasxvatomobrivi da sxvadasxvaerovani narevi
da rom es ca da es zRva namdvilad rusuli iyos~1473. am realuri safrTxis
Tavidan acilebas isaxavda miznad qarTvelTa dabruneba Tavis istoriul miwa-
wyalze.
1468 . cnobis furceli, 1905, #2821.
1469 . . . , gv. 21.
1470 . . . . ..., gv. 22.
1471 . . . О ...,gv. 35.
1472 . droeba, 1883, #240.
1473 . s. yauxCiSvili. berZnebis dasaxlebis istoria saqarTveloSi, gv. 134-135.
287
Tavi XV. afxazeTi 1881 wlidan 1917 wlis Tebervlamde
1. rusuli kolonialuri politikis gamkacreba afxazeTSi.
1880-1905ww.
kolonizacia da eTnikuri Semadgenloba. 1881 wlis 11 marts imperator
aleqsandre II-is mkvlelobis Semdeg ruseTSi mkacri politikuri reaqciis xana
dadga. 1881w. miwuruls carizmma kavkasiaSi mefisnacvloba gaauqma da
mTavarmarTebloba aRadgina. kavkasiidan gaiwvies mefisnacvali, didi mTavari
mixeil romanovi da mTavarmarTeblad dainiSna ukiduresi reaqcioneri
a.dondukov-korsakovi (1882-1887ww.). es periodi kavkasiaSi, maT Soris afxazeTSi,
erovnuli Cagvrisa da rusifikatoruli politikis mkveTri ganviTarebiT
aRiniSna.
rusifikatoruli politikis erT-erT gamovlinebas afxazeTSi mxaris
kolonializaciis intensiuri gagrZeleba warmoadgenda. es procesi sxvadasxva
formiT mimdinareobda: 1. arenduli kolonizacia, rodesac adgilobrivi
memamuleebisagan sagadasaxleblo jgufebi rusi glexebisaTvis iRebdnen arendiT
miwebs, ris uflebasac qarTvel glexebs ar aZlevdnen (xSirad ukan abrunebdnen
aq Camosul mTiani raWa-imereTis da samegrelos mosaxleobas). 2. samonastro
kolonizacia, rodesac ruseTis mier aRdgenil Tu axlad daarsebul eklesia-
monastrebs miwebis didi fondi eZleoda. mTavroba am monastrebs miiCnevda
ruseTis TviTmpyrobelobisa da koloniuri meurneobis mniSvnelovan dasayrdenad
afxazeTis sanapiroze. 3. sakurorto da saTavadaznauro kolonizacia. ruseTSi
Seiqmna specialuri komiteti, romelic aTamaSebda latarias afxazeTSi miwis
nakveTebis mosagebad da gasayidad.1474 ruseTidan gadmosaxlebul glexebs mefis
xelisuflebis adgilobrivi moxeleebi mzrunvelobas ar aklebdnen,
,,gadasaxlebulTa sammarTvelos amierkavkasiis ganyofileba” axalmosaxleebs
(rusebs, estonelebs, berZnebs, somxebs) saxl-karis mosawyobad aZlevda fuls;
afxaz glexebs aiZulebdnen, axalmosaxleTa miwebi usasyidlod daemuSavebinaT.
kolonistebs neba eZleodaT saxelmwifo tyidan samSeneblo masala ,,muqTad”
gaetanaT. es maSin, roca Tavisufal miwebze dasasaxleblad senakidan CamosulT,
rogorc Tanamedroveni aRniSnaven, ,,Ze-xorcieli” aravin miSvelebia, ,,Tu rame
gaakeTes, isev sakuTari ofliTa da xarjebiT”.1475
mefis xelisufleba, romelic saqarTvelos istoriul miwaze uapelaciod
epatiJeboda sxvadasxva eTnosebisa da religiuri aRmsareblobis (seqtantebi)
adamianebs, xelovnur dabrkolebas uqmnida qarTvelebs. aseTi diskriminaciuli
damokidebuleba, ra Tqma unda, aRaSfoTebda qarTuli inteligenciis
warmomadgenlebs. isini mSvenivrad xvdebodnen, rom mcirericxovani afxazebis
garusebisagan da afxazeTis teritoriis, rusuli eqspansiisagan gadarCena XVI-
XVII saukuneebSi, mTis Camowolis Sedegad dasavleT saqarTvelos sxvadasxva
kuTxeSi ganTesili afxazeTis mkvidri mosaxleobis STamomavlebis dabrunebiT
iyo SesaZlebeli. qarTvelTa dabruneba afxazeTSi ucxouri kolonizaciis
sapirwone RonisZiebas warmoadgenda.1476
carizmisagan mosalodnel saSiSroebas Cinebulad grZnobdnen adgilobrivi
mamuliSvilebi ai, ras werda afxazeTis miwebis gasxvisebis Taobaze cnobili
sazogado moRvawe niko janaSia: ,,gasuli saukunis (XIXs._avt.) ukanasknel
meoTxedSi sazogadod soxumis olqi, kerZod, misi saukeTeso, Tvalwarmtaci
nawili md. kodoridan Rele gagrifSamdis mizanSi amoiRo ruseTis burJuaziam da
1474. d. WumburiZe. rusuli dasaxlebebi saqarTveloSi (XIX-XX ss-Si) da ,,gadasaxlebulTa sammarTvelos

amierkavkasiis ganyofileba”. _ ,saqarTveloSi ruseTis kolonializmis politikuri istoriis narkvevebi, w. I.
Tb., 2007, gv. 85-86.
1475. cnobis furceli, 1902, .25 ivnisi.
1476. Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 57-58; j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 643.
288
saukeTeso adgilebi SeiZina. es bunebiT uxvad dajildoebuli nawili afxazeTisa
moskovel da peterburgel jibesqelTa xelSia ukve. midixar da misdev am napirs:
aq baRia, saxelad ,,otradnoe”, iq ,,sCastie”, fexs moinacvleb, `lubovs” anda
,,druJbas” miadgebi. maTi uwindeli patronebi afxazebi ki xelcarielni darCnen:
rac fuli aiRes, moexarjaT, mamulic xelidan gamouZvraT...”1477
mxaris eTnikuri Semadgenlobis radikaluri cvla TvalsaCinod aisaxa
afxazeTis geografiul saxelwodebaTa transformaciaSi. toponimikis cvlas 1864
wlidan dRemde specialistebi xuT etapad yofen. pirveli etapi ganxorcielda
1864 -1918 wlebSi.1478 yvela etaps erTi saerTo niSani hqonda: erTdroulad didi
raodenobiT uqmdeboda istoriuli geografiuli saxelebi da maT nacvlad
inergeboda sxva, ucxo enisaTvis, ZiriTadad rusulisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
stilis toponimia. umetes SemTxvevaSi istoriuli toponimebis Canacvleba
romanovebis samefo saxlis warmomadgenlebis, rusi samxedro Cinosnebisa an sxva
moxeleebis pativsacemad xdeboda. magaliTad, 1914 wels Sedgenili soxumis olqis
dasaxlebuli punqtebis im siaSi, romelic daculi iyo afxazeTis saxelmwifo
istoriul arqivSi da Seicavda 213 msxvili soflis saxels, ar aris
warmodgenili gagris zonis dasaxlebuli punqtebi, vinaidan es mxare 1904 wels
carizmis damqaSebma TviTneburad miuerTes Savi zRvis gubernias. am 213 soflidan
axali rusuli, anda rusificirebuli saxeli aqvs 33 sofels. esenia: baklanovka,
beloreCenski, vesioloe, petrovskoe, aleqsandrovskoe, andreevskoe, vasilevka,
voroncovka, mixailovskoe, naa-armianskoe, olginskoe, vladimirovka, da a.S.1479
rogorc vxedavT, toponimTa cvla ucxo ar iyo afxazeTisaTvis da asaxavs
caristuli imperiuli reJimis mier winaswar dagegmil koloniur da enobriv
politikas.
separatistebi cdiloben, Seqmnan STabeWdileba, rom qarTvelebi ukve im
periodSi ayalibebdnen ,,imperiul Segnebas” da axalisebdnen Tanamemamuleebs
,,xelSi CaegdoT” afxazebis miwebi.1480 maT ar surT gaixsenon, rom imJamad
saqarTvelo TviTon imyofeboda kolonializmis marwuxebSi, misi ena da
tradiciebi yoveldRiurad fexqveS iTeleboda rusi kolonizatorebis mier. aseT
viTarebaSi qarTveli eri ar iyo da arc SeiZleba yofiliyo imperiuli
cnobierebis matarebeli.
carizmis mcdelobis miuxedavad, me-19s-is 80-ian wlebSi da Semdegac
afxazeTSi qarTveloba ricxobrivad umravlesobas warmoadgenda. statistikuri
cnobebi muTiTeben, rom 1880 wels soxumis olqSi qarTvelebi wamyvani eTnikuri
jgufia. amaze metyveleben germaneli eTnografis n. zaidlicis monacemebic.1481
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa afxazeTSi XIX saukunis bolos mosaxleobis eTnikuri
Semadgenlobis statistika. is yvelaze kargad uCvenebs, Tu romel eTnoss ekava
wamyvani adgili mosaxleobis saerTo struqturaSi.
rogorc cnobilia, 1897 wels ruseTis imperiaSi Catarda mosaxleobis
pirveli sayovelTao aRwera. misi monacemebiT, afxazeTSi sul cxovrobda _ 106
179 kaci,1482 q.soxumis mosaxleoba Seadgenda 7 998 kacs.1483 soxumis olqis
mosaxleobidan qarTveli iyo 25 873 kaci, rusebi _ 5 135, Cerqezi _ 58 715, somxebi
_ 6 552, berZnebi _ 5 393, germanelebi _ 406, danarCeni _ 4 105 kaci.1484 rac Seexeba
1477. j. gamaxaria. qarTul afxazur urTierTobaTa istoriidan, gv. 17.; ix r. Wanturia. saxalxo
ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba afxazeTSi XIX saukunis II naxevarsa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi (1864-1905 ww.) .
Tb., 2006.
1478 . T. gvancelaZe. toponimTa masobrivi cvla afxazeTSi 1864 wlis Semdgom. - iberiul-kavkasiuri
enaTmecniereba, t. XXXIV. Tb., 2000, gv. 45.
1479 . iqve, gv. 47.
1480 . . . , . . . , gv. 261.
1481
.Дж. гамахариа, Б. Гогиа. dasax. naSromi, gv. 352.
1482 . 1897 . LXVI, ... 1905, gv. V.
1483. iqve.
1484. iqve, gv. 88-93. ix. agreTve iqve, gv. 3.
289
afxazebs (afsuebs), am dokumentSi isini calke eTnikur jgufad gamoyofili ar
arian, mxolod aRniSnulia, rom mTel quTaisis guberniaSi gamovlinda 60
sxvadasxva enobrivi jgufi da maT Soris 59 469 kaci afxazurenovani
mosaxleoba.1485
1897 wlis aRweraSi samurzayanoelebi Segnebulad miaTvales mTielebs,
riTac mizanmimarTulad gaayalbes realuri eTnikuri suraTi. Sedegad miiRes
gazrdili ricxovnoba afxazebisa. aseve samurzayanoelTa xarjze `win wamowies~
afxazebis kulturuli mdgomareoba (wera-kiTxvis mcodneTa ricxvi,
mRvdelmsaxurTa raodenoba da a.S.). am statistikasTan winaaRmdegobaSi modis
quTaisis gubernatoris T. gerSelmanis monacemebi, romelTa mixedviT XIXs.
bolos afxazeTSi mxolod 2 afxazi mRvdeli moRvaweobda, da es maSin, rodesac
1897 wlis aRweris mixedviT soxumis olqSi marTlmadidebeli samRvdeloebisa da
maTi ojaxis wevrebis saerTo raodenoba iyo _ 801, maT Soris afxazi _ 102, 333 _
qarTveli, 226 rusi (ukrainelebTan da belorusebTan erTad) da a.S. rogorc
gamoikveTa, erT SemTxvevaSi _ 102 afxazia dasaxelebuli, meore SemTxvevaSi ki _
2. SeuZlebelia ori afxazi mRvdlis ojaxis wevrebis saerTo raodenoba
yofiliyo 102. mizezi msgavsi Seusabamobebisa samurzayanoelebis afsua-afxazebad
gasaRebis mcdelobaSi mdgomareobda.
arsebobs SedarebiT gviandeli statistikac. rogorc soxumis olqis ufrosi,
Tavadi l. jandieri episkopos kirionisadmi gagzavnil depeSaSi miuTiTebs, 1906
wels soxumis olqSi cxovrobda 3 419 suli rusi (orive sqesis), afxazi _ 40 978,
megreli _ 9 037, samurzayanoeli _ 44 623, guruli _ 56, qarTveli _ 60, imereli _
53, berZeni 4 946, somexi _ 6 313, Turqi _ 935, sparsi _ 17, estoneli _ 299,
latvieli _ 48, bulgareli _ 230, moldaveli _ 254, osi _ 2, leki _ 9, albaneli
_ 12, TaTari _ 2, poloneli _ 8, frangi _ 5, Cexi _ 3, avstrieli, germaneli _ 5.1486
yvela zemoTmoyvanili statistikuri monacemi aSkarad miuTiTebs, rom XIX-XX
saukeneebis mijnaze afxazeTSi ZiriTadi, wamyvani eTnosi iyo qarTveli.
socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba. afxazeTi XIX saukunis 80-90-ian
wlebSi ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT ZiriTadad agraruli kuTxe iyo. afxazi
Tavadebi _ SarvaSiZeebi, inal-ifebi, marSaniebi, anCabaZeebi, emuxvarebi, CiCbebi,
marRaniebi da a.S. sxvadasxva sididis mamulebs flobdnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom
afxazeTSi feodalizmi kudSekvecili, primitiuli iyo, glexs mainc evaleboda
gadaexada gansazRvruli gadasaxadi Tavadis sasargeblod.1487
afxazeTSi SedarebiT sustad iyo ganviTarebuli mevenaxeoba, abreSumis
warmoebas ki aq XIX saukunis 50-60-iani wlebidan Caeyara safuZveli.1488 XXs-is
dasawyisidan am dargis ganviTareba Seferxda. Tumca adamianebis garkveuli
jgufi maqsimalurad cdilobda meabruSumeobis farTod daenergvas
mosaxleobaSi. magaliTad, afxazeTSi cnobilma sazogado moRvawem anTimoz
juRelma aswavla soxumelebs abreSumis Wiis movla.
afxazeTis sazogado moRvaweni cdilobdnen glexebisaTvis soflis meurneobis
gaZRolis progresuli meTodebis gacnobas. mosaxleobisaTvis agronomiuli
daxmarebisa da sasoflo-sameurneo codnis miRebis mizniT 1898 w-dan Camoyalibda
soxumis soflis meurneobis sazogadoeba, romelsac Tavisi ganyofileba hqonda
gudauTaSi da romelmac 1903w. daiwyo sakuTari beWdviTi organos gamocema
danarTiTurT.1489 amave wlis 19 dekembers gagraSi princ aleqsandre
1485. iqve, gv. VI.

1486 . wminda mRvdelmowame kirion II da afxazeTi, gv. 124. statistika emsaxureboda imperiul miznebs da
kuTxuri niSniT calcalke aRricxavda qarTvelebs, maT Soris megrelebsa da samurzayanoelebs.
1487 . g. zariZe. afxazeTis Tavadaznaurobis socialuri urTierTobis zogierTi aspeqti XIX saukuneSi. _
klio Tb., 2006, #30, gv. 104.
1488 . . . . ., 1982. gv. 30.
1489 . . . . . . , 1960. gv. 282.
290
oldenburgelis TaosnobiT gaixsna ,,samcenareulo gamofena”, sadac 300
eqsponatze meti yofila warmodgenili1490.
nela, magram mainc Caisaxa da viTardeboda afxazeTSi mrewveloba. 1881 wels
gulrifSSi gaixsna xe-tyis saxerxi qarxana, romelic ekuTvnoda Tavad
erisTavs.1491 1898 wels gaixsna afxazeTSi yvelaze didi – maqsimovis qarxana da
1913 wlamde moqmedebda.1492
mrewvelobisa da vaWrobis ganviTareba iwvevda saqalaqo cxovrebis
aRmavlobas. XX saukunis dasawyisSi afxazeTSi erTaderTi qalaqi, mTavari
administraciuli, savaWro da kulturuli centri iyo soxumi. gudauTaSi 1903
wlisaTvis 1117 kaci cxovrobda, izrdeboda oCamCiris, gagrisa da sxva dabebis
mosaxleoba.1493
TandaTan daiwyo afxazeTis unikaluri sakurorto regionis saagarako-
dasasvenebeli saqmianobisaTvis gamoyenebac. seriozuli investiciebi Caido gagris
sakurorto zonis mSeneblobaSi. 1903 wlis 9 ianvars princ oldenburgelis
inciativiT agebuli klimatologiuri sadguri gaixsna. meore dRes princma
imperator nikoloz II-gan miiRo aseTi Sinaarsis depeSa: ,,Zalian moxaruli var,
rom gagris klimatologiuri sadguri gaxsnilia. guliTad madlobas gigzavni Sen
misi mowyobisaTvis gaweuli Sromisa da garjisaTvis. RmerTma inebos, naxo Seni
energiuli moRvaweobis Semdgomi Sedegebi.”1494 Sedegma ki ar daayovna da 1904
wlis 25 dekembers imperatoris specialuri brZanebulebiT gagris
klimatologiuri sadguris teritoria gamoeyo soxumis olqs da
SavizRvispireTis gubernias SeuerTes. es iyo mxolod pirveli nabiji afxazeTis
danarCeni saqarTvelosagan CamoWrisa da mxaris asimilaciis gzaze.1495
XIXs-is dasasruls aSkarad gamoikveTa afxazeTis ekonomikuri
SesaZleblobebi: soflis meurneobaSi _ meTambaqoeoba, mrewvelobaSi _
qvanaxSiris da xe-tyis eqspluatacia da sakurorto biznesi.
antikoloniuri moZraoba. ruseTis aRviraxsnili koloniuri politika
afxazeTSi da mosaxleobis garkveul nawilSi antiqarTuli fsiqozis danergva
erTnairad aRelvebdaT afxaz da qarTvel mamuliSvilebs. regionis mosaxleobis
interesebis sadarajoze, rogorc bevr sxva SemTxvevaSi, aqac sasuliero wodebis
warmomadgenlebi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdnen. episkoposi gabrieli (qiqoZe),
blaRoCini daviTi (maWavariani), soxumis sakaTedro taZris kandelaki _ ambrosi
(xelaia) da sxvani yovelnairad cdilobdnen qarTvelTa da afxazTa kanonieri
uflebebis dacvas. 1886 wlis bolomde afxazeTis eparqia imereTis eparqiasTan
iyo SeerTebuli da mas episkoposi gabrieli edga saTaveSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom
am eparqiaSi maSin svaneTic da samegreloc Sedioda, ar yofila afxazeTSi
arcerTi kuTxe, rom ep. gabriels cxeniT an fexiT ar Semoevlo da ar eqadaga
qristianuli rwmenis, zneobis Sesaxeb. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia misi
mcdelobebi afxazuri enis swavlebisa da am enaze RvTismsaxurebis SemoRebis
Taobaze, rasac xelisufaleba sastikad ewinaaRmdegeboda.1496
afxazeTis mosaxleobis erTi nawili mahmadianur moZRvrebas aRiarebda.
viTarebas arTulebda Turqi molebis moZalebac. islamis aqtiuri
propagandistebi xdebodnen samSobloSi dabrunebuli muhajirebi. maTi saqmianoba
afxazur mosaxleobaSi qristianobis dasustebas uwyobda xels. islamizaciis
1490 . iveria. 1903, 21 seqtemberi.

1491 . v. zuxbaia, x. zanTaraia. gali. soxumi, 1988, gv. 89. ix. aseve: d. Citaia. afxazeTis sakiTxi saqarTvelos
pirvel respublikaSi. afxazeTis saxalxo sabWo 1917-1921 wlebSi, Tb., 2006. gv. 51-55. ix. misive, afxazeTis
social-ekonomikuri da politikuri mdgomareoba XX saukunis pirvel oceulSi. Tb., 2002, gv. 3-17.
1492 . kvali, 1899, #13.
1493 . T. saxokia. mogzaurobani. Tb., 1950, gv. 303.
1494 . j. gamaxaria. qarTul afxazur urTierTobaTa istoriidan, gv. 18.

1495 . j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 610..
1496 . ix. vrclad: wminda mRvdelmTavari gabrieli da afxazeTi, Tb., 2007.
291
kidev erTi xelSemwyobi faqtori iyo afxazi xalxis damnaSave erad gamocxadeba
(1880w. 31 maisi), masTan dakavSirebuli socialuri Tu politikuri SezRudvebi,
mxaris ucxouri kolonizacia.1497
carizmis mizans warmoadgenda afxazeTis iseTi teritoriuli gadanawileba,
romelic uzrunvelyofda imperiasTan mis organul Serwymas, saqarTvelosagan
naklebmtkivneulad gamoyofas, advil kolonizacias. XIXs. 80-ian wlebSi rogorc
administraciul, ise saeklesio sferoSi reformebi ganxorcielda. 1883 wels
soxumis samxedro ganyofilebas soxumis olqi ewoda da quTaisis gubernators
daeqvemdebara. adre arsebuli ori olqisagan oTxi ubani Camoyalibda: gudauTis,
gumisTis, kodorisa da samurzayanosi.1498
1885 wlis 12 ivniss imperatoris brZanebiT da uwmindesi sinodis
gadawyvetilebiT aRdga afxazeTis (soxumis) calke eparqia. imave wels
ganxorcielda kavkasiis eparqiis reorganizacia _ igi vladikavkazisa da
stavropolis eparqiebad daiyo, xolo SavizRvispireTis guberniis 10 eklesia
soxumis eparqias SemouerTda.1499
carizmis politika ufro da ufro gamkacrda. es gansakuTrebiT kargad Cans
samurzayanos magaliTze. 1897 wlis aRweraSi samurzayanos qarTuli mosaxleoba,
rogorc ukve iTqva, afxazebTan erTad mTielebad warmoaCines, riTac cdilobdnen,
daenergaT Sexeduleba, TiTqos samurzayanoelebi sxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebi
iyvnen. Tumca SesaniSnavad icodnen, rom isini arafriT gansxvavdebodnen
megrelebisagan. amitomac gadawyvites maTTvis megruli damwerlobis SemoReba;
amiT surdaT es SedarebiT mcirericxovani mosaxleoba erTiani qarTveli
erisagan CamoecilebinaT iseTnairad, rom arc ,,damnaSave” afxazebs Serwymodnen
da ase iolad gaerusebinaT.1500 am mcdelobebs medgrad win aRudgnen WeSmariti
mamuliSvilebi _ rogorc saero, ise sasuliero moRvaweebi. maTgan
gansakuTrebulad aRniSvnis Rirsia ambrosi xelaias damsaxureba.
1899 wlis 22 Tebervals (6 marti) gazeTma `sankt-peterburgskie vedomosti~-m
gamoaqveyna anonimuri korespodencia saTauriT: ,,suxum”. arsebobs varaudi, rom es
werili ambrosi xelaias an Tedo saxokias kalams ekuTvnis. werilSi mxilebuli
iyo episkopos arsenis mier gatarebuli miuRebeli qmedobebi, mis mier
samurzayanos araqarTul samrevlod gamocxadebis mcdeloba da qarTul enaze
RvTismsaxurebis akrZalva.
am werils gamoexmaura cnobili renegati konstantine daviTis Ze maWavariani.
1899 wlis 31 marti _ 3 aprils gazeTSi `Cernomorski vestnik” (##72-75) daibeWda
misi vrceli werili saTauriT ,,aqvT Tu ara samurzayanoelebs ufleba, TavianT
Tavs megrelebs uwodebdnen”. masSi avtori afxazeTis istoriis sakiTxebSi
arakompetenurobas da saocar tendenciurobas amJRavnebda da àmtkicebda~,
TiTqos samurzayanoelebi qarTvelebi ar yofiliyvnen.
ambrosi xelaias ,,golos samurzakanca”, romelic 1899 wlis 6 maiss gazeT
`Cernomorski vestnik”-Si daibeWda, swored am werilis sapasuxod daiwera. masSi
utyuar istoriul wyaroebze miTiTebiT naCvenebia, rom soxumis olqi mdinare
fsircxamde megrelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, magram SemdgomSi isini samurzayanos
sazRvrebamde Seaviwroves. amis dasturad avtorma k.maWavarians Sesabamis
wyaroebSi arsebuli monacemebi miuTiTa.1501 pirveli diskusia afxazeT-
samurzayanos istoriis sakiTxebze amiT ar dasrulebula da ramdenime
urTierTsapasuxo werilis saxiT grZeldeboda.1502
publicistur kamaTs carizmis mxridan male mohyva konkretuli qmedobebi.
samurzayanos CamoaWres rigi teritoriebi (maT Soris ilori, misi unikaluri
1497 . j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba. gv. 516-17.

1498 . iqve, gv. 524.
1499 . mwyemsi, 1885, #18.
1501 . wminda aRmsarebeli ambrosi da afxazeTi. gv. 62-68.
1502 . ix. , 1899, 8-9 , 102-103.; 17,18,19 , 133-135; 20 , 136, 23 , 138.
292
sataZro kompleqsiT). 1903 wels soxumis olqi, romelsac 1899 wels SemoRebuli
TviTmmarTveloba ganagebda, gamoyves quTaisis guberniisagan da kavkasiis armiiis
sardlobas dauqvemdebares.1503 policiurad regioni kvlav quTaisis guberniis
gamgeobaSi darCa.
erovnuli interesebis sadarajoze idgnen inteligenciis warmomadgenlebic,
romelTa saqmianobam Jandarmeriis sammarTvelos yuradRebac ki miipyro. am mxriv
sayuradReboa quTaisis guberniis JandarmTa sammarTvelos ufrosis da
antiqarTulad ganwyobili soxumis episkopos arsenis saidumlo mimowera. werili
aSkarad miuTiTebs rusi didmoxelis SeSfoTebaze afxazeTSi ,,qarTuli partiis~
wevrebis energiuli moqmedebis gamo, romelTac `...Tavis miznad dausaxavT
afxazeTisa da samurzayanos sruliad gaqarTveleba qarTuli skolebis
daxmarebiT da wirva-locvis da yovelive mRvdelmsaxurebis qarTuls enazed
SesrulebiT, raic sruliad ucnobia afxazTaTvis.~1504 imave dros Jandarmerias
ainteresebda, sdevnida Tu ara ,,qarTvelTa partia” rusofilebs RvTismsaxurebisa
da ganaTlebis sferoSi, ramdenad cdilobda igi afxazeTis gaqarTvelebas.1505
mefis Jandarmeriam ,,qarTuli partiis” warmomadgenlebze detaluri
informacia Seagrova da 1904 wlis 1 maiss mTavarmarTeblis sabWom ganixila
qarTveli patriotebis moRvaweoba, romlebic qarTuli enis danergviT xels
uSlidnen afxazeTis mosaxleobis garusebas. ,,qarTuli partiis” aqtivistebs
kavkasiis uvado datoveba miesajaT.1506
`qarTul partiaSi~ Sediodnen: T.saxokia, anT.juReli, sp.norakiZe, iv.gegia,
mRvdlebi: d.maWavariani, i.kereseliZe, i.Cxenkeli, bes. xelaia da sxv. afxazeTis
qarTuli samRvdeloebisadmi mTavarmarTeblis sabWos mier wayenebuli
oficialuri braldeba, rom igi ewinaaRmdegeboda soxumis òlqis mosaxleobis
uswrafesad garusebisaken mimarTul mTavrobis sakeTildReo RonisZiebebs~,
sinamdvileSi iyo umaRlesi Sefaseba maTi istoriuli mniSvnelobis Rvawlisa1507.
`qarTuli partiis” saqmianoba rusi oficialuri pirebisaTvis aSkarad iyo
,,boroteba~, romelic erTxel da samudamod safuZvlianad unda
aRmofxvriliyo. 1508 ruseTis zewolas mamuliSvilebi mainc ar SeuSindnen, rasac
naTlad cxadyofs maTi Semdgomi sazogadoebriv-politikuri da publicisturi
saqmianoba.
religiuli cxovreba. XIX saukunis bolos afxazebSi kvlav dominirebdnen
tradiciuli (warmarTuli) rwmena-warmodgenebi, Tumca maT Soris iyvnen iseTebi,
romlebic qristianobis an islamisken ixrebodnen. afxazeTSi
marTlmadideblobas ZiriTadad qarTvelebi, rusebi da berZnebi misdevdnen.1509
am periodisaTvis mTlianad afxazeTSi 74 eklesia iyo, maTgan gudauTis ubanSi
13, gumisTaSi _ 14, kodorSi _ 16, samurzayanoSi _ 31. maTSi mRvdlebad
msaxurobdnen 60 qarTveli, 7 berZeni 5 rusi da 2 afxazi.1510 eklesiebi dazianda
ruseT-TurqeTis omis dros, omis Semdgom aqtiurad daiwyo maTi aRdgena. am mxriv
didi Rvawli gaswia episkoposma gabrielma. aRdgenil iqna oCamCiris, gudauTis,
merxeulis da sxva eklesiebi.1511 80-iani wlebis meore naxevridan afxazeTi
damoukidebeli eparqiaa, romelsac, ep.gabrielis Semdgom, 1906 wlis dasawyisamde
rusi mRvdelmTavrebi marTavdnen. eseni iyvnen:
1. wminda mRvdelmTavari gabrieli (qiqoZe) _ 1868 wlis ivnisidan eparqiis
droebiTi mmarTveli, 1869 wlis 30 maisidan 1886 wlis 28 dekembramde _
1503 . v. zuxbaia. soxumi. Tb., 1997, gv. 138; 50 . , 1971, gv. 26..
1504 . wminda aRmsarebeli ambrosi da afxazeTi, gv. 144..
1505 . iqve, gv. 145..
1506
. j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 598-601..
1507 . iqve, gv. 600..
1508 . z. papasqiri. narkvevebi..., nakveTi I., gv. 228..
1509 . ix. a. nodia. werili afxazeTidan. - iveria, 1902, 29 marti.
1510 . wminda aRmsarebeli ambrosi da afxazeTi, gv. 385-391.
1511 . wminda mRvdelmTavari gabrieli da afxazeTi, Ggv. 64, 631-632.
293
mmarTveli; am Tanamdebobaze igi faqtobrivad 1887 wlis 15 Tebervlamde
rCeboda.
2. genadi (pavlinski) - dainiSna 1886w. 29 noembers, ikurTxa imave wlis 28
dekembers; 1889 wlis 31 marts gardaicvala axal aTonSi.
3. aleqsandre (xovanski), 1889w. 24 maisi _ 1889w. 12 Tebervali.
4. agafodori (preobraJenski) _ 1891w. 2 marti _ 1893 w. 17 ivlisi.
5. petre (drugovi) _ 1893w. 21 agvisto _ 1895w. 28 ianvari.
6. arseni (izotovi) _ 1895w. 2 Tebervali _ 1905w. 26 marti.
7. serafime (CiCagovi) _ 1905w. 27 marti _ 1906w. 3 Tebervali.1512
maT Soris, rogorc aRiniSna, gamoirCeoda episkoposi arseni _
arqireaqcioneri da Sovinisti. mas ise sZulda qarTvelebi da qarTuli ena, rom
1897 wlidan misi brZanebiT, eparqiaSi qarTul enaze Sesrulebuli
RvTismsaxureba ar axsovdaT. manve 1901w. 20 oqtombers uwmindesi sinodis winaSe
aRZra Suamdgomloba misadmi rwmunebuli eparqiis saqarTvelos
saegzarqososagan gamoyofisa da misTvis TviTmdgomi eparqiis statusis
miniWebis Sesaxeb. Suamdgomlobis safuZvlad ki is asaxelebda imas, TiTqos
soxumis eparqiaSi ZiriTadad afxazuri da rusuli mosaxleobaa da maT
araviTari tomobrivi kavSiri ar hqondaT saegzarqosoSi Semaval sxva
eparqiebTan; gamoyofis aucileblobas, arsenis mtkicebiT, marTvis mouxerxebeli
sistemis arsebobac ganapirobebda.
soxumis episkoposma imavdroulad mTavarmarTebel g.golicinsac mimarTa. igi
daeTanxma arsenis mosazrebebs da sinodis ober-prokuror k.pobedonoscevs am
Temaze 1901w. 15 dekembers werili gaugzavna.1513 uw. sinodma ep. arsenis
Suamdgomloba mTavarmarTeblis werilTan erTad 1902w. 4 ianvars daskvnisaTvis
saqarTvelos egzarqos aleqsis gadmougzavna. is ZiriTadad daeTanxma
warmodgenil dokumentebSi gaJRerebul mosazrebas, ep. arsenis argumentebs da
soxumis eparqiis yubanis olqTan SeerTebis axali gegma wamoayena, rasac mxari
g. golicinmac dauWira.
rusuli saero da sasuliero xelisufleba soxumis eparqiis saqarTvelos
saegzarqososagan gamoyofas da yubanis olqTan gaerTianebas, afxazeTis
mosaxleobis rusul masaSi gaTqvefis, qarTvelTa da afxazTa asimilaciis
mizniT gegmavda. am ganzraxvas araferi hqonda saerTo marTlmadideblobis
interesebTan.
1903 wlis oqtomberSi gavrcelda informacia, rom soxumis eparqia ukve
Camoaciles saqarTvelos saegzarqosos da uSualod sinods dauqvemdebares.
savaraudod, soxumis eparqiis gamoyofis Taobaze peterburgSi gadawyvetileba
miRebuli iyo, magram uwmindesi sinodi misi gacxadebisaTvis xelsayrel moments
eZebda. winarevoluciuri da miT umetes revoluciis aRmavlobis periodi
namdvilad ar iyo soxumis eparqiis saqarTvelos saegzarqososagan gamoyofis
gamocxadebisaTvis saukeTeso dro. Seqmnilma politikurma viTarebam uwm.
sinodi aiZula, uari eTqva saboloo gadawyvetilebis miRebaze, Tu ukve
miRebuli gadawyvetilebis ganxorcielebaze.1514
rusi episkoposebis politika Sors gamiznuli da veraguli iyo. maT surdaT
Zaladobis gziT sabolood ganedevnaT afxazeTidan istoriulad damkvidrebuli
wesi - RvTismsaxurebis aRsruleba qarTul enaze, SeecvalaT is slavuri
liturgiiT da amiT sulier sferoSi gadaulaxavi ufskruli SeeqmnaT qarTul-
afxazuri urTierTobisaTvis. soxumis eparqiis saqarTvelos saegzarqososagan
gamoyofa ki, maTi azriT, daaCqarebda mxaris asimilacias.
1512 . iqve, gv. 671-672.

1514 . iqve, gv. 616 - 617.
294
rus episkoposebs mxardamWerad quTaisis gubernatori T.gerSelmani
moevlina, romelic carizmis koloniuri politikis aqtiuri gamtarebeli iyo da
Tavis erT-erT saidumlo werilSi daufaravad avlenda ruseTis didmpyrobelur
miznebs. afxazeTSi ,,erTaderTi radikaluri RonisZieba am mimarTebiT iqneba is, -
werda gubernatori, - rom gamovglijoT skola da eklesia qarTul sazogadoebas
xelidan, rom wirva-locva skolebsa da eklesiebSi tardebodes slavur enaze. am
RonisZiebebiT gadavarCenT adgilobriv mosaxleobas qarTuli gavlenisagan,
gaqarTvelebisagan”.1515 amasTan metad mniSvnelovania afxazeTSi qarTvelTa
Seviwroebis, rusuli enis danergvisa da mosaxleobis asimilaciis Taobaze
T.gerSelmanis werilSi xazgasmuli moTxovnac: ,,...rusuli enis danergva eparqiaSi
aseve xels Seuwyobs adgilobrivi mosaxleobis zneobrivi da gonvbrivi
ganviTarebis donis amaRlebas. aseve saWiro da aucilebelia, soxumis skolebSi
qarTveli maswavleblebi Seicvalos rusuli warmomavlobis maswavleblebiT.
yovelive es momavalSi xels Seuwyobs adgilobrivi mosaxleobis Serwymas,
SeerTebas rus mosaxleobasTan”.1516
samarTlianad miuTiTeben, rom rusi mRvdelmTavrebis mxridan qristianobis
ZaldatanebiT damkvidrebis mcdelobam, ris Sesaxeb s. basariac werda, kidev
ufro gaaZliera afxazTa ltolva islamisaken.1517
1897 wlis aRweriT, afxazeTis mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawili
marTlmadidebeli qristiani iyo, maTi ricxvi 87 064 kacs Seadgenda, mahmadianebi
iyvnen 11 062 kaci, somexi grigorianelebi _ 6 536 kaci, luTeranebi _ 954 kaci,
kaTolikeebi (somexi da ,,romaeli”) _ 375 kaci, iudevelebi _ 162 kaci,1518 sxva
religiur mimdinareobebs ki mcirericxovani mimdevari hyavda.
afxazeTSi rusuli religiuli zegavlenis ganmxorcielebeli iyo axali
aTonis monasteri, sadac asobiT rusi beri moRvaweobda. aRsaniSnavia, rom
k.maWavariani am monasters uwodebda ,,saxelmwifos saxelmwifoSi”.1519 axali
aTonis monasters hqonda uzarmazari mamulebi imperiis sxvadasxva regionebSic:
peterburgSi, novorosiiskSi, tuafseSi, biWvinTaSi da a.S., saidanac didZali
Semosavali SesdiodaT. kaspiis zRvaze mas sakuTrebaSi hqonda Tevzis sarewebi.1520
monasteri eweoda komerciul saqmianobas, romelic sul ufro da ufro farTo
xasiaTs Rebulobda.
1885 wels imperatoris gankargulebiT, biWvinTis monasteri kuTvnili miwis
nakveTiT, fiWvnariTa da tbiT axali aTonis simon kananelis monasters SeuerTda.
es imas niSnavda, rom qarTuli eklesiis kidev erTi umniSvnelovanesi centri,
dasavleT saqarTvelos kaTalikosTa rezidenciac, rusi berebis xelSi
gadavida.1521
uwmindesi sinodis 1898w. 3 seqtembris gankargulebiT dadginda, rom
RvTismsaxureba taZrebSi afxazurenovani mrevliT aResrulebinaT slavur
enaze.1522
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi afxazeTis mTel teritoriaze wirva-locva
aResruleboda qarTul enaze, saeklesio literaturac da sagaloblebic qarTul
enaze iyo Seqmnili. marTalia, gvian Sua saukuneebSi afxazeTze kontrolis
droebiT dakargvam, afsuebis Camowolam, mahmadis rjulisa da warmarTobis
gavrcelebam seriozuli dartyma miayena adgilobrivi mosaxleobis
1515 . Kk. toliaSvili. ruseTis sinodis saeklesio politika afxazeTsa da Sida qarTlSi (XIX saukunis 80-
iani _ 1917ww.), sakand. dis. Tb., 2005. gv. 35.
1516 . iqve, 35.
1517 . . . , gv. 55. ix. g. rogava. qarTvelTa sasuliero moRvaweoba XIX saukunis afxazeTSi.
Tb., 2002. gv. 34.
1518 . Первая всеобщая перепись..., gv. 86-87.
1519 . . . , gv. 190-191. ix. . - . . . 1965. gv. 505.
1520 . . . . , 1977, gv. 6-8; ix. wminda
mRvdelmTavari gabrieli da afxazeTi, gv. 45-57.
1522 . z. papasqiri. narkvevebi..., nakveTi I, gv. 228.
295
marTlmadideblur aRmsareblobas, magram qarTuli saeklesio tradiciebi kvlav
Zlieri iyo afxazeTis mTel rig regionebSi. mosaxleobaSi gansakuTrebul
ukmayofilebas iwvevda rusul enaze wirva-locva. ai, ras werda imJamindeli
korespodenti: ,,gudauTSi aris eqvsasi mcxovrebi, amaTgan rusi da somexi
ormocdaaTamde iqneba, danarCeni yvela qarTvelia. amden qarTvels aTi weliwadi
iqneba qarTuli wirva-locva ar mousmenia. monatrebuli varT Cveneburs galobas,
mSobliur xmebs. umetesobas ar gvesmis rusuli anda slavianuri, wirva-locvac
xom aravis esmis CvenTagan. amnairad vitanjebiT amdeni mosaxle kaci, dids madls
gvizamdnen, Tu umaRles mTavrobis yuramde miitandnen Cvens gaWirvebas”1523.
xelisuflebas kargad esmoda, rom mTavr dabrkolebas mxaris garusebaSi
qarTuli samRvdeloeba warmoadgenda, radgan maT xelSi isev rCeboda eklesia da
skola. amitomac cdilobda maT warTmevas qarTuli samRvdeloebisaTvis. am
mizniT mefis xelisufleba mniSvnelovan RonisZiebebs atarebda mTeli XIX
saukunis ganmavlobaSi.1524
aseve gansakuTrebuli RonisZiebebi gatarda afxazeTSi qristianobis
aRsadgenad, rac ruseTs sakuTari kolonialisturi interesebidan gamomdinare
sWirdeboda. Tu carizmi SeZlebda afxazeTis mosaxleobis, maT Soris afxazebis,
eklesiis meSveobiT rusifikacias, mas mniSvnelovnad gauadvildeboda am
teritoriis inkorporireba. saeklesio-samrevlo skolebi, rogorc dasturdeba,
maTi mniSvnelovani iaraRi gaxda am saqmeSi. samrevlo skolebSi axalgazrdoba
unda aRzrdiliyo rusuli marTlmadidebluri tradiciebis SeTviseba-gaTavisebis
safuZvelze. irkveva, rom 1900 wlisaTvis ruseTis eklesia kidev ufro
intensiurad cdilobda ganaTlebis seqtorze monopoliis mopovebas. am saqmeSi
garkveuli wvlili Seitana ,,kavkasiaSi marTlmadideblobis aRmdgenelma
sazogadoebam”, romelmac garkveuli dadebiTi roli Seasrula qristianobis
aRdgena-damkvidrebaSic. misi finansebiT da ZalisxmeviT afxazeTSi aSenda
araerTi eklesia, gaixsna saeklesio-samrevlo skolebi. XX saukunis dasawyisSi
afxazeTis teritoriaze SeimCneva samrevlo skolebis mSeneblobis
intensifikacia.1525
mefis xelisufleba didad ar zrunavda afxazeTis samrevlo skolebis
pedagogiuri kontingentis profesiul srulyofaze. arsebobs cnobebi, rom
zogierT samrevlo skolaSi pedagogebad dauniSnavT yofili straJnikebi da
gudauTis 2 - klasiani samrevlo skolis kursdamTavrebuli axalgazrdebi im
motiviT, rom ,,afxazuris swavleba SeuZliaTo”.1526
ar SeiZleba, ar davinaxoT, rom ruseTis reaqciulma sasuliero pirebma
garkveul warmatebebs miaRwies afxazebSi antiqarTuli fsiqozis dasanergad.
pirvel rigSi, es gamovlinda samrevlo skolebidan qarTuli enis totalur
gandevnaSi. XIXs. 90-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi qarTuli ena gandevnes afxazeT-
samurzayanos skolebidan da wirva-locvis qarTulad Sesrulebac akrZales.1527
imavdroulad akrZaluli iyo afxazuri enis gamoyenebac am enis
`ganuviTareblobis~ motiviT. es ki imas niSnavs, rom afxazur mosaxleobas Tavs
axvevdnen rusul enas samrevlo skolebSi da slavur enas – eklesiaSi, rac maTi
saboloo garusebis safuZvels qmnida. aseTi viTareba ki patrioti pedagogebis
seriozul ukmayofilebas da protests iwvevda.
ganaTleba. ruseT-TurqeTis 1877-1878 omis Sedagad dazianda an ganadgurda
afxazeTis skolebis didi nawili. omis dasrulebis Semdeg TandaTan daiwyo maTi
aRdgena da saswavlo procesis ganaxleba. 1880 wlis monacemebiT, afxazeTis
1523 . iveria, 1902, 14 dekemberi.

1524 . z. papasqiri. narkvevebi..., nakveTi I, gv. 228.
1525 . ix. kavkasiaSi marTlmadideblobis aRmdgeni sazogadoebisa da saeparqio saswavlo sabWos skolebis
CamonaTvali (1851-1917 ww.). wignSi: j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 1020.-1029.
1526 . isari, 1907, 24 ivlisi.
1527 . trof. xundaZe. carizmi da saxalxo ganaTleba saqarTveloSi 1881-1917 ww. Tb., 1948, gv.7.
296
skolebSi 190 qarTveli da 36 afxazi swavlobda.1528 carizmis moxeleebma ukve
moicales ganaTlebis sferoSi ufro energiuli qmedebebisaTvis, raTa mxaris
garusebisaTvis skolebis saxiT ufro moqnili da efeqturi meqanizmi SeeqmnaT.
1884 wlis 13 ivniss imperatorma daamtkica saeklesio-samrevlo skolebis wesdeba,
xolo 1885 wels marTmadideblobis aRmdgeni sazogadoebis saeklesio-samrevlo
skolebi samrevlo skolebad gadakeTda.1529
XIX saukunis dasasruls afxazeTis mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawili wera-
kiTxvis ucodinari iyo, ganaTlebuli mosaxleobis raodenoba soxumis olqSi 9,7
%-s Seadgenda, xolo qalaq soxumSi _ 41,7 %-s.1530
aRsaniSavia, rom am periodSi umaRlesi da teqnikuri ganaTleba afxazeTis
soflis mosaxleobaSi arcerT kacs ar hqonda; umaRlesi ganaTleba ar hqondaT
soxumis olqSi mcxovreb kazakebsa da sxva ucxoel axalmosaxleebsac.1531
afxazeTSi mosaxleobis am kategoriidan mxolod qalaq soxumSi aRmoCnda 3 kaci,
romelsac saSualospecialuri ganaTleba hqonda, xolo mTlianad olqSi am
fenebidan 32 kaci da 36 qali iyo saSualo ganaTlebiT.1532 odnav gansxvavebuli
mdgomareoba dafiqsirda soxumis olqis Tavadaznaurobisa da Cinovnikebis
ojaxebSi. am socialur kategoriaSi wera-kiTxvis mcodne iyo 1653 kaci, wera-
kiTxvis ucodinari _ 3574 kaci.1533 umaRles saswavleblebSi ganaTleba miRebuli
hqonda 35 kacs, specialuri teqnikuri ganaTlebiT iyo 7 kaci, saSualo
specialuri ganaTleba hqonda 20 kacs, saSualo ganaTleba ki _ 275.1534
ganaTlebis mxriv savalalo mdgomareoba Seiqmna soxumis olqis sasuliero
da sazogadoebis sxva fenebSic. gazeT ,,saxalxo furcelSi” Tedo saxokia
fsevdonimiT ,,soxumeli” xazgasmiT miuTiTebda: ,,samwuxaroa is faqti, rom dRemde
am niWier xalxis, rogoric afxazebi arian, SvilTagan umaRlesi saswavlebeli
aravis daumTavrebia”.1535 aqedan gamomdinare, ganaTlebas da saganmanaTleblo
politikas saqarTvelos am kuTxisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda.
es iyo Sedegi erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos daSlis, istoriuli
bedukuRmarTobis, gareSe mtrebis ganuwyveteli eqspansiisa, ris gamoc
sagrZnoblad Seferxda saqarTvelos kulturuli ganviTareba. yovelive aman
regionSi seriozulad Seasusta qristianuli tradiciebi, gaaZliera mahmadis
rjuli da warmarTobac. am mdgomareobidan gamosavali ori iyo: an afxazeTi
daubrundeboda mama-papaTa kulturul faseulobebs _ saerTo qarTul
qristianul-marTlmadideblur kulturul samyaros, an daadgeboda ruseTis mier
Tavs moxveul ZalmomreobiT kulturul cxovrebas, romlis Sedegi rusul
kulturul sivrcesTan SeerTeba da sabolood rusifikacia iqneboda.
aSkaraa, rom carizmi, Tavisi koloniuri pilitikidan gamomdinare,
saqarTvelos am kuTxeSi ganaTlebis qarTul sistemas ar Seqmnida.1536 misi
globaluri politikuri amocana strategiulad mniSvnelovan geopolitikur
sivrceSi aqtiur rusifikacias gulisxmobda, rac rusuli ganaTlebis sistemis
yovelmxrivi kultivirebis safuZvelze SeiZleboda mxolod momxdariyo. amitomac
es politika ZiriTadad ganmsazRvreli iyo XIX saukunis bolodan 1917 wlamde.
1880 wlidan 1905 wlamde afxazeTSi gaixsna 86 skola, aqedan
marTlmadideblobis aRmdgeni sazogadoebis xaziT sami _ moqvSi, aWandarasa da
1528 .j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 520.

1529 .iqve, gv. 520, 521.
1530 .Первая всеобщая перепись ..., gv. 1.
1531 .iqve, gv. 80.
1532 .iqve, gv. 80.
1533 .iqve, gv. 78.
1534 .iqve, gv. 78 -83.
1535 .saxalxo furceli, 1905, 1 aprili.
1536
. vrclad ix. i. gelenava. sasuliero samrevlo skolebi afxazeTSi (1900-1917 ww.). _ logosi, 2007, #IV,
gv. 209-215; И. Геленава. О некоторых аспектах религиозно-просветительной политики царизма в Абхазии (1900-1917 г.г.). _
saistorio vertikalebi, 2005, #9, gv. 81-89.
297
foqveSSi, danarCenebi ki saeparqio saswavlo sabWos daqvemdebarebaSi iyvnen.1537
afxazeTSi, kerZod, samurzayanoSi skolebis simcirisa da miuwvdomlobis
gamo, kvlav gamoiyeneboda swavla-aRzrdis xalxuri wesebi:1538 saSinao aRzrdaSi
mTavari adgili ostats (maswavlebels), mRvdels, bersa da ojaxis diasaxliss
eWira. ojaxSi arsebobda `zepiri skolebi~, romlebSic `vefxistyaosans~ da sxva
nawarmoebebs aswavlidnen. didwilad aman SeinarCuna afxazeTSi qarTuli suli.
1900 wels afxazeTis saxalxo skolebSi maswavlebelTa ricxvi aRwevda 46-s;
maT Soris afxazi iyo 3, qarTveli - 25, rusi - 14, estoneli - 3 da germaneli -
1.1539
1880 wels soxumis mTielTa skolaSi (romelic 1863 wels gaixsna mTielTa
SvilebisaTvis da imyofeboda samxedro uwyebis meTvalyureobaSi, amave dros
Sedioda saxalso ganaTlebis saministros sistemaSi da swavla-aRzrdis mxriv
emorCileboda kavkasiis saswavlo olqs. skola 1917 wlamde funqcionirebda)
iricxeboda 80 aRsazrdeli. 1900 wels ki aq gaixsna biblioTeka. skola Tavisi
arsebobis manZilze erTgulad emsaxureboda axalgazrdobis garusebis saqmes.1540
XIX s-is dasasrulisa da XX s-is dasawyisisaTvis Tavi gamoiCines afxazma,
qarTvelma da sxva erovnebis pedagogebma, maT Soris iyvnen T.eSba, a.WoWua,
iv.gegia, p.Waraia, T.saxokia, anT.juReli, k.maWavariani, p.Sayrili, n.Wedia, n.janaSia,
i.lakerbaia, g.eSba, n.qirTbaia, k.marSania, gracki, d.ajamovi da sxv.
grZeldeboda afxazuri anbanis daxvewaze muSaoba. 1892 wels k.maWavarianma da
d.guliam Seadgines axali afxazuri saanbano wigni da gamosces TbilisSi.
eWvgareSea, qarTveli moRvaweebis Tanadgoma afxazuri damwerlobis SeqmnaSi
pativiscemis gulwrfeli gamovlineba iyo afxazi xalxisadmi. d.gulias azriT,
ès anbani afxazurma skolebma naxes pirvelad da misis saSualebiT afxazma
bavSvebma daiwyes swavla mSobliur enaze. gamoCnda saSualeba mSobliur enaze
xalxTan saubrisa~.1541 am wignma mainc ver Seasrula mniSvnelovani roli afxazi
mosaxleobis ganaTlebis saqmeSi, radganac carizmis mizani regionis rusifikacia
iyo..
1900-ian wlebSi myarad hqonda fexi mokidebuli `WeSmariti rusebis kavSirs~.
misi wevrebi ibrZodnen, raTa aRmoefxvraT qarTuli ena soxumis olqSi. kavSiris
mTavari sulisCamdgmelebi iyvnen adgilobrivi rusuli mosaxleoba, rusuli
samRvdeloeba, maT Soris: l.progulbicki (olqis ufrosi), v.iastrebovi
(eparqialuri zedamxedveli), mRvdlebi s.protopopovi, s.alfiorovi, g.golubcovi
(im periodSi samoswavlo sabWos wevri) da sxva. isini yovel Rones xmarobdnen
regionis garusebisaTvis, qarTvelTa da afxazTa dapirispirebisaTvis;
cdilobdnen, raime ziani mieyenebinaT sapasuxismgeblo Tanamdebobebze myofi
qarTvelebisaTvis; aSkara ciliswamebas da bezRobasac ar eridebodnen.1542
saqarTvelo-imereTis sinodaluri kantoris 1898 wlis 17 martis brZanebulebiT
afxazeTisa da samurzayanos skolebSi aikrZala qarTuli enis swavleba.1543
carizmis mcdelobis miuxedavad, tradiciuli qarTul-afxazuri megobruli
urTierTobebi mainc grZeldeboda. STamomavlobisaTvis udidesi magaliTia
giorgi mixeilis Ze SarvaSiZisa (1847-1918ww.) da akaki wereTlis megobruli
urTierToba, erTmaneTisadmi miZRvnili leqsebi. literaturaTmcodneebma
daadgines, rom g.SarvaSiZisa da akaki wereTlis SemoqmedebaSi igrZnoba Rrma

1538
. i. gelenava. ruseTis saganmanaTleblo politikis zogierTi aspeqtis Sesaxeb afxazeTSi XIX s. dasas-
rulsa da XX s. pirvel ocwleulSi (samurzayanos masalebze dayrdnobiT). _ klio, 2005, #26, gv. 77-98.
1539 . n. vekua. saxalxo ganaTlebis dawyebiTi saswavleblebi revoluciamdel afxazeTSi (1851-1917). soxumi,
1958.
1540 . n. vekua. soxumis mTielTa saswavlebeli (1863-1917 ww).. _ komunisturi aRzrdisaTvis, 1958, #5, gv. 73.
1541 . . . , . I. , 1925, gv. 21.

1542 . a. xvingia.. `mogonebebi~ (xelnaweiri). rveuli #2. gv. 54. ix. s.g.m. 4669. gv. 56. ix. z. cincaZe, afxazeTis
saqarTvelodan mowyvetis saTaveebTan.. _ afxazeTis istoriis problemebi. Tb. 1998, gv. 138.
298
naTesaoba rogorc esTetikuri, ise Tematuri, ideuri da religiuri
TvalsazrisiT. sainteresoa is faqti, rom ungrelma mxatvarma mixail ziCim
swored g.SarvaSiZe gamoiyena naturad `vefxistyaosnis~ gmiris avTandilis saxis
Seqmnisas.
aRsaniSnavia aseve konstantine giorgis Ze SarvaSiZis (1813-1883ww.), daviT
Cqotuas, aleqsandre grigolis Ze SarvaSiZis (1855-1932ww.)1544 mamuliSviluri
SemarTeba, maTi brZola ruseTis mcdelobis winaaRmdeg Rrma da gadaulaxavi
ufskruli Seeqmna qarTul-afxazur urTierTobaSi.
didi popularobiT sargeblobda afxazeTSi saqarTvelos ugvirgvino mefe _
ilia WavWavaZe. 1903 wlis 22 maiss ilia stumrobda soxums. aq is gagridan
Camovida, sadac princ a.oldenburgelis miwveviT imyofeboda.1545 soxumis
mosaxleoba aRfrTovanebiTa da didi siyvaruliT Sexvda mgosans. mas ori
Tanamgzavri axlda: al. orbeliani da dimitri ColoyaSvili.1546 ai, ras werda
gazeTi ,,iveria~: `22 maiss, saRamoze soxumis `bulvarSi~ saseirnod gamosuls
xalxSi gaisma mxiaruli CurCuli: ìlia Camosula, ilia gvewvia~, da TiTiT
uCvenebdnen erTmaneTs baRSi moseirne Cvens saxelovan mgosans ilia WavWavaZes...
...yvelas undoda axlo daenaxa es sasiqadulo mamuliSvili saqarTvelosi,
yvela natrobda misi xmis gagonebas da fexakrefiT misdevda~.1547
qarTul-afxazurma inteligenciam _ ivane miminoSvilma, T.saxokiam, s.Turqiam,
a.Cukbarma, e.gabuniam, maSo anCabaZem (Salva dadianis da), g.norakiZem da sxvebma
ilias gulTbili Sexvedra mouwyves da 24 maiss sazeimo sadilic gaumarTes,
romelic moewyo aleqsandre da ivane SarvaSiZeebis baRSi. gaiSala mdidruli
tradiciuli qarTul-afxazuri sufra, tkbili simRerebiT, Tvalwarmtaci
gulTbili sadRegrZeloebiT. ilias dinjad warmouTqvams Semdegi sityva: ,,me Cemi
amxanagebis magier da CemTavad dids madlobas mogaxsenebT am gadametebuli
pativiscemisagan da RmerTsa vTxov, gixsnaT Tqven im saSineli gansacdelisagan,
romelic me sulTamxuTaviviT TvalT ametuza, roca aqauroba daviare da
davaTvaliere.
dRes aqamomde am mSveniers afxaz-qarTvelTa miwa-wyals xmliT vinaxavdiT
da, asea Tu ise, SevinaxeT kidec. dRes xmali qarqaSSi Caego. dRes sxva mteri
modis, rogorc vxedav, ise guldagul da pirdapir ki ara, rogorc patiosani
xmali, aramed Cumad, qurdulad, rogorc macduri da mparavi. igi mteri fulia,
gaiZvera da mzaravi. igi RimiliT da alersiT mogeqcevaT da ise gamogacliT
xelidan am lamazs, turfas, mdidars qveyanas, rom pirvel xanSi iqneb
madlobelic gauxdeT.
kidev vityvi: RmerTma gixsnaT am saSineli macdurisagan, RmerTma hqnas da
Tamam xmlisagan uZlevelni ar iZlivneT mxdal da mSiSar fulisagan da
SeinarCunoT es qarTvelis sisxliT morwyuli mSvenieri qveyana Tqvenda
sadRegrZelod da Tqvenda SvilTa da axlobelTa sabednierod da
Tavmosawonad”1548.
sufra afxazur-qarTul simRerebsa da iSviaTi silamazis cekvebs SeumkiaT
Zuku loluas xelmZRvanelobiT. zeimi 6-7 saaTamde gagrZelebula.1549
XXs-is 80-iani wlebidan imperialisturi politika afxazeTSi gansakuTrebiT
gamkacrda. yvelaze mkafiod es ganaTlebis sferoSi igrZnoboda, rac skolebidan
qarTuli enis mTlianad gandevnasa da rusulis damkvidrebaSi gamoixata.
xorcieldeboda eklesiebis rusifikaciis procesi, saidanac aseve ganidevna ena
qarTuli, iniSnebodnen rusi mRvdelmTavrebi, aqtiurad daiwyo muSaoba afxazeTis
1544 . T. mibCuani. afxazeTi. II nawili. Tb., 2006, gv. 148-150.

1545 . ж. , . . dasax. naSromi, gv. 727.
1546 . i. gogebaSvili. afxazeTis Sesaxeb. - Txz. Tb., 1955, t. 4, gv. 200.
1547
. iveria, 1903, #118, 4 ivnisi.
1548
. iveria, 1903, 4 ivnisi. ix. i. gelenava. afxazeTis kulturuli cxovrebis istoriidan (1917-1921 ww. Tb.,
2003. gv. 35-36.
1549
. sabWoTa afxazeTi, 1966, 15 ivnisi, gv. 3.
299
teritoriis dasanawevreblad, gagris ubani CamoSorda afxazeTs da
SavizRvispireTis gubernias SeuerTda. farTo masStabebi SeiZina regionis
ucxouri kolonizaciis procesma, saxelmwifo politikis rangSi iqna ayvanili
dapirispirebis gaRrmaveba qarTvelebsa da afxazebs Soris, gansakuTrebiT
gaZlierda zewola qarTvelobaze.
2. afxazeTi demokratiuli revoluciis, reaqciisa da pirveli

msoflio omis periodSi. 1905-1917ww.
XX saukunis dasawyisSi ruseTi seriozuli ekonomikuri da socialuri
problemebis winaSe aRmoCnda. mTeli imperia moicva farTo revoluciur-
demokratiulma moZraobam, romelmac iaponiasTan omSi damarcxebis Semdeg kidev
ufro mwvave xasiaTi SeiZina. 1901-1903 wlebSi winarevoluciuri situacia
saqarTvelos mTel rig raionebSic aSkarad SeimCneoda. warmoiSva seriozuli
dapirispireba mefis xelisuflebasa da demokratiul Zalebs, glexobasa da
memamuleebs, kapitalistebsa da muSebs, carizmsa da erovnul-gamaTavisuflebel
moZraobas Soris, ramac Tavisi koncentrirebuli gamoxatuleba 1905 wlis wina
TveebSi Seqmnil revoluciur situaciaSi hpova.
revoluciurma da demokratiulma ganwyobilebam Tavi iCina afxazeTSic,
sadac mSromeli masa ZiriTadad qarTveli, rusi da berZeni erovnebis
warmomadgenlebisagan Sedgeboda (afxazebi muSebs Soris erTeulebi iyvnen).
miuTiTeben, rom 1905 wlis revoluciis dawyebidan 3 Tvis ganmavlobaSi
afxazeTSi moewyo 11-mde gaficva, mitingi, manifestacia da saxalxo Sekreba.1550
afxazeTis zogierT regionSi glexebi axerxebdnen xelisuflebis xelSi
aRebas, Tavisi gavlenis damkvidrebas da saxalxo-demokratiuli mmarTvelobis
Seqmnas. aseTi ram moxda samurzayanos erT nawilSi, rac istoriaSi
,,samurzayanos respublikis” saxeliTaa cnobili. am xelisuflebam iarseba
TiTqmis erTi weli.1551 istorias SemorCa mogoneba ,,gagris respublikis” Sesaxeb.
am xelisuflebam ori Tve iarseba. aris cnoba, rom 1905 wlis 16 noembridan 20
dekembremde soxumSi arsebobda ,,revoluciuri mTavroba”.1552
demokratiuli moZraobis zewoliT carizmi iZulebiT daTmobaze mainc
wavida. liberaluri reformebi kavkasiaSic ganxorcielda. kvlav aRdga
mefisnacvlis instituti. 1905 w. ianvarSi Tanamdebobidan gaaTavisufles
mTavarmarTebeli g. golicini. imave wlis TebervalSi kavkasiaSi mefisnacvlis
posti i. voroncov-daSkovma daikava. TiTqmis erTdroulad soxumis olqis
Sovinisti ufrosi v. progulbicki Tavadma l. jandierma Secvala. saqarTvelos
da maT Soris afxazeTs moaSores Sovinisturad ganwyobili mRvdelmTavrebic _
egzarqosi aleqsi, soxumis episkoposi arseni, rusifikaciis politikis mTavari
ideologi da cxovrebaSi misi gamtarebeli, qarTveli xalxis dauZinebeli mteri
dekanozi i. vostorgovi. axali egzarqosi nikolozi (1905-1906ww.) da soxumis
episkoposi serafime SedarebiT liberalur politikas axorcielebdnen. ep.
serafimem TxuTmetwliani akrZalvis Semdeg qarTul enaze wirva-locvac
aRadgina.1553 miRebuli zomebis miuxedavad, xalxis ukmayofileba ar Camcxrala.
revoluciuri moZraobis aRmavloba afxazeTSi gansakuTrebiT SeimCneva 1905
wlis Semodgomidan. amas ganapirobebda revoluciuri movlenebis
intensifikacia, rogorc peterburgSi, ise moskovSi. imperiis ,,orive
dedaqalaqSi” mRelvarebam Tavis apogeas 17 oqtombrisaTvis miaRwia. nikoloz II
1550 . . . . , gv. 265.

1551 . . . 1905-0907 . , 1984, gv. 42.
1552 . iqve, gv. 37.
1553 . .j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 617-680.
300
iZulebuli gaxda imave dRes gamoeca manifesti, romliTac ruseTis
mosaxleobas mianiWa yvela ZiriTadi demokratiuli ufleba da dahpirda
saxelmwifo saTaTbiros gadaudebel mowvevas.
qarTuli da afxazuri istoriografia samarTlianad amaxvilebs yuradRebas
ruseTis 1905-1907 wlebis revoluciaSi eTnikuri afxazebis gandgomaze. jer
kidev 1910 wels, ruseTis imperiis winaaRmdeg aqtiuri mebrZoli giorgi
SarvaSiZe xazgasmiT aRniSnavda: ,,gamovida moulodneli kazusi, rogor moxda,
afxazebi _ ,,cnobili meamboxeni”, uecrad iyvnen mSvidad da es maSin, rodesac
mTeli ruseTi mRelvarebaSia... ver gaugeb am xalxs. mudam akeTeben imas, rasac
aranairad ar elodebi... maTTvis jer kidev feodalizmi grZeldeba, saWiroa
maTSi am gancdis aRmofxvra, radgan sasaciloa, Cvens droSi, gyavdes
saxelmwifoSi xalxi feodaluri wyobilebis yofiTi sistemiT... revoluciurma
propagandam aq warmatebas ver miaRwia, radgan aq ar arsebobda wodebrivi
dapirispireba.”1554
1906w. maisSi mefisnacvlis sabWoze aRiniSna, rom afxazeTis mosaxleoba,
romelic oficialurad atarebda damnaSavis saxels, bolo Tveebis movlenebis
dros gamoirCeoda mTavrobisadmi loialobiT mezobeli raionebis
mosaxleobasTan SedarebiT,1555 riTac afxazebis garkveuli nawili amayobda
kidec.1556 erTi ram ueWvelia: afxazeTSi saocialuri konfliqti aq arsebuli
specifikuri ekonomikuri urTierTobis gamo erovnebaTSoris konfliqtad iqca.
Tavadaznaurobis gabatonebulma mdgomareobam ganapiroba afxazTa umravlesobis
uaryofiTi damokidebuleba demokratiuli gardaqmnebisadmi, risTvisac
ibrZodnen sxva erebis warmomadgenlebi, gansakuTrebiT ki qarTvelebi. aseTi
mdgomareoba da ganwyoba zrdida dapirispirebas qarTvelebsa da afxazebs
Soris.
s.lakobas azriT, afxazi glexi, sxvebisagan gansxvavebiT, ver SeZlebda
social-demokratiuli ideebis aRqmas; sxvebi ixrebodnen fulad-sasaqonlo
urTierTobebisaken, afxazebi ki vaWrobaSi da sxva saxis SromiT samsaxurSi
CarTuli ar iyvnen, radgan es damamcireblad miaCndaT. isini iSviaTi
gamonaklisis garda ar cxovrobdnen soxumSi, gudauTasa da oCamCireSi.1557
s.lakoba revoluciidan afxazTa gandgomis erTerT mizezad asaxelebs
imasac, rom isini am movlenebs aRiqvamdnen rogorc qarTul revolucias.
afxazTa erTi nawilis aseTi warmodgena revoluciaze, swored rusi
agitatorebis mier ukanaskneli aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi Catarebuli
propagandistuli da ,,aRmzrdelobiTi” muSaobis nayofi iyo. swored isini
unergavdnen carizmis mier damnaSaved gamocxadebuli da dasjili eris
warmomadgenlebs, qarTvelebisagan TiTqos ,,daCagrul” afxazebs siZulvils
`qarTveli dampyroblebisadmi”. da es xdeboda maSin, rodesac afxazebis mier
gamoTavisuflebul miwebze mTavroba operatiulad asaxlebda sxvadasxva
mimarTulebis seqtantebsa da nebismieri erovnebis adamianebs, garda
qarTvelebisa.
saqarTvelos progresuli sazogadoeba SeSfoTebuli iyo afxazeTSi 1905w.
Seqmnili situaciiT. aSkara iyo Savrazmelebis ,,gaTiSe da ibatones” politikis
pirveli sagrZnobi Sedegebi. isini sistematurad aqveynebdnen presaSi werilebs,
romlebSic mxilebulni iyvnen ,,bneli Zalebi”, romlebic afxazeTSi
avrcelebdnen aTasgvar binZur monaWors, TiTqos qarTvelebi apirebdnen
afxazTa amowyvetas da maTi mamulebis mitacebas.1558 aqtiuri ideologiuri
muSaoba xorcieldeboda afxazebis yvela fenaSi: ,,Tqven mSvidi, keTili da
1554 . z. papasqiri. narkvevebi..., nakveTi I, gv.242.

1555 . j. gamaxaria. qarTul-afxazur urTierTobaTa istoriidan, gv. 23.
1556 . kavkaz, 1906, 13 ianvari.
1557 . z. papasqiri. narkvevebi..., nakv. I, gv. 243.
1558 . iqve, gv. 243-244.
301
wesierebis moyvaruli xalxi xarT, Tqvengan araviTari uwesoba ar aris
mosalodneli, darwmunebuli varT, arc iqnebao. magram Tqveni mezobeli
qarTvelebi sandoni ar arian; imaTgan Tqvens dasaRupavad rasme unda
movelodeT, amitom ,,hka magaTo” darwmunebuli iyaviT, amisaTvis jildos meti
sxva araferi geliTo”1559, - aqezebdnen afxazebs.
1905 wlis dekemberSi, moskovis sisxliani warumatebeli ajanyebis Semdeg,
daiwyo revolucis daRmavloba. carizmi, romelmac miiRo dasavleTevropuli
subsidiebi, revanSisaTvis emzadeboda. aseT viTarebaSi mefis xelisufleba
Seecada, garkveuli administraciuli cvlilebebi ganexorcielebina soxumis
olqSi. ukve didi xani amuSavebdnen proeqts, rom soxumis olqi SeeerTebinaT
Savi zRvis guberniisaTvis. amasTan dakavSirebiT soxumis qalaqis Tavma niko
TavdgiriZem da aleqsandre SarvaSiZem afxazeTis saxeliT mefisnacvals
Suamdgomloba warudgines soxumis olqis ara SavizRvispireTis, aramed
quTaisis guberniisaTvis mierTebis Sesaxeb. ès Suamdgomloba, _ werda `cnobis
furceli~ 1905w. 7 seqtembers, _ namestnikma gadasca quTaisis gubernators da
daavala, am sagnis Sesaxeb mcodne pirTagan komisia Seadginos da gamoikvlios,
quTaisis Tu Cernomoriis gubernias mieweros soxumis olqi~. erToblivi
qarTul-afxazuri interesebis gamomxatveli iyo mefisnacvlisaTvis wardgenili
da 1905w. 19 noembers `cnobis furcelSi~ gamoqveynebuli soxumis olqis
mcxovrebTa moTxovnebi. dokumentis avtorebi mefisnacvals sTxovdnen:
`1. ,am olqis mTlianad datoveba Tavis istoriul sazRvrebSi, rogorc
gansakuTrebuli damoukidebeli kuTxe administraciul mmarTvelobis mxriv _ da Tu
aseTi datoveba ar moxerxda, maSin igi SeuerTdes Cernomorski gubernias, ise ki, rom
administraciul centrad soxumi iyos.
2. am olqSi mcxovrebi afxazebi aRar moixsenion metad saZraxis da daumsaxurebel
saxeliT: ,,damnaSaveni”, rogorc am Jamad sCadian administraciis moxeleni miwer-moweris
da maTTan saubris dros.
3. am olqis mcxovrebTac mieniWoT is uflebani, rac samurzayanos olqis
mcxovrebTa aqvT; olqis umiwawylo mkvidrT exlav daurigdeT miwebi; is mcxovrebni am
olqisa, rusis qveSevrdomni, romelic ara nakleb 7 wlisa dasaxlebulan da
mflobeloben ama Tu im miwiT, exlav miewernen ama Tu im sazogadoebas da am miwiTac
mxolod maT da maT STamomavlobas SeeZloT sargebloba da ara sxva visme; megrelebi,
romelnic am olqSi scxovroben nayid miwebze, Cairicxnen im sazogadoebebSi, sadac am
Jamad scxovroben da amoiSalnen im sazogadoebidan, saidanac mosulni arian.
4. umaRlesad neba darTon dabrundnen is afxazebi, romelnic 1877-1878 ww.
osmaleTSi gadasaxldnen da amJamad dabruneba surT. amaT unda daubrundeT
sasaxlkarod saxelmwifo miwebi.
5. usasyidlod daeTmos xalxs aqauri saxelmwifo da sazafxulo saZovari
adgilebi.
6. exlav gauqmebul iqnas kavkasiis sapolicio daraji, radgan mas xalxisaTvis
araviTari sargebloba, zaralis meti, ara moaqvs-ra. amis nacvlad Tavis dasacvelad
adgilobriv mcxovrebTagan Sesdges razmi.
7. exlav gaixsnas safosto gza gagrasa da zugdids Sua da ganTavisuflebul iqnas
xalxi fostis cxenebis Senaxvisagan.
8. exlav SemoRebul iqnas saero, ufaso da savaldebulo swavleba.
9. yvela stipendia stavropolis vaJTa gimnaziidan ganTavisuflebis Semdeg
gadmotanil iqnas soxumis realur saswavlebelSi da TviT stipendiebis ricxvi
gamravldes.
10. yvela am olqSi arsebul saswavlebelSi savaldebulo gaxdes swavleba qarTul
enisa, xolo visac surs, afxazurisa da mahmadian-abxazebisaTvis_arabul enebisa.
11. umaRles saswavleblebSi am olqis mcxovrebTaTvis daarsdes stipendia.
12. soxumis samTo skola exlave gadakeTdes saSualo sasoflo-sameurneo
saswavleblad mosamzadebel ganyofilebiT.
1559 . cnobis furceli, 1905, 22 aprili.

302
13. samkurnalo nawili kargad moewyos, daardes qsenonebi da saavadmyofoebi da
sxva.
14. soxumis olqis jaris-kacT exlav mieceT neba kavkasiaSi moixadon begara da ara
sxvagan sadme.
15. exlav SemoRebul iqmnas nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo da instituti amorCeul
momrigebel mosamarTleebisa.
16. xalxs mieceT ufleba, TviTon airCios sasuliero piri, rogorc
marTlmadidebel, ise mahmadianur moZRvrebisa.
17. yvela samsaxurSi, Tu ganaTlebis cenzi uflebas aZlevs, adgili daeTmos
adgilobriv mkvidrs”.
soxumis olqis mcxovrebTa saxeliT Sedgenili am moTxovnebidan
TvalnaTliv Cans winaaRmdegobebi. magaliTad, punqtebis – 1, 7, da 10-is Sejereba
gviCvenebs sazogadoebaSi arsebul azrTa sxvaobas, Tumca naTelia ganwyoba
saqarTvelosTan da qarTuli enis swavlebasTan dakavSirebiT. pirveli punqti
aSkara mcdelobaa, rom Tuki soxumis olqi SavizRvispireTis gubernias
SeuerTdeboda, maSin administraciuli centri unda yofiliyo soxumSi. amiT
moxdeboda istoriuli saqarTvelos Crdilo-dasavleT sazRvris aRdgena,
Sedegad gagris raioni kvlav soxumis olqs SemouerTdeboda; amasTan olqis
SemadgenlobaSi Semovidoda teritoria mdinare yubanamde.1560 mefisnacvali
iZulebuli iyo, dasTanxmeboda soxumis olqis mcxovrebTa kanonieri
moTxovnebis garkveul nawils.
revoluciuri procesebisagan afxazTa gandgomis gamo uaRresad kmayofilni
iyvnen carizmis moxeleebi. 1906 wels gazeTi ,,okraini rosii” werda: ,,afxazebma
jer kidev ver gaiTavises socializmi, amitomac maTTan cxovreba SeiZleba.”1561
swored amitom 1907 wlis 27 aprils gamoqveynda imperatoris `wyaloba”, romlis
mixedviTac afxazebs oficialurad moexsnaT ,,damnaSave mosaxleobis” statusi.
es iyo mefis winaSe gamoCenili erTgulebisaTvis miRebuli jildo. kavkasiis
mefisnacvali i.voroncov-daSkovi Tavis 1907w. 11 maisis mimarTvaSi
afxazebisadmi imeds gamoTqvamda, rom momavalSi ,,afxazebi Tavisi xelmwife
imperatoris winaSe damnaSaveebi aranair viTarebaSi ar iqnebian”, rom maT
Rirseulad gauZles gamocdas.1562 mefis `mowyalebam~ aRafrTovana afxazoba,
male maT jarSi samsaxuris nebarTva iTxoves da miiRes kidec (qristianebma).
daiwyo xalxis TviTSegnebis ara gamoRviZeba, rogorc gazeTi `kavkazi~ 1907w. 12
dekembers werda, aramed am TviTSegnebis Zireuli gardaqmna; eri, romelic sul
cota xnis winaT ruseTis Zlevamosili imperiis winaaRmdeg medgrad ibrZoda da
am brZolaSi ,,damnaSavis” sapatio saxeli moipova, axla imave imperiis erTguli
gaxda.
ruseTis istoriaSi mniSvnelovan politikur movlenad iqca I saxelmwifo
saTaTbiros mowveva, rac mefis 1905w. 17 oqtombris manifestiT iyo gadawyvetili.
revoluciis aRmavlobam I saTaTbiros arCevnebi CaSala, Tumca 1906w. Teberval-
martSi mainc Sedga. saqarTveloSi es arCevnebi 1906w. april-maisSi Catarda.
soxumis, baTumisa da yarsis olqebidan saTaTbiros wevri gaxda generali
prokofi SarvaSiZe1563. saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis sakiTxebis uwm.
sinodSi ganxilvasTan dakavSirebiT peterburgSi myofi soxumis episkoposi
kirioni erTxel iyo I saxelmwifo saTaTbiros stumari. is didi pativiT miiRo
saTaTbiros Tavmjdomarem s.muromcevma da ministrebis gverdiT loJa dauTmo.
`metad karg STabeWdilebas axdens baasi, _ werda ep.kirioni, _ ise Tavisuflad
Cem dReSi ar amomisunTqia, rogorc saTaTbiroSi. mWevrmetyveleba duRs da
1560 . ж. , . . dasax. naSromi, gv. 730.

1561 . z. papasqiri. narkvevebi..., nakv. I, gv. 243.
1562 . ж. , . . dasax. naSromi, gv. 368-369.
1563 . meore saxelmwifo saTaTbiroSi (1907 w. Teberval-ivnisi) imave olqebidan warmodgenili iyo
konstantine kandelaki, mesameSi (1907 w. seqtember-oqtomberi _ 1912 w. ivnisi) _ kvlav pr. SarvaSiZe, meoTxeSi
(1912 w. seqtember-oqtomberi _ 1917 w. Tebervali) _ samurzayanoeli akaki Cxenkeli. _ ix. g. saiTiZe. qarTuli
politikuri azri da ruseTis saxelmwifo saTaTbiro (1905-1917). Tb., 2005.
303
gadmodis. wesiereba TaTbiris dros samagaliToa. Tumca yvela orators
sificxe etyoba. yvela erTgulad muSaobs sazogado saqmisTvis. did
mniSvnelobas am saTaTbiros istoria aRniSnavs. exla ki mTavrobisgan devnis
meti arafers unda moelodes~1564. marTlac, sul male, 1906w. 8 ivliss, urCi
saTaTbiro daiTxoves.
soxumis kaTedraze ep. kirionis daniSvna (1906w. 3 Tebervali) TavisTavad
warmoadgenda daTmobas soxumis olqSi demokratiuli revoluciis mTavari
mamoZravebeli Zalis _ qarTvelebis winaSe. afxazeTSi misi moRvaweobis
xanmokle periodi Seadgens mTel epoqas regionis saeklesio cxovrebaSi.
ep.kirionma imTaviTve uaryo rusi mRvdelmTavrebis mier danergili iZulebiTi
gaqristianebis praqtika da mTeli yuradReba mrevlTan Sexvedrebze, qadagebebze,
axali samrevloebis gaxsnaze, eklesiebis aRdgena-mSeneblobaze gadaitana;
hqonda gegma, soxumSi aeSenebina òri Seupovari simagre qarTveli
erovnebisa~1565 _ eklesia da skola, magram ar dascalda. cxumeli episkoposis
erT-erTi damsaxureba is iyo, rom man yvela erovnebis mrevls _ qarTvelebs,
rusebs, berZnebs _ sakuTar enaze RvTismsaxurebis SesaZlebloba misca.
afxazebsac rom aseTive SesaZlebloba hqonodaT, ep.kirionma afxazTagan
Camoayaliba da intensiurad muSaobda saeklesio literaturis afxazur enaze
mTargmneli komisia, romelic ZiriTadad afxazuri erovnebis sasuliero
pirebisagan da inteligenciis warmomadgenlebisagan Sedgeboda. kirion
episkoposma moaswro komisiis ori sxdomis Catareba. afxazeTidan qarTveli
mRvdelmTavris gawvevis Semdeg komisiis saqmianoba SeCerda, magram mogvianebiT
man kvlav ganaaxla muSaoba, romelic 1913 wlamde gagrZelda da uflis sityvis
afxazur enaze TargmniT dasrulda (Seasrules d.guliam da mRvdlebma
n.ladariam, n.pateifam da d.marRaniam)1566.
kirion episkoposs miznad hqonda dasaxuli gamoCenili pedagogis, iakob
gogebaSvilis daxmarebiT afxazuri dedaenis Sedgena da gamocema1567. misma
moulodnelma gadayenebam es gegmac CaSala.
ep.kirionis kalams ekuTvnis 1906w. cxumelis saxeliT peterburgSi rusul
enaze gamocemuli broSura àbxazia~. saqarTvelos am uZvelesi regionis _
afxazeTis istoriisa da awmyos mimoxilvis Semdeg avtori akeTebs daskvnas
kanonikuri da istoriuli TvalsazrisiT soxumis eparqiis saqarTvelos
saegzarqososagan gamoyofis dauSveblobis Sesaxeb1568. broSuris winaaRmdeg
gailaSqra vinme l.voronovma, romelmac 1907w. moskovSi gamosca `wigni”
àfxazeTi saqarTvelo ar aris~ (Абхазия – не Грузия). miuxedavad myvirala
saTaurisa, `naSroms~ aranairi mecnieruli Rirebuleba ar gaaCnia. amave dros,
unda iTqvas, rom avtorma mizans _ qarTvelTa da afxazTa gaucxoebas, maT
Soris dapirispirebas _ namdvilad miaRwia. àfxazeTi saqarTvelo ar aris~
dRemde separatistTa erT-erT mTavar ideologiur sayrdens warmoadgens.
ep.kirionis soxumis kaTedraze daniSvnam da misma moRvaweobam SovinistTa
gaRizianeba gamoiwvia. qarTvel mRvdelmTavars isini nacionalisturi
interesebis lobirebaSi adanaSaulebdnen, xolo afxazeTSi mis daniSvnas
ruseTis interesebis Selaxvad miiCnevdnen. gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobda
1564 . wm. mRvdelmowame kirion II da afxazeTi, gv.148. saTaTbiroSi stumrobamde, 1906w. 22 Tebervals,
episkoposebi kirioni da leonide (oqropiriZe) gatCinaSi Sexvdnen Tbilisis yofil gubernators, imperator
nikoloz meoris dedis kancelariis ufross, general g.d.SarvaSiZes. Seityo ra mizani qarTveli
mRvdelmTavrebis stumrobisa, generalma Tqva: `me TanaugrZnob avtokefalias, avtonomias~; Sexvedris
dasrulebis Semdeg ep. kirionma afxazeTis samTavro saxlis warmomadgeneli ase daaxasiaTa: `bevrisgan
gamigia, rom ServaSiZe ar aris guliT qarTvelio, magram es ciliswamebaa~ (iqve, gv. 118-119).
1565 . iqve, gv. 213.
1566 . j.gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 692; wm. mRvdelmowame kirion II da afxazeTi, gv.33,
305-307.
1567 . wm. mRvdelmowame kirion II da afxazeTi, gv. 268.
1568 . iqve, gv. 423-438.
304
i.vostorgovi1569, romlis ciliswamebebma didwilad ganapirobes 1907w. 24 ianvars
ep.kirionis soxumidan gawveva da wlebis ganmavlobaSi misi devna-Seviwroeba.
SemdgomSi soxumis kaTedris mmarTvelebad wm.sinodi mxolod rus
mRvdelmTavrebs niSnavda. 1907-1919ww. soxumis kaTedras marTavdnen: dimitri
sperovski (1907w. 25 ianvari _ 1911w. 25 ivlisi), andria uxtomski (1911w. 25 ivlisi
_ 1913w. 22 dekemberi), sergi petrovi (1913w. 22 dekemberi _ 1919w. 1 seqtemberi)1570.
rusi episkoposebi, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT ep. andrias liberalur-
farisevlur politikas, asimilatorul, erovnebaTaSorisi SuRlis gaRrmavebis,
qarTvelTa devnis politikas axorcielebdnen.
XXs. dasawyisidan aSkara iyo sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis gaaqtiureba.
demokratiuli fenebi cdilobdnen mosaxleobis erTferovani yofa ukeTesobisaken
SeecvalaT. am saqmeSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdnen TviTmoqmedi gaerTianebebi,
Tanamegobrobebi, saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebi, saTvistomoebi da sxv. aseTi
gaerTianebebis interesTa sferos warmoadgenda mrewveloba da soflis meurneoba,
sainvesticio politika, janmrTeloba, upovarTa da ltolvilTa daxmareba,
mosaxleobis dasvenebisa da kulturuli garTobis organizacia. yvelaze efeqturi
SedegebiT gamoirCeodnen ekonomikuri profilis gaerTianebebi.
gansakuTrebuli aqtiuroba Savi zRvis piras rkinigzis gayvanasTan
dakavSirebiT gamoikveTa. rkinigzas afxazeTisaTvis udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda,
amitomac bunebrivad Cans `kavkavis gzis sazogadoebis” wevrTa aqtivoba, rom mieRoT
mTavrobisagan misi gayvanis ufleba, rac moipoves kidec 1902wels.1571
jer kidev 1899w. dasawyisSi drandaSi daarsda `meabreSumeobis amxanagoba”,1572
1900w. soxumSi dafuZnda `kavkasiis sameurneo sazogadoeba” romlis wesdebac
daamtkica kavkasiis mTavarmarTebelma1573. amave periodSi drandaSi arsdeba `sasof-
lo-sameurneo sazogadoeba”,1574 1903w. Seiqmna `samurzayano-kodoris frinvelTa
gamSenebeli sazogadoeba”.1575 1911w. soxumSi Camoyalibda momxmarebelTa
sazogadoeba `solidaroba”, romelsac Tavisi wesdeba hqonda1576, Seiqmna aseve
èqimTa sazogadoeba” da sxv.
1915w. daba oCamCiris mcxovrebni quTaisis gubernatoris winaSe Suamdgomloben,
daaarson òCamCiris momxmarebeli sazogadoeba”.1577 amave wels sof.gudauTis
mcxovreblebma Suamdgomloba aRZres gubernatoris winaSe `sasoflo-sameurneo
sazogadoebis” daarsebis Sesaxeb1578. amave periodSi soxumSi moqmedebas iwyebs
samomxmareblo kooperatiuli sazogadoeba ,,patroni”.1579
sasoflo-sameurneo sazogadoebebis erT-erTi mimarTuleba iyo
pirveliUmsoflio omis mZime pirobebSi mosaxleobis sursaT-sanovagiT momarageba.
isini aarsebdnen sacxobebs, puris maRaziebs, fardulebs da a.S. 1915w.
samurzayanoSi gaxsnes kooperatiuli furne.1580 amave wlis miwuruls daba oCamCi-
ris mcxovreblebma daaarses `momxmarebelTa sazogadoeba”. igi daxmarebas uwevda
materialurad gaWirvebul xalxs. ès amxanagoba mxolod sami Tvea arsebobs da
1569 . 1906 w. martSi J. `kolokolSi~ (#45) ep.kirionis soxumSi daniSvnis winaaRmdeg i.vostorgovma
fsevdonimiT `rusi~ gamoaqveyna binZuri werili `Голос из Сухума~. maSin mas sakadrisi pasuxi gasca
arqinamdritma ambrosi xelaiam specialur werilSi `По поводу статьи «Голос из Сухума»~. masSi mocemulia
safuZvliani kritika rusifikatoruli politikisa saqarTveloSi, maT Soris afxazeTSi. i. vostorgovs
ekuTvnis kidev erTi paskvili ep. kirionis winaaRmdeg `Скоро ли конец~, romelic 1906 w. seqtemberSi J.
`kolokolma~ (#261) gamoaqveyna.
1570 . wm. mRvdelmTavari gabrieli da afxazeTi, gv. 672.
1571 . cnobis furceli, 1902. 27 ivnisi.
1572 . kvali, 1901. 25 Tebervali; ix. aseve: T. saxokia. Cemi saukunis adamianebi. Tb., 1984, gv. 52.
1573 . iveria, 1900, 28 maisi.
1574 . cnobis furceli, 1904, #2418.
1575 . iveria, 1903. 19 aprili.
1576 . saxalxo gazeTi, 1911 w, 26 ivlisi.
1577 . saqarTvelo, 1915, 12 qristeSobisTve.
1578 . saqarTvelo, 1916, 1 marti.
1579 . saqarTvelo, 1915, 3 noemberi.
1580 . saqarTvelo, 1915, 22 oqtomberi.
305
ukve kvalic daamCnia”,1581 - werda gaz. `saqarTvelo~.
afxazeTSi sakmaod warmatebuli iyo urTierTdamxmare, anu `saurTierTobo”
sazogadoebebi. misi pirveli xseneba 1900w. fiqsirdeba1582. 1904w. 14 dekembers soxumSi
akurTxes adgilobrivi saqvelmoqmedo sazogadoebis mier gaxsnili Ramis
TavSesafari. Ramis gaTevis garda gaWirvebulT aq SeeZloT Caisa da cxeli kerZebis
miRebac1583.
qvelmoqmedeba amxanagobebisa da sazogadoebebis muSaobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi
mimarTuleba iyo. afxazeTSi specialuri saqvelmoqmedo sazogadoebebi iqmneboda,
romelTa sawesdebo movaleobas Seadgenda upovarTa da miusafarTa materialuri
da sulieri daxmareba, aseve sxvadasxva profesiis adamianTa gaerTianeba.
magaliTad, soxumSi Sedga ùrTierT Soris damxmare sazogadoeba”, romlis mizani
iyo, erT jgufad gaeerTianebina sxvadasxva profesiis adamiani, aRmoeCina wevrebisa
da maTi ojaxebisaTvis materialuri Tu sulieri daxmareba, gaeca sesxi. Tu am
organizaciis wevrs daiTxovdnen samuSaodan, sazogadoebas unda ezruna misi
dasaqmebisaTvis, miewodebina `gonieri da sasargeblo gasarTobi”. sazogadoebas
unda uzrunveleyo Tavisi wevrebis gonebrivi da zneobrivi ganviTarebisaTvis
saWiro pirobebi, roca maT amisaTvis eqnebodaT Tavisufali dro1584.
1908-1911 wlebSi soxumSi aseve funqcionirebda `Rarib moswavleTa damxmare
sazogadoeba”,1585 `WleqTan mebrZoli sazogadoeba” (romlis wesdeba mTavrobas 1904w.
daumtkicebia),1586 `qarTuli saskolo sazogadoeba”,1587 àfxazeTis saskolo
sazogadoeba”, 1588 `cecxlisagan damzRvevi saurTierTo sazogadoeba” 1589 da sxv.
gansakuTrebuli efeqturobiT gamoirCeoda qarTuli saqvelmoqmedo
sazogadoebis soxumis ganyofileba, romelic daarsda 1915 wlis noemberSi. igi
daxmarebas uwevda xelmokle ojaxebs. daarsebidan erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi am
sazogadoebisaTvis daxmarebis saTxovnelad 166 ojaxs miumarTavs. mravalerovan af-
xazeTSi paralelurad moqmedebdnen sazogadoebebi erovnuli niSniT. magaliTad,
arsebobda berZnebis1590, somxebisa da rusebis (WeSmarit rusTa kavSiri)
sazogadoebebi1591. am ukanasknelis moRvaweoba gamoirCeoda antiqarTuli
saqmianobiT.
soxumSi funqcionirebdnen `filarmoniuli sazogadoeba”,1592 `saxalxo
universitetis sazogadoeba”, romelic 1908 wels daarsda. moqmedeba daiwyo
saxalxo universitetma, romlis kursebze 30-40 kaci iricxeboda; swavla rusul
enaze mimdinareobda1593. soxumSi gaixsna dramatuli xelovnebis moyvarulTa wre,
romelsac Tavisi wesdebac hqonda1594. 1911 wels mas saxalxo universitetis
sazogadoebasTan SeerTebac ki ganuzraxavs1595.
saqvelmoqmedo sazogadoebebi da gaerTianebebi yuradRebas uTmobdnen
mosaxleobis ganaTlebas da kulturul dawinaurebas. am mxriv gansakuTrebuli
Rvawli `qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazogadoebas” miuZRvis. am
organizaciis soxumis ganyofilebis pirveli kreba 1909 wlis 17 maiss iqna
mowveuli1596. Tumca manamdec igi aqtiurad iyo Cabmuli afxazeTSi kulturisa da
1581 . saqarTvelo, 1916, 9 Tebervali.

1582 . Temi, 1912, #91.
1583 . iveria, 1904. 6 ianvari.
1584 . kvali, 1902, 29 seqtemberi.
1585 . saxalxo gazeTi, 1911, 14 dekemberi.
1586 . cnobis furceli, 1904, 17 noemberi; ix. saxalxo gazeTi, 1911, 14 dekemberi.
1587 . saxalxo gazeTi, 1911, 14 dekemberi.
1588 . iqve.
1589 . baTumis gazeTi, 1911, 19 oqtomberi.
1590 . baTumis gazeTi, 1911, 27 noemberi.
1591 . droeba, 1909, 25 ivnisi.
1592 . saxalxo gazeTi, 1912, 13 ivlisi.
1594 . saxalxo gazeTi, 1911, 10 ivlisi.
1595 . iqve, 20 oqtomberi.
1596 . droeba, 1909, 25 ivnisi.
306
ganaTlebis gavrcelebis saqmeSi. `qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli
sazogadoebis” soxumis ganyofilebis gaxsnis Semdeg afxazeTis dabebSi SeimCneva
sazogadoebis adgilobrivi ganyofilebebis gaxsnis mcdeloba. 1912 wels gudauTis
qarTveloba cdilobda daearsebina adgilobrivi ganyofileba `qarTvelTa Soris
wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebisa”.1597 es organizacia aqtiurad iyo
Cabmuli mxaris kulturul cxovrebaSi. `qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis
gamavrcelebel sazogadoebasTan” SeTanxmebiT q.soWSi Seiqmna scenismoyvareTa wre,
romelmac warmatebiT daiwyo moRvaweoba.1598 afxazTa kulturul cxovrebaSi
mniSvnelovani movlena gaxda 1913 w. 25 agvistos s.lixnSi afxazTa Soris
ganaTlebis bzifis komitetis daarseba. sazeimo damfuZnebel krebas, romelic
komitetis Tavmjdomarem s.aSxvawaam gaxsna, gudauTis ubnis ufrosi d.qelbaqiani
Tavmjdomareobda1599.
afxazeTis sazogadoebrivma organizaciebma pirveli msoflio omis pirobebSic
SeZles mowinave agraruli teqnologiebis SeZlebisamebr danergva, gaWirvebulTa
da miusafarTa materialuri daxmareba, kulturuli cxovrebis organizeba,
janmrTelobis kerebis Seqmna.
1905-1907w-bis revoluciisa da Semdeg periodSi ganxorcielebul SezRuduli
demokratiuli gardaqmnebis fonze afxazeTSi aqtiurdeba kulturuli cxovreba.
soxumis olqSi moRvawe qarTveli pedagogebi msjelobdnen afxazeTis
istoriasa da mis kulturul-istoriul kavSirze saqarTvelosTan. magaliTad,
petre Waraiam gamoaqveyna kapitaluri mecnierul-eTnografiuli naSromi
àfxazeTi da afxazebi~1600. niko janaSiam dabeWda eTnografiuli werilebi:
àfxazebi~, àbrskili~1601, àmirani~, `xalxuri afxazuri gamocanebi~1602 da sxva.
mravali saintereso statia gamoaqveynes afxazeTis Sesaxeb ivane gegiam,1603
anTimoz juRelma, Tedo saxokiam,1604 mariam dadian-anCabaZem1605 da sxva
mamuliSvilebma, romlebSic saubari iyo qarTvelTa da afxazTa istoriul
kavSirze, maT naTesaobaze.
afxazeTis qarTveli mosaxleobis brZola sasuliero da saero
saswavleblebSi mSobliuri enis uflebebis aRsadgenad gansakuTrebiT
gaZlierda 1905 - 1907 wlebis revoluciis periodSi. 1905 wlis 17 dekembris
soxumis olqis skolebis maswavlebelTa I aralegaluri yriloba iyo pirveli
mniSvnelovani cda, saskolo reformis TviTneburi, carizmisaTvis arc Tu ise
misaRebi wesiT gatarebisa.1606 yrilobas eswrebodnen olqis rogorc saministro
uwyebis, ise saeklesio-samrevlo skolebis maswavleblebi.1607 marTalia, igi
aralegalurad Seikriba, magram Tavisi muSaoba Caatara saqalaqo skolis
darbazSi. Sekrebilebma ganixiles sakiTxebi: yvela skolis saxalxo erovnul
skolad gamocxadeba; saswavlo disciplinebis swavleba dedaenaze da rusuli
enis swavlebis datoveba skolebSi rogorc calke saswavlo sagnisa; bevri
iTqva maswavleblis materialuri da uflebrivi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. magram
aseTi erovnuli miznebis realizacias mefis mTavroba yovelTvis upirispirebda
sawinaaRmdego RonisZiebebs.
1905 wlis revoluciis periodSi carizmi droebiT daTmobaze wavida da
neba darTo, skolebSi swavleba qarTul enaze warmarTuliyo. es moxda
1597 . baTumis gazeTi, 1912, 27 ivnisi.

1600 . literaturuli saqarTvelo, 1964, 31 ivlisi.
1601 . gr. Saria. pedagogi, sazogado moRvawe. - sabWoTa afxazeTi, 1962, 29 ivlisi.
1602 . a.xundaZe. cnobili qarTveli pedagogi niko janaSia. Tb., 1949, gv. 28.
1603 . saxalxo ganaTleba, 1946, #41.
1604 . c. ardaSelia. gogebaSvilis laSqari. - ganTiadi, 1989, #1, gv. 252.
1605 . saxalxo ganaTlebis saxalxo maswavleblebi da qarTveli moRvaweebi, krebuli, III, gv. 199.
1606 . n. vekua. maswavlebelTa pirveli aralegaluri yriloba. - sabWoTa afxazeTi, 1965, 28 dekemberi.
1607 . n. vekua. qarTveli da afxazi mowinave inteligenciis brZola TviTmpyrobelobis rusifikatoruli
politikis winaaRmdeg. - soxumis ped. institutis Sromebi, 1956, IX, gv. 152.
307
revoluciis wlebSi. qarTuli ena isev dabrunda afxazeTSi, svaneTSi,
samegrelosa da aWaraSi.1608
revoluciis damarcxebis Semdeg saero da sasuliero mTavroba cdilobda
swavlis Zveli tradiciuli sistema aRedgina, Tumca 1905 wlis revoluciurma
moZraobam savsebiT naTeli gaxada, rom skola ver gadaiqca TviTmpyrobelobis
erTguli moxeleebis aRmzrdelad, erovnuli gadagvarebis saimedo iaraRad.
amitom Seecadnen ufro SeniRbuli da rafinirebuli formebi gamoeyenebinaT.
afxazeTSi, qarTvel maswavleblebTan erTad, moRvaweobdnen da
usamarTlobas upirispirdebodnen afxazi pedagogebic. afxazi bavSvebisaTvis
sanatreli iyo afxazuri ena, mimdinareobda maTi asimilacia. is afxazi
maswavlebeli, vinc ar uSindeboda mTavrobisagan mosalodnel sasjels da
ganagrZobda afxazi bavSvebis dedaenaze swavlebas, aTvalwunebuli hyavdaT
ganaTlebis mesveurebs. aseTi iyo Toma eSba, romelmac sof. bediaSi moRvaweobis
dros gaxsna skola da iq aswavlida afxazur enas.1609 sayuradReboa warmoSobiT
samurzayanoeli ioseb lakerbaias (lixnis RvTismSoblis miZinebis eklesiis
winamZRvari da gudauTis ubnis blaRoCini mRvdeli) moRvaweoba, romelic sof.
lixnSi SeTavsebiT skolis gamged muSaobda, aswavlida bavSvebs afxazur
enas.1610 gerasime eSba brwyinvaled flobda afxazur enas, Targmnida religiur
literaturas. nestor qirTbaia maswavleblobda otobaiis orklasian
saswavlebelSi; misi, rogorc xelmZRvanelis, xangrZlivi da nayofieri muSaobis
Sedegad otobaiis skola 1919w. gadakeTda umaRles dawyebiT saswavleblad.1611
konstantine marSania muSaobda tamiSis orklasian skolaSi, misi iniciativiT
afxazeTSi ramdenime skola gaixsna.
afxazuri saliteraturo enis fuZemdeblia afxazeTis saxalxo poeti
dimitri gulia (1874-1960ww.)1612. pirvelad man 1907w. TbilisSi calke wignad
gamosca àfxazuri andazebi, gamocanebi da enis gasatexebi~1613. misi pirveli
literaturuli krebuli saxelwodebiT ,,leqsebi” aseve gamodis TbilisSi 1912w.
am wignma afxazur poezias Cauyara safuZveli.1614 1913 wels gamodis misive
`Wabukis werili gogonas~; am poemam safuZveli Cauyara afxazur satrfialo
lirikas.1615
1907 wlisaTvis afxazeTis mkvidrma k.maWavarianma, romelic imxanad
quTaisis guberniis saxalxo skolebis inspeqtorad muSaobda, moamzada da
gamosca afxazuri enis saxelmZRvanelo. rogorc gazeTi `zakavkazie~ 1907w. 4(17)
Tebervals ityobineboda, sazogadoebis nawili uaryofiTad Sexvda afxazuri
literaturis xelovnurad Seqmnis ideas1616. am publikacias gamoexmaura
i.gogebaSvili. man ar gaiziara `gazeTebis zogi korespondentis~ pozicia da
aRniSna, rom `vinaidan afxazuri ena qarTuli enis kilo ar aris, aramed
damoukidebeli enaa, Tumca qarTuli enis monaTesave, rogorc damoukidebel
enas, mas udavod aqvs ufleba Tavis RvTismsaxurebaze, Tavis damwerlobaze,
Tavis xalxur literaturaze~1617
1907 wels Toma eSbam dawera afxazur enaze saswavlo wigni maTematikaSi.
1908 wels a.WoWuam axali anbanis safuZvelze gamosca sakiTxavi wigni afxazur
enaze. 1912 wels ruseTis armiis oficerma, pirvelma afxazma geografma
m.ServaSiZem daasrula afxazeTis rukis Sedgena afxazur enaze afxazuri
1608 . iveria, 1906, #66.

1609 . , 1977, 2 seqtemberi.
1610 . . . . , 1979, gv. 111.
1611 . a. samxaraZe. dasavleT saqarTvelos pedagogebis brZola carizmis saganmanaTleblo politikis
winaaRmdeg 1900-1907ww. sakand. dis. Tb., 1999, gv. 105.
1612 . . . ..., gv. 112.
1613 . afxazuri literatura (mokle narkvevi). red. m. mirneli. Tb., 1975, gv. 14.
1614 . afxazuri poeziis anTologia. red. i. abaSiZe. Tb.., 1957, gv. 7.
1615 . afxazuri literatura (mokle narkvevi), gv. 17.
1616 . wm. mRvdelmTavari gabrieli da afxazeTi, gv. 617.
1617 . i. gogebaSvili. Txz., t. 4. Tb., 1955, gv. 200.
308
skolebisaTvis (АпсныАпсны ахсаалаахсаала). Seiqmna sxvadasxva kulturul-
sagamanaTleblo dawesebulebebi. soxumSi gamoicemoda ramdenime gazeTi,
romelTaganac mTavars warmoadgendnen `suxumski vestnik” da ,,suxumski listok”.
1914w. 1 agvistos ruseTi Caeba pirvel msoflio omSi, romlis mizani
msoflios xelaxali gadanawileba iyo. man SeaCera imperiaSi dawyebuli axali
revoluciur-demokratiuli moZraoba. omSi gaiwvies aTasobiT qarTveli
afxazeTidan, bevri afxazic moxalised wavida frontze. xalxis mdgomareoba
gauaresda, gaizarda gadasaxadebi, imata umuSevarTa ricxvma. omis simZime
afxazeTSi yvelaze metad qarTvelebs daawvaT (somxebi da berZnebi, romlebsac
ruseTis qveSevrdomoba ar hqondaT, jarSi ar mihyavdaT, afxazebi ki mxolod
moxaliseebad midiodnen); masobrivma gawvevebma sagrZnoblad Seamcira maTi
xvedriTi wili mosaxleobaSi. Sesabamisad gaZlierda maTze zewolac. 1917w. 1
marts gaz. `saxalxo furceli~ aRniSnavda, rom am mZime viTarebaSi moxda
qarTvelTa da afxazTa SekavSireba, mravlad iyo urTierTTanadgomis faqtebi.
afxazeTSi kargad iyo organizebuli daxmareba frontisaTvis, omSi
wasulTa ojaxebisaTvis. aqtiurad moqmedebda wiTeli jvris afxazeTis
ganyofileba, romelsac saTaveSi edga soxumis qalaqis Tavis meuRle
e.TavdgiriZe1618.
pirveli msoflio omis wlebSi afxazeTSi arsebul politikur
mdgomareobaze mogviTxrobs cnobili qarTveli sazogado moRvawe samson
fircxalava, romelmac 1915w. oqtomberSi mTeli regioni Semoiara. oCamCireSi
yofnisas man SeniSna, rom iq ar iyo `gabmuli Zafi danarCen saqarTvelosTan da
aqauri maja ar uerTdeba samSoblos saerTo majiscemas~. SedarebiT ukeTesi
mdgomareoba naxa s.fircxalavam soxumSi. qalaqis 40 aTasiani mosaxleobis
naxevars qarTvelebi Seadgendnen, qonebrivadac upiratesoba maT ekuTvnodaT.
soxumSi gacilebiT ufro Zlieri iyo qarTvelTa erovnuli TviTSegneba
(afxazebi qalaqSi TiTqmis ar cxovrobdnen). àq qarTveloba hgrZnobs Tavis
saxes... swyuria daewafos erovnul cxovrebas da mWidrod dauaxlovdes mTels
Cvens qveyanas~, _ werda s. fircxalava. arsebobda seriozuli problemebic. 1915w.
gaxsnil samaswavleblo seminariaSi arcerTi qarTveli ar miuRiaT, qarTul
enas iq ar aswavlidnen; qalaqis oTxi eklesiidan arcerTSi wirva-locva
qarTulad ar warmoebda.
soxumis olqis yvelaze mwvave problemad s.fircxalava qarTul-afxazuri
urTierTobebis problemas miiCnevda. afxazTa Soris, _ werda igi, _ gamoCndnen
ìseTebi, romelTac daiwyes laparaki: Cven qarTvelebTan saerTo arc gvqonia da
arc gvaqvso... sabednierod aseTi midrekileba nel-nela hqreba~. gancalkevebis
mqadagebel inteligent afxazebze uaryofiTi gavlena akad. n.maris
bolodroindel gamokvlevebs (aqve, gv. 31) mouxdenia, _ SeniSnavda
s.fircxalava.1619 mas ,albaT, mxedvelobaSi hyavda mosaxleobis dabali fenebidan
gamosuli, rusifikaciis politikis zegavleniT aRzrdili axali inteligencia
_ m.Tarnava, s.Wanba, a.Cukbari da sxvebi. maTi Sexedulebebi mkveTrad
gansxvavdeboda ZirZveli afxazuri Tavadaznauruli inteligenciis (giorgi
SarvaSiZe da sxv.) proqarTuli Sexedulebebisagan. amitom XX saukunia 10-ian
wlebSi mimdinareobda ara afxazi xalxis aRorZinebisa da TviTgamorkvevis
procesi, rogorc es separatistul istoriografias miaCnia1620, aramed xdeboda
xalxis mowyveta erovnuli fesvebisagan, proimperiuli TviTSegnebis
Camoyalibeba. s.fircxalavas azriT, am process xeli Seuwyves n. maris
Sromebmac.
afxazeTSi yofnisas s.fircxalavas axali aTonis monasteric mounaxulebia.
berebis raodenoba 600-700-dan samasamde Semcirebula; qarTvel berebs an
1618 . .j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 722-723.

1619 . iqve, gv. 736-737.
309
morCilebs monasterSi ar iRebdnen. gudauTaSi qarTveloba ekonomikurad
Zlieri yofila, magram èrovnuli interesebi aqac abuCadaa agdebuli~.
s.fircxalavas cnobiT, gudauTaSi arsebula `mcire wre afxazTa
inteligentebisa, romelTac surT swavla-ganaTlebis gavrceleba xalxSi. bevri
simware gadmomces afxazebis mdgomareobisa. Zlier CamorCenilni da
daqveiTebulni arian da exla iwyeben nel-nela moqalaqeobriv cxovrebas. yvela
maT sCagravda da ibriyvebda da qarTvelebmac ver gavuwieT keTili Zmoba”.
s.fircxalava mouwodebda qarTvelobas, `gavuwodoT afxazebs Zlieri xeli...
rac Cven SegviZlia erTmaneTisTvis, imas ar gagvikeTebs aravin ucxo da gareSe~.
afxazeTidan is wamovida mware SegnebiT, `rom ugunurad miviwyebulia is mxare,
romelic salaroa saganZurebisa da romelic safuZvelia Cvenis erovnulis
ganviTarebisa. warmoviRe Segneba imisa, rom es mxare ukidures safrTxeSia, mas
yovelis mxriT etaneba uricxvi mteri da Tu gansakuTrebuli zomebi ar miviReT,
xelidan gamogvtaceben. da rodesac am Savi zRvis pirs davkargavT, maSin
iZulebuli gavxdebiT TavSesafari gamovZebnoT sadme Soreul aziaSi...~1621.
s.fircxalavas dakvirvebebi da daskvnebi dResac aqtualuria.
mefis xelisufleba mudmivad cdilobda afxazeTis qarTuli samyarosagan
Camocilebas, romlis winapirobad mas saqarTvelos saegzarqososagan soxumis
eparqiis gamoyofa miaCnda. am gegmis ganxorcielebis pirveli mcdeloba,
rogorc zemoT iTqva, demokratiulma revoluciam CaSala. mizani ver iqna
miRweuli 1907-1908 da 1912-1915 wlebSic.
1916w. dasawyisSi uwm. sinodis gegmac soxumis eparqiis saqarTvelos
saegzarqososagan, xolo soxumis eparqiisagan - samurzayanos gamoyofas (amiT
uwm. sinodma sabolood aRiara samurzayanoelTa qarTveloba) iTvaliswinebda.
ruseTis xelisufleba sjida qarTvelebs eklesiis avtokefaliisa da
politikuri avtonomiis moTxovnisaTvis; afxazeTis dayofis gegma ki soxumis
olqis TviTmmarTvelobis Seqmnaze fiqris dawyebiT iyo nakarnaxevi.
qarTulma sazogadoebam gangaSi atexa. uwm. sinodis veraguli gegma
sastikad gaakritika n.durnovom1622. 1916w. april-maisSi arq. ambrosi xelaiam
peterburgSi gamoaqveyna metad mwvave da saintereso werili `soxumis eparqiis
Sesaxeb~; misi ZiriTadi nawili afxazeT-samurzayanos istoriis sakiTxebs
exeboda. werilSi dasabuTebulia winadadeba: `soxumis eparqia unda darCes
afxazebs da samurzayanoelebs, gamoiyos misgan SavizRvispireTis gubernia.
soxumSi unda ijdes cxumeli, rogorc es iyo qarTuli eklesiis
damoukideblobis Jams.~1623. am werilis publikacia droSi emTxveva TbilisSi
afxazeTis delegaciis Camosvlas. mis SemedgenlobaSi Sediodnen: a.SarvaSiZe,
g.SarvaSiZe, p.anCabaZe, m.emuxvari, a.inal-ifa, n.marRania, b.ezugbaia, a.Cukbari da
a.S. mefisnacval nikoloz nikolozis Ze romanovTan Sexvedrisas (26 aprili)
delegaciam afxazeTis calke guberniad gardaqmnis sakiTxi dasva, gamoTqva
wuxili imis Taobaze, rom `ganzraxulia soxumis olqi CamoSordes quTaisis
gubernias, raTa Savi zRvis gubernias SeuerTon~.
1916w. 27 aprils afxazeTis delegacia egzarqos platons Sexvda da
soxumis eparqiis saegzarqosos SemadgenlobaSi datoveba, afxazur
samrevloebSi RvTismsaxurebis qarTul enaze warmoeba da afxazur samrevlo
skolebSi qarTul enaze savaldebulo swavlebis SemoReba moiTxova. igive
mosazrebaa dafiqsirebuli afxazuri sazogadoebis warmomadgenelTa
SuamdgomlobaSi uwm. sinodis winaSe . 1624
afxazeTis delegaciis TbilisSi Camosvlam namdvilad iTamaSa
gadamwyveti roli saero da sasuliero xelisuflebis mzakvruli gegmebis

1622 . iqve, gv. 742-743.
1623 . wm. aRmsarebeli ambrosi da afxazeTi, gv. 566.
310
CaSlaSi, Tumca sakiTxi dRis wesrigidan mainc ar moxsnila. 1917w. 27 Tebervals
soxumis saqalaqo sabWo ixilavda dek. g.golubcovis mier dasmul sakiTxs:
`gamoeyos soxumis eparqia afxazeT-saqarTvelos eklesias, Tu misive nawilad
darCes~. afxazi xmosnebi niko janaSia da timoTe anua qarTvelebTan erTad ori
monaTesave eris eklesiur erTianobas uWerdnen mxars. keniWisyrisas dek.
golubcovis rezoluciam mxolod 6 xma miiRo, qarTvel-afxazTa rezoluciam _
171625. SovinistTa morigi avantiurac amiT CaiSala. imave dRes peterburgSi
TviTmpyrobeluri reJimi daemxo, ruseTSi demokratiulma revoluciam gaimarjva.
1625 . iqve, gv. 774-776.

311
Tavi XVI. afxazeTi _ saqarTvelos demokratiuli
respublikis SemadgenlobaSi.
1. afxazeTis sakiTxi saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi

damoukideblobisaTvis brZolis periodSi.
1917 w. Tebervali – 1918 w. maisi
1917w. Tebervlis demokratiulma revoluciam ruseTSi daamxo TviTmpyrobe-
luri reJimi da imperiis saTaveSi droebiTi mTavroba movida. 1917w. 9 marts am-
ierkavkasiis marTva-gamgeoba gansakuTrebul komitets _ ozakom-s1626 gadaeca.
misi xelmZRvaneli da droebiTi mTavrobis warmomadgeneli (komisari) gaxda
ruseTis IV saxelmwifo saTaTbiros wevri soxumis, baTumisa da yarsis
olqebidan, samurzayanoeli akaki Cxenkeli. 1917w. 10 marts regionis mosaxleobis
warmomadgenelTa TaTbirze soxumis olqis imJamindeli ufrosis, polkovnik
n.polivanovis xelSewyobiT Camoyalibda ozakom-is adgilobrivi organo -
sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis droebiTi komiteti a.SarvaSiZis
TavmjdomareobiT. komitetis wevrebi gaxdnen: d.zaxarovi (Tavmjdomaris
moadgile), n.TavdgiriZe, v. lakerbaia da sxv.; policiis ufrosad t. marSania
dainiSna, soxumis qalaqisTavad _ b. CxikviSvili.1627
1917w. 2 ivliss gaimarTa soxumis saolqo saTaTbiros arCevnebi. gaimarjves
social-demokratebma (18 adgili), warmatebas miaRwies aseve eserebma (10 adgili)
da socialist-federalistebma (2 adgili). 1917w. 30 seqtembers saolqo saTaTbi-
rom reorganizebuli saolqo komitetis SemadgenlobaSi airCia b.CxikviSvili,
b.zaxarova, wivwivaZe, i.gogelaSvili, cariova da sxvebi; 12 oqtombers Sedga
prezidiumisa da saolqo aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis arCevnebi. komitetis
Tavmjdomare gaxda v.SarvaSiZe, mdivani_ d.zaxarovi; saolqo komisrad airCies
s.basaria, saolqo miliciis ufrosad _ l.kartozia. 27 oqtombers s.basaria
d.zaxarovma Secvala.1628
samsaxuridan daTxovnili rusi Cinovnikebi erovnebaTaSorisi SuRlis gaR-
vivebas cdilobdnen. arc maT da arc afxazebs ar awyobdaT sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis demokratizacia, saxelisuflebo struqturebis arCeviToba. social-
demokratebi (menSevikebi), romelTa xelSi aRmoCnda xelisuflebis sadaveebi,
frTxil sakadro politikas awarmoebdnen, magram yovelTvis ver xerxdeboda
erovnuli faqtoris saTanadod gaTvaliswineba.
Sovinistebis xeli yvelgan da yvelaferSi igrZnoboda. isini gafacicebiT
adevnebdnen Tvalyurs mimdinare politikur procesebs da upirispirdebodnen
saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenisaken mimarTul
nebismier RonisZiebas. am procesSi iyvnen CarTuli separatistebic. magaliTad,
1917w. 12 marts qarTulma eklesiam aRadgina avtokefalia. Sovinistebma am
samarTlian aqts viTom afxazuri samRvdeloebis (soxumis eparqiaSi sul xuTi
afxazi mRvdeli msaxurobda) krebis mowveviT (1917w. 24-27 maisi) upasuxes. krebam,
romelic mRvdel-bolSevik (?!) v.agrbasTan erTad samoqalaqo pirebma _
s.basariam (krebis Tavmjdomare), s.Wanbam (mdivani) da sxvebma Caatares, miiRo
1626 . Особый Закавказский Комитет. ix. r. grZeliZe. saqarTvelos politikuri partiebis istoria (1910-1924). Tb.,
1998, gv. 82.
1627 . Г. Дзидзария. Формирование дореволюционной абхазской интеллигенции. Тб., 1979. gv. 284; Дж. Гамахария, Б. Го-
гия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 67-68.

1628 . d. Citaia. afxazeTis sakiTxi saqarTvelos pirvel respublikaSi. afxazeTis saxalxo sabWo. Tb., 2006, gv
106-108.
312
gadawyvetileba TviTmdgomi afxazuri eklesiis Seqmnis Sesaxeb.1629 misi
gadawyetilebebi ar gaiziares 1917w. ivnisSi gamarTulma samurzayanoelTa saek-
lesio krebam da mTlianad afxazeTis qarTulma samRvdeloebam, romelic deda
eklesias SeuerTda.1630
erovnul sakiTxebSi ZiriTadi qarTuli partiebis SeTanxmebas,

interpartiuli sabWos daarsebas (1917w. 3 agvisto) da I erovnuli yrilobis
mowvevis mzadebis dawyebas1631 isev da isev SovinistTa waqezebiT afxazTa
gaaqtiureba, CrdiloeTkavkasiuri orientaciis gaZliereba mohyva. 1917w. 6 marts
Seqmnilma mTielTa droebiTma centralurma komitetma imave wlis 1 maiss
vladikavkazSi mTielTa I yriloba moiwvia. afxazeTidan mas al. SarvaSiZe
eswreboda. aRsaniSnavia, rom delegatebi ovaciebiT Sexvdnen saqarTvelos
erovnul-demokratiuli partiis warmomadgenlis gamosvlas. yrilobam
Camoayaliba gaerTianebul mTielTa kavSiri, airCia centraluri komiteti
(mTavroba).
1917 wlis 10-17 agvistos gaimarTa mTielTa II yriloba, romelmac daamtkica
debuleba CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxebis saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis Sesaxeb. is
iTvaliswinebda avtonomiuri Statebis saxiT am xalxebis ruseTis
SemadgenlobaSi yofnas. mTielTa centralurma komitetma _ mTavrobam 1917w. 20
oqtombers kazakTa radasTan (Seiqmna 1917w. seqtemberSi) erTad Camoayaliba
`kazakTa kavSiris, kavkasieli mTielebisa da stepebis Tavisufali xalxebis
samxreT-aRmosavleT kavSiri~. mis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida `soxumis olqis
mTieli xalxi (afxazebi)~1632 da ara soxumis olqi, rogorc cruobs
separatistuli istoriografia1633.
1917w. 16 noembers ekaterinodarSi muSaobas Seudga samxreT-aRmosavleT
kavSiris gaerTianebuli mTavroba. am kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi Semavali
mTielTa kavSiri Tavisi mTavrobiT agrZelebda muSaobas. kavSiris
warmomadgeneli, soxumSi Camosuli CeCeni erovnebis aslanbeg Seripovi
(romelic male bolSeviki gaxda) 1917 wlis Semodgomaze bevrs cdilobda masSi
afxazTa oficialurad CarTvas, magram garkveul winaaRmdegobas waawyda. es
sakiTxi moixsna mas Semdeg, rac stumarma mosaxleobas auxsna, rom mTielTa
kavSiri warmoadgenda politikur da ara administraciul gaerTianebas1634.
a.Seripovis rCeviT da ZalisxmeviT, 1917 wlis 7-8 noembers gaimarTa afxazi
xalxis yriloba1635. man miiRo gadawyvetileba mTielTa kavSirSi gawevrianebis
Sesaxeb, daamtkica yrilobis deklaracia da konstitucia, airCia afxazTa sax-
alxo sabWo (Tavmjdomare _ s.basaria, moadgile _ g.ajamovi, mdivani _ m.Tar-
nava)1636. interpartiuli sabWos 1917 wlis 3 noembris gadawyvetilebiT
Tbilisidan Camovida da afxazTa yrilobas daeswro delegacia a. Cxenkelis
xelmZRvanelobiT.
yriloba warmoadgenda afxazTa TviTgamorkvevisaken gadadgmul pirvel
nabijs, Tumca orientirebi jer ar iyo mkafiod da calsaxad Camoyalibebuli.
1629 . j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 777-781. yrilobis delegatebi iyvnen ara sasuliero
pirebi, aramed soflebidan Camoyvanili glexebi, romelTa winaSe sityviT bolSeviki n. lakobac gamovida (Г.
Дзидзария. Формирование..., gv. 287-288).
1630 . wm. mRvdelmowame kirion II da afxazeTi, gv. 345-353, 473—474; wm. aRmsarebeli ambrosi da afxazeTi, gv. 193-
197, 396-398.
1631. r. grZeliZe. saqarTvelos politikuri partiebis istoria, gv. 109-121.
1632 . Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi gv. 389.
1633 . О. Бгажба, С. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 289.
1634 . Э.Эшба. Асланбек Шерипов. Сухуми, 1990, gv. 158.
1635 . a. Seripovi iyo yrilobaze mTavari momxsenebelic. amdenad, ar Seesabameba sinamdviles v. Snirelmanis
mtkiceba, TiTqos, yrilobis mowvevis iniciatorebi menSevikebi iyvnen (В. Шнирельман. dasax. naSromi, gv. 261).
piriqiT, TviT a. Cxenkelis gamosvlam yrilobaze Sedegi ver gamoiRo (О. Бгажба, С. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv.
290).
1636 . Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 69, 389-391, 740-741; ix agreTve С. Басария. Абхазия, gv. 86-90.
313
saxalxo sabWo, rogorc erovnul-pilitikuri organizacia, cnobda `soxumis
olqis komitetis, amierkavkasiis gansakuTrebuli komitetis, amierkavkasiis
yvela sazogadoebriv-politikuri dawesebulebisa da piris, gaerTianebul
mTielTa kavSiris centraluri komitetisa da droebiTi mTavrobis
Zalauflebasa da kompetencias~1637. amrigad, afxazebma politikuri kavSiri ki
daamyares mTielebTan, magram administraciulad rCebodnen amierkavkasiis
SemadgenlobaSi. mTielTa kavSiris droebiTma mTavrobam, romlis wevri
afxazTagan gaxda s.aSvxawaa, Tavisi #1 dekretis pirvel paragrafSi gansazRvra
teritoria, romelzec mTlianad vrceldeboda misi saxelmwifoebrivi
Zalaufleba; meore paragrafSi ki vkiTxulobT: `zaqaTalisa da soxumis
olqebis mimarT mTielTa droebiT mTavrobas Zalaufleba aqvs erovnuli da
politikuri xasiaTis sakiTxebSi, xolo mTielTa mTavrobis
saxelmwifoebrivi Zalauflebis axlave da mTlianad gavrceleba am
olqebze gadasawyvetad miendos zaqaTalisa da soxumis olqebis saxalxo
sabWoebs~1638. afxazTa saxalxo sabWom araerTxel daadastura, rom
afxazeTi rCeba amier-
kavkasiis SemadgenlobaSi1639. saolqo yrilobamac (1918w. 4-10 marti) gadawyvita:

àfxazeTi Sedis amierkavkasiis xalxebis saerTo SemadgenlobaSi rogorc misi
Tanasworuflebiani wevri~1640. miuxedavad amisa, separatistebi kvlav da kvlav
cruoben da acxadeben, rom mTielTa mTavroba 1917w. bolodan viTom
afxazeTzec avrcelebda saxelmwifoebriv Zalauflebas1641.
ruseTSi 1917w. 25 oqtombris gadatrialebam Secvala politikuri viTareba
amierkavkasiaSic. imave wlis 11 noembers TbilisSi Seiqmna amierkavkasiis
droebiTi mTavroba _ komisariati e. gegeWkoris TavmjdomareobiT. bolSevikebis
mier damfuZnebeli krebis garekvis (1918w. ianvari) Semdeg amierkavkasiam gezi
damoukideblobisaken aiRo. 1918w. 10 Tebervals Camoyalibda amierkavkasiis seimi,
romlis wevrebi gaxdnen Zaladobis gziT daSlili ruseTis saxelmwifo
saTaTbiros deputatebi amierkavkasiidan. 9 aprils seimma damoukidebloba
gamoacxada. axal mTavrobas saTaveSi a.Cxenkeli Caudga. afxazeTi amjeradac
amierkavkasiis nawils warmoadgenda.
TviTgamorkvevis gzas daadga saqarTvelo. I erovnulma yrilobam (1917w. 19-23
noemberi) moismina n. Jordanias moxseneba da ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi
saqarTvelosaTvis sruli TviTmmarTvelobis miniWebis programa wamoayena,
airCia erovnuli sabWo. samurzayanos saxeliT gamosulma ivane gegiam yrilobis
delegatebs Seaxsena istoriulad afxazeTis saqarTvelosadmi kuTvnilebis
Sesaxeb; aRniSna, rom samurzayano ar SeuerTda afxazebs mTielebTan kavSiris
sakiTxSi, magram mudamJams viyaviT da vrCebiT megobrebad; samurzayano TamaSobs
momrigeblis rols da momavalSic xidad gaideba saqarTvelosa da afxazeTs
Soris. `moqalaqeno! Cveni survilia, afxazeTi saqarTvelos SeuerTdes~, _
ganacxada oratorma da Tavisi sityva ase daasrula: `dasasrul, Cveni survilia,
afxazeT-samurzayano, soxumis olqi darCes ucvlelad da mieces erovnul-
kulturuli avtonomia Tavis sazRvrebSi~1642. afxazeTsac gulisxmobda I
erovnuli yriloba, roca Tavis rezoluciaSi `dRevandeli momenti da saqarT-
velos TviTmmarTveloba~ Cawera: `farTo TviTmmarTveloba mieniWeba yvela im
ganapira adgilebs, romelTa mcxovrebni moisurveben saqarTvelos
1637 . j. gamaxaria. qarTul-afxazur urTierTobaTa istoriidan. Tb., 1991, gv. 37-38.

1639. j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi: istoriisa da politikis sakiTxebi. werilebis krebuli. Seadgina r. xarebavam.
Tb., 2000, gv. 90.
1640. erToba, 1918, 22, 24 marti.
1641. О. Бгажба, С. Лакоба, История Абхазии, gv. 290.
1642. alioni, 1917, 30 noemberi.
314
TviTmmarTvel erTeulSi Semosvlas~1643.
sul male es sakiTxi qarTvelTa da afxazTa warmomadgenlebis ganxilvis
sagani gaxda. 1918w. 9 Tebervals TbilisSi gaimarTa saqarTvelos erovnuli
sabWosa da afxazTa saxalxo sabWos delegaciebis Sexvedra, romelic
SeTanxmebiT dasrulda. Sexvedras win uZRoda mosamzadebeli periodi.
iniciativa saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWosagan modioda. 1918w. dasawyisSi man
winadadebiT mimarTa afxazTa sabWos, gamarTuliyo erToblivi TaTbiri
saqarTvelosa da afxazeTis urTierTobis gasarkvevad. am Sexvedraze
saqarTvelos erovnulma sabWom samurzayanos warmomadgenlebic moiwvia da
sTxova maT, xeli Seuwyon saqarTvelosa da afxazeTs Soris Zmuri kavSiris
ganmtkicebas1644.
9 Tebervlis Sexvedras TbilisSi afxazTa mxridan eswrebodnen a. SarvaSiZe,
m. emuxvari, n. marRania, polkovniki r. Cxotua, b. caguria. qarTul mxares war-
moadgendnen erovnuli sabWos aRmaskomis wevrebi a. Cxenkeli, k. mesxi, g. gvazava,
p. sayvareliZe, n. qarcivaZe. afxazuri delegacia regionis damoukideblobis
aRiarebas da saqarTvelosTan keTilmezobluri urTierTobis damyarebas
iTxovda. erovnuli sabWos liderebi ar daeTanxmnen afxazeTis politikuri
damoukideblobis ideas da saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi avtonomiuri
uflebebiT misi Sesvlis survili gamoTqves. amasTanave, a. Cxenkelma afxazebs
aRuTqva daxmareba 1904w. SavizRvispireTis olqisaTvis mierTebuli gagris
zonis dabrunebaSi; mosagvarebeli iyo aseve urTierToba samurzayanosTan,
vinaidan is faqtobrivad gamovida soxumis olqis Semadgenlobidan mTielTa
kavSirTan afxazebis mierTebis Taobaze gadawyvetilebis miRebis gamo. `Cveni
mizania, _ ganacxada a. Cxenkelma, _ soxumis olqis rogorc afxazeTis
aRdgena~1645. afxazebi daTmobaze wavidnen. miRebuli SeTanxmebis pirveli punqti
Seicavda saerTo miswrafebas - `sazRvrebSi mdinare enguridan md.mzimTamde
aRdges erTiani, ganuyofeli afxazeTi, romlis SemadgenlobaSic Sevlen
sakuTriv afxazeTi da samurzayano~1646. garda amisa, SeTanxmeba iTvaliswinebda
momavalSi afxazeTis politikuri mowyobis sakiTxis demokratiul sawyisebze
mowveul damfuZnebel krebaze gadaWras; mxareebi valdebulebas kisrulobdnen,
sxva erebTan Tu saxelmwifoebTan saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebSi Sesvlamde
am sakiTxze erTmaneTTan winaswar gamarTon molaparakebebi. es ki imas niSnavda,
rom 9 TebervlisaTvis afxazTa da qarTvelTa winaSe aRniSnuli problema ar
idga, afxazebi faqtobrivad ar gawevrianebulan mTielTa kavSirSi.
mxedvelobaSia misaRebi is garemoeba, rom ruseTSi samoqalaqo omis
gaCaRebasTan dakavSirebiT CrdiloeT kavkasiasTan kavSiri ver xerxdeboda,
mTielTa organizaciebic ver funqcionirebdnen.
1918w. 16-20 Tebervals soxumi rusma bolSevikebma Caigdes xelSi, Seqmnes e.w.
revoluciuri komiteti e. eSbas meTaurobiT. ZiriTadad igi eyrdnoboda
patimrobaSi myof da komunistebis mier gaTavisuflebul sisxlis samarTlis
damnaSaveebs, romlebic umowyalod Zarcvavdnen mosaxleobas. maT xelSi Caigdes
seriozuli SeiaraReba da naZarcvi qoneba, 20 Tebervals revoluciurma
komitetma ùflebamosileba~ moixsna, misi moTaveebi ki sazRvao gziT ruseTSi
gaiqcnen. 21 Tebervlis Rames samTavrobo formirebebma soxumi daikaves.
yovelive momxdaris Sesaxeb saqarTvelos erovnul sabWos qalaqis Tavma
b.CxikviSvilma Seatyobina. igi werda, rom ganTavisuflebuli da SeiaraRebuli
damnaSaveebi drandis raionSi gaiqcnen, Tavi bolSevikebad gamoacxades da
daiwyes adgilobrivi qarTuli (megruli) mosaxleobis darazmva àfxazebisa da
1643. iqve.
1644. Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 744-745.
1645. А. Ментешашвили. Исторические предпосылки современного сепаратизма в Грузии. Тб., 1998, gv. 16.
1646. Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 402.
315
menSevikebis winaaRmdeg brZolis lozungiT~1647; `sasowarkveTilebamde
miyvanilma~ afxazebma, _ agrZelebda b.CxikviSvili, _ romlebic loialurad
arian ganwyobili megrelebisa da sxvaTa mimarT, `SesaZloa TurqeTs sTxovon
desanti, Tu Tqveni mxridan ar iqneba daxmareba wesrigis aRsadgenad~.1648
sul male afxazeTSi erovnuli sabWos wevrebi d. suliaSvili da qr. raW-
veliSvili, aseve zugdideli glexebis warmomadgenlebi Camovidnen. isini daes-
wrnen soxumis olqis glexTa II yrilobas (1918w. 4-9 marti), romelmac miiRo
istoriuli gadawyvetileba, afxazeTi Sevides kavkasieli erebis saerTo ojaxSi,
rogorc misi Tanasworuflebiani wevri da Tavisi saukeTeso momavali demok-
ratiul saqarTvelosTan erTad gamoWedos. yrilobam airCia glexTa sabWo da
misi aRmasrulebeli komiteti arzayan (dimitri) emuxvaris, dimitri gulias, m.
caavas, m. cagurias, v. esvanjias, k. ZiZarias, abuxbas, barcicis, docenkos
SemadgenlobiT (mdivani gaxda g. ajamovi)1649.
1918w. aprilSi TurqeTma aWara da samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos didi
nawili daikava. zustad im dReebSi afxazeTs ruseTidan SemoWrili bolSevikebi
daeuflnen1650. maT `daaviwydaT~ dapirebebi erTa TviTgamorkvevis, avtonomiis
Sesaxeb da aRadgines soxumis olqi. xelisuflebis bolSevikurma organom _ e.w.
revoluciurma komitetma (revkomi), romlis dokumentebSi àfxazeTi~ saerTod
ar figurirebs, afxazTa saxalxo sabWo faqtobrivad daSala, misi Tavmjdomare
da wevrebis didi nawili daapatimra. amierkavkasiis seimisa da mTavrobis
davalebiT erovnulma gvardiam v.juRelis meTaurobiT 1918w. 17 maiss q.soxumi
gaaTavisufla bolSevikebisagan da SemdgomSi mteri afxazeTis farglebidanac
gandevna1651. imave wlis 29 maiss v.juReli saqarTvelos erovnul sabWos
afxazeTis movlenebTan dakavSirebiT moaxsenebda, Tu rogor aRvivebdnen da
amwvavebdnen bolSevikebi SuRls qarTvelebsa da afxazebs Soris, aseve
qarTvelebsa da somxebs Soris, magram bolomde mizans mainc ver miaRwies.
àrsad ise aRfrTovanebiT ar mivuRivarT mcxovrebT, rogorc oCamCireSi,
ramdeni taSi, ramdeni yvavilebi, ramdeni dResaswauli... kodoris afxazebi
CvenTan iyvnen, gudauTisa _ bolSevikebis mxareze~1652, _ acxadebda v.juReli.
unda aRiniSnos, rom afxazur mosaxleobas bolSevikur avantiuraSi aqtiuri
monawileoba marTlac ar miuRia, Tumca revkomis Tavmjdomared, gasagebi
mizezebis gamo, e.eSba dainiSna. amboxebis mTavari organizatorebi iyvnen
CrdiloeTidan movlenili rusi da ufro metad qarTuli erovnebis
bolSevikebi , romlebic samSoblos Ralatobdnen. am dros, mtkiceba, TiTqos
1653
brestis zavidan gamomdinare, sabWoTa ruseTs ar hqonda afxazeTisaTvis (aseT

politikur erTeuls bolSevikebi saerTod ar scnobdnen) daxmarebis gawevis
SesaZlebloba1654, usafuZvloa. Tanamedrove separatistebi, iseve rogorc Tavis
droze s.basaria, arafers amboben arnaxul bolSevikur Zaladobaze, Zarcvaze,
saxalxo sabWos, TviT s.basarias dapatimrebaze da weren qarTvelTa ìmperiuli~
miznebis, sabWoTa xelisuflebis CaxSobis Semdeg menSevikuri `samxedro
1647. 1918 w. ianvarSi q. soxumi da mTeli afxazeTi Zarcva-glejis asparezad iqca. mxolod saalyo wesebis
SemoRebisa da samxedro mdgomareobis gamocxadebis gziT moxerxda qalaqSi wesrigis damyareba, damnaSaveTa
ganeitraleba (saqarTvelo, 1918, 18 ianvari). am damnaSaveebs eyrdnobodnen bolSevikebi.
1648. Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi gv. 404.
1649. erToba, 1918, 22, 24 marti. angariSi yrilobis Sesaxeb rusul enaze gamoqveynebulia: Дж. Гамахария, Б.
Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 405-409.

1650. ix. amis Sesaxeb: erToba, 1918, 17 aprili (b. CxikviSvilis werili).
1651. afxazeTSi erovnuli gvardiis Sesvlas win uZRoda amierkavkasiis mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris akaki
Cxenkelis mimarTva afxazebisa da samurzayanoelebisadmi TxovniT, dauyovnebliv miiRon zomebi da SeaCeron
anarqia, gamogzavnon uflebamosili warmomadgenlebi TbilisSi, amierkavkasiisa da CrdiloeT kavkasiis
warmomadgenlebTan erTad aq SevimuSaoT konstitucia, davadginoT saxelmwifo sazRvrebi, raTa amaSi hpovon
TavianTi molodinis aRsruleba (erToba, 1918, 10 maisi; Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv.412).
1652. saqarTvelo, 1918, 1 TibaTve (ivnisi). bolSevikebis winaaRmdeg saomrad mzad iyo t. marSania afxazTa
razmiT, magram v. juRelma misi winadadeba ar miiRo (d. Citaia. afxazeTis sakiTxi, gv. 160).
1653. j. gamaxaria. qarTul-afxazur urTierTobaTa istoriidan, gv. 46-47.
1654. О. Бгажба, С. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 294.
316
diqtaturis~ damyarebis Sesaxeb.1655 sinamdvileSi ki bolSevikuri tiraniisagan
`soxumis olqis~ ganTavisuflebas mohyva politikuri erTeulis _ afxazeTis
faqtobrivi aRdgena da ramdenadme ganaxlebuli (meore mowvevis) afxazTa
saxalxo sabWosaTvis mTeli Zalauflebis gadacema.
separatistebi, erTi mxriv, sabWoTa xelisuflebas (romelmac soxumis olqi
aRadgina) mistirian; meore mxriv, 1918w. 11 maiss, roca soxumSi jer kidev bol-
Sevikebi batonobdnen, àfxazeTis saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenis~ dRed acxadeben
im motiviT, rom maSin baTumis samSvidobo konferenciaze TurqeTma aRiara
mTielTa respublika, am ukanasknelis SemadgenlobaSi ki viTom afxazeTic Sedi-
oda1656. es aris aSkara, yovelgvar safuZvels da logikas moklebuli morigi
tyuili. 1918w. 17 maisamde, bolSevikebis damarcxebamde, politikuri erTeuli _
afxazeTi arc arsebobda; bolSevikTa xelSi myof soxumis olqs ki aranairad
ar SeeZlo `saxelmwifoebriobis~ aRdgena. garda amisa, 1918w. 20 maiss afxazTa
saxalxo sabWom aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT miiRo specialuri
rezolucia, `romlis mixedviT, kategoriulad mtkicdeba afxazTa saxalxo
sabWos da saolqo glexTa sabWos (4-10 marti) gadawyvetileba, rom afxazeTi
Sedis amierkavkasiis xalxTa sazogado ojaxSi, rogorc misi Tanaswori wevri,
rac dauyovnebliv euwyeba baTumis sazavo konferencias sakuTari delegatebis
piriT~1657. sabWos nebis winaaRmdeg, al. SarvaSiZis xelmZRvanelobiT ramdenime
piris mier baTumSi gakeTebul gancxadebas (isini arc konferenciis monawileebi
iyvnen da arc saxalxo sabWos warmomadgenlebi) araviTari iuridiuli Zala ar
hqonda. Sesabamisad, aranairi samarTlebrivi Sedegi aseT gancxadebas ar
mohyolia1658. mTielTa respublikis deklaraciaSi afxazeTi mis Semadgenel
nawilad ar dasaxelebula. masSi mxolod is iyo naTqvami, rom respublikis
samxreTis sazRvari amierkavkasiis mTavrobasTan SeTanxmebiT dadgindeba1659.
baTumis samSvidobo konferenciis CaSlas amierkavkasiis federaciis daSla
da damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Camoyalibeba mohyva. 1918w. 26 maiss saxelmwifoe-
brivi damoukidebloba pirvelad saqarTvelom aRidgina. mis SemadgenlobaSi
Sevidnen amierkavkasiis saxelmwifos teritoriebis is nawilebi, romlebic isto-
riulad saqarTvelos kuTvnilebas warmoadgendnen da amjerad azerbaijanis an
somxeTis nawili ar gamxdaran. aseTi iyo afxazeTis Tanamedrove teritoriac. am
sakiTxSi Taviseburi xedva hqonda saqarTvelos damoukideblobis mTavari ga-
rantis _ germaniis warmomadgenels fon-losovs. baTumis konferenciaze,
TurqeTisa da aseve separatistTa poziciis gaTvaliswinebiT, 1918w. 28 maiss
saqarTvelos mTavrobisadmi gagzavnil saidumlo werilSi is aRniSnavda, rom
soxumis olqi (gagris CaTvliT) Seadgens saqarTvelos nawils manamde, sanam
kavkasiis farglebSi saqarTvelo iqneba damoukidebeli saxelmwifo.
saqarTvelos monawileobiT (xazgasma avt.) kavkasieli xalxebis konfederaciis
Seqmnis SemTxvevaSi soxumis olqis mosaxleobas unda mieces ufleba kavkasiis
qveynebs Soris Tavisi mdgomareobis Taobaze sakiTxis gadaWrisa~1660. jer erTi,
es iyo ara `germaniis gegma~, rogorc separatistebs hgoniaT, aramed fon-
losovis mosazreba; meorec, kavkasiis konfederaciaSi afxazeTis calke yofnas
is uSvebda mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saqarTveloc am konfederaciis nawili
gaxdeboda. es `mcire detali~ mudmivad aviwydebaT separatistebs1661. usafuZvloa
1655. iqve, gv. 295; С. Басария. Абхазия, gv. 91, 92.

1656. О. Бгажба, С. Лакоба. dasax. naSromi, gv. 297-298. 1918 w. 11 maiss gamocxadebuli mTielTa respublikis
damoukidebloba TurqeTma, sinamdvileSi, imave wlis 8 ivniss aRiara da samokavSireo xelSekrulebac
gaaforma (m. gabedava. sazogadoebriv-politikuri moZraoba afxazeTSi 1917-1921 ww. Tb., 1993, gv. 18). afxazeTi am
respublikis nawili rom yofiliyo, saxalxo sabWos warmomadgenlebi zustad 8 ivniss xels ar moawerdnen
saqarTvelosTan xelSekrulebis proeqts, 11 ivniss _ xelSekrulebas (aqve, gv. 291).
1657. saqarTvelo, 1918, 23 maisi.
1658. ix. amis Sesaxeb: А. М. Чочуа. Избр. соч. Тб., 1987, gv. 69-70.
1659. eri, 1992, 14 Tebervali.
1660. А. Ментешашвили. Исторические предпосылки…, gv. 17-18.
317
maTi mtkiceba, TiTqos sazRvrebis miTiTebis gareSe 1918w. 26 maisis aqtis
gamocxadebis momentisaTvis afxazeTi saqarTvelos farglebs gareT
imyofeboda1662. amierkavkasiis teritoria, romlis Semadgeneli nawilic iyo
afxazeTi, samma damoukidebelma saxelmwifom - saqarTvelom, azerbaijanma da
somxeTma gainawila. damoukideblobis aqtebSi sazRvrebi mxolod imitom ar
miuTiTebiaT, rom erTmaneTTan iyo SesaTanxmebeli momijnave sadavo
teritoriebis ama Tu im saxelmwifosadmi kuTvnilebis sakiTxi. afxazeTi ar
yofila sadavo, amdenad, masze vrceldeboda qarTuli saxelmwifos
iurisdiqcia. uaRresad mniSvnelovania is garemoebac, rom 1918w. 28 maiss soxumis
saolqo sasamarTlos ganyofilebam Tavis Sekrebaze sagangebod ganixila
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebisa da afxazeT-saqarTvelos Semdgomi
urTierTobis sakiTxi. vinaidan afxazeTi iuridiulad quTaisis guberniis
SemadgenlobaSi imyofeboda, sasamarTlom CaTvala, rom igi amieridan
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis nawilia1663. am garemoebas ar
iTvaliswinebda afxazTa saxalxo sabWo, romelic sxvadasxva politikuri
orientaciis mqone da samarTlebriv sakiTxebSi arakompetenturi wevrebisagan
Sesdgeboda.
2. afxazeTi _ saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis avtonomiuri
erTeuli. 1918 w. ivnisi – 1919 w. marti
saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg afxazeTSi

Seqmnili viTareba saxalxo sabWom 1918 wlis 2 ivniss ganixila. man aRniSna, rom
afxazeTSi dislocirebuli amierkavkasiis wiTeli gvardia, amJamad ki
saqarTvelos samxedro nawili, 26 maisidan sakuTari qveynis farglebs gareT
aRmoCnda, magram realuri Zalaufleba mis xelSia; gamomdinare aqedan, sabWom
daadgina, TviTon aiRos xelSi Zalaufleba da mimarTos saqarTvelos erovnul
sabWos TxovniT, aRmouCinos daxmareba afxazeTs xelisuflebis organizaciis
saqmeSi, xolo soxumSi myofi qarTuli gvardia darCes adgilze da gadavides
saxalxo sabWos daqvemdebarebaSi1664. es faqti, agreTve delegaciis mivlineba
TbilisSi da saqarTvelos mTavrobasTan molaparakebis gamarTvis Semdeg 1918w.
11 ivnisis xelSekrulebis gaformeba sabolood aqarwyleben separatistTa
monaWorebs mTielTa respublikis SemadgenlobaSi afxazeTis gawevrianebis
Sesaxeb. rogorc separatistTa erT-erTi lideri m.Tarnavac werda, saxalxo
sabWos wevrebma, realuri viTarebidan gamomdinare, erTianad airCies
òrientacia menSevikur saqarTveloze~ da mis `SemadgenlobaSi afxazeTis
Sesvlis safuZvlebis Taobaze~ xelSekrulebis
gasaformeblad `saxalxo sabWos deputatebma TbilisSi delegacia gagzavnes~1665.
afxazuri delegacia r.kakubas xelmZRvanelobiT 1918w. 6 ivniss Sexvda
saqarTvelos mTavrobis delegacias samxedro ministris _ g.giorgaZis
xelmZRvanelobiT. r.kakuba, rogorc etyoba, icavda afxazTa saxalxo sabWos 2
ivnisis gadawyvetilebas; sainteresoa misi mosazreba afxazeTSi arsebuli
pilitikuri mimdinareobebisa da Sesabamisi orientaciebis Sesaxeb:
Tavadaznaurobas aSkarad Turquli orientacia aqvs, _ ganacxada man; arsebobda
umniSvnelo bolSevikuri orientacia, mosaxleobis nawili mxars uWerda mTis
orientacias. igulisxmeboda, rom TbilisSi Camosuli afxazuri delegacia,
sakuTar Tavs proqarTul orientacias miakuTvnebda.
mxareebis mier 1918w. 8 ivniss xelmowerili xelSekrulebis proeqti afxa-
zurma delegaciam soxums gadaugzavna da moiTxova mandati saboloo variantis
xelmoweraze. amasTanave, naTqvami iyo, rom afxazeTis sruli damoukideblobis
1662. iqve, gv. 301.

1663. d. Citaia. afxazeTis sakiTxi, gv. 169.
1665. iqve, gv. 748-749.
318
gamocxadebis SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelo ver daakmayofilebda afxazTa saxalxo
sabWos 2 ivnisis Suamdgomlobas. Tbiliss aucileblad miaCnda urTierTobis
garkveva afxazeTis damfuZebeli krebis mowvevamde. 1918w. 10 ivniss afxazTa
saxalxo sabWos gafarToebulma sxdomam TbilisSi myof delegacias
xelSekrulebis sakuTari varianti SesTavaza da misca mandati dokumentis
xelmoweraze. 1918w. 11 ivniss xeli moewera xelSekrulebis saboloo variants1666.
bunebrivia, igi ramdenadme gansxvavdeba saxalxo sabWos proeqtisagan da 8
ivniss xelmowerili samuSao variantisagan. es, ra Tqma unda, ar SeiZleba iyos
safuZveli mtkicebisaTvis, TiTqos moxda dokumentis Canacvleba, mandatis
gareSe masze xelmowera1667 da a.S.
1918w. 11 ivnisis xelSekruleba mniSvnelovani politikur-samarTlebrivi
aqtia, romelic 1918w. Tebervlis SeTanxmebis gagrZelebas da ganviTarebas war-
moadgenda. saqarTvelom gadadga seriozuli nabiji umniSvnelovanesi
istoriuli teritoriis Semomtkicebisken. realurad afxazeTi iqca
saqarTvelos avtonomiur erTeulad1668. centralur mTavrobaSi SemoiRes
afxazeTis saqmeTa ministris Tanamdeboba, romelic saxalxo sabWos
wardginebiT r.Cqotuam daikava.
Sovinistebs ar awyobdaT afxazeTSi situaciis daregulireba. 1918w. Suax-
anebSi mdgomareoba kvlav gamwvavda _ soWidan SemoWrili bolSevikTa razmebi
axal aTonamde movidnen. 1918w. 16 ivniss afxazTa saxalxo sabWos wevrebma dax-
marebisaTvis general g.mazniaSvils mimarTes. generalma deputacia
mTavrobasTan gagzavna. 18 ivniss g.mazniaSvilma miiRo samxedro ministris
depeSa afxazeTis general-gubernatorad daniSvnisa da dauyovnebliv soxumSi
gamgzavrebis Sesaxeb. 19 ivniss is ukve q.soxumSi imyofeboda. 27 ivniss Setevaze
gadasulma qarTulma jarebma g. mazniaSvilis iniciativiT saxeldaxelod
Camoyalibebul afxazur kavaleriasTan (300 kaci) erTad afxazeTi
bolSevikebisagan gawmindes da navsadgur tuafses dakavebis Taobaze saxalxo
sabWos 1918w. 24 ivnisis gadawyvetilebis1669 Tanaxmad, gaagrZeles winsvla
Crdilo-dasavleTis mimarTulebiT. 26 ivliss maT xelSi aRmoCnda tuafse.
saboloo mizani iyo tuafse-maikopis rkinigzis dakaveba. 1918w. agvistoSi
TeTrgvardielTa gaaqtiurebam qarTuli jarebi aiZula, ukan daexiaT jer
md.Saxemde, Semdeg ki _ q.soWamde1670.
separatistebma isargebles Seqmnili viTarebiT da 1918w. 27 ivniss, roca
afxazeTSi bolSevikebis winaaRmdeg brZolebi mimdinareobda, kodoris mazraSi
maTi mowveviT ZiriTadad muhajirebiT dakompleqtebuli Turquli desanti
gadmosxda. jerjerobiT ucnobia, ramdenad iyo es aqcia koordinirebuli
bolSevikebTan, magram faqti rCeba faqtad _ isini sxvadasxva mxridan TiTqmis
erTdroulad Semovidnen afxazeTSi1671. qarTulma SenaerTebma da rus-kazakTa
razmebma desantic
gaanadgures. samxedro operacias Tan axlda zedmetad mkacri da represiuli
zomebi mSvidobiani mosaxleobis mimarT. gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT kazakebi
gamoirCeodnen. isini TurqeTisadmi TanagrZnobaSi èWvmitanilTa~ ZarcviTa da
saxl-karis gadawviT iyvnen dakavebulni1672, razec pasuxismgebloba mainc qarTul
1666. А. Ментешашвили. Исторические предпосылки…, gv. 20-22; Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 414,
748-753.
1667.О. Бгажба, С. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 304-306.
1668.ix. amis Sesaxeb: Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 752-753, 759.
1669. iqve, gv. 415.
1670. g. mazniaSvili. mogonebebi. baTumi, 1990, gv. 59-79; saqarTvelos respublika, 1918, 30 ivlisi, 8 agvisto;
Борьба, 1918, 22 августа da a. S.

1671. sruliad usafuZvloa mtkiceba, TiTqos Turquli desanti g. mazniaSvilis ukanono moqmedebebis
pasuxad Camoiyvanes (Литературная Абхазия, №1, с. 212; - С. Лакоба; В. Шнирельман. Войны памяти, gv. 263).
Turquli desantis Camoyvana afxazeTSi, rogorc utyuari istoriuli wyaroebi mowmoben, 1917 wlis bolodan
da 1918 w. dasawyisidan igegmeboda (ix. Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv.78-81).
1672. С. Басария. Абхазия, gv. 95.
319
sardlobas ekisreboda. 1918w. seqtembris dasawyisSi afxazeTSi Casulma
mitropolitma ambrosim (xelaia) saxalxo sabWos Tavmjdomaris varlam
SarvaSiZisa da sabWos wevris joto SarvaSiZis TxovniT, miiRo zomebi
samxedroTa TviTnebobis aRsakveTad. 3 seqtembers igi saavadmyofoSi ewvia g.
mazniaSvilis Stabis ufross polkovnik Tuxarels da viTarebis ganmuxtvis
mizniT saswrafo zomebis miReba sTxova. polkovnikma mitropolit ambrosis
SuamdgomlobiT rva afxazi tusaRi gaaTavisufla; oCamCireSi gagzavna saswrafo
brZaneba: `saxl-karis gadawva SeCerebul iqnas, gamoyvanili iyos jari im
soflebidan, sadac maTi yofna samZimoa mSvidobian mcxovreblebisaTvis~1673.
garkveuli zomebi miiRes afxazTa saxalxo sabWom da saqarTvelos
mTavrobamac1674. separatistuli istoriografia Tavisebur Sefasebas aZlevs
Turquli desantis gadmosxmis faqts; amtkicebs, rom is gaxldaT pasuxi
afxazeTSi g. mazniaSvilis Semosvlaze da òkupaciaze~. separatistebis azriT,
desanti, iyo ara Turquli, aramed afxazuri da warmoadgenda CrdiloeT
kavkasiis respublikis SeiaraRebul Zalas1675. es yvelaferi Sors aris
realobisagan. pirvel rigSi, unda iTqvas, rom Turquli desantis afxazeTSi
gadmosxma g. mazniaSvilis Semosvlamde didi xniT adre daiwyo. jer kidev
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebamde arsebobda informacia afxazeTSi
Turqebis mowvevis, soxumis dakavebis Taobaze TurqeTis mTavrobis
gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb1676. 1918w. 29 maiss v. juReli saqarTvelos erovnul
sabWos moaxsenebda, rom afxazeTSi mis Casvlamde (10 maisi) Turqebma ukve
moaswres afxazeTis napirebze 200-300 kacis gadmosxma, romlebsac niadagi unda
moemzadebinaT desantis misaRebad1677. 1918w. 15 maiss ak.Cxenkeli saqarTvelos
erovnul sabWos baTumidan acnobebda, rom aq Camosul afxazTa
warmomadgenlebs ùndaT da kidec Seasruleben Turqebis Tavdasxmas afxazeTze.
aris gegmac, aris saamisod gamzadebuli Zalebic. Sevecdebi, xeli SevuSalo am
ganzraxvis ganxorcielebas~1678.
iyo Tu ara desanti afxazuri? rogorc ukve iTqva, ZiriTadad is muhajirebis
STamomavlebisagan Sedgeboda, magram es sulac ar niSnavs, rom desanti iyo
afxazuri. saxalxo sabWos sxdomaze 1918w. 30 ivliss, exeboda ra aRniSnul
sakiTxs, v. emuxvarma ganacxada, rom desanti da misi wevrebi movidnen `CvenTan
rogorc TurqeTis regularuli armiis nawili da dRemde aseTebad rCebian.
jariskacebi ver SeZlebdnen dezertirobas omis dros. TurqeTSi jer
demobilizacia ar gamocxadebula. Tu TurqeTis mTavroba amas uSvebs,
maSasadame, akeTebs ganzrax~1679. savsebiT swori Sefasebaa _ afxazeTSi Semovida
Turquli armiis qvedanayofi.
gaugebaria, ratom warmoadgenda desanti mTielTa respublikis SeiaraRebul
Zalas. afxazeTs oficialurad arasodes ucvnia Tavi am respublikis nawilad.
piriqiT, 1918w. 11 ivnisidan is saqarTvelos nawilad iyo aRiarebuli. rogorc
Cans, TurqeTi, romelsac afxazeTis dakaveba surda, Tavis mizans mTielTa re-
spublikas amofarebuli axorcielebda. mogvianebiT efrem eSba erTmaneTTan
akavSirebda 1918 wlis ivnisSi TurqeTsa da mTielTa kavSirs (g.bamatovi,
Cermoevi, kantemirovi) Soris dadebul xelSekrulebas afxazeTSi Turquli
desantis gadmosxmasTan1680. afxazeTSi Turquli mmarTvelobis damyareba iyo
1673. wminda aRmsarebeli ambrosi da afxazeTi, gv. 223; saqarTvelos respublika, 1918, 2 oqtomberi.
1674. Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 424, 766-767. 1918 wlis 17 dekembers mTavrobis sxdomam miiRo
gadawyvetileba, sagangebo komisiis mier gamoZiebuli masalebi im zaralis Sesaxeb, rac miadga mosaxleobas
Turqi askerebisa da bolSevikebis winaaRmdeg warmoebuli brZolebisas, gadaeces iusticiis saministros (j.
gamaxaria. qarTul-afxazur urTierTobaTa istoriidan, gv. 73).
1675. О. Бгажба, С. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 312-313.
1676. Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi gv. 80.
1677. saqarTvelo, 1918, 1 TibaTve.
1678. d. Citaia. afxazeTis sakiTxi, gv. 168.
1679. j. gamaxaria. qarTul-afxazur urTierTobaTa istoriidan, gv. 67.
1680. Е. Эшба. Асланбек Шерипов, gv. 161.
320
TviT separatistTa mizani da amas sulac ar malavda m.Tarnava. saxalxo sabWo,
_ werda igi, _ rogorc erovnuli organo gamoyenebul iqna afxazeTSi Turquli
mmarTvelobis damyarebis survilis uqonlobis gamosaxatavad, magram sabWoSi
iseTi deputatebic moRvaweobdnen, `romlebic ganwyobilni iyvnen afxazeTSi
Turquli xelisuflebis sasargeblod~1681.
amrigad, general g.mazniaSvilis udides damsaxurebad unda CaiTvalos 1918w.
zafxulSi bolSevikuri avantiuris CaxSoba, saqarTvelos, maT Soris afxazeTis
istoriuli sazRvrebis aRdgena da, ra Tqma unda,Turquli agresiis aRkveTa.
yovelive aman, cxadia, sxvadasxva orientaciis (rusul-bolSevikuri, rusul-
TeTrgvardiuli, Turqul-mTiuluri) Zalebis ukmayofileba da protesti
gamoiwvia. TviT mTielTa respublikis mTavrobis warmomadgenlebmac ki,
romlebsac saqarTvelos mTavrobasTan kargi urTierToba hqondaT, etyoba,
TurqeTis davalebiT, 1918w. zafxulSi gaakeTes gancxadebebi afxazeTidan qar-
Tuli jarebis gayvanis moTxovniT1682. separatistebmac aseve atexes xmauri
saqarTvelos mxridan afxazeTis òkupirebis~ Sesaxeb, rac Tanamedrove
afxazurma istoriografiamac aitaca1683. samarTlebrivad da faqtobrivad Tezisi
òkupaciis~ Taobaze yovlad usafuZvloa. separatistebi malaven mis komunistur
warmomavlobas. 1918w. maisSi, roca v.juRelis gvardia afxazeTidan erekeboda
bolSevikebs, am ukanasknelebma mimarTes `ciliswamebas, viTomc qarTveloba
afxazeTis dasapyrobad modioda~1684.
bolSevikTa monaWors separatistebi, samwuxarod, dRemde imeoreben. òkupaci-
aSi~ gulisxmobdnen da gulisxmoben g.mazniaSvilis general-gubernatorad
daniSvnas da mis mier viTom mTeli xelisuflebis uzurpacias. msgavsi
mtkicebebi sinamdviles ar Seesabameba. saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi
general-gubernatorebi, romlebic iniSnebodnen sabrZolo moqmedebebis zonebSi,
an frontispira raionebSi, ar warmoadgendnen umaRlesi politikuri
Tanamdebobis pirebs. àfxazeTis politikur da administraciul cxovrebaSi ar
vereodi, _ werda Tavad g.mazniaSvili, _ radgan, jer erTi, am saqmisaTvis
afxazeTis erovnul sabWosTan iyo saqarTvelos warmomadgeneli, da, meorec,
srulebiT ar viyavi momzadebuli politikuri moRvaweobisaTvis, amitom mTeli
Cemi yuradReba samxedro saqmeze mqonda miqceuli~1685. separatistul
istoriografias ar gaaCnia erTi faqtic ki, romelic g.mazniaSvilis mier
politikuri Zalauflebis miTvisebas daadasturebda. generlis Secdoma imaSi
mdgomareobda, rom saxalxo sabWos xelmZRvaneloba winaswar ar Caayena saqmis
kursSi 1918w. 23 ivnisis #1 brZanebis Taobaze, romlis ZaliTac afxazeTi
soxumis sageneralgubernatorod gamoacxada. aman ki saxalxo sabWos, misi
Tavmjdomaris varlam SarvaSiZis gaoceba da ukmayofileba gamoiwvia1686.
miuxedavad amisa, politikur Zalauflebas mTlianad saxalxo sabWo flobda,
ar yofila SemTxveva g.mazniaSvilis mxridan masze zemoqmedebis mcdelobisa.
mosalodneli gaugebrobebis Tavidan asacileblad 1918w. 6 ivliss v. SarvaSiZem
n.Jordanias winaSe saxalxo sabWoSi sagangebo uflebebiT aRWurvili mTavrobis
warmomadgenlis movlinebis sakiTxi dasva, gamoTqva survili warmomadgenlis
funqciebi isidore ramiSvilisaTvis daekisrebinaT1687.
sul male i.ramiSvili mTavrobis warmomadgenlis rangSi soxumSi Camovida
da aqtiurad CaerTo politikur procesebSi. misi Camosvla daemTxva saxalxo
sabWoSi qarTuli jarebisadmi damokidebulebis sakiTxis ganxilvas. 1918w. 17
ivliss deputatebma, romelTa Soris iyvnen v. SarvaSiZe, d.gulia, s.basaria da
1681 . Литературная Абхазия, 1991, #1, gv. 201-202.

1682 . О. Бгажба, С. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 310-311.
1683 . iqve, gv. 307-308.
1684 . saqarTvelo, 1918, 1 TibaTve.
1685 . g. mazniaSvili. mogonebani, gv. 97.
1687 . iqve, gv. 760.
321
sxvebi, uaryves mRvdel v.agrbas meTaurobiT moqmedi, banditebisa da
mZarcvelebisagan Semdgari
bolSevikuri razmis `kiarazis~ winadadebebi qarTuli jarebis gayvanis,
mosaxleobis ganiaraRebis Sewyvetis, ekaterinodarSi myof bolSevikebTan
(n.lakoba, e. eSba) delegaciis gagzavnis Sesaxeb, raTa Sewyvetiliyo Semosevebi
CrdiloeTidan da a.S. bolSevikebs, rogorc Cans, dagegmili hqondaT
CrdiloeTidan Semosevebis Sewyvetis `garantiis~ micema; amis Semdeg ki unda
momxdariyo qarTuli jarebis gayvana, raTa moulodneli dartymiT aeRoT
daucveli afxazeTi. deputatebi, albaT, miuxvdnen bolSevikTa Canafiqrs, amitom
saxalxo sabWom erTxmad daadgina, `guliswyromiT uari eTqvas~ `kiarazis~
moTxovnebs1688. imave sxdomaze sabWom kenWi uyara g.mazniaSvilis Stabisadmi
ndobis sakiTxs. TiTqmis erTxmad gadawyda (mxolod orma Seikava Tavi),
`xelaxla dadasturdes araerTi Cveni gadawyvetileba da iTqvas saqarTvelos
nawilebis aq yofnis aucileblobis Sesaxeb~1689.
1918w. 18 ivliss saxalxo sabWos sxdomaze mkveTri gancxadeba gaakeTa i.
ramiSvilma. man daaxasiaTa zogadpolitikuri viTareba, isaubra demokratiis
mtrebis winaaRmdeg afxaz xalxTan erTad brZolis aucileblobaze, miuTiTa
arsebul saSiSroebaze viwronacionalisturi da Sovinisturi elementebis
mxridan, romlebic bolSevikebTan erTad daupirispirdebodnen demokratias.
àfxazi xalxis goneba ganwyobilia qarTuli demokratiisa da misi
warmomadgenlebis winaaRmdeg, romelTa mimarT gaavrceles Worebi, TiTqos
afxazi xalxisaTvis maT moaqvT damoneba da dapyroba, _ ganacxada i.ramiSvilma,
_ midis Zlieri agitacia saqarTvelos miznebis winaaRmdeg... viTareba gvexateba
imdagvarad, rom ueWvelad saWiroa qarTuli jarebis aqedan gayvana... umjobesia
droulad gaviyvanoT jarebi, vidre velodoT sisxlisRvras~. i.ramiSvilis
gancxadebis paTosi arcerTma deputatma ar gaiziara, xolo sityviT gamosulma
r.kakubam da d.marSaniam qarTuli jarebis afxazeTidan gayvana dauSveblad
miiCnies. 19 ivlisis sxdomaze ki d.marSaniam aseTi gancxadeba gaakeTa:
`moRalaturi nabijebi Cveni mxridan ar SeiZleba iyos, vinaidan qarTuli
nawilebi mowveulia CvenTvis mZime wuTebSi daxmarebis gasawevad da saerTod
qarTvelebTan Cven yovelTvis megobrulad vcxovrobdiT... arian adamianebi,
romelTac surT wagvkidon qarTvelebTan, magram Cven es ar gvinda~1690.
1918w. 20 ivliss deputatma g. Tumanovma (mRvdeli) kvlav dasva sakiTxi
afxazeTidan jarebis gayvanis Sesaxeb. saxalxo sabWos sxdomis wevrTagan mas
mxari mxolod i.ramiSvilma dauWira: `Tu migaCniaT, rom maT (jarebma _ avt.)
Seasrules TavianTi misia, maSin isini wavlen... rac ufro adre
ganTavisufldebian aq samxedro nawilebi, miT ukeTesia saqarTvelosaTvis~1691.
iramiSvilma dasZina, rom propagandas jarebis gayvanis Sesaxeb ewevian
monarqistebi da Tavadaznaurobis momxreebi. maT Soris iyvnen probolSevikuri
da proTurquli Zalebic.
moyvanili faqtebi uaryofen mtkicebas òkupacia~_àneqsiis~ Sesaxeb1692.
saxalxo sabWo, romelsac viTom politikuri Zalaufleba CamoarTva g.
mazniaSvilma, miuxedavad Tavidan arsebuli mcire gaugebrobebisa, mxars uWerda
qarTuli jarebis afxazeTSi yofnas, vinaidan isini warmoadgendnen regionSi
mSvidobis, stabilurobis, mTlianobisa da avtonomiurobis mTavar garants. rac
Seexeba saxalxo sabWos, mas ara Tu ar daukargavs Zalaufleba, rogorc es
1688 .
j. gamaxaria. qarTul-afxazur urTierTobaTa istoriidan, gv. 60-61.
1689 .
iqve, gv. 62.
1690 .
iqve, gv. 62-63, 65.
1691 .
iqve, gv. 63.
1692 . 1918-1921 ww. saqarTvelos mier afxazeTis àneqsia~_òkupaciis~ Teorias s. Cervonnaia uazros,
ucnaurs uwodebs (С. М. Червонная. Абхазия 1992: Посткоммунистическая Вандея Грузии. М., 1993, gv. 39), Tumca ar
uaryofs, rom im periodSi qarTul-afxazuri saxelmwifos aRorZinebis rTul da mZime process Tan axlda
Secdomebi, provokaciebi, danaSaulobebi (iqve, gv. 42).
322
moxda bolSevikebis Semosevebis dros, aramed qarTuli jarebis wyalobiT is
aRdga Tavis uflebebSi da afxazeTis realuri baton-patroni gaxda..
separatistuli istoriografia uZluria raime axsna mouZebnos zemoaRniSnul
faqtebs imis Sesaxeb, rom òkupantebs~ undodaT wasvla afxazeTidan,
`dapyrobilebi~ ki amas yovelnairad ewinaaRmdegebodnen. amitomac igi cdilobs,
es da sxva msgavsi faqtebi mkiTxvelebs daumalos.
1918w. ivlis-agvistoSi afxazeTis saxalxo sabWos reorganizacia ganxor-
cilda. 1917w. 8 noembers glexTa I yrilobaze arCeuli sabWo legitimur
organod ver CaiTvleboda. garda amisa, igi mxolod erTi eris _ afxazTa
interesebs gamoxatavda. regionSi ki im droisaTvis funqcionirebdnen
qarTvelTa (Tav-re i.gogelaSvili), somexTa (Tav-re x. avdalbekiani), berZenTa
(Tav-re i. faSalidi) erovnuli sabWoebi; 25 agvistos Camoyalibda rusebis
erovnuli sabWo; arsebobdnen agreTve ebrauli, ukrainuli, polonuri da sxva
erovnuli organizaciebi1693. amdenad, aucilebeli iyo mravalerovnuli
mosaxleobis interesebis gamomxatveli politikuri organos Camoyalibeba. 1918w.
ivlisSi afxazeTis ubnebSi Catarda saxalxo sabWos gadarCevebi mitingebsa da
krebebze. 27 ivliss saxalxo sabWom miiRo gadawyvetileba sxva erebis
warmomadgenelTa mowvevis Sesaxeb. sabWos wevrebi gaxdnen i.gogelaSvili,
x.avdalbekiani, i. faSalidi, mogvianebiT _ i. mixelsoni (estoneli) da sxv. 31
ivliss afxazTa saxalxo sabWom Tavis SemadgenlobaSi arCeulad scno 35
deputati. axal SemadgenlobaSi ver moxvdnen al. SarvaSiZe, t.marSania da
sxvebi, romelTa mimarT Turquli desantis SemoyvanisaTvis sisxlis samarTlis
saqme aRiZra.1694 8 agvistos deputatebis r. kakubas, n. xasaias, v. Rurjuas da
a.inal-ifas monawileobiT sabWom Camoayaliba damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebis
mosamzadebeli komisia. 15 agvistos dasrulda saxalxo sabWos reorganizacia.
umravlesobam moiwona Zvelis daTxovna da axali droebiTi sabWos formireba.
mis SemadgenlobaSi darCenili Zveli sabWos umravlesobas daemata sxva
erovnebaTa sabWoebis warmomadgenlebi. Turqofilebi samSoblodan gandevnilad
gamocxaddnen1695. saxalxo sabWos reorganizacias jer baTumSi (TurqebTan), Sem-
deg ki krasnodarSi (TeTrgvardielebTan) myofma al. SarvaSiZem1696 sabWos
garekva uwoda. am sicrues dRemde uapelaciod imeorebs afxazuri
istoriografia1697.
bolSevikuri da Turquli avantiuris ZirSive aRkveTam, saxalxo sabWoSi
proqarTuli kursis gamarjvebam, sabWos reorganizaciam, axali demokratiuli
arCevnebis mosamzadebeli komisiis Seqmnam da sxva movlenebma sagonebelSi
Caagdo Sovinistebi, aseve separatistebi, romlebic nebismier antiqarTul
orientacias emxrobodnen. amjerad yvelaze mimzidveli aRmoCnda maTTvis
ruseTSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli `moxaliseTa armia~
general m.aleqseevis meTaurobiT. 1918w. 15 seqtembers saqarTvelos sagareo
saqmeTa ministri e.gegeWkori soWidan n.Jordanias acnobebda, rom aleqseevTan
gagzavnilma afxazTa delegaciam TeTrgvardiel generals `mTeli suliT~
ruseTis momxre afxazebis qarTveli `moZaladeebisagan~ dacva sTxova1698. cxadia,
1693. Г. Дзидзария. Формирование…, gv. 294-295; j. gamaxaria. qarTul-afxazur urTierTobaTa istoriidan, gv.
67-70.
1694. Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi gv. 763-766. ar Seesabameba sinamdviles mtkiceba, TiTqos axal
sabWoSi `Warbobdnen qarTveli delegatebi~ (В. Шнирельман. Войны памяти, gv. 263).
1695. d. Citaia. afxazeTis sakiTxi, gv. 226-227.
1696. 1918w. 18 seqtembers afxazeTis saqmeTa ministrma r. Cqotuam saxalxo sabWos Tavmjdomares gaugzavna
kavkasiaSi germaniis delegaciis meTauris fon kresis 9 seqtembris werili. germaneli diplomati r. Cqotuas
werda: `viyavi baton JordaniasTan da Tanxmoba vTxove Tavad al. SarvaSiZis afxazeTSi dabrunebaze.
batonma Jordaniam mipasuxa Semdegi: Tu afxazeTis saxalxo sabWo Suamdgomlobas aRZravs saqarTvelos
mTavrobis winaSe Tav. al. SarvaSiZis afxazeTSi dabrunebis Taobaze da igi angariSs warudgens erovnul
sabWos Tavis moqmedebaze, saqarTvelos mTavroba daakmayofilebs afxazeTis saxalxo sabWos Suamdgomlobas~
(d. Citaia. afxazeTis sakiTxi, gv. 476).
1697. С. Лакоба. Очерки политической истории Абхазии, gv. 68; О. Бгажба, С. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 314.
323
soWis olqis dakavebiT ukmayofilo m.aleqseevi am `Txovnas~ (SesaZloa, igi misi
inspirirebulic ki iyo) saqarTveloze zewolisaTvis gamoiyenebda, maT Soris
uaxloes dReebSi dagegmil Sexvedrebzec. 1918w. 15 seqtembers e. gegeWkorma
mTavrobis Tavmjdomares imis Sesaxebac moaxsena, rom soWSi moqmedi
socialisturi partiebi SesaZleblad da aucileblad miiCneven olqis
saqarTvelosTan SeerTebas. `Cveni mxridan miutevebeli Secdoma iyo, _ werda
ministri, _ rom ar gamoviyeneT CvenTvis xelsayreli koniunqtura, roca olqis
mTeli mosaxleoba aRfrTovanebiT xvdeboda Cvens jarebs. amJamad viTareba
uaresobisaken Seicvala... Cemi Rrma rwmeniT, unda gamoviyenoT erTaderTi
koziri Cvens xelSi _ adgilobrivi social-demokratebisa da eserebis
TanagrZnoba Cvendami da movaxdinoT olqis SemoerTebis dekretireba~1699.
e.gegeWkors surda, faqtis winaSe daeyenebinaT m.aleqseevi, aseve a.denikini,
romelmac SavizRvispireTis gubernia (romlis nawilic iyo soWis olqi)
moxaliseTa armiis sardlobas dauqvemdebara. soWSi e.gegeWkoris muSaobis
Sedegi unda yofiliyo adgilobrivi socialisturi partiebis gaerTianebuli
sabWos 1918w. 18 seqtembris rezolucia soWis olqis saqarTvelosTan SeerTebis
Sesaxeb. igive gadawyvetileba miiRo 20 seqtembers q.soWis mosaxleobis saerTo
krebamac1700.
saqarTvelos mTavroba ar Cqarobda soWis SemoerTebis dekretirebas, magram
brZola olqisaTvis grZeldeboda. 1918w. 25 seqtembers ekaterinodarSi es
sakiTxi ixileboda moxaliseTa armiis sardlobisa da yubanis
warmomadgenlebTan saqarTvelos delegaciis Sexvedraze. iniciativa, rogorc
etyoba, m.aleqseevisagan modioda; 16 agvistos mas `megobruli~ weriliT
miumarTavs general g. mazniaSvilisaTvis, romelSic `mokavSireobaze~,
saqarTvelosTvis sursaTiT daxmarebaze, farTo TanamSromlobaze iyo saubari;
am da sxva sakiTxebze mosalaparakeblad generali ekaterinodarSi iwvevda
saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier uflebamosil pirebs1701. 1918w. 25 seqtembers aseTi
Sexvedra marTlac Sedga. saqarTvelos mxridan masSi monawileobdnen
e.gegeWkori da g.mazniaSvili, TeTrgvardielTa mxridan _ generlebi m.aleqseevi,
a.denikini, i.romanovski, a.dragomirovi, a.lukomski, agreTve v.Sulgini da
v.stepanovi. yubanis mTavrobas biCi da n.vorobiovi warmoadgendnen1702. rusebi
kategoriulad moiTxovdnen soWis olqisa da gagris daclas. `moxaliseebi~
afxazTa `damcvelebis~ rolSi gamodiodnen. gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobda yubanis
mTavrobis warmomadgeneli n. vorobiovi. man pirvelma gaamaxvila yuradReba
gagraze, romelic princma oldenburgelma aaSena da amisaTvis `10 milioni
maneTi daxarja Zveli valutiT~; rac Seexeba saqarTvelos sazRvrebs, _ ga-
nacxada n.vorobiovma, _ ìgi unda ganisazRvros mxolod afxazeTamde, radgan
cnobebi gvaqvs, rom afxazebi arafers zogaven, oRond isev Sevidnen ruseTis Se-
madgenlobaSi. marTalia, bolo xanebSi saqarTvelos mTavroba cdilobs gaaqar-
Tulos qalaqebi, niSnaven iq komisrebs da sxva, magram es sulac ar aris
sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom es olqebi qarTul olqebad CavTvaloT. dRes amiT
Semovifarglebi~1703. qarTulma delegaciam dauSveblad miiCnia ukve gadawyvetil
sakiTxze _ afxazeTze, maT Soris gagraze saubari `moxaliseTa~, rogorc e.
gegeWkorma uwoda, `kerZo organizaciasTan~ da moiTxova molaparakebis
gagrZeleba mxolod soWis olqTan dakavSirebiT. angariSi unda gaewios, _ Tqva
1699. iqve, gv. 756.

1700. А. Ментешашвили. Исторические предпосылки…, gv. 25-26.
1701. А. И. Деникин. Очерки русской смуты. Белое движение и борьба добровольческой армии. Май-сентябрь 1918 г. Минск,
Харвест, 2002, gv. 398-399.

1702. g. doliZe. rogor unda velaparakoT rus generlebs da polkovnikebs anu ra moxda q. ekaterinodarSi
89 wlis win. Tb., 2007, gv. 8, 31.
1703. iqve, gv. 65; n. vorobiovi 26 seqtembersac araerTxel Seexo gagra-afxazeTis Temas (iqve, gv. 71, 73, 81),
Sexvedris damTavrebidan cota xanSi ki `gamoacxo~ zemoTnaxsenebi, mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT usafuZvlo
broSura (aqve, gv. 68.).
324
man, _ adgilobrivi demokratiuli organizaciebisa da mosaxleobis
dadgenilebebs soWis olqis saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi datovebis Sesaxeb. `soWi,
Tanaxmad mcxovrebTa survilisa, droebiT unda darCes saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi
da daJinebiT moviTxov amas~,1704 _ ganacxada e.gegeWkorma. saqarTvelos pozicia
soWTan dakavSirebiT iyo uryevi. 26 seqtembers e. gegeWkorma kvlav daadastura,
rom mas misaRebad miaCnia `formula-soWis olqis droebiT datoveba
saqarTvelos respublikis sazRvrebSi~.1705 amis Semdeg m. aleqseevma
molaparakebis gagrZeleba da sxva sakiTxebis ganxilva SeuZleblad miiCnia.
imave dRes Sexvedra uSedegod dasrulda. aSkara gaxda, rom èrTiani da
ganuyofeli~ ruseTisaTvis mebrZoli `moxaliseebi~ saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg
momavalSic didi `xalisiT~ gamoiyenebdnen uprincipo separatistebs.
SiSi gamarTlda. 1918 wlis 9 oqtombers `moxaliseTa~ waqezebiT da
daxmarebiT separatistTa mcire jgufma soxumSi politikuri gadatrialebis
mowyoba scada. SeTqmulebas saTaveSi edgnen afxazeTis saqmeTa ministri r.
Cqotua1706 da saolqo komisari i. marRania. maTi miTiTebiT, saxalxo sabWos
sxdomaze SeWrilma SeiaraRebulma pirebma miliciis razmidan da àfxazTa
aseulidan~ ultimatumis wesiT sabWos xelmZRvanelobis gadayeneba moiTxoves
da aiZules prezidiumi, gadamdgariyo. am viTarebaSi saxalxo sabWos
Tavmjdomare v. SarvaSiZe, rogorc m. Tarnava igonebs1707, ar daibna; is ar
daemorCila meamboxeebs da momxdaris Sesaxeb acnoba samTavrobo jarebis Stabs,
romelmac dauyovnebliv aRadgina wesrigi. saxalxo sabWom opozicia
saxelmwifos RalatSi daadanaSaula. imave dRes _ 9 oqtombers v. SarvaSiZem, d.
emuxvarma, i. gogelaSvilma, i. faSalidim da p.gelovanma1708 amboxebis Taobaze
Tbiliss acnobes. maTi azriT, saxalxo sabWoSi warmodgenil arcerT jgufs
ukve ar hqonda xalxis saxeliT saubris moraluri ufleba, amitom mi-
zanSewonilad miiCnies am organos daTxovna da axali demokratiuli arCevnebis
Catareba. afxazTa saxalxo sabWos warmomadgenlebi sTxovdnen saqarTvelos
mTavrobas, Tavis Tavze aeRo arCevnebis momzadeba, saarCevno debulebis
SemuSaveba, romelic sabWos unda daemtkicebina, magram àleqseevelTa~
obstruqciis gamo ver moxerxda; momavalSi sisxlisRvris Tavidan asacileblad
isini iTxovdnen agreTve amboxebis sulisCamdgmelebisa da xelmZRvanelebis _ r.
Cqotuas, i. marRanias, s. aSxvawaas, g. ajamovis, a. inal-ifas, g. Tumanovis, n.
marSanias da sxvaTa dapatimrebas, saqarTvelos mTavrobasTan arsebuli
afxazeTis saqmeTa ministris Tanamdebobis gauqmebas, samxareo komisris
daniSvnas, romelic aRadgenda wesrigs, Seqmnida Zlier administraciul mmarT-
velobas; samTavrobo jarebis Stabs ki unda mieRo gadamwyveti zomebi
àleqseevelTa~ SesaZlo morigi provokaciebis aRsakveTad1709.
soxumidan miRebuli informaciisa da winadadebebis safuZvelze saqarTvelos
demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobam 1918 wlis 10 oqtombers adekvaturi
zomebi miiRo. daapatimres afxazTa saxalxo sabWos eqvsi meamboxe wevri1710,
agreTve rusuli erovnuli sabWos Tavmjdomare. saxalxo sabWo, romelic ar
iyo demokratiuli wesiT arCeuli da, Sesabamisad, ar gamoxatavda afxazeTis
mravalerovnuli mosaxleobis interesebs, mTavrobam daSlilad gamoacxada da
1704. iqve, gv. 81.

1705 . iqve, gv. 83.
1706 . rafiel Cqotua adre sakuTar Tavs qarTvelad miiCnevda da orientaciac qarTuli hqonda. rogorc
delegati afxazeTidan, is eswreboda saqarTvelos I saeklesio yrilobas (1917 w. 8-17 seqtemberi), sadac
gamovida sityviT, romelmac didi mowoneba daimsaxura (wminda aRmsarebeli ambrosi da afxazeTi, gv. 195).
1707 . Литературная Абхазия, 1991, №1, gv. 202-203.
1708. p.gelovani iyo aleqsandre SarvaSiZis mamidaSvili, soxumis saTaTbiros Tavmjdomare (Дж. Гамахария,
Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 457).

1709. Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi gv. 84-86.
1710. daapatimres s. aSxvawaa (Tavmjdomareobis kandidati amboxebuli opoziciisagan), i. marRania, d.alania,
g. ajamovi, g. Tumanovi, m. Slateri da sxvebi.
325
axali arCevnebi (sayovelTao saarCevno uflebis safuZvelze) daniSna, Seqmna
saarCevno komisia v. SarvaSiZis, i. ramiSvilis, v. Rurjuas, i. faSalidis da g.
SanSievis SemadgenlobiT, romelsac Tavmjdomaris arCevisa da axali wevrebis
kooptaciis ufleba mieca (masve daevala saxalxo sabWos qonebisa da saqmeebis
dacva); afxazTa saxalxo sabWos arCevnebamde mTeli Zalaufleba soxumis olqis
komisrad daniSnuli benia CxikviSvilis xelSi gadadioda, mis Camosvlamde ki es
funqcia samTavrobo jarebis Stabis ufross Tuxarels unda Seesrulebina;
afxazeTis saqmeTa ministris r. Cqotuas uflebamosileba mTavrobam
amowurulad scno, xolo misi funqciebi saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa ministrs
SeuTavsa1711. miRebul mkacr, magram kanonier zomebs separatistebi afxazeTis
`qarTul okupaciad~, 11 ivnisis xelSekrulebis uxeS darRvevad miiCneven1712,
magram arafers amboben imaze, ramdenad Seesabameboda aRniSnul xelSekrulebas
SeiaraRebuli Turqi jariskacebis afxazeTSi Semoyvana, TeTrgvardiel
generlebTan m. aleqseevTan da a. denikinTan aliansi da sxva danaSaulebrivi
qmedobebi.
afxazeTis centralurma saarCevno komisiam (Tavmjdomare v. SarvaSiZe)
regionSi moqmedi politikuri partiebis, aseve calkeuli ubnebis
warmomadgenlebTan erTad SeimuSava arCevnebis debulebis proeqti. 1918 wlis 17
dekembers igi moiwona saqarTvelos mTavrobam da dasamtkiceblad parlaments
gadasca; mTavrobam daadgina `gamoqveyndes mTavrobis mimarTva, sadac
miTiTebuli unda iqnes, rom afxazeTs eniWeba saxalxo warmomadgenlobis
ufleba da amiT Sinauri cxovrebis mowyoba avtonomiis sawyisebze~1713.
1918 wlis 27 dekembers parlamentma afxazeTis saarCevno debuleba daamtkica.
ramdenadac momaval saxalxo sabWos sabolood unda gadaewyvita regionis
politikuri mowyobis, qarTvelTa da afxazTa urTierTobis sakiTxi, arCevnebSi
monawileobis ufleba saqarTvelos moqalaqeebTan erTad eniWebodaT 1914 wlis
19 ivlisamde (pirveli msoflio omis dawyebamde) afxazeTSi damkvidrebul
nebismier moqalaqes (aseTi gadawyvetileba saxalxo sabWom 1918 wlis 2
oqtombers miiRo). sabWoSi arCevis uflebiT sargeblobdnen pirebi, romlebmac
afxazeTSi binadrobis ufleba moipoves 1914 wlis 19 ivlisis Semdegac, agreTve
afxazeTSi armosaxle saqarTvelos qveSevrdomebi1714.
afxazTa saxalxo sabWos arCevnebisaTvis mzadebis periodi droSi emTxveva
saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis winasaarCevno periods, roca qveyanas gareSe
mtrebis mogerieba erTdroulad or, unda vivaraudod, erTmaneTTan
koordinirebul frontze mouxda. samxreT-aRmosavleTidan mas somxeTi utevda,
xolo Crdilo-dasavleTidan _ TeTrgvardiel moxaliseTa armia a. denikinis
meTaurobiT. 1918 wlis dekemberSi ingliselebisagan daimedebulma saqarTvelom,
rom soWis olqi neitralur zonad gamocxaddeboda, daiwyo iqidan jarebis
gayvana. SavizRvispireTis frontis sardali generali koniaSvili amasTan
dakavSirebiT 16 dekembers ganmartavda: `soWis olqi ingliselebTan SeTanxmebiT
neitraluradaa aRiarebuli. am SemTxvevis ZaliT, nebismieri armiis
(moxaliseebis _ avt.) an saxelmwifos (saqarTvelos _ avt.) SeiaraRebuli jaris
olqis teritoriaze Sesvla ar unda moxdes... olqSi rCeba qarTuli marTva-
gamgeoba~1715. ingliselebisagan Sesabamisi miTiTeba miiRo a. denikinmac; maSin man
nacad xerxs mimarTa _ soWis olqSi moawyo qarTvelTa mier viTom
Seviwroebuli somxebis ajanyeba, organizeba gaukeTes am ukanasknelTa
werilobiT `Txovnas~, rom moxaliseTa armiam `soxumis olqis, kerZod, sof. gu-

1712 . О. Бгажба, С. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv.323.
1714. iqve, gv. 73-74.
1715. А. И. Деникин. Очерки русской смуты. Вооруженные силы юга России. Распад Российской империи. Октябрь 1918 –
январь 1919. Минск, Харвест, 2002, gv. 282.
326
dauTis somxuri erovnebis mosaxleoba daicvas Zaladobisagan qarTuli jarebis
mxridan~1716. ra Tqma unda, es iyo provokacia. afxazeTis somxuri (aseve
berZnuli, estonuri da a.S.) mosaxleoba mxars uWerda saqarTvelos
1717
demokratiul respublikas . amitomac dasWirda a. denikins soWis olqis
somxebis `Txovna~ afxazeTeli TanamoZmeebis `dacvis~ Taobaze. ajanyebul da
`Seviwroebul~ somexTa `dacvis~ sababiT, a. denikinma 1919 wlis 24 ianvars (6
Tebervals) soWi daikava, xolo momdevno oTxi dRis ganmavlobaSi daikava
teritoria md. bzifamde1718.
aseTi movlenebis fonze mimdinareobda winasaarCevno kampania. 1919 wlis 13
Tebervals afxazeTSi pirvelad mis istoriaSi Catarda demokratiuli,
mravalpartiuli arCevnebi. ramdenic ar unda icruon separatistebma, arCevnebi
imdenad Tavisufali iyo, rom masSi monawileoba miaRebines 1918 wlis 9-10
oqtombris amboxebis jer dapatimrebul, Semdeg ki TeTrgvardielTa da
ingliselTa moTxovniT ganTavisuflebul moTaveebsac ki. afxazTa saxalxo
sabWoSi 40 deputati airCies, romelTa Soris iyo 27 _ social-demokrati, 4 _
damoukidebeli socialisti, 3 _ eseri, 3 _ memarjvene; TiTo deputati
gaiyvanes socialist-federalistebma, erov-
nul-demokratebma da kolonistebma1719.
erTdroulad Catarda saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebi (1919w. 14-
16 Tebervali). gamarjvebuli social-demokratiuli partiis siiT afxazeTis
saolqo organizaciidan qveynis umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo organos wevrebi
gaxdnen v. SarvaSiZe, d. emuxvari, v. Rurjua, d. zaxarovi da i.faSalidi1720. 1919w.
12 marts damfuZnebeli krebis pirvel sxdomaze sxva kolegebTan erTad maT
xeli moaweres 1918 w. 26 maiss miRebul saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi
damoukideblobis aqts.
axladarCeuli saxalxo sabWos pirveli sxdoma 1919w. 18 marts Sedga. man
airCia Tavmjdomare (d.emuxvari), moadgile (m.berulava) da pirveli mdivani v.
koroliovi. 20 marts saxalxo sabWom miiRo istoriuli dokumenti _ àqti
1716 . iqve, gv. 282-283; Деникин-Юденич-Врангель. М.-Л., 1927, gv. 96.

1717 . separatistuli istoriografia cruobs, roca saqarTvelos mTavrobas somxuri, berZnuli Tu sxva
erovnebis mosaxleobis devnaSi adanaSaulebs (О.Бгажба, С.Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 335-336). utyuari faqtebi
sruliad sawinaaRmdegoze miuTiTeben. ase, magaliTad, 1919w. dasawyisSi qarTuli samxedro nawilebis mo-
qmedebiT ukmayofilo somxuri aTaris warmomadgenlebi soxumis olqis komisar b.CxikviSvils swerdnen: `Cven
yovelTvis megobrulad viyaviT moZme eris demokratiul respublikasTan. olqSi bolSevikuri anarqiis dros
Cven vmuSaobdiT da vibrZodiT gmirul saxalxo gvardiasTan erTad. Turquli desantis dReebSi Cven
yvelanairad vexmarebodiT Cvens raionSi moqmed samxedro nawilebs. saqarTvelosTan somxeTis omSic
davamtkiceT, rom keTilganwyobilni varT demokratiuli mTavrobis mimarT. Cven Rrmad gvwams, vendobiT,
momavalSic viwamebT da mivendobiT saqarTvelos demokratiul mTavrobas da olqSi mis warmomadgenlebs,
romlebTanac mudam solidarulebi iyvnen Cveni arCeviTi warmomadgenlebi saolqo somxur erovnul sabWoSi”
(j.gamaxaria. afxazeTi: istoriisa da politikis sakiTxebi, gv. 116). 1919w. martSi afxazeTSi somxuri erovnuli
sabWos Tavmjdomare da saxalxo sabWos wevri x. avdalbekianic imaves swerda n.Jordanias: `saqarTvelos
respublikis damoukideblobis gamocxadebis pirveli dReebidanve soxumis olqis somxuri mosaxleoba
mxurvale simpatiebiT iyo gamsWvaluli axalgazrda demokratiuli saxelmwifosadmi. Tavisi damokidebuleba
man faqtobrivad daafiqsira afxazeTis saxalxo sabWos arCevnebSi masobrivi monawileobiT, erTianad misca
ra xma social-demokratiul partias~ (Дж.Гамахария, Б.Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 91). zustad igive iTqmis
berZnul mosaxleobazec, romlis erovnuli sabWo (Tavmjdomare _ saxalxo sabWos wevri i. faSalidi) mtkiced
uWerda mxars saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikas. amis Sesaxeb werda TviT s.basariac (С. Басария.
Абхазия..., gv. 95). berZnuli mosaxleoba devnas ganicdida ara qarTvelebis mxridan, aramed bandituri
organizacia `kiarazisagan~, ris Sesaxebac msjeloba saxalxo sabWoSic (1918w. 20 ivlisi) gaimarTa (j.
gamaxaria. qarTul-afxazur urTierTobaTa istoriidan, gv. 61). separatistTa ukmayofilebas iwvevda swored
saxelmwifos erTguli somxebisa da berZnebis afxazebTan gaTanabreba politikur da socialur-ekonomikur
(agrarul) uflebebSi (ix. aqve, gv. 304,-305). saqarTvelos saxelmwifosadmi afxazeTis germanuli mosaxleobis
erTguleba gaxda sababi separatistebis mxridan maTi darbevis mcdelobisa; amasTan dakavSirebiT, kavkasiaSi
germaniis warmomadgeneli sTxovda r. Cqotuas, mieRo zomebi mosalodneli ubedurebisagan germanel
kolonistTa dasacavad (d. Citaia. afxazeTis sakiTxi, gv. 255-256).
1718 . А. Деникин. Очерки русской смуты. Октябрь 1918 – январь 1919, gv. 283.
1720. sicruea, TiTqos xalxma boikoti gamoucxada damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebs (О. Бгажба, С. Лакоба.
История Абхазии, gv. 335). msgavsi mtkicebisaTvis safuZvels ar iZleva damfuZnebeli krebis damatebiT
arCevnebSi afxazeTis monawileobis sakiTxis ganxilvis CaSla saxalxo sabWos 1919w. 25 noembris sxdomaze
(d.Citaia. afxazeTis sakiTxi, gv. 316-317).
327
afxazeTis avtonomiis Sesaxeb~, romlis pirvel punqtSi naTqvamia: àfxazeTi
Sedis saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis SemadgenlobaSi, rogorc misi
avtonomiuri erTeuli, ris Sesaxebac ecnobos saqarTvelos respublikis
mTavrobas da mis damfuZnebel krebas~1721. àqtis~ mixedviT, afxazeTis
konstitucias SeimuSavebda damfuZnebeli krebisa da saxalxo sabWos Sereuli
paritetuli komisia da ZalaSi Sevidoda orive organos mier misi damtkicebis
Semdeg.
saxalxo sabWos pirvelma sxdomam moiTxova gagris ubnis dauyovnebliv gan-
Tavisufleba `moxaliseebisagan~ istoriul sazRvramde _ md.mzimTamde,
wardginebiT mimarTa saqarTvelos mTavrobis Tavmjdomares da iusticiis
ministrs afxazeTis teritoriaze bolSevikur moZraobaSi monawileobisaTvis
dapatimrebulTa amnistirebis Sesaxeb1722.
àqtiT afxazeTis avtonomiis Sesaxeb~ moxda regionis TviTgamorkveva. mosax-
leobis didi umravlesobis nebiT, saqarTvelos es uZvelesi mxare, gareSe
mtruli Zalebis mxridan misi mitacebis araerTgzisi mcdelobis miuxedavad,
kvlav saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi dabrunda. amiT afxazeTisaTvis brZolis
umniSvnelovanesi da umZimesi etapi warmatebiT dagvirgvinda.
3. politikuri viTareba avtonomiur afxazeTSi da misi

okupacia sabWoTa ruseTis mier. 1919w. marti _ 1921w. marti
axal viTarebaSi, roca regionis winaSe avtonomiis realurad ganxor-

cielebis amocana idga, mTavari gaxldaT mtkice demokratiuli xelisuflebis
organizacia da misi efeqturobis amaRleba. saxalxo sabWo, rogorc arCeviTi
organo, srulad moicavda afxazeTSi arsebul politikur speqtrs. myari
umravlesobis mqone mmarTvel social-demokratiul partias Zlieri da garedan
marTuli opozicia hyavda. maT Soris erT-erTi yvelaze radikaluri iyo `da-
moukidebeli socialistebis~ fraqcia (d.alania, m.caguria, s.Wanba, i.marRania,
r.kakuba, a.demianovi, r.Cqotua), romlis erTi nawili bolSevikebTan TanamSrom-
lobda, meore _ TeTrgvardielebTan. maT saerTo platformas afxazeTSi mdgo-
mareobis destabilizacia, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis
diskreditacia da damxoba warmoadgenda. mogvianebiT (1919w. noemberi) social-
demokratebs gamoeyo ìnternacionalistTa~ fraqcia (k.barcici, d.Zkuia,
m.Tarnava). Zalian xSirad isini mxars uWerdnen `damoukidebel socialistebs~,
monawileobdnen yvela antiqarTul aqciaSi.
saxalxo sabWos hyavda prezidiumi (Tavmjdomare, moadgile, mdivani) da `sen-
ioren konventi~ (uxucesTa sabWo). isini erTobliv sxdomebs atarebdnen, sadac
winaswar ixilavdnen sabWos dRis wesrigs, agreTve sameurneo da sxva Sida sa-
kiTxebs. 1919w. 20 maiss saxalxo sabWos Tavmjdomaris posti varlam SarvaSiZem
daikava. 1920w. Tebervlamde misi moadgile iyo m. berulava, SemdgomSi ki _ t.
kvaracxelia (momavalSi ssrk mecnierebaTa akademiis wevri). mdivnis Tanamdeboba
k. aqirTavam daikava. `senioren konventSi~ Sediodnen s.Wanba, v.anCabaZe, m.Tarnava,
d.alania, d.emuxvari. saxalxo sabWo zogjer mcire SemadgenlobiT ikribeboda
(`mcire saxalxo sabWo~) da gansaxilvel sakiTxebs winaswar amuSavebda. mis
sxdomebs eswrebodnen v.SarvaSiZe, d.emuxvari, p.gelovani, v.anCabaZe, d.alania,
m.berulava, i.lorTqifaniZe, g.koroliovi, t.kvaracxelia, g.zuxbaia1723.
afxazTa saxalxo sabWo 1919w. 8-10 aprils ganixilavda marTvis organoebis
formirebis sakiTxs. gadawyda, Seqmniliyo afxazeTis marTvis organo, romelic
konstituciis SemuSavebamde ixelmZRvanelebda saxalxo sabWos instruqciebiT.

1722. iqve, gv. 433-435, 772.
1723. iqve, gv. 772-773.
328
marTvis koleqtiuri organo _ komisariati sami wevrisagan Sedgeboda: Sinagan
saqmeTa komisari, iusticiis, ganaTlebisa da jandacvis komisari, saxalxo
meurneobis komisari. saxalxo sabWo irCevda mxolod erT komisars (pasuxismge-
bels sabWos winaSe), romelsac evaleboda sxva komisrebis SerCeva da kolegiis
Sedgena.kolegias amtkicebda saxalxo sabWo. 1919w. 13 maiss sabWom miiRo
gadawyvetileba aRmasrulebeli organos _ komisariatis (mTavroba) Seqmnis Ses-
axeb, Tavmjdomared damtkicda dimitri (arzayan) emuxvari. afxazTa saxalxo
sabWos ewoda afxazeTis saxalxo sabWo, soxumis olqs _ afxazeTi, ubnebs _
mazrebi1724.
separatistul Zalebs, hqondaT mWidro urTierToba a.denikinis StabTan da
mudmivad cdilobdnen viTarebis destabilizacias. `moxaliseebTan~
TavSefarebul al. SarvaSiZes da sxvebs daawerines `Txovna~ àfxazeTis
olqidan~ qarTvelTa gandevnisa da ruseTTan misi mierTebis Sesaxeb. amasTan
dakavSirebiT a.denikinma jer kidev gagris aRebamde, 1919w. 1 Tebervals axlo
aRmosavleTSi ingliselTa jarebis mTavarsardal milns da 27-e diviziis
meTaurs forestie uokers (mas emorCileboda ingliselTa jarebi
amierkavkasiaSi) gaugzavna memorandumi, romelSic àfxazeTis daSoSminebisa da
saqarTvelosTan Cveni Setakebis sababis moxsnis~ mizniT Semdeg winadadebebs ay-
enebda: `1. gamocxaddes soxumis olqi neitralurad; 2. dauyovnebliv gavidnen
iqidan qarTuli jarebi da administracia; 3. wesrigis dacva daekisros maT mier
Tavisuflad arCeul afxazur xelisuflebas da afxazebisagan Semdgar saxalxo
razmebs~1725. a.denikinis gegmis mixedviT, qarTul jarebs md. enguramde unda
daexiaT. am e.w. memorandumis Sesaxeb saxalxo sabWosaTvis mogvianebiT gaxda
cnobili. 1919w. 15 aprils, man moismina i.ramiSvilis moxseneba da miiRo mkveTri
rezolucia. afxazeTis erTaderTi uflebamosili da sruluflebiani
warmomadgenelia saxalxo sabWo, romlis meSveobiT afxazeTma mWidro kavSiri
daamyara saqarTvelosTan, gaxda misi avtonomiuri nawili da daadgina savsebiT
saerTo sazRvrebi, _ naTqvamia dokumentSi; memorandumSi moxseniebuli àfxazi
xalxis warmomadgenlebi~ gamocxaddnen TviTmarqviebad, demokratiis mtrebad,
kontrrevolucionerebad, sakuTari xalxis moRalateebad; a.denikinis
memorandums sabWom `sinamdvilesTan Seusabamo~ uwoda da sTxova saqarTvelos
mTavrobas, 15 aprils miRebuli rezolucia miawodos mokavSire
saxelmwifoebs1726. saxalxo sabWos yvela fraqciam, TviT `damoukidebelma
socialistebmac~ ki dagmes memorandumi da a.denikinTan gamocxadebuli
TviTmarqviebi. sul male gairkva, rom eseni iyvnen al. SarvaSiZe da a.xasaia.
1919w. 21 ivniss social-demokratiuli partiis afxazeTis organizaciis gazeTma
`naSe slovo~-m, romelsac dimitri gulia redaqtorobda, gamoaqveyna werili
àfxazeTis iuda~. àfxazeTis warmomadgeneli, romelic a. denikinTan
gamocxadda daJinebuli TxovniT denikinis jarebis mier afxazeTis dakavebis
Taobaze, afxazeTis moRalate, gamovlenilia.
es aris aleqsandre SarvaSiZe, vinc Tavis droze afxazeTSi Turquli desan-
tis gadmosxmas cdilobda, is rusi `patrioti~, romelsac surda TurqebisaTvis
ruseTis yofili nawilis gadacema.
ai, visi saxeliT amarTlebda denikini evropis winaSe saqarTveloze,
afxazeTze Tavis yaCaRur Tavdasxmas~. gaugebaria, rodesac Tanamedrove separa-
tistuli istoriografia, xotbas asxams a.denikins da masTan gamocxadebul
àfxazeTis iudas~, krints ar Zravs saxalxo sabWos 1919w. 15 aprilis gadawy-
vetilebisa da dimitri gulias gazeTis publikaciis Sesaxeb.
1724. j. gamaxaria. qarTul-afxazur urTierTobaTa istoriidan, gv. 82. afxazTa saxalxo sabWos saxeli
gadaerqva 1919w. 13 maiss da ara 1918w. agvistoSi, an 1919w. TebervalSi, rogorc fiqrobs d. Citaia (ix. misi:
afxazeTis sakiTxi, gv. 237, 239).
1725. А. И. Деникин. Очерки русской смуты..., октябрь 1918г. - январь 1919г., gv. 284.
1726. Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 436-437, 774.
329
miuxedavad a.denikinis memorandumisa da separatistTa `Txovnisa~, inglise-
lebma araerTxel moiTxoves ara afxazeTis, aramed soWis olqisa da gagris ga-
mocxadeba neitralur zonad, iqidan `moxaliseTa~ gayvana, magram TeTrgvardi-
elebi daTmobaze ar midiodnen. 1919w. TebervalSi md.bzifis gaswvriv
dapirispirebul mxareTa Soris ingliselTa aseuli Cadga. amas didad ar
SeuSlia xeli qarTuli jarebisaTvis, romlebmac general gedevaniSvilis
sardlobiT 4 aprils gadalaxes md. bzifi da ramdenime dReSi daikaves
teritoria md.mzimTamde. male odnav ukan daixies da md.mexadirze gamagrdnen1727.
a.denikini misi jarebis srul ganadgurebamde da ruseTidan gaqcevamde
cdilobda gagridan qarTvelTa gandevas, mTeli afxazeTis xelSi Cagdebas.
sasazRvro sakiTxi ixileboda 1919w. 23 maiss e.gegeWkorisa da n.ramiSvilis
Sexvedraze inglisel general brigsTan, romelic `moxaliseTa~ pozicias
gamoxatavda. qarTulma mxarem uaryo brigsis winadadeba md.bzifamde ukandaxevis
Sesaxeb1728. rogorc a.denikini amowmebs, 1919w. 9 aprils generali milni
saqarTvelosagan md.bzifamde teritoriis daTmobas moiTxovda. igive gaimeora
ingliselTa misiam 12 ivniss, magram, ètyoba, britanelTa avtoriteti, _ werda
a.denikini _ ukve ar iyo sakmarisi Setakebis arc Tavidan acilebisaTvis, arc
likvidaciisaTvis... qarTvelebi darCnen mexadirze... srul sabrZolo
mzadyofnaSi idgnen sanapiroze erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg orive mxaris jarebi,
romlebic yovel wuTs riskavdnen imiT, rom raime gauTvaliswinebeli
SemTxvevis gamo Tofebi da qvemexebi `Tavad alaparakdebodnen~1729. xSiri iyo
undoblobiTa da eWvebiT gamowveuli Setakebebi md.mexadirze. gaurkveveli
mdgomareoba àrc mSvidoba, arc omi~1730 bolomde gagrZelda.
gen. a.denikinis moqmedebebi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg misi saerTo samxedro
warmatebebis fonze marTlac saxifaTo xdeboda. aqtiurobda TeTrgvardielTa
agenturac separatistebis saxiT. 1919w. maisSi `moxaliseebma~ mTielTa
respublika gaanadgures. afxazi separatistebi CrdiloeTkavkasielTa motyuebisa
da mxardaWeris mopovebis mizniT mudmivad cdiloben da TavianT SromebSic
amtkiceben, viTom afxazeTi yovelTvis iyo mTielTa respublikis nawili1731.
a.denikinis mier am respublikis ganadgurebasTan dakavSirebiT ki separatistebs
xma ar amouRiaT 1919 wels; dResac afxazuri istoriografia gverds uvlis
aRniSnul Temas da dakavebulia mxolod ciliswamebebiT saqarTvelos
winaaRmdeg. arada, swored saqarTvelo iyo is qveyana, romelic azerbaijanTan
erTad yovelnairad mxarSi edga mTielebs, amaragebda maT iaraRiT, exmareboda
cocxali ZaliT.
n. Jordania Tavis mogonebebSi werda, rom mTielTaTvis guluxv daxmarebas
ìTxovda Cveni Crdilo sazRvrebis uzrunvelyofa: Zlieri, damoukidebeli mTa
iyo Cveni simagre, moskovis winaaRmdeg amarTuli. mis arsebobaSi viyaviT
yovelnairad dainteresebuli da es gvikarnaxebda Cvens damokidebulebas
masTan~1732. or respublikas Soris arsebul megobrul urTierTobaze TbilisSi
evakuirebuli devnili mejlisis mier mTielTa respublikis SeiaraRebuli
Zalebis umaRles mTavarsardlad qarTveli generlis kereseliZis daniSvnac
miuTiTebs. 1919w. seqtembramde is CeCneTSi imyofeboda da saomar moqmedebebs
xelmZRvanelobda. amis gamo a.denikinma saqarTvelos ekonomikuri blokada
1727. А. И. Деникин. Очерки русской смуты...,. Октябрь 1918 г. - январь 1919, gv. 288-293.
1728. А. Ментешашвили. Исторические предпосылки..., gv. 36-41.
1729. А. И. Деникин. Очерки русской смуты..., Октябрь 1918 г. - январь 1919, , gv. 296.
1730. iqve, январь 1919 – март 1920. Минск, Харвест, 2002, gv. 273; 1919w. 18 ivniss e. gegeWkorma sTxova
Suamdgomloba italiis misias da ganacxada: `saqarTvelos mTavroba denikinis sazRvrebs dasTanxmdeba, Tu
bzifsa da mexadirs Soris neitralur zonaSi italielebi Cadgebian~ (d. jojua. saqarTvelo-italiis
urTierToba 1919-1921ww. Tb., 1997, gv. 100). mogvianebiT, roca gairkva, rom italiis jarebi saqarTveloSi
ingliselebs ar Secvlidnen, mTavrobam gagris zonis neitralizacia isev ingliselebs sTxova. miuxedavad
amisa, qarTvelebs md. mexadiri ar dautovebiaT.
1731. О. Бгажба, С. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 320 da a.S.
1732. noe Jordania. Cemi warsuli (mogonebani). Tb., 1990, gv. 110-111.
330
gamoucxada1733.
TeTrgvardielTa agresiuli moqmedebebisadmi msoflios yuradRebis mipy-
robis mizniT, 1919w. 14 ivniss parizis saerTaSoriso konferenciaze
saqarTvelos delegaciis meTaurma n.CxeiZem amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis, didi
britaneTis, italiisa da iaponiis delegaciebs werilobiT acnoba a.denikinis
gegmebze _ saqarTvelosaTvis waerTmia afxazeTis nawili, `romlis
saqarTvelosTan SemoerTeba sanqcirebuli iyo misi xalxis kenWisyriT da
romlis mmarTvelobas saqarTvelos respublikis farglebSi uzrunvelyofda
sayovelTao kenWisyriT arCeuli afxazeTis saxalxo sabWo~1734. 1919w. ivnisis
dasawyisSi TeTrgvardielTa agresiisagan saqarTvelos dacvis mizniT did
saxelmwifoebs notebi gaugzavnes estoneTis, latviis, CrdiloeT kavkasiis,
azerbaijanis, litvis, poloneTisa da saqarTvelos warmomadgenlobebma1735.
sazRvrebis sakiTxi gadawyda saqarTvelo-ruseTs Soris 1920w. 7 maiss
dadebuli istoriuli xelSekrulebis ZaliT. maSin sabWoTa ruseTma soxumis
olqi saqarTvelos udavo teritoriad aRiara, saxelmwifoTaSorisi sazRvari ki
md.fsouze gadioda1736. amis Taobaze 1920w. 18 maiss d. emuxvaris mier miwodebuli
informacia saxalxo sabWom sixaruliT miiRo da damfuZnebel krebas
specialuri rezoluciac gaugzavna1737.
Sovinistebisa da maTi damqaSebis gegmebi sazRvrebTan dakavSirebiT CaiSala.
amave dros unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos ar akmayofilebda sazRvari md.
mexadirTan. parizis samSvidobo konferenciaze saqarTvelom 1919w. martSi da iv-
lisSi waradgina Tavisi moTxovnebi sazRvrebTan dakavSirebiT. istoriul
dasabuTebaSi (Seadgina iv. javaxiSvilma) naCvenebi iyo, rom saqarTvelos
eTnikuri da saxelmwifoebrivi sazRvari uZvelesi droidan md.yubanamde, XVs.
Semdeg ki md. makofsemde aRwevda. saqarTvelo swored aq moiTxovda ruseTTan
saxelmwifo sazRvris dafiqsirebas. amasTanave, TurqeTSi iZulebiT
gadasaxlebul mTielTa dabrunebisa da CrdiloeT kavkasiis saxelmwifos
Seqmnis SemTxvevaSi, qarTuli mxare winaaRmdegi ar iyo sazRvris gadasinjvisa
da axali mijnis dadgenisa md.mzimTasa da makofses Soris1738. aRniSnul faqts
malavs separatistuli istoriografia da ruseTis imperiis saameblad
saqarTvelos ìmperialistur miswrafebebze~ saubrobs1739; amave dros, ver
àmCnevs~ aq saqarTvelo-afxazeTis istoriuli sazRvrebis aRdgenis mcdelobas,
zRvaze gasasvlelis mqone Crdilokavkasiuri saxelmwifos Camoyalibebaze,
mTielTa samSobloSi dabrunebaze zrunvas.
separatistuli istoriografia Tavis mkiTxvelebs saguldagulod umalavs im
faqtsac, rom saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobam 1920w. aprilSi
saerTaSoriso arenaze gadadga seriozuli nabijebi qarTvel da afxaz
muhajirTa samSobloSi dabrunebis mizniT1740. rom ara gasabWoeba, sakiTxi
dadebiTad iqneboda gadawyvetili. cnobilia, es problema rogor awuxebda
afxazur mosaxleobas, gansakuTrebiT inteligencias1741.
1733. А. И. Деникин. Очерки русской смуты..., Январь 1919 – март 1920, gv. 266-271.
1734. А. Ментешашвили. Исторические предпосылки..., gv. 46.
1735. iqve, gv. 46-47.
1736. Оккупация и фактическая аннексия Грузии. Документы и материалы, Тб., 1990, gv. 75-76; Tanamedrove
separatistebi ukana ricxviT acxadeben, rom 1920 w. 7 maisis xelSekruleba àneqsirebul~ afxazeTze ar
vrceldeboda (О. Бгажба, С. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 337), rac saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi normebis
arcodnis Tu ignorirebis maCvenebelia.
1738. Оккупация и фактическая аннексия Грузии, gv. 64-68; levan ToiZe. intervenciac, okupaciac, ZaldatanebiTi
gasabWoebac, faqtobrivi aneqsiac. Tb., 1991, gv. 211-215.
1739. О. Бгажба, С. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 316-321.
1740. А. Ментешашвили. Исторические предпосылки..., gv. 47-49.
1741. 1920 w. TebervalSi afxazuri inteligenciis yrilobam specialuri rezolucia miiRo muhajirebis
dabrunebis Taobaze da mimarTa saqarTvelos mTavrobas, raTa mas Sesabamisi zomebi mieRo (j. gamaxaria.
qarTul-afxazur urTierTobaTa istoriidan, gv. 81). miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos mTavrobam muhajirebis
dabrunebis sakiTxi gamarjvebul mokavSire saxelmwifoTa umaRlesi sabWos winaSe daayena, v. Snirelmani
331
afxazeTis xelisuflebas seriozul problemad eqca soxumis rusi
episkoposis sergis, mTlianad rusuli samRvdeloebis antisaxelmwifoebrivi
saqmianoba. qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenis Semdeg soxumis episkoposi
e.w. kavkasiis saegzarqosos (Seiqmna 1917w. ivlisSi) eqvemdebareboda. saqarTvelos
pirvelma saeklesio krebam (1917w. 8-17 seqtemberi) Seqmna cxum-bediis eparqia.
mTel afxazeTze qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciis gavrcelebamde igi droebiT
Wyondidis eparqias miewera. 1917w. bolodan am ukanasknelis daqvemdebarebaSi
gadmovidnen samurzayanoSi moqmedi eklesiebi da sxva qarTuli samrevloebi
danarCen afxazeTSi.
rus mRvdelmsaxurTa qmedobebi pirdapir kavSirSi iyo ruseTis samoqalaqo
omSi TeTrgvardielTa warmateba-warumateblobasTan. ep. sergi uars ambobda
qarTul samRvdeloebasTan, maT Soris Wyondidel mitropolit ambrosisTan
yovelgvar urTierTobaze, cdilobda kavkasiis saegzarqososagan gamoyofas,
sanam saqarTvelos eklesia Tavis iurisdiqcias mTel afxazeTze gaavrcelebda.
aRniSnuli gegmis CaSlis Semdeg igi samxreT-aRmosavleT ruseTis droebiT
umaRles saeklesio sammarTvelos emorCileboda1742. aseTi mdgomareoba
afxazeTSi viTarebis stabilizaciamde gagrZelda. 1919w. 20 martis istoriuli
aqtis miRebam da afxazeTis statusis garkvevam dRis wesrigSi daayena soxumis
eparqiis reorganizaciis sakiTxic. 1919w. 1 seqtembers afxazeTis komisariatma
miiRo dekreti marTlmadidebeli eklesiebis marTvis Sesaxeb. soxumis
sakaTedro taZari, misi krebulisa da mRvdelmTavris saxlebi afxazeTis
sakuTrebad iqna aRiarebuli; vakanturad gamocxadda saepiskoposo kaTedra;
axali mRvdelmTavris arCevamde dainiSna eparqiis droebiTi mmarTveli. es
Tanamdeboba Tavidan arqimandrit ioane margiSvils, 11 seqtembridan ki
Wyondidel mitropolit ambrosis (xelaia) ekava. Sesabamisi mosamzadebeli
samuSaoebis Catarebis Semdeg, 1918w. 7 oqtombers afxazeTis sagangebo saeklesio
kreba gaimarTa. man moismina mitropolit ambrosis brwyinvale moxseneba da misi
ZiriTadi debulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT istoriuli gadawyvetilebebi miiRo.
amieridan yofil soxumis eparqias cxum-afxazeTis eparqia ewoda da igi kvlav
qarTuli eklesiis organuli nawili gaxda; mitropolitis Tanamdebobaze krebam
wm.aRmsarebeli ambrosi erTxmad airCia. sagangebo krebis gadawyvetilebebi 1919w.
28 oqtombers sruliad saqarTvelos sakaTalikoso sabWom daamtkica1743.
xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTuli eklesiis gaerTianeba saeklesio da
saero kanonebis sruli dacviT ganxorcielda. bolo moeRo afxazeTSi eklesiis
erovnuli niSniT dayofis (filetizmi) antikanonikur praqtikas,
antisaxelmwifoebrivi miznebisaTvis RvTismsaxurTa gamoyenebas. amitomac ar
moswondaT rus Sovinistebs, maTTan aliansSi myof separatistebs afxazeTSi
ganxorcielebuli saeklesio reforma da Seecadnen, es sakiTxi saxalxo sabWos
sxdomaze1744, agreTve saerTaSoriso doneze1745 ganxilvis sagnad eqciaT, magram
mizans mainc ver miaRwies.
separatistebi cruoben, roca weren, rom saqarTvelos mTavrobam afxazeTis
dawesebulebebs da saswavleblebs Tavs moaxvia qarTuli ena.1746 es ar momxdara,
rodesac saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministrom daamtkica debuleba (1918w. 20
ivlisi) fosta-telegrafis nacionalizaciis (qarTul enaze gadayvanis)
Sesaxeb1747. rac Seexeba 1919 wlidan skolebSi qarTuli enis SemoRebas, v.anCabaZe
cruobs da acxadebs, rom afxazTa mimarTvebi saqarTvelos mTavrobisadmi aRniSnul Temaze `daxetialobda
biurokratiuli arxebiT~ (В. Шнирельман. Войны памяти, gv. 265).
1742. wminda aRmsarebeli ambrosi da afxazeTi. gv. 48-50, 240-241.
1743 . iqve, gv. 51-52, 258-281.
1744 j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 816-821
1745. iqve, gv. 812-814; wminda aRmsarebeli ambrosi da afxazeTi, gv. 291-295.
1747. Sss-s 1918 w. 20 ivlisis debulebasTan dakavSirebiT saxalxo sabWom 1918 w. 25 ivliss imsjela. man
mizanSewonilad miiCnia dawesebulebaTa nacionalizacia, magram aRniSna, rom jerjerobiT amis
ganxorcielebisaTvis pirobebi ar arsebobs; amitomac gadawyda: àfxazeTis teritoriaze saxelmwifo
332
saxalxo sabWos sxdomaze (1919w. 18 noemberi) ganmartavda: `CemTvis kargadaa
cnobili, rom saxelmwifo enis swavla, Tu masze swavleba ara, saxelmwifo
samarTlis anabanas warmoadgens~1748. separatistebs, samwuxarod, es ar esmiT.
saqarTvelos mTavroba namdvilad ar Cqarobda saxelmwifo dawesebulebebis
nacionalizacias (saqmiswarmoeba afxazeTSi rusul enaze mimdinareobda,
urierToba ki centralur xelisuflebasTan saxelmwifo enaze unda yofiliyo,
Tumca es moTxovnac xSirad irRveoda), qarTul enaze swavlebis SemoRebas,
risTvisac mas mkacrad akritikebda damfuZnebeli krebaSi warmodgenili
politikuri opozicia1749.
saqarTvelos mTavroba, romelsac separatistuli istoriografia deniki-
nelebze dayrdnobiT mudmivad `SovinizmSi adanaSaulebs~1750, zrunavda
afxazeTis, gansakuTrebiT afxazTa kulturuli ganviTarebisaTvis. nebismieri
xalxis cxovrebaSi udidesi movlenaa mSobliur enaze pirveli gazeTis
gamoSveba. afxaz xalxs aseTi gazeTi mxolod `Sovinisti~ qarTveli social-
demokratebis `batonobis~ dros eRirsa _ 1919w. 27 Tebervals soxumSi
afxazurenovan gazeT àfsnis~ pirveli nomeri gamovida, afxazuri Srifti Tbi-
lisSi damzadda1751; istoriaSi pirvel afxazur gazeTs xelmZRvanelobda
saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli partiis wevri d.gulia, romelic manamde
(1918w. 1 seqtembridan) soxumis saostato seminariis afxazuri enis maswavleblad
saStato Tanamdebobaze iyo (aseve pirvelad istoriaSi) damtkicebuli.
afxazeTis kulturul cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovani movlena gaxldaT 1918w.
mxatvar a.k. SarvaSiZis TaosnobiT dramatuli saswavleblis gaxsna; 1919w.
soxumSi daarsda agreve literaturul-dramatuli wre da a.S.1752.
saqarTvelos mTavroba yuradRebiT ekideboda nebismier Txovnas afxazeTidan,
miT umetes, Tu igi afxazi xalxis interesebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. magaliTad,
1919w. 1 noembers n. ramiSvili mTavrobas moaxsenebda afxazeTis komisariatis
Tavmjdomaris d.emuxvaris Suamdgomlobis Taobaze samxedro samsaxurisagan,
ganurCevlad sarwmunoebisa (manamde jarSi mxolod qristiani afxazebi
mihyavdaT), yvela afxazis gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb. imaves iTxovda gudauTis
mazris TemTa warmomadgenlebis kreba sof. lixnSi 1920w. 13 maiss1753. Txovna
dakmayofilda.
afxazeTSi arsebul rTul politikur viTarebaze sakmaod srul warmodgenas
gviqmnis erovnul-demokratiuli partiis SekiTxvis safuZvelze saqarTvelos
damfuZnebel krebaSi 1919w. 2 agvistos gamarTuli debatebi. SekiTxvis avtorebs
ainteresebdaT informacia afxazeTSi `saqarTvelos damoukideblobis mowi-
naaRmdege jgufis mecadineobiT~ Seqmnili ganwyobilebis, saxelmwifo enis fun-
qcionirebis Sesaxeb da a.S. SekiTxvas pasuxi n.ramiSvilma gasca. àfxazeTis
mdgomareoba rogorc Sinauri, agreTve sagareo ZalTa Sejaxebis mxriv
metismetad rTulia da TavisTavad aSkaraa, rom am rTul pirobebSi mTavrobis
politika unda iyos fxizeli da araviTar aCqarebas adgili ar unda hqondes.
dawesebulebebis enad droebiT darCes rusuli ena~ (Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 420). 1918w. 20
ivliss Sss-m saxalxo sabWos Tavmjdomares acnoba, rom mTavrobas ar gamoucia aranairi gankarguleba
soxumis olqis saxelmwifo dawesebulebebis nacionalizaciis Sesaxeb da arc apirebs amis gakeTebas. soxumis
olqSi (iseve, rogorc q. TbilisSi, zaqaTalasa da borCaloSi) fosta-telegrafi qarTul da rusul enebze
funqcionirebda (iqve, gv. 761-762).
1749. o. bRaJba da s. lakoba iseT STabeWdilebas uqmnian mkiTxvels, TiTqos 1919w. 2 agvistos damfuZnebeli
krebis wevri, mwerali leo qiaCeli (Sengelaia) afxazeTis `nacionalizaciis~ politikis winaaRmdeg gamovida
(О. Бгажба, С.Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 336). piriqiT, mTavroba man aseTi politikis gautareblobis gamo,
agreTve 1918w. regionisaTvis zedmeti uflebebis miniWebisaTvis gaakritika (saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli kreba,
stenografiuli angariSi. 45-e sxdoma, 1919, 2 agvisto, gv. 25).
1751. z. papasqiri. narkvevebi...., nakv. II, gv. 65.
1752. iqve, gv. 66; С. Лакоба. «Крылились дни в Сухум-кале». Сухуми, 1988 gv. 53-55, 63; o. Jordania. dimitri gulia:
masalebi pedagogiuri moRvaweobidan. – biuleteni. afxazeTis sulierebisa da kulturis centri, 2008 #3, gv. 6.
1753. Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 453-454, 781.
333
eWvs gareSe aris, rom iq, afxazeTSi, arian iseTi adamianebi, romelnic ebrZvian
Cvens saxelmwifoebriobas da es elementebi arian, upirveles yovlisa, is
memarjveneebi, romelnic Tavidanve cdiloben, rom saqarTvelosTan araviTari
kavSiri ar hqonoda afxazeTs~1754. saqarTvelos mTavroba, _ n.ramiSvilis TqmiT, _
mizanmimarTulad atarebda regionis mTeli mosaxleobis agrarul, politikur
da socialur uflebebSi gaTanabrebis demokratiul politikas. antiqarTuli
Zalebi cdilobdnen, es politika saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg afxazTa
asamxedreblad gamoeyenebinaT. n.ramiSvilma aRniSna, rom, miuxedavad aseTi
rTuli viTarebisa, afxazeTis saxalxo sabWo, afxazuri mosaxleobis um-
ravlesoba mxars uWers saqarTvelos farglebSi konstituciiT garantirebul
avtonomiur marTva-gamgeobas. ministris gamosvlas mxari dauWires damfuZnebeli
krebis (aseve afxazeTis saxalxo sabWos) wevrebma, afxazma v.Rurjuam da b.Cxik-
viSvilma. v.Rurjuam aRniSna, rom afxazeTi, romlis interesebi mWidrod
ukavSirdeba saqarTvelos interesebs, daeqvemdebareba saerTo saxelmwifo ka-
nonebs, magram iTxovs damoukideblobas saSinao sakiTxebSi. amis winaaRmdegi, _
Tqva man, _ qarTuli demokratiuli Zalebi ar iyvnen da arc iqnebian.
`gaumarjos demokratiulad darazmul avtonomiur afxazeTs, am saqarTvelos
respublikis ganuyofel nawils~1755, _ ganacxada v.Rurjuam.
eserma leo Sengelaiam mizanSeuwonlad miiCnia afxazeTSi sakanonmdeblo
organos da mTavrobis arseboba, Tumca àfxazeTs unda mieces farTo
avtonomia~1756, _ Tqva oratorma. socialist-federalisti s. mdivani, romelic
SedarebiT loialobas iCenda mTavrobis mimarT, saerTo Secdomad miiCnevda
separatistebisaTvis iluziebis Seqmnas, xelSekrulebis dadebas (1918w.)
yovelgvar samarTalSi gauTviTcnobierebel adamianebTan, afxazTa (da ara
afxazeTis) saxalxo sabWos Seqmnas da a.S. misi azriT, saWiro iyo brZolis
gaZliereba Tavadaznaurobisa da ruseTidan Camosuli Sovinistebis
winaaRmdeg1757.
mTavrobis mkacri kritikiT gamovida erovnul-demokratiuli partiis lideri
sp. kedia. afxazeTSi arsebul viTarebas man saxifaTo uwoda; mTavrobis
politikiT afxazTa umetesobis ukmayofilebas, misi mtkicebiT, omis SemTxvevaSi
(denikinelebTan) mtrebi iolad gamoiyenebdnen saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg.
ukmayofilebis erT-erT mizezad gamomsvlelma TurqeTis qveSevrdomebisaTvis
miwis darigeba daasaxela. `saerTod afxazeTSi niadagi meryevia, didi
antiqarTuli moZraobaa, romelsac xelmZRvaneloben da aRrmaveben rus-somxis
bolSevik-denikinelebi da afxazTa inteligenciis erTi nawili~, _ ganacxada sp.
kediam da politikur partiebs erToblivi muSaobisaken mouwoda, raTa ès Cveni
saerTo saqme, romelic dRes afxazeTSi gansacdelSia, SeerTebulis Zal-RoniT,
erTmaneTis loialuri gagebiT, Cvenda sasargeblod gamovakeToT~1758.
damfuZnebel krebaSi warmodgenil politikur partiebs ufro metad
afxazeTis konstituciaze muSaobis mimdinareoba aRelvebdaT. es sakiTxi,
marTlac, yvelaze mwvave aRmoCnda. saxalxo sabWos sakonstitucio komisiam
1919w. 30 marts Tavis pirvel sxdomaze erTxmad miiRo momavali konstituciis
pirveli muxli: àfxazeTi Sedis demokratiuli saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi,
rogorc misi avtonomiuri erTeuli~1759. radganac es iyo àfxazeTis avtonomiis
Sesaxeb aqtis~ pirveli punqtis faqtobrivi gameoreba, mas kamaTi ar gamouwvevia.
sxva sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT komisiaSi erTsulovneba ar sufevda, misi
muSaoba daZabulad mimdinareobda. 1919w. 23 maiss sakonstitucio komisia or
qvekomisiad gaiyo da, Sesabamisad, ori erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli proeqti
1754. saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli kreba. stenografiuli angariSi. 45-e sxdoma, 1919, 2 agvisto, gv. 12-16.
1755. iqve, gv. 16-17.
1756. iqve, gv. 25-27.
1757. iqve, gv. 28.
1758. iqve, gv. 29-35.
334
momzadda. mesame _ Semrigebluri proeqti Seadgina afxazeTis komisariatma1760.
maT Soris vercerTma ver miiRo saxalxo sabWos wevrTa xmebis saWiro
raodenoba, magram meti mowoneba (20 xma) mainc komisariatis proeqtma
daimsaxura. 1919w. 21 ivliss saxalxo sabWom airCia delegacia (d. emuxvari,
g.koroliovi, m.ubiria, v.Rurjua, m.caava, m. grigolia), romelsac centralur
xelisuflebasTan sakonstitucio sakiTxebis ganxilva daevala. 1919w. seqtember-
oqtomberSi is TbilisSi imyofeboda. 4 oqtombers delegaciam moxsenebiTi
baraTi miarTva mTavrobas, romelSic saubari iyo centrsa da regions Soris
uflebamosilebis gamijvnis, konstituciis miRebis aucileblobaze, agrarul
reformaze, socialur-ekonomikur problemebze.
damfuZnebeli krebis prezidiumma, saxalxo sabWos TxovniT, afxazeTis sakon-
stitucio sakiTxebze samuSaod gamoyo xuTkaciani (p.sayvareliZe, s.dadiani,
g.gvazava, naneiSvili, m.xoWolava) komisia. delegaciisa da komisiis erToblivi
muSaoba sakmaod nayofieri aRmoCnda. Seiqmna respublikasa da avtonomias Soris
SeTanxmebis proeqti afxazeTis mmarTvelobis ZiriTadi debulebebis Sesaxeb.
masSi aisaxa centrsa da regions Soris faqtobrivad Camoyalibebuli
urTierTobani. saxalxo sabWos delegaciis 1919w. 4 oqtombris moxsenebiTi
baraTis safuZvelze mTavrobam imave wlis 20 dekembers daamtkica àgraruli
reformisa da afxazeTSi saxelmwifo qonebis marTvis droebiTi debuleba~1761.
saqarTvelos mTavrobis mowveviT 1919w. seqtembris bolodan TbilisSi
imyofeboda kidev erTi delegacia afxazeTidan (i.marRania, d.alania, m.caguria,
m.Tarnava), romelic saxalxo sabWos 14 separatistulad ganwyobili wevris
pozicias gamoxatavda. mTavroba, rogorc vxedavT, yvela mimdinareobasTan mola-
parakebisa da SeTanxmebis gzas adga. separatistebTan Sexvedras man miuZRvna
specialuuri sxdoma, romelzec delegacia moxsenebiT wardga. n.Jordanias
TxovniT, es moxseneba werilobiT gaformda da 1919w. 29 seqtembers mTavrobas
waredgina. masSi separatistebisaTvis Cveuli tendenciurobiT iyo gaSuqebuli
afxazeTSi arsebuli viTareba. gamosavals delegaciis wevrebi maT mier
SemuSavebuli konstituciis proeqtis1762 miRebaSi xedavdnen. 1919w. 15 noembers
afxazeTis saxalxo sabWom TbilisSi oficialurad mivlinebuli delegaciis
moxseneba moismina. sityviT gamosulma m.ubiriam aRniSna, rom konstituciaze
muSaobisas Tavidanve warmoiSva ori mimdinareoba, romlebic erTmaneTisagan
gansxvavdebian istoriuli momentisadmi, kerZod, afxazeTis politikuri da
ekonomikuri amocanebisadmi midgomebiT; erT mimdinareobas, momentis
moTxovnebidan gamomdinare, saWirod miaCnda afxazeTis rac SeiZleba male
SeerTeba saqarTvelosTan, rac Cvens boboqar epoqaSi misi usafrTxoebis, xolo
momavalSi mxaris socialur-ekonomikuri da kulturuli ganviTarebis
sawindari iqneboda. meore mimdinareobac scnobda afxazeTis saqarTvelosTan
SeerTebis aucileblobas, _ dasZenda m. ubiria, _ magram istoriuli
perspeqtivis TvalsazrisiT ufro marTebulad miaCnda respublikasTan rac
SeiZleba susti kavSiris damyareba, meti damoukideblobis mopoveba, rac
viTarebis Secvlis SemTxvevaSi sxva gadawyvetilebis miRebis saSualebas
miscemda1763. es ori midgoma aisaxa sakonstitucio komisiaSi Sedgenil
1760. samive proeqti gamoqveynebulia. ix.: А. Ментешашвили. Исторические предпосылки..., gv. 80-94.
1761. Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 98-100, 451-453.
1762 . А. Ментешашвили. Исторические предпосылки…, gv. 89-94.
1763 . social-demokrat-internacionalistTa probolSevikuri fraqciis deklaraciaSi, romelic 1919 w. 25
noembers saxalxo sabWos sxdomaze m.Tarnavam gaaJRera, naTqvami iyo, rom Tanamedrove koniunqturis
pirobebSi aRiareben da icaven saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikas Sida da gareSe mtrebisagan;
saqarTvelos damoukidebloba fraqciisaTvis warmoadgenda miznis miRwevis saSualebas; momavalSi ki, roca
politikuri viTareba Seicvleboda, ìnternacionalistebi~ mxars dauWerdnen saqarTvelosa da afxazeTis
mierTebas `ruseTis xalxebis saerTo ojaxTan~ ise, rom winaswar ar ayenebdnen pirobebs am `saerTo ojaxSi~
maTi politikuri mowyobis formebis Sesaxeb (Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 111). amrigad,
konstituciis garSemo separatistTa mier atexili aurzauri viTarebis destabilizaciis interesebs ufro
ukavSirdeboda, vidre realuri avtonomiis mopovebis mizans. amitom sicruea separatistuli istoriografiis
335
proeqtebSi. m. ubiriam aRniSna, rom Tbilisi ar Cqarobda afxazeTis (qveynis
nawilis) konstituciis damtkicebas, sanam ar iqneboda miRebuli qveynis
ZiriTadi kanoni. miuxedavad amisa, rogorc ukve iTqva, moxerxda afxazeTis
mmarTvelobis ZiriTad principebze SeTanxmeba.
saxalxo sabWos 15 noembris sxdomaze TbilisSi miwveuli meore delegaciis
wevrebic gamovidnen. m. Tarnavas gancxadebiT, mTavrobasTan Cveni SeTanxmebis
miRweva SeuZlebelia. i. marRaniam daumata, rom, n. Jordanias sityvebiT,
SeTanxmeba SesaZlebelia, Tu movrigdebiT denikinisadmi damokidebulebis
sakiTxSi.
afxazeTis mimarT saqarTvelos mTavrobis pozicia 1920w. 6 Tebervals
saxalxo sabWos sxdomaze moxsenebiT gamosulma n.ramiSvilma ganmarta; roca
saqarTvelo ukve aRiares dasavleTis qveynebma, Cveni amocanaa demokratiis
gaRrmaveba, xalxis rolis gafarToeba, _ ganacxada man. momxsenebelma uaryo
Worebi, TiTqos mTavrobas surs Sekvecos afxazeTis avtonomiuri uflebebi,
SezRudos saxalxo sabWo da a.S. n.ramiSvilma mTavrobis saxeliT sabWos
wevrebs moaxsena, rom àq, afxazeTSi sazogadoebriv-politikuri mSeneblobis
erTaderTi gzaa afxazeTis avtonomiuri uflebebis ganmtkiceba~.1764 n.ramiSvilis
sakmaod vrceli da saintereso gamosvla saxalxo sabWos sxdomaze male
proklamaciis saxiT daibeWda da yvela afxazur dasaxlebul punqtSi gamoikra.
separatistebi ityuebian, TiTqos n.ramiSvili sabWoze muqaris Semcveli sityviT
gamovida.1765
1920w. 22-23 Tebervals soxumSi afxazuri inteligenciis yriloba gaimarTa
(Tavmjdomare g. zuxbaia, moadgileebi _ v.anCabaZe da d. gulia). mis muSaobaSi
saxalxo sabWos Tavmjdomarisa da wevrebis monawileobam yriloba politikur
tribunad aqcia. erTmaneTs daupirispirdnen qarTuli orientaciisa da
separatistulad ganwyobili afxazebi. `Cven, afxazebi, rusul kulturasTan
varT naziarebi, gvarTmeven am kulturas, am enas da iZulebiT Tavs gvaxveven
qarTul enas. qarTvelebi movidnen da wagvarTves Cveni kultura, qarTvelebi
ZalmomreobiT SemoiWrnen afxazeTSi~1766, _ aseTi iyo renegat i. marRanias
pozicia. sakadrisi pasuxi mas, aseve sxva separatistebs, WeSmaritma afxazma,
namdvilma inteligentma v. SarvaSiZem gasca da bolos yrilobac datova. d.
alanias, v. anCabaZis, m. Tarnavas, m. ubirias, v. Rurjuas, d.emuxvaris gamosvlebma
TvalnaTliv warmoaCines afxazur inteligenciaSi arsebuli uTanxmoebani
politikuri orientaciis sakiTxebSi, rac, Tavis mxriv, iyo mizezi
sakonstitucio uTanxmoebebisa.
afxazuri inteligenciis yrilobam daadastura konstituciis proeqtis
saswrafod SemuSavebisa da damtkicebis aucilebloba. saxalxo sabWoSi
grZeldeboda muSaoba am mimarTulebiT. 1920w. 21 maiss arCeuli sabWos
delegacia v. SarvaSiZis, d. emuxvaris, d. zaxarovis, g. zuxbaias, m. Tarnavas da
v. anCabaZis SemadgenlobiT male Tbiliss ewvia. 1920w. 1 ivliss man moxsenebiTi
baraTi warudgina damfuZnebeli krebis prezidiums. `vnebaTaRelvis
Casacxrobad~ delegacia iTxovda damfuZnebuli krebis sesiaze afxazeTis
saqarTvelos avtonomiur erTeulad aRiarebas, misi warmomadgenlobiTi
organosa da mTavrobis kompetenciis sakiTxebis ganxilvas. àmasTan,
mtkiceba, TiTqos opozicia `namdvili TviTmmarTvelobis da konstituciis miRebisaTvis ibrZoda~ (О. Бгажба,
С. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 334). avtonomiisa da konstituciis sakiTxebze saqarTvelos mTavrobasTan
molaparakebebSi monawileoba, _ m.Tarnavas TqmiT,_ miznad isaxavda mxolod SeTanxmebis CaSlas da mTavrobis
kritikas; `vmoqmedebdiT ra ase, erTdroulad Cven veZebdiT rsfsr-sTan urTierTobisa da mis SemadgenlobaSi
Sesvlis SesaZleblobas~, - acxadebda m. Tarnava (Л. Тоидзе. К вопросу о политическом статусе Абхазии. Тб., 1996,
gv. 6). ai, rogori `patriotebi~ iyvnen e.w. ìnternacionalistebi~, `damoukideblebi~ da maTi mxardamWerebi
saxalxo sabWoSi.
336
mogaxsenebT, rom sakonstitucio komisiaSi (saqarTvelosi _ avt.) es sakiTxebi
dadebiTadaa gadawyvetili1767,~ _ naTqvamia 1 ivlisis baraTSi.
1920w. 10 seqtembers Tbilisidan dabrunebulma delegaciam saxalxo sabWos
moaxsena TbilisSi Catarebuli muSaobis, afxazeTis konstituciis ori
variantis SemuSavebis Sesaxeb. sakonstitucio komisiam (g.zuxbaia, d.zaxarovi,
m.wulukiZe, g.koroliovi, m.Tarnava) maT safuZvelze erTi proeqti Seadgina.
ramdenime sxdomaze misi detaluri muxlobrivi ganxilvis Semdeg, 1920w. 16
oqtombers saxalxo sabWom afxazeTis konstituciis proeqtis sakuTari varianti
daamtkica. preambulaSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom konstitucia SemuSavebulia 1919w. 20
martis àqtisa~ da saqarTvelos konstituciis safuZvelze. pirveli muxlis
mixedviT, afxazeTi md. enguridan yubanisa da Tergis olqebis mimdebare
kavkasiis qedamde Sedioda saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis
SemadgenlobaSi, rogorc avtonomiuri erTeuli. rogorc vxedavT, saxalxo
sabWo solidaruli iyo saqarTvelos mTavrobasTan qveynis Crdilo-dasavleT
sazRvrebTan dakavSirebiT (aqve, gv. 302).
konstituciis proeqti zustad mijnavda centrisa da regionis funqciebs;
afxazeTis kanonis konstituciasTan Seusabamobis SemTxvevaSi centraluri
xelisufleba 15 dRis vadaSi gansaxilvelad gadascemda mas senats (umaRles
sasamarTlos). am ukanasknelis kompetencias ganekuTvneboda afxazeTis
gaprotestebuli kanonis moqmedebis SeCereba. proeqtis Tanaxmad, afxazeTis
teritoriaze mxolod saerTosaxelmwifoebrivi Tanamdebobis pirebi
iniSnebodnen centraluri xelisuflebis mier, Tanac, SeZlebisdagvarad,
adgilobriv mkvidrTagan. afxazeTis mTavrobas SeeZlo rekomendacia gaewia
aRniSnul Tanamdebobebze dasaniSni pirebisaTvis, an, piriqiT, eSuamdgomla maTi
ganTavisuflebis Taobaze. moqalaqeTa ufleba-movaleobebisa da samoqalaqo
uflebebis garantias afxazeTSi saqarTvelos konstitucia warmoadgenda;
saqarTvelos respublikis moqalaqeebi afxazeTis teritoriazec moqalaqeobis
uflebiT sargeblobdnen1768.
1920w. 4 noembers TbilisSi Camovida saxalxo sabWos delegacia (v. SarvaSiZe,
v. Rurjua, d. zaxarovi, m. ubiria, i. faSalidi, m. caguria, d. alania, m. Tarnava,
m. berulava). 16 noembers is n. Jordanias Sexvda. mTavrobis Tavmjdomarem
daadastura, rom afxazeTis avtonomiis sakiTxi eWvgareSea, konstituciis
SemuSavebis prerogativa ki mxolod damfuZnebel krebas ekuTvnis. afxazeTs
avtonomia unda mieces, _ ganacxada n.Jordaniam, _ saerTo konstituciis miRebis
Semdeg. Tu ZiriTadi kanonis damtkiceba gaWianurdeba, maSin gamoices jer
droebiTi kanoni, romelic SemdgomSi qveynis konstituciis calke Tavi gaxdeba.
qveynis pirveli piris aseTi pozicia misaRebi iyo saxalxo sabWos delega-
ciisaTvis.
xelisSemSlel faqtorad iqca is garemoeba, rom damfuZnebeli kreba ar
daeTanxma paritetuli sakonstitucio komisiis Seqmnas, rogorc amas saxalxo
sabWos 1919w. 20 martis aqti da delegaciis mandati iTvaliswinebda. roca amis
Taobaze sabWos ecnoba, man 5 dekembers delegaciis wevrebi soxumSi gamoiZaxa
moxsenebisaTvis. 6 dekembers damfuZnebeli krebis prezidiumma ganixila
m.cagurias, d. alanias da m. Tarnavas gancxadeba afxazeTis konstituciis
ganxilvis wesis (ganxilva ara paritetul komisiaSi, aramed damfuZnebel
krebaSi saxalxo sabWos wevrebis monawileobiT) miuReblobis gamo proeqtis
ganxilvaSi monawileobaze uaris Tqmisa da afxazeTSi dabrunebis Sesaxeb.
gancxadeba cnobad iqna miRebuli.
Tbilisidan delegaciis wevrebis uSedegod dabrunebam ukiduresad daZaba
viTareba saxalxo sabWoSi. v. SarvaSiZem 24 dekembers Tavisi da aseve
prezidiumis wevrebis gadadgomis sakiTxic dasva kenWis sayrelad, magram
1767. iqve, gv. 105.
1768. iqve, gv. 105-108.
337
gadawyvetileba ver iqna miRebuli. saxalxo sabWom mxolod 1921w. 4 ianvars
ganixila da moiwona sakonstitucio delegaciis mier TbilisSi gaweuli
muSaoba.
1920w. 21 dekembers damfuZnebeli krebis mcire sakonstitucio komisiam
daamtkica avtonomiuri afxazeTis mmarTvelobis debulebis proeqti, romelsac
safuZvlad daedo saxalxo sabWos mier 1920w. 16 oqtombers miRebuli konsti-
tuciis proeqti. 1921w. 21 Tebervals damfuZnebelma krebam saqarTvelos konsti-
tuciasTan erTad es debulebac daamtkica,1769 Tumca ukve gviani iyo _
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika bolSevikuri agresiis Sedegad
sisxlisagan icleboda, wiTeli armia afxazeTSic SemoiWra.
1918w. gazafxul-zafxulSi gancdili samxedro-politikuri marcxis Semdeg
isedac ukiduresad susti komunisturi moZraoba afxazeTSi saerTod gaqra. misi
aRorZineba 1919w. gazafxulidan iwyeba, rasac xeli Seuwyo orma faqtorma: deni-
kinis mier dakavebuli ekaterinodaridan, gansakuTrebiT soWis olqidan repre-
siebs gamoqceuli bolSevikebis Camosvlam da saxalxo sabWos Suamdgomlobis
(1919w. 20 marti) safuZvelze bolSevikur gamosvlebSi monawileTa mimarT am-
nistiis gamocxadebam. amis Semdeg n. lakoba 1919w. zafxulamde kodoris mazris
komisrad msaxurobda.
1919w. aprilSi moxerxda droebiTi bolSevikuri komitetis (a.beliakovi,
s.kuxaleiSvili, m. mgelaZe, i. Jvania, i. xioti da sxv.) Seqmna; imave wlis
agvistoSi komunistebma daaarses axali iatakqveSa komiteti s.kuxaleiSvilis
TavmjdomareobiT. 1920w. afxazeTis saolqo komitets sxvadasxva dros
xelmZRvanelobdnen i.vigrianovi, n.svaniZe, n.aqirTava da s.kuxaleiSvili.
bolSevikebTan mWidro kavSiri hqonda afxazeTis saxalxo sabWos separatis-
tul nawils. m.caguria 1919 wlidan iyo ruseTis kompartiis wevri. d.alaniasa
da i.marRaniasTan erTad 1920w. gazafxulze igi daapatimres bolSevikebTan
TanamSromlobisaTvis; m. Tarnava 1920w. bolos afxaz bolSevikebTan (e. eSba, n.
lakoba, k. inal-ifa, m. lakoba) erTad ruseTis kompartiis centraluri
komitetis kavkasiis biurom (kavbiurom) miavlina TurqeTSi, sadac axladda-
fuZnebuli kompartiisaTvis (igi kavbiuros eqvemdebareboda) daxmareba unda aR-
moeCinaT propagandistul saqmianobaSi, pirvel rigSi, kavkasiel muhajirTa
STamomavlebs Soris.
bolSevikuri moZraobis gamococxlebas xeli Seuwyo saqarTvelo-ruseTs So-
ris dadebulma xelSekrulebam (1920w. 7 maisi), romelic saqarTveloSi
kompartiis legalizaciasac iTvaliswinebda. am moZraobas realurad TbilisSi
ruseTis saelCo warmarTavda. elCis _ s. kirovis miTiTebiT soxumSi moqmedebda
sagangebo komisia (v.ivanovi, v.sverdlovi, b.volxovski, muzikantski). mas
evaleboda saelCosaTvis jaSuSuri cnobebis miwodeba. 1920w. oqtomberSi
saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministrom aRkveTa afxazeTSi bolSevikTa
SeiaraRebuli gamosvla (daapatimra s.
kuxaleiSvili, n. svaniZe da sxv.). dagegmili amboxebis moTaveebs mWidro kavSiri
hqondaT gagris frontze ganlagebul sabWoTa ruseTis samxedro nawilebTan,
saidanac miiRes SeiaraReba da didZali finansuri daxmareba (20 mln. man.).
gagraSi moqmedi e.w. revoluciuri komiteti jaSuSur masalebs awvdida sabWoTa
jarebs, frontis dasustebis mizniT agitacia-propagandas uwevda qarTuli
jaris nawilebs. 1920w. maisidan gagraSi moqmed bolSevikur komitets hyavda
Tavisi sabrZolo razmi; saqarTveloze wiTeli armiis Setevis momentisaTvis mas
SeiaraRebuli ajanyeba unda daewyo; razmis uSualo amocanas `qarTuli
frontis zurgis moSla~ da `gagris qarTuli frontis likvidacia
warmoadgenda~. SeiaraRebuli ajanyebisaTvis mzadebas Tan axlda mosaxleobis
ideologiuri damuSaveba, àvrcelebdnen xmebs afxazeTis saqarTvelosagan
1769 . iqve, gv. 108-110, 466-469, 787.

338
Camocilebis Sesaxeb, urCevdnen afxazebs ruseTTan SeerTebas~1770.
saxelmwifos mier miRebuli energiuli zomebis Sedegad afxazeTSi 1920w.
bolosaTvis ganadgurebulma bolSevikurma organizaciebma 1921w. ianvarSi kvlav
iwyes aRorZineba. 1920w. 2 ianvars s.orjonikiZe da s.kirovi ruseTis kompartiis
ceka-s arwmunebdnen saqarTvelos ZaliT gasabWoebis aucileblobaSi da
werdnen, rom saWiro ar aris uSualo Tavdasxma, aris `SesaZlebloba daviwyoT
moZraoba afxazeTSi, aWaraSi, borCalos mazraSi~1771. imave wlis 25 ianvars
sabWoTa ruseTis saelCos samxedro ataSe TbilisSi p.sitini moskovs acnobebda,
rom muSaoba afxazeTSi warmatebiT midis, Seqmnilia aqtiuri partiuli
muSakebis koleqtivi, soxumis garnizonSi ki samkaciani revoluciuri komiteti
moqmedebda. p.sitinis SefasebiT, 1920w. bolos TbilisSi konstituciur
sakiTxebze muSaobis CaSlam afxazeTSi ukmayofileba gamoiwvia da ès qmnis
xelsayrel niadags CvenTvis~1772.
1921w. 14 Tebervals ruseTis kompartiis ck-s kavkasiis biuros (kavbiuro)
miTiTebiT, afxazeTSi bolSevikTa saolqo komiteti Camoyalibda
m.kargarodskaias (kavbiuros warmomadgeneli), e.sverdlovisa da i.Jvanias
(Tavmjdomare) SemadgenlobiT. 18 Tebervals Seiqmna droebiTi revoluciuri
komiteti (revkomi), romelSic Sevidnen i. Jvania (Tavmjdomare), e. sverdlovi da
m.caguria. mis amocanas adgilobrivi revkomebisa da meamboxeTa razmis for-
mireba warmoadgenda1773. im dReebSi m.caguriam miiRo kavbiuros warmomadgenlis
a.sajaias werili, romelSic is aRniSnavda, rom male moxdeboda saqarTvelos
demokratiuli respublikis damxoba da afxazeTs TviTgamorkvevis ufleba
miecemoda; werilis avtori imeds gamoTqvamda, rom saxalxo sabWos
damoukidebelTa fraqcia yvela zomas miiRebda àfxazeTis mSromeli masebis
ganTavisuflebisaTvis... SemiZlia winaswar vTqva, _ werda a. sajaia, _ rom
afxazeTs aqvs ufleba iseTive Tavisufali ganviTarebisa, rogoric misca
sabWoTa ruseTma yofili ruseTis imperiis yvela mcirericxovan xalxs~1774.
motanili masalebi adastureben, rom `revoluciuri~ moZraoba afxazeTSi in-
spirirebuli iyo garedan da imarTeboda araafxazi bolSevikebis mier. maT
gaiTvaliswines 1918 wlis gamocdileba da TavianTi propagandistuli saqmianoba
afxazeTis saqarTvelosagan `ganTavisuflebaze~, mis viTom TviTgamorkvevaze
aages.
1921w. 25 Tebervals sabWoTa ruseTis me-11 armiam Tbilisi daikava, gagris
mxridan Semosulma me-9 armiis nawilebma ki 4 marts soxumi daikaves; 6 marts
arseboba Sewyvita afxazeTis droebiTma revkomma da Zalaufleba kavbiuros
mier e.eSbas (Tavmjdomare), n.lakobasa da n.aqirTavas SemadgenlobiT Seqmnil
saokupacio organos _ revkoms gadaeca. 1921w. martSi dasrulda saqarTvelos,
maT Soris afxazeTis sruli okupacia Semdgomi aneqsiiT. daiwyo axali etapi
saqarTvelos, maT Soris afxazeTis, istoriasa da qarTul-afxazur
urTierTobebSi.
1770. iqve, gv. 456, 785-786.

1771. saqarTvelos respublika, 1991, 6 ivnisi.
1772. Борьба за Октябрь в Абхазии. Сб. док. и мат. 1917-1921 гг. Сухуми, 1967, gv. 172-173.
1773. iqve, gv. 175-176. ar Seesabameba sinamdviles, TiTqos Tebervlis Sua ricxvebSi Seqmnili revkomis SemadgenlobaSi
Sediodnen e. eSba, n. lakoba da n. aqirTava (О. Бгажба, С. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 340).
1774. Борьба за Октябрь в Абхазии, gv. 175.
339
Tavi XVII. afxazeTis politikuri statusi sabWoTa
saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi. 1921-1937ww.
iZulebiT gasabWoebuli afxazeTi ruseTis kompartiis centraluri komitetis kavbiuros (mdivani
g.orjonikiZe) gamgeblobis qveS moeqca. am organos mier daniSnuli afxazeTis revkomis wevrebs ar
hqondaT Camoyalibebuli saboloo pozicia regionis momaval statusTan dakavSirebiT, Tumca jer kidev
gasabWoebamde qarTveli da afxazi bolSevikebi moskovSi SeTanxmdnen avtonomiis uflebebiT
afxazeTis saqarTvelos ssr SemadgenlobaSi Sesvlis Taobaze; am faqts e.eSbac adasturebda1775.
gasabWoebis Semdeg sxva gadawyvetileba iqna miRebuli. 1921w. martis dasawyisSi afxazeTis
revkomma kavbiuros sTxova ganmarteba ramdenime sakiTxze: à) TurqeTis Sesaxeb, b) mTielTa
avtonomiur respublikebs Soris (maT Soris afxazeTisa) urTierTobis Sesaxeb, g) afxazeTisa da
saqarTvelos urTierTobis Sesaxeb~1776. unda vivaraudoT, rom TurqeTTan da mTielebTan (da ara sabWoTa
ruseTTan) urTierTobis sakiTxis wina planze wamoweva XIX saukunis, aseve 1918 wlis zafxulis
movlenebis gaTvaliswinebiT, seriozulad daafiqrebda sabWoTa ruseTis mesveurebsa da afxazeTSi
mivlinebul mis warmomadgenlebs. axali winadadebis SemuSaveba moxda afxazeTis pasuxismgebel
muSakTa or TaTbirze, romlebsac eswrebodnen da warmarTavdnen rkp ck-s kavbiuros rwmunebuli vinme
liaki (Ляк), kavbiuros warmomadgeneli ivanicki da ruseTis IX saokupacio armiis samxedro sabWos
wevri epSteini. am sami pirovnebis karnaxiT, afxazeTis revkomis mier v. leninisa da i. stalinis saxelze
1921w. 26 marts gagzavnil werilSi vkiTxulobT: ìqneba ki sabWoTa afxazeTi damoukidebeli
(самостоятельная) respublika Tu administraciuli erTeuli da rogori iqneba saerTo politika afxazeTSi~1777;
werilis avtorebi regionisaTvis administraciuli erTeulis statussac ar Takilobdnen, magram mizanSewonilad
miiCnevdnen afxazeTis gamocxadebas saerTo rusul federaciaSi Semaval damoukidebel respublikad.
amrigad, `damoukideblobis~ cneba maT esmodaT sabWouri gagebiT _ uSualod Sesvla ruseTis
SemadgenlobaSi. aRniSnuli winadadeba motivirebuli iyo mosaxleobis viTomda antiqarTuli ganwyobiT.
aseTive Sinaarsis werilebi gaigzavna rostovSi kavbiuros saxelze da TbilisSi imave kavbiuros
xelmZRvanelTan _ g. orjonikiZesTan. es ukanaskneli 27 marts daeTanxma damoukidebel respublikad
afxazeTis gamocxadebis ideas, magram uari Tqva ruseTTan federirebaze im motiviT, rom dasavleTi
amas CaTvlida ruseTis mier afxazeTis aneqsiad1778.
1921w. 28 marts baTumSi gaimarTa saokupacio organoTa _ kavbiuros, saqarTvelos kompartiis
xelmZRvanelobis da afxazeTis revkomis warmomadgenelTa TaTbiri g. orjonikiZis, S.eliavas,
s.qavTaraZis, m.toroSeliZis, e.eSbasa da n.lakobas monawileobiT. maT ganixiles sakiTxi afxazeTSi
sabWoTa xelisuflebisa da kompartiis struqturis Sesaxeb da daadgines: àfxazeTis sabWoebis
yrilobamde (xazgasma avt.) sabWoTa afxazeTis rsfsr-sTan Tu saq. ssr-sTan federaciis sakiTxi rCeba
Riad da afxazeTi cxaddeba socialistur respublikad.
partiuli organizacia konferenciamde (xazgasma avt.) atarebs saxels _ rkp(b)-s orgbiuro afxazeTSi da
muSaobs rkp(b) ck-is kavbiuros direqtivebis Sesabamisad.
saqarTvelos revkomis dekretebi unda warmoadgendnen masalas (afxazeTis) revkomisaTvis, raTa
orive revkomis moqmedebaSi winaaRmdegoba ar iyos~1779. TaTbiris es gadawyvetileba gaxda safuZveli
1921w. 31 marts afxazeTis sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis gamocxadebisa. xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos,
rom 1921w. afxazeTis sakiTxi erTxelac ar gamxdara sabWoTa ruseTis centraluri partiuli Tu saxelmwifo
organoebis msjelobis sagani. v. leninis werilebis, aseve misi biografiuli qronikis mixedviT Tu
vimsjelebT, sabWoTa imperiis pirvel pirs uSualo Sexeba afxazeTTan, afxaz bolSevikebTan, miT umetes
regionis statusis dadgenasTan ar hqonia1780. afxazeTTan dakavSirebuli yvela problema TbilisSi kavbiuros
sxdomebze an g.orjonikiZesa da ruseTis erovnebaTa saqmis saxalxo komisars (ministrs) _ i.stalins Soris
1775. А. Ментешашвили. Исторические предпосылки, gv. 59.

1776. Б.Сагария. Образование и укрепление советской национальной государственности в Абхазии (1921-1938). Сухуми,
1981, gv.41.
1777. Трудящиеся Абхазии В. И. Ленину (1918, 1921-1924 гг.). Сб. док. Составил Г. Дзидзария. Сухуми, 1970, gv. 31.
1778. А. Ментешашвили. Исторические предпосылки…, gv. 59-60ö ix. agreTveÖ Г. К. Орджоникидзе. Статьи и речи, т. 1.
М., 1956, gv. 200-201.

1780 . separatistuli istoriografia tyuis, roca afxazeTis sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis
gamocxadebas v. leninis saxels ukavSirebs (О. Бгажба, С. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 430-431). afxazeTidan
revkomis, sxva organizaciebis Tu pirebis mier v. leninisaTvis gagzavnili arcerTi werili, mimarTva,
misalmeba (ix. Трудящиеся Абхазии В. И. Ленину...) mas piradad ar miuRia, ar ganuxilavs da arc pasuxi gaucia.
340
sityvieri SeTanxmebiT wydeboda.
afxazeTis damoukidebloba warmoadgenda wminda wylis fiqcias; moskovi, bunebrivia, mas ar
aRiarebda. e.w. damoukidebloba mogonili iyo saqarTvelos daSoSminebis, damoukideblobis survilis
samudamod Cakvlis mizniT. ruseTis yofilma samxedro ataSem saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi
p.sitinma, romelic sabWoTa periodSic agrZelebda TbilisSi Tavis jaSuSur saqmianobas, 1921w. 22 aprils
moskovs `qarTuli Sovinizmis~ (saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis) winaaRmdeg brZolis `gegma~
warudgina. sxvadasxva zomebis miRebasTan (ruseTis jarebis ganlageba upiratesad TurqeTis sazRvarTan,
samegrelos avtonomizacia, rusuli mosaxleobis mxardaWera da gaaqtiureba, amierkavkasiis rkinigzis
moskovisaTvis gadacema) erTad igi iTvaliswinebda ruseTis federaciis sazRvris gadatanas md. bzifamde,
afxazeTSi plebiscitis Catarebas da ruseTTan mis mierTebas; es gamoiwvevda `qarTuli Sovinizmis~
dasustebas teritoriulad da materialurad~1781. afxazeTis uSualod ruseTTan SeerTebas p. sitini imitomac
moiTxovda, rom sxva SemTxvevaSi igi mTielTa respublikasTan gaerTiandeboda da maSin, garTulebis
dros, ruseTs Seeqmneboda `dabrkoleba zRvidan zRvamde~1782.
ruseTis saokupacio saxelisuflebo organom saqarTveloSi _ revkomma 1921w. 21 maiss aRiara
afxazeTis ssr, magram iqve gamoTqva imedi, rom sakiTxi saqarTvelos ssr da afxazeTis ssr urTierTobis
Sesaxeb sabolood gadawydeboda orive respublikis `muSaTa da glexTa sabWoebis pirvel yrilobaze~1783.
es aRiarebac formalur xasiaTs atarebda. saqarTvelos revkoms afxazeTis statusis sakiTxi saerTod ar
ganuxilavs, maT Soris arc 21 maiss. sabWoTa afxazeTis xelmZRvanelebi e.eSba da gansakuTrebiT
n.lakoba xSirad usvamdnen xazs, rom `damoukidebloba~ gamocxadda droebiT, èrTi wuTiT~, rom es iyo
mxolod àbra~ da a. S.1784 afxazeTis mSromelTa warmomadgenlebis I yrilobam (1921w. 28 maisi), ufro
sworad, misma organizatorebma gaiTvaliswines es garemoeba da SekrebilT miaRebines gadawyvetileba
rogorc `damoukideblobis~ mowonebis, ise yvela sabWoTa respublikis mSromelebTan, `pirvel rigSi,
kulturiT, ekonomikuri da geografiuli mdgomareobiT, yofiT yvelaze axlos mdgomi sabWoTa saqarTvelos
muSebTan da glexebTan~ umWidroesi kavSiris damyarebis Sesaxeb; yrilobam imedi gamoTqva, rom
saqarTvelosa da afxazeTis sabWoebis I yriloba `sabolood gansazRvravda afxazeTisa da saqarTvelos
Zmuri TanamSromlobis formebs~1785. yrilobaze e.eSbam isic ganacxada, rom `sabWoTa
xelisuflebisaTvis ar arsebobs erovnuli sakiTxi~1786.
afxazeTi èrTi wuTiTac~ ar yofila realurad damoukidebeli politikuri
erTeuli. regionis mmarTveli partiuli da saxelmwifo struqturebis, maTi
piradi Semadgenlobis (gansakuTrebiT xelmZRvanelebis) damtkiceba xdeboda
qarTveli bolSevikebis xelmZRvanelobiT TbilisSi moqmedi kavbiuros
gadawyvetilebiT. sabWoTa saqarTvelos saxelmwifo struqturebi, yvelaze
xSirad Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariati da misi sammarTveloebi afxazeTis
revkoms ugzavnidnen TavianT gankargulebebs, Tanac qarTul enaze `cnobad da
saxelmZRvanelod~, `sisworiT Sesasruleblad~ da a.S. ase, magaliTad,
saqarTvelos Ss saxalxo komisariatis ltolvilTa mTavarma sammarTvelom n.
sokolovskis xelmoweriT 1921w. 3 agvistos cirkularuli werili gaugzavna
`saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis mazrebisa da qalaqebis,
afxazeTis da aWaris avtonomiuri respublikebis (xazgasma avt.) revkomebis
Tavmjdomareebs~ da mosTxova, àrc erTi ltolvili ar iqnes SemoSvebuli
sabWoTa saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi~1787. n.sokolovskis mSvenivrad esmoda, rom
`damoukidebeli~ afxazeTi sinamdvileSi warmoadgenda avtonomiur respublikas
saqarTvelos farglebSi. SemdgomSic Ss saxalxo komisariats araerTxel
gamougzavnia soxumSi Sesasruleblad savaldebulo gankargulebebi1788.
saqarTvelos revkomic afxazeTs sakuTar teritoriad miiCnevda. 1921w. 14
aprilis sxdomaze man ganixila tyvarCelis maRaroebis sakiTxi, 21 aprils 1
miliardi maneTis krediti gauxsna afxazeTs, 30 maiss imsjela bzifis

1782 . iqve, gv. 471.
1784 . iqve, gv. 118.
1785 . Укрепление советской власти в Абхазии. Сб. док. и мат. (1921-1925 гг.). Сухуми, 1957, gv. 44-51.
1786 . iqve, gv. 47.
1788 . j. gamaxaria. qarTul-afxazur urTierTobaTa istoriidan, gv. 118-119.
341
koncesiebis Sesaxeb (es sakiTxi mravaljer iqna ganxiluli)1789. igive sakiTxi
saqarTvelos kompartiis ck-m afxazeTis damoukideblobis àRiarebis~ dRes _
1921w. 21 maiss ganixila da daadgina, rom araa winaaRmdegi saqarTvelos
`mTavrobis mier am koncesiis dadebisa, Tu is aris soliduri da
sasargeblo~1790. saqarTvelos kompartiis ceka ar miiCnevda afxazeTs
`damoukidebel~ respublikad da Tavis TezisebSi (Tbilisis komitetTan erTad)
aRniSnavda, rom àmierkavkasiis damoukidebeli respublikebis (saqarTvelo,
somxeTi, azerbaijani) Zalisxmevis gaerTianeba samokavSireo xelSekrulebis
safuZvelze, nakarnaxevia~ saerTaSoriso da saSinao pirobebiT1791.
`damoukidebel~ respublikebs Soris, rogorc vxedavT, afxazeTi ar Cans.
sabWoTa ruseTis centraluri xelisuflebis politikis gamtarebeli kavkasi-
aSi _ kompartiis ck-s kavbiuro afxazeTs damoukidebel respublikad ar
Tvlida. aRniSnuli organos plenarul sxdomebs afxazeTis, mTielTa
respublikisa da daRestnis, rogorc avtonomiebis, warmomadgenlebi mxolod
saTaTbiro xmis uflebiT eswrebodnen. 1921w. 2-3 ivliss kavbiuros plenumma
`saWirod cno amierkavkasiis respublikebis (saqarTvelo, azerbaijani, somxeTi)
damoukideblobis cxovrebaSi gatareba~1792, .`damoukidebel~ afxazeTze ki
saubari ar yofila. misi realuri statusi zogjer ufro dabali Canda, vidre
daRestnisa da mTielTa avtonomiuri respublikebisa, naxiWevanisa da yabardosi.
maTgan gansxvavebiT, afxazeTi ar Sedioda uSualod kavkasiis ekonomikur
kavSirSi (Seiqmna 1921w. agvistoSi); `damoukidebeli~ afxazeTi ver moxvda aseve
kavbiuros mier 1921w. 16 agvistos Seqmnil ekonomikur biuroSi, romelic
saqarTvelos, somxeTsa da azerbaijans aerTianebda1793. afxazeTis dabal
statusze miuTiTebs v.leninis 1921w. 14 aprilis werili kavkasieli
komunistebisadmi, romlis adresatebi iyvnen azerbaijanis, saqarTvelos,
somxeTis, daRestnisa da mTielTa respublikebis bolSevikuri organizaciebi1794,
magram ara afxazeTi. is ar moixsenieba v. leninis mier 1921w. 28 noembers
daweril rkp(b) ck-s politbiuros dadgenilebis proeqtSi amierkavkasiis
respublikebis federaciis Sesaxeb. masSi mxolod saqarTveloze, azerbaijansa
da somxeTzea saubari1795.
`damoukidebeli~ afxazeTi v.lenins orivejer imitom `gamorCa~, rom ofi-
cialuri moskovi, rogorc ukve iTqva, mas ar aRiarebda da saqarTvelos far-
glebSi gulisxmobda.es faqti v.leninma kidev erTxel daadastura 1921w. 1
seqtembers, roca mas warudgines saqarTvelosa da afxazeTis mTavrobebis mier
bzifis xe-tyis damuSavebis Taobaze dadebuli sakoncesio xelSekrulebis
teqsti. amasTan dakavSirebiT `beladma~ mTavrobis saqmeTa mmarTvelis
TanaSemwes v.smolianinovs daavala, gaerkvia, daicva Tu ara saqarTvelos
mTavrobam (afxazeTsa da mis mTavrobas amjeradac ar axsenebda) is piroba, rom
sakoncesio xelSekrulebebis dadeba rsfsr-s mTavrobasTan SeTanxmebis gareSe
ar SeiZleba1796.
sabWoTa ruseTi amierkavkasiaSi, marTalia, formalurad, magram mainc cnobda
mxolod sam damoukidebel respublikas: saqarTvelos, azerbaijans da somxeTs.
samive respublikasTan ruseTma xeli moawera samokavSireo xelSekrulebebs
(saqarTvelosTan aseTi xelSekruleba 1921w. 21 maiss daido)1797, gacvala warmo-
madgenlobebi.afxazeTi aseT `pativs~ moklebuli iyo. ar arsebobs rkp(b) ck-s,
1789 . iqve, gv. 120.

1790 . iqve, gv. 121.
1791 . Правда Грузии, 1921, 22 ноября.
1793 . iqve, gv. 121-122.
1794 . В. И. Ленин. Полн. собр. соч., т. 43, gv. 198-200.
1795 . iqve, t. 44, gv. 255.
1796 . В. И. Ленин. Биографическая хроника, т. XI. М., 1980, gv. 270.
1797 . m. vaCnaZe, v. guruli. ruseTTan erTad da uruseTod. Tb., 2007, gv. 59-60.
342
ruseTis saxalxo komisarTa sabWos (mTavrobis), muSaTa, jariskacTa da glexTa
sabWoebis yrilobis (umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo organos), an cakis _ sabWoebis
centraluri aRmasrulebeli komitetis (yrilobebs Soris moqmedi umaRlesi
sakanonmdeblo organo) Tundac erTi dokumenti, sadac afxazeTi
`damoukidebel~ respublikad (an saerTod) moixsenieba. rac Seexeba iseT
specialur organos, rogoric iyo ruseTis erovnebaTa saqmis saxalxo
komisariati, is afxazeTs saqarTvelos avtonomiur nawilad ganixilavda. am
uwyebis xelmZRvaneli i.stalini 1921w. 1 seqtembers sruliad ruseTis cak-is
mdivans a.enuqiZes swerda: àfxazeTi aris damoukidebeli saqarTvelos nawili,
amis gamo damoukidebeli warmomadgenlobebi ruseTSi ar hyavs da arc unda
hyavdes. amitom kreditis miReba rsfsr-dan mas ar SeuZlia~1798. i.stalini,
rogorc ruseTis muSur-glexuri inspeqciis Tavmjdomare (mas mTavrobaSi ori
uwyebis xelmZRvanelis posti eWira), 1921w. 13 seqtembers imave a. enuqiZes
acnobebda, rom saqarTvelos finansTa saxalxo komisariatis Tanxmobis gareSe
afxazeTisaTvis fulis gamoyofa dauSvebelia1799.
saubaric ki zedmetia imaze, rom afxazeTi odesme yofila saerTaSoriso
samarTlis subieqti. am dros saqarTvelo, somxeTi da azerbaijani formalurad
jer kidev rCebodnen saerTaSoriso samarTlis subieqtebad. 1921w. 13 oqtombers
maT xelic moaweres yarsis xelSekrulebas TurqeTTan. afxazeTi, cxadia, msgavs
dokumentebs xels ar awerda.
amrigad, savsebiT naTelia, rom afxazeTi sabWoTa gagebiTac ki ar warmoadgenda damoukidebel
(uSualod moskovs daqvemdebarebul) politikur erTeuls. 1921 welsac is rCeboda saqarTvelos
gansakuTrebuli statusis mqone nawilad da formalurad, droebiT, èrTi wuTiT~ sabWoTa socialistur re-
spublikad iwodeboda. imave wels daisva sakiTxi da daiwyo praqtikuli nabijebis gadadgma arsebuli
formalobis aRmosafxvrelad, rusuli aneqsiis Sedegad centrsa (Tbilissa) da regions (soxums) Soris droebiT
warmoqmnili samarTlebrivi vakuumis Sesavsebad.
1921w. 5 ivliss kavbiurom miiRo gadawyvetileba, gaweul iqnes partiuli muSaoba im mimarTulebiT,
rom avtonomiuri respublikis saxiT afxazeTi Sevides saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi1800. imave wlis 23
ivliss afxazeTis pasuxismgebel muSakTa TaTbirze n.lakobam ganacxada: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo an
afxazeTi damoukideblebi arian sameurneo da ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, magram politikurad yvela isini
centrs emorCilebian kompartiis meSveobiT saqarTvelos kompartiis ck-sa da rkp ck-s kavbiuros saxiT,
amitom savsebiT sul erTia, visTanac unda moaxdinos afxazeTma federireba~; n.lakoba saubrobda
saqarTvelos ruseTTan mierTebis SeuZleblobaze da saqarTvelosTan federirebis aucileblobaze,
gamomdinare eTnografiuli, istoriuli da yofacxovrebiTi pirobebidan. TaTbirma Tavis rezoluciaSi
aRniSna, rom saqarTvelos revkomis deklaracia damoukideblobis Sesaxeb (1921w. 21 maisi) aZlevs afxaz
xalxs `maqsimaluri avtonomiuri uflebebis garantias~, sruli damoukidebloba ki `praqtikulad
ganuxorcielebelia~; amitom TaTbirma axlo momavalSi saqarTvelosTan federaciuli kavSiris damyarebis
rwmena gamoTqva1801. igive gadawyvetileba miiRo pasuxismgebeli muSakebis 1921w. 15 oqtombris
TaTbirmac1802. aseTive iyo `mSromelTa~ (maTi saxeliT spekulirebdnen bolSevikebi), gansakuTrebiT
samurzayanoelTa survili1803, rom araferi vTqvaT afxazeTis sxva raionebSi mcxovrebTa umravlesobazec
_ ZiriTadad qarTvelobaze1804.
1921w. 1 noembers kavbiurom saWirod miiCnia afxazeT-saqarTvelos momavali xelSekrulebis
proeqtis SemuSaveba, risTvisac Seiqmna komisia e.eSbas, S.eliavasa da saqarTveloSi ruseTis
1798 . А. Ментешашвили. Исторические предпосылки…, gv. 67.

1799 . iqve; afxazeTs afinansebda saqarTvelos revkomi; afxazeTis revkomi ki valdebuli iyo, waredgina
misTvis xarjTaRricxva da Sesabamisi angariSebi; saqarTvelos biujetis SevsebaSi afxazeTi 1921 welsac
monawileobda (j. gamaxaria. qarTul-afxazur urTierTobaTa istoriidan, gv. 118-120).
1801 . iqve, gv. 123-124; Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 475.
1803 . social-federalisti, 1921, 20 ivlisi.
1804 . kavbiuros moTxovniT, afxazeTSi rkp(b)-s orgbiuros mier mosaxleobis erovnuli Semadgenlobis
Taobaze TbilisSi gagzavnili cnobis mixedviT, afxazeTis mTeli mosaxleobis (181382 kaci) 38,5%-s qarTvelebi
Seadgendnen, mTielebi da afxazebi _ 25%-s, aziuri xalxebi _ 11,1%-s, rusebi _ 9,9%-s, evropeli xalxebi _
7,6%-s, somxebi _ 7,5%-s, ebraelebi _ 0,3%-s (j. gamaxaria. qarTul-afxazur urTierTobaTa istoriidan, gv. 124).
343
warmomadgenlis _ legranis (komisiis Tav-re) monawileobiT. aTdRian vadaSi mas unda daesrulebina
xelSekrulebis proeqtis SemuSaveba. 14 noembers e.eSbam amierkavkasiis federaciaSi afxazeTis uSualod
(da ara saqarTvelos meSveobiT) Sesvlis winadadeba wamoayena (SesaZloa, wamoayenebines)1805.
kavbiuros 1921 wlis 16 noembris gadawyvetileba iyo Taviseburi pasuxi e. eSbas axal ìniciativaze~:
`1. ekonomikurad da politikurad mizanSeuwonlad CaiTvalos damoukidebeli afxazeTis arseboba.
2. winadadeba mieces amxanag eSbas, warmoadginos Tavisi saboloo daskvna saxelSekrulebo
sawyisebze afxazeTis saqarTvelos federaciis SemadgenlobaSi an avtonomiuri olqis sawyisebze rsfsr-Si
Sesvlis Sesaxeb~1806.
kavbiuros es dadgenileba mniSvnelovania imiT,rom masSi gansazRvrulia afxazeTis statusi sabWoTa
ruseTis kriteriumebis mixedviT _ avtonomiuri olqi. ufro maRali statusi mas eZleoda imisaTvis, rom
moskovis xelSi yofiliyo damoukideblobisaken saqarTvelos swrafvis Semaferxebeli berketi.
sabWoTa saqarTvelos iurisdiqciis afxazeTze srulad gavrcelebis gzaze didi mniSvneloba hqonda
kavbiuros 1921w. 21 noembris gadawyvetilebas afxazeTSi rkp-s orgbiuros organizaciulad saqarTvelos
kompartiis ck-sTan dakavSirebisa da am ukanasknelis SemadgenlobaSi e.eSbas Seyvanis Sesaxeb1807.
1921w. 16 dekembers saqarTvelom da afxazeTma xeli moaweres sakavSiro xelSekrulebas1808.
dokumentis meoTxe punqti pirdapir miuTiTebda, rom afxazeTi gaxda kavSiris ara sruluflebiani wevri,
aramed saqarTvelos Semadgeneli nawili. masSi naTqvamia: `yvela samxareo gaerTianebaSi, kerZod,
amierkavkasiis respublikebis federaciaSi afxazeTi Sedis saqarTvelos meSveobTT, romelic aZlevs mas
Tavisi adgilebis erT mesameds~1809.
afxazeTis sabWoebis pirvelma yrilobam 1922w. 17 Tebervals moiwona xelSekruleba
saqarTvelosTan. afxazeTis ssr-s Sesvla saqarTvelos ssr-s SemadgenlobaSi daadastura sruliad saqarTvelos
sabWoebis I yrilobaze (1922w. 25 II _ 3 III) miRebulma konstituciam, romelSic vkiTxulobT:
`saqarTvelos socialistur sabWoTa respublikaSi Tavisufali TviTgamorkvevis safuZvelze Sedian: aWaris
avtonomiuri socialisturi sabWoTa respublika, samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi da afxazeTis socialisturi
sabWoTa respublika; ukanaskneli ukavSirdeba saqarTvelos socialistur sabWoTa respublikas _ am
respublikaTa Soris dadebul, gansakuTrebul sakavSiro xelSekrulebis safuZvelze~1810. miuxedavad aseTi
mkafio Canawerisa saqarTvelos konstituciaSi, separatistuli istoriografia amtkicebs, TiTqos afxazeTis ssr
ar Sedioda saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi1811, magram ar ambobs (da verc ityvis), romeli respublikis Tu
qveynis nawils warmoadgenda igi. afxazeTi ar Sedioda amierkavkasiis federaciis SemadgenlobaSi; is ar
aris moxseniebuli amierkavkasiis respublikebis sakavSiro xelSekrulebaSi (1922w. 12 marti)1812, agreTve
amierkavkasiis federaciis konstituciaSi (1922w. 13 dekemberi)1813. vinaidan afxazeTi amierkavkasiis
federaciis subieqtic ki ar iyo, cxadia, is ver gaxdeboda ssr kavSiris dafuZnebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis
(1922w. 30 dekemberi)1814 uSualo monawile. sicruea, TiTqos am dokuments xeli moawera àfxazeTis ssr-
s warmomadgenelma n.aqirTavam~1815. sinamdvileSi, aRniSnul xelSekrulebas xeli moaweres mxolod
ruseTis federaciis, ukrainis, belorusiisa da amierkavkasiis federaciis warmomadgenlebma. amierkavkasiis
saxeliT dokuments xels awerda 22 kaci, maT Soris iyo ara n. aqirTava, aramed n. lakoba1816.
faqtobrivad da iuridiulad afxazeTis ssr warmoadgenda avtonomiur res-publikas. am statusiT
moixsenieba igi saqarTvelos kompartiis ck-s 1922w. 27 Te-bervlis dadgenilebaSi centralur aRmasrulebel
komitetSi adgilebis gada-nawilebis Sesaxeb: `mieces: centrs 35, afxazeTis, aWaris avtonomiur
1805. 1921w. 14 noembers saq. kompartiis ck-s plenumma moiwona rkp(b) ck-s kavbiuros gadawyvetileba
amierkavkasiis respublikebis federaciis Seqmnis Sesaxeb (Очерки истории коммунистической партии Грузии, ч. II.
Тб., 1983, gv. 28), magram am ideas bevri mowinaaRmdegec (b. mdivani da sxv.) hyavda. isini `nacional-uklonistebad~
monaTles. rogorc Cans, e.eSbam gadawyvita, esargebla am viTarebiT. arc is aris gamoricxuli, rom
`nacional-uklonistebis~ dasaSineblad mas daevala msgavsi winadadebis wamoyeneba.
1806 . j. gamaxaria. qarTul-afxazur urTierTobaTa istoriidan, gv. 125; Л. Тоидзе. К вопросу о политическом
статусе Абхазии, gv. 16-17.
1808 . xelSekrulebas saqarTvelos saxeliT xeli moawera s. qavTaraZem, afxazeTis saxeliT _ e. eSbam da s.
kartoziam.
1810 . saqarTvelos ssr konstituciuri aqtebis krebuli (1921-1978). Tb., 1983, gv. 73.
1811 . О. Бгажба, С. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 342
1812 . Образование Союза Советских Социалистических Республик. Сб. док. М., 1972, gv. 257-259.
1813 . iqve, gv. 349-359.
1814 . iqve, gv. 381-386.
1816 . Правда,1922, 31 декабря.
344
respublikebs sam-sami adgili~1817. afxazeTis partiuli da saxelmwifo struqturebi saqarTvelos Sesabamisi
struqturebis Semadgenelni da mis winaSe angariSvaldebulni gaxdnen1818.
maleve daiwyo winaswari msjelobebi konstituciidan cnebis _ `saxelSekrulebo respublika~ amoRebis
Sesaxeb. amis Taobaze saqarTvelos kompartiis ck-s mdivans beso lominaZes usaubria nestor lakobasTan.
saqarTvelos kompartiis III yrilobas 1924w. 8 maiss n.lakoba moaxsenebda: àxla lominaZe micxadebs,
rom erT weliwadSi amovSliT sityvas `saxelSekrulebo respublika~... Cven ubralod vambobT, rom varT
saxelSekrulebo respublika, da me myofnis gambedaoba, ganvacxado, rom afxazeTis glexoba or
weliwadSi am sityvebsac amoSlis~; gaixsena ra, Tu rogor upirispirebda mefis xelisufleba `kulturul
qarTvel ers afxazur erovnebas (народность)~, n.lakoba agrZelebda: àfxazebs istoriuli TvalTaxedviT
rom miudgeT, ra Tqma unda, araviTari rolis TamaSi kacobriobis istoriaSi ar SeeZloT, Tundac imitom,
rom am xalxs... ara aqvs arc Tavisi istoria, arc Tavisi damwerloba, arc Tavisi literatura~1819. afxazeTs
saqarTvelos avtonomiad miiCnevda regionis `damoukideblobis~ gamocxadebaze sanqciis mimcemi g.
orjonikiZec. 1923w. 21 dekembers afxazeTis sabWoebis meore yrilobaze man ganacxada: àfxazebma
unda icodnen, rom afxazeTi avtonomiuri respublikaa da Tanasworia Cvens kavSirSi~1820. amis Sesaxeb
dRemde araferi ìcis~ mxolod separatistulma istoriografiam. g. orjonikiZem 1924w. 5 seqtembers Tbilisis
sabWos sxdomaze gamosvlisas afxazeTi kvlav avtonomiur respublikad moixsenia1821. igive gaimeora
man rkp(b) ck-s 1924w. plenumze: `Cvenma avtonomiurma respublikebma da olqebma (aWara, afxazeTi,
samxreT oseTi) da araqarTveli mosaxleobis raionebSi ar isargebles ajanyebiT (1924w. _ avt.)
separatistuli miznebisaTvis~1822. aseTi iyo (avtonomia) afxazeTis namdvili statusi. afxazeTis istoriis
falsifikatorebi arc ssr kavSiris 1924w. konstitucias uweven angariSs; masSi ki SaviT TeTrze weria:
àvtonomiuri respublikebi aWara da afxazeTi da avtonomiuri olqebi samxreT oseTi, mTiani yarabaxi da
naxiWevani erovnebaTa sabWoSi TiTo warmomadgenels agzavnian~1823. gamodis, rom `damoukidebel~
afxazeTs realurad iseTive statusi hqonda, rogorc avtonomiur olqebs1824.
afxazeTis sabWoebis III yrilobam (1925w. 26 marti _ 1 aprili) 1925 wlis 1 aprils yovelgvari ganxilvis
gareSe daamtkica konstitucia, romelic faqtobrivad imeorebda saqarTvelos 1922 wlis konstitucias. am
mizezis gamo is ewinaaRmdegeboda saqarTvelos, amierkavkasiisa da ssr kavSiris konstituciebs,
saqarTvelosTan dadebul xelSekrulebas. soxumSi miRebuli konstituciis mixedviT, afxazeTi cxaddeboda
suverenul respublikad; masSi deklarirebuli iyo amierkavkasiis federaciidan da ssr kavSiridan Tavisufali
gasvlis ufleba; saxelmwifo enad rusuli dgindeboda1825. marTali gaxldaT n. lakoba, roca dokuments sul
male man `konstituciuri sisulele~, sulelurad dawerili konstitucia uwoda1826, Tumca Tavad brZandeboda
misi mTavari Semoqmedi. ZiriTadi `sisulele~ imaSi mdgomareobda, rom konstituciaSi ignorirebuli iyo
gansakuTrebuli xelSekrulebis safuZvelze afxazeTis saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi yofnisa da mxolod
misi meSveobiT (da ara nebayoflobiT) amierkavkasiis federaciaSi, am ukanasknelis meSveobiT ki ssr
kavSirSi gaerTianebis faqti. gamomdinare aqedan, is veranairad ver iqneboda suverenuli respublika, ver
gavidoda amierkavkasiisa da sabWoTa kavSiris Semadgenlobidan, vinaidan ar gaxldaT maTi subieqti;
saxelmwifo enad ara afxazuris, aramed ucxo enis gamocxadebac sulac ar miuTiTebda afxazeTis
suverenitetze.
1925 wlis konstitucia ar gamoqveynebula1827, Sesabamisad, ZalaSi ar Sesula. ufro metic, sabWoebis
III yrilobis biuletenSi, romelic afxazeTis centralurma aRmasrulebelma komitetma (caki) gamosca,
naTqvamia: `yrilobam gadawyvita, dasruldes muSaoba yrilobisaTvis wardgenil proeqtze, moyvanil iqnes
1817 . z. papasqiri. narkvevebi..., nakv. II, gv. 98.

1818 . iqve, gv. 98-99.
1819 . Л. Тоидзе. К вопросу о политическом статусе Абхазии, gv. 29-30. avtori uTiTebs pirvelwyaros: politikuri
partiebis arqivi (q. Tbilisi), f. 14, aRw. 2, s. 1, f. 230-235.
1820 . Съезды Советов Абхазии. Сб. док. и мат. 1922-1923. Сухуми, 1959, gv. 153.
1822 . saqarTvelos respublika, 1991, 19 Tebervali (plenumis oqmebis publikacia z. gamsaxurdias
winasityvaobiT).
1824. ssr kavSiris 1924 w. konstituciis (IV, 15) mixedviT, ruseTis federaciis avtonomiuri respublikebi
erovnebaTa sabWoSi agzavnidnen xuT-xuT warmomadgenels (e. i. xuTjer mets, vidre `damoukidebeli~ afxazeTi),
xolo avtonomiuri olqebi _ TiTos (rogorc afxazeTi).
1826. Н. А. Лакоба. Статьи и речи. Сухуми, 1987, gv. 177; Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 491.
1827. pirvelad gamoqveynda krebulSi: Съезды Советов союзных и автономных советских социалистических республик
Закавказья. Сборник документов (1923-1937 гг.), т. 6, М., 1964, gv. 686-700.

345
igi SesabamisobaSi saqarTvelos ssr da amierkavkasiis sfsr konstituciebTan~1828. amrigad, afxazeTis
cakma 1925w. 1 aprils namdvilad miRebuli konstitucia, romelic arsad ganxilula da ar gamoqveynebula,
aRiara mxolod proeqtad. am faqts malavs separatistuli istoriografia.
ruseTis kompartiis amierkavkasiis samxareo komitetma 1925w. 6 seqtembers afxazeTis
konstituciasTan dakavSirebiT daamtkica samxareo cak-is komisiis winadadebebi da daadgina: `1.
aucileblad saWirod iqnas cnobili, rom afxazeTis ssr-sa da saqarTvelos ssr-s Soris urTierToba gaformdes
konstituciuri wesiT da gadaisinjos afxazeTis sabWoebis III yrilobaze miRebuli konstitucia.
2. winadadeba mieces partiis afxazeTis saolqo komitets da saxalxo komisarTa sabWos erovnuli
sakiTxis daregulirebis mizniT amierkavkasiis cakisa da saqarTvelos cakis arsebuli dekretebis safuZvelze
SeimuSaos proeqti enebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb da warudginos saqarTvelos kompartiis ck-s.
3. sabWoTa da profesiuli organoebis arCevisas mxedvelobaSi iqnes miRebuli raionisa da mazris
erovnuli Semadgenloba~1829.
afxazeTis konstituciis sakiTxi 1925w. 6 da 31 ivliss ganixiles saqarTvelos kompartiis centralur
komitetSi1830. imave wlis 11 seqtembers saqarTvelos kompartiis afxazeTis saolqo komitetis biurom cak-s
da mTavrobas daavala afxazeTis konstituciis im muxlebis gadasinjva, romlebic saqarTvelosTan
urTierTobas exebodnen, agreTve konstituciis axali proeqtis momzadeba. sakonstitucio komisiam n.
lakobas xelmZRvanelobiT mokle vadaSi moamzada afxazeTis konstituciaSi Sesatani cvlilebebis proeqti
da 1925w. 27 seqtembers saqarTvelos kompartiis ck-s samdivnos warudgina dasamtkiceblad. samdivnom
proeqti moiwona. cvlilebebi Seexeboda `suverenitetisa~ da saxelmwifo enis (enebis) sakiTxebs. axali
proeqtiT afxazeTis xelisuflebis damoukidebloba izRudeboda ara mxolod amierkavkasiisa da ssr kavSiris
konstituciebiT (pirvandeli varianti), aramed saqarTvelosTan saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebiTac.
saxelmwifo enebad cxaddeboda afxazuri, qarTuli da rusuli1831.
aRniSnulma cvlilebebma asaxva hpoves afxazeTis 1926w. konstituciaSi. mis miRebas win uZRvoda
saqarTvelos konstituciis damtkiceba 1926w. 11-16 ivniss soxumSi gamarTul sruliad saqarTvelos cakis III
sesiaze. saqarTvelos mTavrobis angariSi sesias S.eliavam warudgina. rogorc `didi eris~
warmomadgenelma, man dagmo saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis menSevikuri mTavroba, romelic,
oratoris mtkicebiT, afxazeTs ganixilavda ara avtonomiur respublikad, aramed qveynis provinciad. isaubra
ra bolSevikuri erovnuli politikis `miRwevebze~, S.eliavam ganacxada: `bunebrivia, afxazeTic, romelic
erTgvar xelSekrulebis pirobebSi Sedis saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi, Tavis Tavs am didi kavSiris
nawilad grZnobs1832.~
afxazeTis mTavrobis angariSiT saqarTvelos cakis sesiaze n.lakoba wardga. rogorc `mcire eris~
warmomadgeneli, is sxva erebis interesebis dacvaze da saqarTvelosTan kavSirze saubrobda. àfxazeTis
respublika, _ Tqva n.lakobam, _ zogierTs esmis ise, rom Tu respublikas afxazeTisas uwodeben, es imas
niSnavs, rom respublika mxolod afxazebisaTvis aris. aseTi Sexeduleba ar Seesabameba saqmis namdvil
mdgomareobas afxazeTSi. aq umTavresi erebi Tavisi ricxviT da xvedriTi woniT, arian afxazebi,
qarTvelebi, somxebi, rusebi da berZnebi~. momxsenebelma yuradReba gaamaxvila politikur
mowinaaRmdegeebze: ài, ras emyarebian isini: afxazeTi moindomebs _ wava saqarTvelodan,
moindomebs _ darCeba saqarTveloSi, _ dasZenda n.lakoba. _ imisaTvis, rom amis Sesaxeb ar iyos
odesme raime gaugebroba, saWiroa, sruliad gadaWriT ganvacxadoT, rom afxazeTs saqarTvelodan
wasvla ar SeuZlia, ar aqvs ganzraxva da arc surs es. magram sabWoTa saqarTvelosTan erTad afxazeTi
wava Tugind saiqioSi~1833.
sesiaze sityviT gamovida soxumSi Camosuli rkp(b)-s kavkasiis samxareo komitetis pirveli mdivani
mamia oraxelaSvili (14 ivnisi). man aseve dagmo afxazeTis `mCagvreli~ saqarTvelos demokratiuli
respublika; ganacxada, rom àfxazeTis respublikas umTavresad, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, sawarmoo
xasiaTi aqvs. is mowodebulia Seqmnas da gamoasworos savsebiT afxazeTis mSromelTa kultura~ (anu
daamyaros faqtobrivi Tanasworoba, rogorc im periodSi qadagebda kompartia)1834; m.oraxelaSvili
akritikebda afxazeTis respublikis Seqmnis mowinaaRmdegeebs, aseve im pirebs, vinc, TiTqos, Seegua
1828. Съезды советов..., t. VI, gv. 673. wyarod miTiTebulia `Бюллетень III Всеабхазского съезда советов. Изд. АбЦИК,
1925, gv. 10-11.

1829. Л. Тоидзе. К вопросу о политическом статусе Абхазии, gv. 25.
1830 История Абхазской АССР. Сухуми, 1983, gv. 197.
1831. Л. Тоидзе. К вопросу о политическом статусе Абхазии, gv. 25
1832. komunisti, 1926, 13 ivnisi.
1833. komunisti, 926 w. 15 ivnisi.
1834. И. В. Сталин. Соч., т. 5. М., 1953, gv. 24, 35-36, 38, 188-189 da a. S.
346
aseTi respublikis Seqmnis faqts, magram, oratoris TqmiT, qarTuli umravlesobisaTvis1835 gabatonebuli
mdgomareobis uzrunvelyofas moiTxovda. umciresobaSi afxazTa yofnas `rodi aqvs gadamwyveti
mniSvneloba, _ acxadebda m.oraxelaSvili. _ Cven rom gvindodes afxazeTis gadaqceva saqarTvelos
respublikis meore gamocemad, es sasacilo iqneboda. Cven saqarTvelos respublikis dublikati ar
Segviqmnia da arc vfiqrobT mis Seqmnas. amitom, cxadia, Cven ar SegviZlia sakiTxis ase dayeneba, rom
raki afxazeTSi qarTuli mosaxleoba umravlesobas warmoadgens, amitom Zalaufleba, pirveloba da
politikuri xelisuflebis yvela upiratesoba mosaxleobis qarTul nawils unda ekuTvnodes~1836.
S. eliavas, n. lakobasa da m. oraxelaSvilis gamosvlebSi mkacrad iyo
daculi XXs. 20-30-ian wlebSi kompartiis e.w. erovnuli politikis ZiriTadi
moTxovnebi didmpyrobelur SovinizmTan da `wvrilburJuaziul~
nacionalizmTan brZolis aucileblobis Sesaxeb . am farisevluri politikis
1837
Sesabamisad, qarTvel bolSevikebs evalebodaT `qarTuli Sovinizmis~ dagmoba

da afxazebis dacva1838; afxaz bolSevikebs ki unda esaubraT nacionalistur
gadaxrebze afxazeTSi da saqarTvelosTan mWidro kavSiris aucileblobaze.
asec moiqcnen ZiriTadi gamomsvlelebi saqarTvelos cakis III yrilobaze, magram
realurad arsebuli problemebis mogvareba msgavs gamosvlebs, cxadia, ar
SeeZlo.
SeuZlebelia, gverdi avuaroT sesiis 13 ivnisis sxdomaze afxazi glexis,
vinme maTuas gamosvlas. man ilaparaka 1877w. TurqeTSi gadasaxlebulTa
gaWirvebul mdgomareobaze da sTxova mTavrobas, `miiRos zomebi muhajirebis
samSobloSi dasabruneblad~1839. Tavis droze saqarTvelos demokratiuli
respublika Zalian axlos iyo aRniSnuli problemis gadaWrasTan (aqve, gv. 302),
magram maqsimumi, risi gakeTebac moskovis diqtats daqvemdebarebul sabWoTa
saqarTvelos SeeZlo, iyo cakis sesiaze maTuas gamosvlis organizeba (an
winaaRmdegobis argaweva) da amis Sesaxeb gazeTSi mokle informaciis
gamoqveyneba.
saqarTvelos cakis III sesiam soxumSi miiRo saqarTvelos ssr-is axali
konstitucia; misi V Tavi _ `mokavSire afxazeTis socialisturi sabWoTa
respublika~ mTlianad eZRvneboda saqarTvelos ssr da afxazeTis ssr Soris
urTierTobis konstituciuri wesiT daregulirebas1840. saqarTvelos ZiriTadi
kanonis es nawili (V Tavi) ucvlelad Sevida sabWoTa afxazeTis faqtobrivad
pirvel konstituciaSi da Seadgina misi meore Tavi. 1926w. 27 oqtombers igi
miiRo afxazeTis muSaTa, glexTa da wiTelarmielTa sabWoebis centraluri
aRmasrulebeli komitetis (caki) III sesiam1841 da sabolood daamtkica afxazeTis
sabWoebis IV yrilobam (1927w. 5-10 marti). konstituciaSi orjer aris
dafiqsirebuli (muxlebi 2 da 17), rom afxazeTis ssr `gansakuTrebuli
xelSekrulebis ZaliT Sedis~ saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi, xolo misi
meSveobiT _ amierkavkasiis federaciaSi. saxelmwifo enad aRiarebulia
afxazuri, qarTuli da rusuli (muxli 8); Tbilissa da soxums Soris
uflebamosilebas mijnavda 21-e muxli. afxazeTis Sinagan saqmeTa, iusticiis,
ganaTlebis, jandacvis, miwaTmoqmedebis da socialuri uzrunvelyofis saxalxo
komisariatebi (saministroebi) moqmedebdnen saqarTvelos saTanado
1835. 1926 wlis aRweris monacemebiT, afxazeTis mTeli mosaxleoba Seadgenda 212 aTas kacs, maT Soris
yvelaze meti iyo qarTveli _ 68 aTasi, Semdeg modioda afxazi _ 55,9 aTasi, somexi _ 34,7 aTasi, rusi _ 20,4
aTasi, berZeni _ 27 aTasi, sxvebi _ 6 aTasi (Г. Лежава. Изменение классово-национальной структуры населения Абхазии
(конец XIX – 70-е годы XX в. ). Сухуми, 1889, gv. 26).
1837. И. В. Сталин. Соч., т. 5. М., 1953, gv. 27-28, 40, 187-190 da a. S.
1838. 1923 w. martSi i. stalini werda: `qarTuli Sovinizmis~ Sesaxeb, `romelic mimarTulia somxebis, osebis
da afxazebis winaaRmdeg~ (И. В. Сталин. Соч., т. 5б gv. 189). es iyo bolSevikuri sicrue da ciliswameba, magram,
miuxedavad amisa, qarTvel komunistebs mainc unda èbrZolaT~ am mogonili Sovinizmis winaaRmdeg.
1840. saqarTvelos ssr konstituciuri aqtebis krebuli, gv. 117-120. konstitucia sabolood daamtkica
saqarTvelos ssr sabWoebis IV yrilobam (1927 w. 28 marti _ 3 aprili).
1841. afxazeTis konstitucia gamoqveynda da ZalaSi Sevida 1926 wels. ix. Основной закон (Конституция)
Советской Социалистической Республики Абхазии. Сухуми, 1926.

347
komisariatebisagan damoukideblad; saxalxo meurneobis umaRlesi sabWo ormag
daqvemdebarebaSi imyofeboda; afxazeTis mTavrobis SemadgenlobaSi gadamwyveti
an saTaTbiro xmis uflebiT (amis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas afxazeTis caki
iRebda) Sediodnen finansTa, Sromis da muSaTa da glexTa inspeqciis saxalxo
komisariatis rwmunebulebi, romlebic saqarTvelos Sesabamisi komisariatebis
organoebs warmoadgendnen, magram periodulad angariSs udgendnen afxazeTis
caks da mTavrobas; saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze gasavrceleblad
gamocemul saqarTvelos cakis kodeqsebs, dekretebs da dadgenilebebs
savaldebulo Zala hqondaT afxazeTis ssr teritoriaze; konstituciasTan
Seusabamo afxazeTis sabWoebis yrilobebis, cakis sesiebisa da mTavrobis
dadgenilebebs auqmebda saqarTvelos sabWoebis yriloba an caki; 125-e muxlis
mixedviT, afxazeTis ssr biujeti misi damtkicebis Semdeg xdeboda saqarTvelos
biujetis nawili.
erTi SexedviT, Tbilissa da soxums Soris uflebamosileba sakmaod mkafiod
gaimijna. sinamdvileSi, sabWoTa konstituciebi formalur xasiaTs atarebdnen;
realuri Zalaufleba partiuli organoebis xelSi iyo Tavmoyrili.
saqarTvelos kompartiis ck-s nebismieri gadawyvetileba nebismier sferoSi
savaldebulo gaxldaT afxazeTis organizaciisaTvis. garda amisa,
afxazeTisaTvis, cxadia, savaldebulo iyo amierkavkasiis da ssr kavSiris
partiuli Tu saxelmwifo organoebis yvela gadawyvetileba.
amrigad, afxazeTis ssr-s gansakuTrebul gamgeblobas ar ganekuTvneboda
saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis arcerTi sfero maSin, roca saqarTvelos
demokratiul respublikaSi mas bevrad meti uflebebi hqonda. 1921w. 21
Tebervals damfuZnebeli krebis mier damtkicebuli debulebis mixedviT
avtonomiuri afxazeTis srul gamgeblobaSi rCeboda saxalxo ganaTleba, maT
Soris umaRlesi, kulturuli mSenebloba, samomrigeblo sasamarTlo,
sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebisa da wesrigis dacva, jandacva da a.S.1842
bunebrivad ismis kiTxva: ra mizniT Seiqmna (Tundac droebiT) afxazeTis ssr,
ufro sworad, ratom ewoda afxazeTis avtonomias sabWoTa socialisturi
respublika? oficialuri versiiT, romelic dafiqsirebulia adgilobrivi
partiuli Tu sabWoTa organoebis masalebSi, xelmZRvaneli pirebis
gamosvlebSi, afxazeTis `damoukideblobis~ droebiTi gamocxadeba miznad
isaxavda sabWoTa xelisuflebis ideis ganmtkicebas, agreTve menSevikebis mier
qarTvelebsa da afxazebs Soris viTom daTesili erovnuli SuRlis
aRmofxvras1843. pirdapir unda iTqvas, rom regionis formaluri damoukideblobis
gamocxadebiT afxazTa Soris adre arapopularuli sabWoTa ideis ganmtkicebis
mizani namdvilad iqna miRweuli. amieridan sabWoTa xelisuflebis dacva
afxazeTSi unda gaigivebuliyo `damoukideblobis~ dacvasTan; amitom
separatistuli istoriografia dRemde xotbas asxams kacobriobis istoriaSi am
erT-erT yvelaze antiadamianur politikur reJims1844, romelic aravis aniWebda
namdvil damoukideblobas, piriqiT, ZaliT ipyrobda da sabWour imperias
uerTebda adre damoukidebel saxelmwifoebs. separatistebs àr moswonT~
mxolod ssr kavSiris umaRles partiul da sabWoTa Tanamdebobebze myofi
qarTvelebi, gansakuTrebiT, viTomda afxazeTis `sazianod~ saqarTveloze
`mzrunveli~ i.stalini da l. beria1845. rac Seexeba qarTvelTa da afxazTa Soris
erovnuli SuRlis aRmofxvras, realurad aseTi mizani sabWoTa xelisuflebas
1842. 1919 w. Semodgomaze afxazeTis saxalxo sabWos delegaciasa da damfuZnebeli krebis warmomadgenlebs
Soris miRweuli SeTanxmebiT, romelic gasabWoebamde moqmedebda, afxazeTis srul gamgeblobas
ganekuTvneboda yvela sfero, garda sagareo politikisa, jarisa, sazRvao portebisa, sabaJosi, safinanso da
sasamarTlo sistemebisa, fosta-telegrafisa, rkinigzisa da saerTosaxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis
gzatkecilebisa (Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 451-453, 466-469).
1843. j. gamaxaria. qarTul-afxazur urTierTobaTa istoriidan, gv. 116-118.
1844. ix. С. Лакоба. Очерки политической истории Абхазии; О. Бгажба, С. Лакоба. История Абхазии da a.S.
1845. am sakiTxSi separatistTa Sexedulebebis kritika ix.: z. papasqiri. narkvevebi..., nakv. II, gv. 120-131.
348
arc dausaxavs. piriqiT, afxazeTis ssr-s gamocxadebiT mefis ruseTis (da ara
menSevikebis) mier daTesili SuRli da undobloba kidev ufro gaRrmavda, ris
Sesaxebac gaz. `socialist-federalistma~ 1921w. ivnis-ivlisSi ramdenime
uaRresad mwvave werili gamoaqveyna1846. `damoukidebel~ afxazeTSi, iseve rogorc
Tavis droze mefis ruseTSi, gaZlierda antiqarTuli propaganda, qarTvelTa
devna-Seviwroeba1847. afxazeTis mosaxleobis qarTuli umravlesoba amasTan
dakavSirebiT xmamaRla gamoxatavda ukmayofilebas. xma aRimaRla saqarTvelos
inteligenciamac. vaxtang kotetiSvili aRSfoTebuli werda imis Sesaxeb, Tu
rogor ikrZaleboda `damoukidebel~ afxazeTSi, èSba-lakobas mamulSi~
yovelive qarTuli, rogor iCagreboda mosaxleobis umravlesoba; es yovelive,
misi azriT, sulac ar uwyobda xels afxazTa erovnul aRorZinebas, rogorc
zogierTebi fiqrobdnen; piriqiT, mimdinareobda regionis rusifikacia.
v.kotetiSvilma saqarTvelos revkoms mouwoda, bolo mouRos antiqarTul
politikas, gaauqmos sadRac `kabinetebSi~ miRebuli deklaracia afxazeTis
damoukideblovis Sesaxeb da aRadginos respublikis teritoriuli mTlianoba1848.
afxazeTSi qarTvelTa Seviwroebis mizanmimarTuli politika cxum-afxazeTis
eparqiisa da misi xelmZRvanelis _ mitropolit ambrosis (xelaia) devnaSic
gamoixata. sabWoTa xelisuflebis erT-erTi pirveli aqtiT soxumis sakaTedro
taZari gadaeca rusul samRvdeloebas, romelic qarTul avtokefalur eklesias
jer kidev ar eqvemdebareboda; eparqias CamoarTves samRvdelmTavro saxli;
mitropolit ambrosis mouwia `xuTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi xan visTan da xan visTan
Tavis Sefareba~, daangries karis eklesia, sanaxevrod gaanadgures arqivi,
mRvdelmsaxurT CamoarTves sacxovrebeli saxlebi. `yoveli es moxda axali
mTavrobis damyarebis pirvel Tvesve~1849, _ brZanebda wm. aRmsarebeli ambrosi.
dapirispirebam erovnul niadagze saxifaTo masStabebs miaRwia; am Temaze
Riad saubrobda n. lakobac. soxumSi gamarTul saqarTvelos cak-is III sesiaze
mis mier gakeTebuli gancxadebiT, qarTvelebi, somxebi da berZnebi ar
eTanxmebian imas, rom afxazeTis mTeli mmarTveloba iyos mxolod afxazTa
xelSi1850. saqarTvelos kompartiis afxazeTis saolqo komitetis 1926w. 1 ivnisis
plenumzec iTqva imis Sesaxeb, rom erovnebaTa araTanasworuflebianobam,
gaumarTlebelma privilegiebma afxazebisaTvis (samxedro samsaxuridan
ganTavisufleba, miwiT pirvel rigSi dakmayofileba, upiratesoba xelmZRvanel
Tanamdebobebze kadrebis SerCevisas da a.S.) gamoiwvies mosaxleobis iZulebiTi
asimilacia (gaafxazeba)1851.
iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom afxazeTis `damoukideblobis~ gamocxadebis erT-
erTi mTavari mizani swored erovnuli SuRlis gaRviveba da am motiviT
saqarTvelosagan misi Camocilebis gegmis ganxorcieleba iyo, rasac calsaxad
adasturebs p. sitinis zemoTmotanili moxsenebac. isic cxadia, rom
gasabWoebamde bolSevikebi afxazeTSi avrcelebdnen xmebs saqarTvelosagan
misi gamoyofis Sesaxeb, mouwodebdnen afxazebs ruseTTan mierTebisaken1852.
afxazeTis `damoukidebloba~ warmoadgenda mxolod pirvel nabijs am
mowodebebisa Tu dapirebebis realizaciis gzaze, miznis miRwevis erTgvar
Sualedur models, politikuri mowyobis gardamaval formas im etapisaTvis,
roca rusulma saokupacio xelisuflebam regioni naZaladevad gasabWoebuli

1847. vrclad amis Sesaxeb ix.: z. papasqiri. narkvevebi..., nakv. II, gv. 109-118.
1848. socialist-federalisti, 1926 w. 26 ivlisi (ix. agreTve Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 478-
480).
1849.
wm. aRmsarebeli ambrosi da afxazeTi, gv. 351.
Трудовая Абхазия, 1926, 19 ivniss; ix. agreTve: komunisti, 1926, 15 ivnisi. afxazeTis xelisuflebaSi 14
1850.
xelmZRvaneli piridan 1927 w. iyo 9 afxazi, 3 qarTveli, TiTo somexi da rusi. 1929 wlisaTvis suraTi odnav
Seicvala: 7 afxazi, 5 qarTveli, TiTo rusi da berZeni (Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 801).
1852. iqve, gv. 465.
349
saqarTvelos iurisdiqciis miRma daafiqsira da Riad datova misi Semdgomi
bedis (ruseTTan Tu saqarTvelosTan SeerTebis) sakiTxi1853. afxazeTis
saqarTvelosagan mowyvetis mcdeloba qarTulma sazogadoebam CaSala; am
veragul Canafiqrs, rogorc zemoT iTqva, win aRudga inteligencia. zedmeti
garTulebebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, i. stalini da g. orjonikiZe, etyoba, ar
wavidnen morig mZime danaSaulze, samagierod marjved gaiTamaSes afxazeTis
karti urCi saqarTvelos dasasjelad. afxazeTis droebiT `damoukideblobas~
ruseTi iyenebda saqarTveloze zewolisaTvis da aiZulebda mas Segueboda
sabWoTa wyobas, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi dakargavda mxolod `droebiT
CamorTmeul~ teritorias; afxazeTs ki am dros moCvenebiTi damoukideblobis
ufleba sabWoTa ruseTisadmi gaorkecebuli erTgulebiT unda daemsaxurebina,
Tu ar surda kvlav saqarTvelosTan mierTeba.
saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis ganmtkicebis kvalobaze, roca imperiis
mesveurTa azriT, moixsna misi damoukideblobis aRdgenis safrTxe, afxazeTis
ssr-s Semakavebeli funqcia amowurulad CaiTvala. garda amisa, 20-30-an wlebSi
mimdinareobda ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali avtonomiebis reorganizacia.
afxazebze bevrad mravalricxovani erebi avtonomiuri olqebis, saukeTeso
SemTxvevaSi avtonomiuri respublikebis statuss inarCunebdnen, an Rebulobdnen.
ssr kavSiris konstituciiT, afxazeTic avtonomiur respublikas warmoadgenda,
saqarTvelos konstituciiT ki _ sabWoTa socialistur respublikas. misi
magaliTi, SesaZloa, gadamdebic gamxdariyo sxva avtonomiebisaTvis da safrTxe
Seeqmna ruseTis mTlianobisaTvis. mxedvelobaSia misaRebi is garemoebac, rom
afxazeT-saqarTvelos 1921w. 16 dekembris xelSekruleba ukve ar Seesabameboda
konstituciuri gziT regulirebad realur urTierTobebs.
am viTarebaSi savsebiT kanonzomierad unda miviCnioT afxazeTis
samarTlebrivi statusis ssr kavSiris konstituciasTan SesabamisobaSi moyvana.
amis aucileblobas gulisxmobda, albaT, n.lakoba, roca 1929w. 4 ivliss
saqarTvelos kompartiis VI yrilobaze ganacxada: `konstituciuri urTierToba
afxazeTsa da saqarTvelos Soris iseTnairadaa formirebuli, rom TviT
afxazeTs mouwevs raRaceebis gasworeba Tavis konstituciaSi; saubari imaze,
rom afxazeTi ukmayofiloa saqarTveloTi, sruli sisulelea~1854. misi TqmiT,
saqarTvelosa da afxazeTis mSromelebis politikuri Tanasworoba didi xnis
uzrunvelyofilia, memkvidreobiT miRebuli ekonomikuri da kulturuli
uTanasworobis aRmosafxvrelad ki saqarTvelo yvelafers akeTebda. es iyo
miniSneba imaze, rom afxazeTis respublikam Tavisi misia Seasrula. 1930w. 17
aprils afxazeTis cak-is III sesiam ganixila afxazeT-saqarTvelos Soris
saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis gadasinjvis sakiTxi. sesiisaTvis afxazeTis
mTavrobis mier momzadebul cnobaSi naTqvamia: ìmasTan dakavSirebiT, rom
1921w. 16 dekembris xelSekrulebam dakarga realuri mniSvneloba da,
Sesabamisad, igi SeiZleba ganvixiloT mxolod rogorc SeTanxmeba afxazeTis
ssr da saqarTvelos ssr gaerTianebis Sesaxeb, xolo am respublikebis
namdvili urTierTobebi zustadaa gansazRvruli maT konstituciebSi, _
aucilebelia vaRiaroT, rom afxazeTis ssr saxelwodebas `saxelSekrulebo
respublika~ realuri Sinaarsi ar gaaCnia~1855. marTlac, xelSekrulebis
Tanaxmad, afxazeTis Tu saqarTvelos kompetencias mikuTvnebuli
uflebamosilebebi amierkavkasiis da ssr kavSiris gamgeblobaSi gadavida;
xelSekruleba winaaRmdegobaSi modioda saqarTvelosa da afxazeTis
1853. daaxloebiT igive viTareba Seiqmna ufro adre naxiWevanis garSemoc, romelsac ver iyofdnen
azerbaijani da somxeTi. 1920 w. ivlisSi gamocxadda naxiWevanis ssr, magram 1923 w. TebervalSi is Sevida
azerbaijanis SemadgenlobaSi avtonomiuri mxaris statusiT, 1924 wlidan ki _ avtonomiuri respublikaa (А.
Ментешашвили. Исторические предпосылки, gv. 68).
1854. Л. Тоидзе. К вопросу о политическом статусе Абхазии, gv. 26.
1855. iqve, gv. 27.
350
konstituciebTanac. amitomac dakarga man realuri Sinaarsi. sesiam es
gaiTvaliswina da konstituciidan amoiRo saxelwodeba `saxelSekrulebo
respublika~ da igi àvtonomiuri respublika~-Ti Secvala1856. amasTanave, 1926w.
konstituciiT gansazRvrul uflebamosilebaTa gadasinjva ar momxdara.
konstituciaSi Sevida kidev erTi axali cvlileba _ cak-s Seerwya saxalxo
komisarTa sabWo. 1931w. 11 Tebervals es cvlilebebi daamtkica afxazeTis
sabWoebis VI yrilobam, romelsac bagafSi Tavmjdomareobda1857. amieridan
gauqmebulad CaiTvala 1921w. 16 dekembris xelSekruleba. yrilobaze sityviT
gamosulma n.lakobam aRniSna: `saqarTvelosa da afxazeTis mSromelebs Soris
urTierTobis sakiTxi mTlianad gadawyvetilia~1858. man gaakritika afxazeTis
enisa da literaturis instituti, romelic, misi azriT, ar iTvaliswinebda
afxazuri enis SesaZleblobebs da cdilobda am enaze ùTargmnelis Targmnas~,
agreTve imis `damtkicebas, rom afxazuri literatura jer kidev adamze adre
arsebobda. istoriaSi is ar arsebula da dausviT wertili~1859. aseTi iyo n.
lakobas oficialuri pozicia.
1931w. 14 Tebervals saqarTvelos sabWoebis VI yrilobam moismina
saqarTvelosa cakis mdivnis s. Todrias moxseneba saqarTvelos konstituciaSi
cvlilebebis Setanis Sesaxeb. man daadastura afxazeTis sabWoebis VI yrilobis
gadawyvetileba - afxazeTi avtonomiuri respublikis statusiT Sedioda
saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi. 1921w. 16 dekembris xelSekruleba ki
Zaladakargulad gamocxadda . 1860
afxazeTisa da saqarTvelos sabWoebis VI yrilobebis sakonstitucio

gadawyvetilebebs gudauTis raionSi separatistTa gamosvlebi mohyva,
romlebSic n.lakobas dedac monawileobda. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom am
gamosvlebis ukan n.lakoba idga1861. misi sityva da saqme xSirad erTmaneTs ar
emTxveodnen. erTi mxriv, n.lakoba saqarTvelosTan erTianobas qadagebda, meore
mxriv, eTnokratiul, klanur reJimze dayrdnobiT, separatistul da Sovinistur
politikas atarebda1862.
afxazeTis ssr-is avtonomiur respublikad gardaqmnam, seriozuli dartyma
miayena separatistebs, gamoaSkarava e.w. `leninuri erovnuli politikis~
siyalbe; miTi imis Sesaxeb, TiTqos komunisturma reJimma saqarTvelos
demokratiuli respublikis mier `daCagrul~ da am `Cagvris~ winaaRmdeg
gmirulad mebrZol afxaz xalxs uboZa saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba,
sapnis buStiviT gaskda1863.
Sors aris sinamdvilisagan mtkiceba, TiTqos 1931w. Seilaxa àfxazeTis
suverenuli uflebebi~1864. arc 1921w. xelSekrulebaSi, arc 1926w. konstituciaSi
araferia naTqvami afxazeTis suverenitetis Sesaxeb. separatistebs ar surT,
Tvali gausworon simarTles da aRiaron, rom 1931w. afxazeTis konstutucia
srul SesabamisobaSi iqna moyvanili ssr kavSiris moqmed (1924 wlidan)
konstituciasTan, sadac afxazeTi avtonomiuri respublikis statusiT aris
dafiqsirebuli.
cvlilebebi afxazeTis konstituciaSi ganxorcielda saxelmwifoebrivi
mowyobis im politikis konteqstSi, romelsac XXs. 30-ian wlebSi sabWoTa reJimi
1856. ar arsebobs monacemebi, romlebic daadastureben separatistuli istoriografiis mtkicebas imis

Sesaxeb, TiTqos i.stalini mzad iyo, uari eTqva afxazeTSi koleqtivizaciis Catarebaze Tu respublika
avtonomiis statusiT saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi Sevidoda (О. Бгажба, С. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 343).
1857. Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 125, 503-504.
1858. iqve, gv. 503.
1859. iqve.
1860. komunisti, 1931, 20 Tebervali; Съезды Советов..., т. VI, gv. 557-561.
1861. О. Бгажба, С.. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 347.
1862. vrclad amis Sesaxeb ix.: z. papasqiri. narkvevebi..., nakv. II, gv. 110-113, 117, 122-123; j.anCabaZe. qarTul-
afxazuri urTierTobebis istoriidan. Tb., 2005, gv. 76.
1863. z. papasqiri. narkvevebi..., nakv. II, gv. 118.
1864. О. Бгажба, С.. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 344.
351
atarebda. kerZod, mimdinareobda xelisuflebis centralizaciis, ssr kavSiris
unitarizaciis, kanonmdeblobis, pirvel rigSi, mokavSire da avtonomiuri
respublikebis konstituciebis unificirebis procesi, romelic gamonakliss
afxazeTisaTvis ver dauSvebda. aRniSnulma procesma moiTxova afxazeTis assr
konstituciis axali redaqciis momzadeba. afxazeTis sabWoebis VII yrilobam
(1935w. 2-7 ianvari) 1935 wlis 7 ianvars daamtkica konstitucia,1865 romelmac
gansazRvra avtonomiis samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba. Tu 1926w. konstitucia
formalurad mainc mijnavda uflebamosilebas Tbilissa da soxums Soris, 1935w.
konstituciam sruli centralizacia daafiqsira _ avtonomiuri respublikis
yvela saxalxo komisariati saqarTvelos saTanado uwyebebs daeqvemdebara
(muxli 42)1866. saqarTvelos konstituciaSic (muxli 78) Sevida Sesabamisi
damateba, romelic sxva cvlilebebTan erTad sabWoebis VII yrilobam (1935w. 10-
14 ianvari) daamtkica1867.
afxazeTis sabWoebis VII yrilobam cakis Tavmjdomaris n.lakobas moxsenebis
safuZvelze miRebul rezoluciaSi aRniSna, rom sakonstitucio norma sami
saxelmwifo enis Sesaxeb cxovrebaSi realurad ar tardeba1868. yrilobam
soflebSi saqmiswarmoebis mSobliur enaze gadayvana moiTxova1869.
ssr kavSiris unitarizaciisa da qveyanaSi totalitaruli politikuri
sistemis Camoyalibebis procesi 1936 wlis 5 dekembers sakavSiro sabWoebis VIII
sagangebo yrilobaze `stalinuri konstituciis~ miRebiT ZiriTadad
dasrulda . gauqmda (1936w.) amierkavkasiis federacia da saqarTvelo uSualod
1870
Sevida ssr kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi. respublikis axali konstitucia

saqarTvelos sabWoebis VIII sagangebo yrilobam (1936w. 15 noemberi, 1937w. 10-13
Tebervali) 1937w. 13 Tebervals miiRo. saqarTvelos konstituciis safuZvelze
afxazeTis sabWoebis VIII sagangebo yrilobam (1936w. 12-13 noemberi, 1937w. 30
ivlisi _ 2 agvisto) moismina cakis Tavmjdomaris a.agrbas moxseneba da 1937w. 2
agvistos miiRo avtonomiuri respublikis axali konstitucia1871, saidanac gaqra
1935 wlis konstituciaSic SenarCunebuli saxelmwifoebriobis iseTi
atributebic ki, rogoricaa sakuTari Rerbi da droSa (muxlebi 83-84);
saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis arcerTi sfero formaluradac ar darCenila arc
saqarTvelos da arc afxazeTis gamgeblobaSi.
1937w. miRebuli konstituciebis Sesabamisad, saqarTvelosa da afxazeTis
isedac sustma sabWourma saxelmwifoebriobam realuri Sinaarsi TiTqmis
dakarga. mokavSire da avtonomiuri respublikebi mkacrad centralizebuli
totalitaruli saxelmwifos _ ssr kavSiris uuflebo nawilebad iqcnen.
1865. Съезды Советов... т. 6, gv. 766-787.

1866. iqve, gv. 766-773.
1867. sruliad saqarTvelos sabWoTa VII yriloba (stenografiuli angariSi). Tb, 1935, gv. 248.
1868. n. lakobam Tavis moxsenebaSi aRniSna, rom saqmiswarmoeba mSobliur (qarTul) enaze gadavida mxolod
galis raionSi. _ Советская Абхазия, 1935, 16 января.

1869. Советская Абхазия, 1935, 14 января; Съезды Советов..., т. 6, gv. 764-765.
1870. komunisturi reJimi axali konstituciis miRebas ssr kavSirSi socialisturi sazogadoebis SeqmniT
asabuTebda.
1871. Советская Абхазия, 1937, 4 августа.
352
Tavi XVIII. afxazeTi sabWoTa socializmis epoqaSi.
1938_1990ww.
afxazeTis 1937 w. konstituciis safuZvelze, romelmac gansazRvra av-
tonomiuri respublikis politikuri organizaciisa da socialur–ekonomi-
kuri sistemis sawyisebi, moxda xelisuflebisa da mmarTvelobis organoebis
formireba. 1938 wlis 12 ivniss gaimarTa umaRlesi sabWos arCevnebi. sabWos
pirvelma sesiam 1938 wlis 12-14 ivliss airCia umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumisa
(Tav-re _ m. delba, moadgile – i. zarandia) da afxazeTis saxalxo komisarTa
sabWos (Tav-re – a. rafava, moadgile _ i. tania) axali Semadgenloba.1872
afxazeTSi sabWouri socialisturi wyobilebis genezisisa da socializmis
safuZvlebis mSeneblobis procesi mimdinareobda saerToimperiuli kanonzom-
ierebis farglebSi da saerTosakavSiro generaluri mimarTulebebis (in-
dustrializacia, koleqtivizacia, kulturuli revolucia,1873 axali
socialisturi mmarTvelobiTi da gamanawilebeli sistemis formireba,
komunisturi ideologiuri orientaciis inteleqtualuri elitis Seqmna da
a.S.) regionaluri proeqciis safuZvelze.
afxazeTSi `socializmis mSeneblobis~ safuZvlebis dasrulebisa da ganvi-
Tarebis axal etapze gadasvlis gamocxadeba, iseve rogorc mTel sabWoTa
kavSirSi, cxadia, atarebda upiratesad ideologiur, doqtrinalur xasiaTs.
amasTan unda aRiniSnos, rom amgvari daskvna emyareboda savsebiT realur
obieqtur safuZvlebsac. maT ganekuTvneba: samrewvelo industriis
safuZvlebis Seqmna da totaluri agraruli reforma, afxazeTis socialuri
struqturis radikaluri Secvla (30-iani wlebis dasasrulisaTvis
socializmis sayrdenad miCneuli fenebis xvedriTi wili Seadgenda
mosaxleobis 80 %-ze mets _ muSebi 21 %-s, glexoba _ 60_61 %-s), axali
socialisturi inteligenciisa da kulturul-saganmanaTleblo qselebis
formireba. mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi moxda agreTve sazogadoebriv
fsiqologiaSi. aqtiur cxovrebiseul moRvaweobaSi Caeba Taoba, romelic
aRizarda 20_30-ian wlebSi da romlisTvisac socializmamdeli periodi (maT
Soris 1918_1921 wlebSi saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi qarTvel
xalxTan erTad demokratiuli da avtonomiuri principebis safuZvelze
Tanacxovrebisa da TanaganviTarebis tradicia) ukve istoriis kuTvnileba iyo.
amis gamo progresul–konservatiuli antisocialisturi moZraobis obieqturi
SesaZlebloba praqtikulad gamoiricxa.
socialisturi reJimi afxazeTSi Sevida politikuri stabilizaciis
fazaSi. swored am dros regions gadauara masobrivi saxelmwifo terorisa
da politikuri represiebis talRam, romelmac qarTveli, afxazi da sxva
erovnebis aseulobiT moqalaqis sicocxle Seiwira. usafuZvlo represiebs
daeqvemdebara samecniero da SemoqmedebiTi inteligenciis mniSvnelovani
nawili. oficialuri monacemebiT, 1937 wlis ivlisidan 1938 wlis oqtombramde
afxazeTSi represirebul iqna 2186 adamiani, maT Soris 794 _ sasjelis
umaRlesi zomiT.1874 gansakuTrebiT gaxmaurda procesebi iseT saqmeebze,
rogoricaa àfxazeTSi antisabWoTa nacionalisturi organizaciis Sesaxeb~
da àfxazeTSi kontrrevoluciuri, diversiul-mavnebluri, sajaSuSo da
trockistul-teroristuli organizaciis Sesaxeb~. ufro adre, 1936 wels
politikuri represiebis msxverplni gaxdnen afxazeTSi komunisturi moZ-
raobis veteranebi da, amave dros, separatistuli socializmis cnobili
ideologebi n.lakoba da n.aqirTava.
1872 . sabWoTa afxazeTi, 1938, 14-16 ivlisi.

1873 . g. gasviani. afxazeTi XIXs. bolosa da XX saukuneebSi. Tb., 2004, gv. 388-401.
1874 . , , 1991, gv. 348.
353
politikuri represiebi afxazeTSi warmoadgenda danarCen saqarTvelosa da
mTel sabWoTa imperiaSi mimdinare saxelmwifo teroris saerTo procesis
nawils. es iyo saerTo tragedia, romelic imperiaSi inkorporirebul ukle-
bliv yvela xalxs daatexa Tavs bolSevikur-radikalur marqsistul-leninur
ideologiur principebze dafuZnebulma komunisturma sistemam da totalita-
ruli saxelmwifos represiulma institutebma. es iyo umkacresi politikuri
diqtatis, saxelmwifo terorisa da sanqcirebuli Zaladobis gziT sazogadoe-
bis, maT Soris calkeul eTnosTa kulturis, ganviTarebis blokirebis
universaluri strategia. am procesSi afxazma eTnosma iseTive represiuli
zewola ganicada, rogoric gacilebiT didi masStabiT ganicada qarTvelma
erma da sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi Semavalma sxva erebma.
amitom 30-iani wlebis meore naxevris politikuri represiebis problemati-
kis farglebSi romelime xalxisTvis SeRavaTebisa `miniWebis~ xazgasma iseve
usafuZloa, rogorc, vTqvaT, konkretulad afxazi xalxis uflebaTa gansa-
kuTrebuli Selaxvis an represiebis specifikuri antiafxazuri eTno-
diversiuli Semadgenlis Teoriuli konstruireba, rogorc amas cdilobs
afxazuri istoriografia. represiebma udidesi ziani miayena `stalinis
samSoblosac~ mosaxleobis nawilis fizikuri ganadgurebisa da cimbirSi
gadasaxlebis, qarTuli aristokratiisa da inteleqtualuri elitis
likvidaciis saxiT.
afxazeTi warmoadgenda saqarTvelosa da mTlianad sabWoTa kavSiris
totalitaruli saxelmwifoebrivi struqturisa da mbrZaneblur-adminis-
traciuli sistemis organul nawils, mis regionalur variants. amitom av-
tonomiuri respublikis partiul-politikuri, socialur-ekonomikuri da
kulturuli ganviTareba warimarTa saerTod sabWoTa kavSiris totalita-
ruli ideologiis damkvidrebis, komunisturi partiis diqtaturis
ganmtkicebis, demokratiisa da adamianis uflebebis dacvis meqanizmebis ar
arsebobis, socialisturi kulturuli mSeneblobis (`formiT erovnuli,
SinaarsiT socialisturi kulturis~) universaluri procesis farglebSi.
ganviTarebis universaluri xazis garda afxazeTis avtonomiur re-
spublikaSi, gansakuTrebiT XX saukunis 40-iani wlebis meore naxevridan
gamoikveTa meore paraleluri tendencia, romelmac arsebiTi gavlena
moaxdina regionis sazogadoebriv-politikur ganviTarebaze da
mniSvnelovanwilad ganapiroba kidec gasuli saukunis dasasrulis destru-
qciuli procesebi. am paraleluri procesis Sinagani struqtura sami sa-
baziso ideologiuri sistemis _ saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis
qarTuli ideis, rusuli sabWoTa imperializmisa da afxazuri separatizmis
`Tanaarseboba_TanaganviTarebasa~ da maT bazaze Camoyalibebuli
sazogadoebriv-politikuri substruqturebis strategiul dapirispirebaSi
mdgomareobs.
XXs. 40-iani wlebidan afxazeTi warmoadgenda am sami ideologiuri sis-
temis, sami msoflmxedvelobrivi samyaros konfliqtis vels. afxazeTis sa-
zogadoebrivi da kulturuli garemo, misi politikuri sivrce erTgvarad
gajerebuli iyo saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis qarTuli ideis, rusuli
imperializmisa da afxazuri separatizmis permanentuli Sejaxebis sxvadasxva
etapebiT. TiToeul am sistemas hqonda sakuTari specifikuri interesebi,
miznebi, istoriul-kulturuli koncefciebi da, rac mTavaria, afxazeTis
teritoriul-politikuri da samarTlebrivi identifikaciis sakuTari
modelebi.
aqve unda iTqvas isic, rom afxazeTis politikur-ideologiuri sivrcis es
samwevriani pluralizmi umravles SemTxvevaSi mainc pirobiTi iyo da bipo-
larizmis formats atarebda, radganac rusul-sabWoTa imperializmi da afxa-
zuri separatizmi mainc erTiani frontiT gamodiodnen saqarTvelos wi-
354
naaRmdeg da afxazeTis sinamdvileSi qmnidnen qarTuli ideis sapirispiro
alternativas.
afxazeTis sazogadoebriv-politikur sinamdvileSi sampolusiani
ideologiuri `samkuTxedis~ SigniT seriozuli struqturuli krizisi da-
kavSirebulia XX saukunis 30-iani wlebis bolosa da 40-ian wlebSi kultu-
rul-saganmanaTleblo sferoSi gatarebuli reformebis politikasTan.
afxazuri istoriografia da separatizmis ideologTa rigi sxva `korpora-
ciebi~ aRniSnuli reformebis (afxazuri damwerlobis grafikuli sistemis
reforma da zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolis reforma) kritikuli analizis
dros aviTareben kategoriul Teziss am reformebis `Tbilisuri war-
momavlobis~ da antiafxazuri qarTul-imperiuli mizandasaxulobis Sesaxeb.
safuZvliani argumentaciisa da obieqturi Sefasebebis gareSe isini
cdiloben, reformebi ganixilon sabWoTa kavSiris masStabiT ganxorciele-
buli analogiuri reformisagan mowyvetiT, erTgvarad Caketili abstraqtuli
modelis farglebSi, surT warmoaCinon isini saqarTvelos lokalur
iniciativad da qarTvel xalxs daabralon afxazi eris TviTmyofadobis
moSlis mcdeloba.
Sesabamisi wyaroTmcodneobiTi masalis analizi da sabWoTa kavSiris
masStabiT kulturuli mSeneblobis sferoSi gatarebuli zogadi politikis
calkeuli specifikuri aspeqtebis gaTvaliswineba zemoxsenebuli koncefciis
araTu konstruqciuli kritikis, aramed misi sruli moxsnis saSualebas
iZleva.
30-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi, sabWoTa saxelmwifoSi ganxorcielebuli
13
`kulturuli revoluciisa~ da `leninuri erovnul-kulturuli politikis~
gatarebis saerTo procesis farglebSi, kremlma miiRo erTi specialuri
gadawyvetileba sabWoTa imperiis oTxsafexuriani federaluri sistemis mesame
da meoTxe safexurebis subieqtebis _ avtonomiuri respublikebis `satitulo
mcire erebis~ anbanis Sesabamisi mokavSire respublikis saxelmwifo enis dam-
werlobis grafikul sistemaze gadayvanis Sesaxeb1875. formalurad es anbanuri
reforma ar tovebda imperiul-asimilatoruli mizandasaxulobis STa-
beWdilebas da ar Canda `mcire erebze~ kulturul-civilizaciuri dartymis
gamovlinebad _ `mcire erebis~ damwerloba gadahyavdaT im mokavSire
respublikebis saxelmwifo enis grafikaze, romlis SemadgenlobaSic am
erebis avtonomiuri warmonaqmnebi Sediodnen. amitom damwerlobis sistema
modioda garkveul harmonizaciaSi teritoriul-administraciul sistemasTan
da mokavSire respublikebze avtonomiuri erTeulebis uSualo daqvemdebare-
bis zogad politikur modelTan. Tanac es reforma xorcieldeboda ofi-
cialurad, organuli kanonmdeblobisa da konstituciuri sistemis
farglebSi.
magram sul sxva analitikur sibrtyeSi moiazreba reformis latenturi
mxare, romelic realurad imperiul-asimilatorul xasiaTs atarebda, oRond
rusifikaciis konteqstSi. saqme isaa, rom sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi
Semaval mokavSire respublikebs Soris im periodSi mxolod oTxis _ rsfsr,
azerbaijanis ssr, uzbekeTis ssr da saqarTvelos ssr _ teritoriul-adminis-
traciul struqturas gaaCnda avtonomiuri warmonaqmnebi, xolo maTgan
mxolod saqarTvelos ssr-s saxelmwifo enas _ qarTul enas hqonda sakuTriv
originaluri anbani, danarCeni respublikebis saxelmwifo enebis damwerloba
ki gawyobili iyo slavur-rusul anbanze, e.w. `kirilicaze~.
amdenad, cxadze ucxadesia, rom 30-iani wlebis meore naxevris `saanbano
revoluciis~ ZiriTadi mizani iyo `mcire erebis~ damwerlobaTa sistemebis
1875 . z .papasqiri. miTi qarTvelTa mxridan afxazi xalxis eTnokulturuli individualobis moSlis e.w.
`mcdelobis~ Sesaxeb XX saukunis 30-iani wlebis miwurulsa da 40-ian wlebSi. _ saistorio Ziebani, VI. Tb.,
2003, gv. 134.
355
gadayvana rusul-slavur grafikul sistemaze da unifikaciis amgvari
modelis farglebSi (es procesi warimarTa 1938_1941 wlebSi laTinuri
Sriftis `kirilicaze~ masobrivi gadayvaniT) maTi kulturul-insti-
tucionaluri rusifikaciis qmediTi bazisis Seqmna. afxazuri damwerlobis
reforma, ufro konkretulad rom vTqvaT, damwerlobis laTinuri Sriftis1876
gadayvana qarTul grafikul sistemaze ganxorcielda `saanbano revoluciis~
imperiuli modelis farglebs gareT, ufro metic, misi erTgvari alternaciis
konteqstSi. magram amisi mizezi unda veZeboT ara i. stalinis da l. berias
eTnikur qarTvelobaSi, arc pirovnebis kultisa da sabWoTa reJimis
totalitarul-represiuli politikis specifikurad antiafxazur
mimarTulebaSi da gansakuTrebiT arc qarTvelebis mxridan afxazuri
eTnokulturuli TviTobis destruqciis mcdelobaSi, aramed im sruliad
udavo lingvoistoriul garemoebaSi, rom avtonomiebis mqone mokavSire
respublikebis saxelmwifo enebidan mxolod qarTuli gamoirCeoda
`kirilicisgan~ diametralurad gansxvavebuli anbanuri damwerlobiT. cxadia,
imperiuli centri Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi ver moaxdenda am qarTuli
specifikis neitralizebas da saqarTvelosTvis calke gadawyvetilebas ver
miiRebda.1877
uaRresad sainteresoa afxazeTSi damwerlobis sistemis reformis proce-
sualuri mxare. reformis momzadeba daiwyo 1937 wlis maisSi, rodesac
saqarTve-los kp(b) afxazeTis organizaciis XV konferenciam miiRo gadawy-
vetileba afxazuri damwerlobis laTinuri Sriftis qarTulze gardaqmnis mi-
zanSewonilobis Sesaxeb. amis Semdeg Seiqmna reformis mosamzadebeli komisia
saqarTvelos kp(b) ck-is mdivnis p.Sarias TavmjdomareobiT. komisiis Se-
madgenlobaSi afxazi inteligenciis cnobili warmomadgenlebi Sevidnen:
d.gulia, a.WoWua, m.delba, a.xaSba, d.Cagava, m.xaSba.1878 sagulisxmoa, rom re-
formis mxardamWeri sazogadoebrivi azris formirebis kampaniaSi aqtiuri
monawileoba miiRes swored afxazi inteligenciisa da nomenklaturuli
elitis warmomadgenlebma. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqcevs afxazuri
literaturis patriarqis d.gulias mosazrebani afxazuri damwerlobis
qarTul grafikaze gadayvanis mizanSewonilobis Sesaxeb. Tavis werilSi is
aRniSnavda: ès RonisZieba, rasakvirvelia, xels Seuwyobs mTeli afxazuri
kulturis ganmtkicebas da zrdas, radganac qarTuli anbani aris yvelaze
Sesaferisi afxazuri enis bgerebis ufro mTliani da srulyofili
gadmocemisaTvis~.1879
es aris reformis eTnokulturuli da eTnolingvisturi optimizaciis da
yovelgvari politikuri zewolisagan Tavisufali argumentaciis klasikuri
magaliTi, Tanac gamoTqmuli afxazuri literaturis klasikosis mier.
marTlac, ra didi diskusia unda sWirdebodes imis mtkicebas, rom afxazuri
enisTvis, orTografiisTvis da sxva iberiul-kavkasiuri enebis makroojaxis
farglebSi monaTesave qarTuli enis grafikuli sistema ufro optimaluria,
vidre rusul-slavuri `kirilica~ an laTinuri? amis Sesaxeb miuTiTebdnen
XIX saukunis rusi moRvaweebic, maT Soris àfxazuri kirilicis~ Semqmneli p.
uslari.
1876 . jer kidev 1862-1865 wlebSi general-numizmat i.barTolomeis da gansakuTrebiT p.uslaris mier
rusuli Sriftis safuZvelze Seqmnilma da 1892 wels k.maWavarianisa da d.gulias mier modificirebulma
afxazurma damwerlobam `laTinizaciis~ ori etapi gaiara: 1926 wels SemoRebul iqna n. maris mier Sedgenili
laTinuri Srifti (e.w. ànalizur-iafetidologiuri~), xolo 1928 wels _ n.iakovlevis mier Seqmnili
laTinuri grafika, romelic 1938 wlamde moqmedebda.
1877 . am konteqstSi sayuradReboa, rom somxeTSi, romlis SemadgenlobaSi ar Sedioda arcerTi avtonomia,
amave periodSi qurTuli damwerloba gadayvanil iqna somxur grafikaze.
1878 . , 1991, gv. 348.
1879 . , 1937 ., 11 .
356
1937 wlis 4-5 dekembers q. soxumSi, n. maris saxelobis kvleviT institutSi
gaimarTa specialuri TaTbiri afxazi, qarTveli da rusi mecnierebis
monawileobiT. TaTbirze warmodgenil iqna anbanuri reformis oTxi proeqti
(akaki SaniZis, simon janaSias, dimitri guliasa da d.gulia_a.WoWua_m.xaSbas
erToblivi proeqti), romelTa Seswavlisa da Sejerebis safuZvelze
specialurma komisiam1880 5 dekembris daskvniT sxdomaze miiRo integrirebuli
proeqti.1881
rogorc TaTbiris saoqmo aRweriloba metyvelebs, afxazuri damwerlobis
qarTul grafikaze gadayvanis sakiTxi faqtobrivad seriozuli diskusiis ga-
reSe iqna ganxiluli. ufro metic, afxaz mecnierebsa da sazogado moRvaweebs
`sityva ar dascdeniaT afxazuri damwerlobis qarTul anbanze gadayvanis
ideis sawinaaRmdegod~.1882 sayuradReboa cnobili afxazi moRvawis x.bRaJbas
mier axali afxazuri anbanis Sefaseba. is werda: ès anbani srulyofilad ga-
moxatavda afxazuri saliteraturo enis mTel, srul bgeriT
Sedgenilobas~.1883
afxazuri damwerlobis reformis procesi dasrulda 1938 wlis Teber-
valSi, rodesac p.Sarias komisiisa da 1937 wlis 4_5 dekembris samuSao TaT-
biris erToblivi daskvnis safuZvelze, afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis
centralurma aRmasrulebelma komitetma miiRo dadgenileba afxazuri dam-
werlobis qarTul grafikul sistemaze gadayvanis Sesaxeb.
separatistTa mosazreba, TiTqos 1937_1938ww. afxazuri damwerlobis
grafikuli sistemis reforma warmoadgenda afxazuri kulturisa da
eTnoidenturobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul proqarTul politikur aqcias, ab-
soluturad usafuZvlo da araargumentirebadia. am procesis sxvadasxva Se-
madgeneli aspeqtebis analizi, Semdgom ki maTi urTierTdakavSireba da erTian
mTlianobaSi konceptualizacia Semdegi daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas
gvaZlevs:
1) 1937_1938 wlebis reforma warmoadgenda afxazuri damwerlobis
evoluciis garkveul etaps (ùslaris anbanis~, `barTolomeis komisiis an-
banis~, `maWavarian _ gulias anbanis~, n.marisa da n.iakovlevis `laTinuri
anbanebis~ etapebis Semdgom stadias), misi grafikuli tipologiis qarTuli
ciklis dasawyiss. cnobilia, rom es cikli aRmoCnda sakmaod moklevadiani da
1954 wlamde iarseba;
2) 1937_1938 wlebis reforma ar yofila saqarTvelos respublikuri par-
tiul-sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobisa da qarTuli inteleqtualuri elitis lo-
kaluri iniciativa. is warmoadgenda 30-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi sabWoTa
kavSiris masStabiT Camoyalibebuli kulturuli koniunqturis, konkretulad
ki àvtonomiuri erebis~ damwerlobis Sesabamisi mokavSire respublikebis
saxelmwifo enis damwerlobasTan unifikaciis procesis organul Semadgenel
nawils;
3) reforma, procesualuri TvalsazrisiT, momzadda da ganxorcielda
Tanabarzomieri dialogisa da konsensusis formatSi, afxazur in-
teleqtualur elitasTan solidarizmisa da samecniero konsultaciebis
reJimSi.
4) reformas ar hqonia (da verc eqneboda) afxazuri damwerlobis in-
tragenuli infiltraciis xasiaTi im elementaruli WeSmaritebidan gamomdi-
nare, rom afxazur enas (iseve rogorc msoflios umravlesi xalxebis enebs)
ar gaaCnia Tavisi originaluri grafikuli sistema da saWiroebs damwer-
1880 . komisiis (Tavmjdomare d. gulia), 7 wevridan xuTi afxazi iyo.

1881 . T.gvancelaZe. afxazuri damwerlobis qarTul grafikaze gadayvanis istoriisaTvis. _ bedia, #6-7, Tb.,
2000, gv. 89.
1882 . T.gvancelaZe. afxazuri damwerlobis..., gv. 88-89; z .papasqiri. miTi qarTvelTa mxridan..., gv. 9.
1883 . . . , I. , 1987, gv. 28.
357
lobiTi grafikis `sesxebas~. reformam afxazuri damwerlobis Srifti ki ar
gaauqma (ararsebuli ver gauqmdeboda), aramed mis recipientul arsSi
laTinuri grafikuli `donori~ qarTuliT Caanacvla. amitom saubari eT-
noidenturobis likvidaciis mcdelobaze maSin, rodesac damwerlobis
grafikuli TviTidenturoba ar arsebobs, ubralod aramecnierulia. miT
ufro, rom qarTuli grafikis gacilebiT meti Sesaferisoba afxazuri
damwerlobisaTvis laTinurTan da rusul-slavurTan SedarebiT sruliad
udavo lingvisturi faqtia, rasac TiTqmis mTeli kavkasiologia, TviT afxa-
zuri damwerlobis rusuli Sriftis Semqmneli kolonizatorebic ki
aRiarebdnen XIX saukuneSi. arafers vambobT imis Taobaze, rom afxazeTSi
saukuneebis manZilze swored qarTuli mwignobroba batonobda.
rac Seexeba 1945 wlis saskolo reformas, yvelaze optimaluri gza misi
miukerZoebeli analizuri sqemis SeqmnisaTvis aqac mdgomareobs mis
ganxilvaSi zogadsakavSiro saganmanaTleblo-saskolo politikis konteqstSi.
am globaluri makropedagogikuri `fonis~ SeqmnaSi didi mniSvneloba aqvs sak.
kp(b) ck-is orgbiuros 1938 wlis 24 ianvris gadawyvetilebas, romelic war-
moadgens sabWoTa kavSirSi saganmanaTleblo seqtoris gardaqmnis imperatiul
rekomendacias. kerZod, dadgenilebaSi aRniSnulia: à) gardaiqmnas gansakuTre-
buli erovnuli skolebi (germanuli, finuri, polonuri, latviuri, estonuri,
berZnuli, iJoruli da a.S.) Cveulebrivi tipis sabWoTa skolebad, aseve
gauqmdes Cveulebriv sabWoTa skolebTan arsebuli gansakuTrebuli erovnuli
ganyofilebebi; b) ...aucilebelia gansakuTrebuli erovnuli skolebis
reorganizacia moxdes Cveulebrivi tipis sabWoTa saxelmZRvaneloebsa da sas-
wavlo programebze maTi gadayvanis gziT, Sesabamisi respublikis enaze an
rusul enaze swavlebis SemoRebiT...~1884
rogorc vxedavT, 1945_1946 saswavlo wlidan afxazeTSi inicirebuli sas-
kolo reformis (7 wlis dagvianebiT misi ganxorcielebis dawyeba
saqarTvelos maSindeli xelmZRvanelobis mxridan sakiTxisadmi frTxil
midgomaze miuTiTebs) sawyisi aRmasrulebeli arxi isev da isev moskovis
direqtiva iyo da es xorcieldeboda mTel sabWoTa kavSirSi. afxazuri
saskolo sistema, Tavisi specifikuri niSnebis gamo, mTlianad eqceoda 1938
wlis 24 ianvris imperatiuli dadgenilebis realizaciis areSi. specifika ki
swored e.w. àfxazuri skolis~ relatiur xasiaTSi mdgomareobs, radganac
afxazur enaze mxolod I_IV klasebSi swavlebisa da V_X klasebSi swavlebis
rusul enaze mimdinareobis gamo, is arsebiTad rusul skolas da afxazi
eris rusifikaciis instituts warmoadgenda (samwuxarod, amJamadac asea).
aseTi binaruli struqturis gamo àfxazuri skola~ akmayofilebda
zemoxsenebuli dadgenilebis pirvel punqtSi miTiTebul `gansakuTrebuli
erovnuli skolis~ statussac da `Cveulebriv sabWoTa skolebTan arsebuli
erovnuli ganyofilebis~ statussac, radganac afxazur enaze mxolod I_IV
klasebSi swavleba afxazur seqtors marTlac skolis calke ganyofilebad
aqcevda. ai, ratom moeqca àfxazuri skola~ sabWoTa centris dadgenilebis
moqmedebis arealSi.
amasTan, 1945 wlis saskolo reformis arsis gasarkvevad didi mniSvneloba
aqvs 1938 wlis 24 ianvris imperatiuli dadgenilebis b punqtis analizs. masSi
dagegmili reformis formaluri procedura isea warmodgenili, rom
afxazeTis SemTxvevaSi swavleba unda SemoRebuliyo mxolod qarTul an
rusul enaze, yovelgvari sxva alternativis gamoricxviT. maSasadame,
reformas, aRniSnuli TvalsazrisiT, xeli unda Seewyo afxazi xalxis
derusifikaciisa da qarTul kulturul-saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi
reintegraciisaTvis.
1884 . citirebulia: z. papasqiri. miTi qarTvelTa mxridan..., gv. 19.

358
rasakvirvelia, erovnuli skolis ararseboba iyo da aris afxazi xalxis
tragedia, gamowveuli rusul-imperiuli didmpyrobeluri SovinizmiT.
SeuZlebelia kulturosani adamianis SemecnebaSi, miT umetes, kulturosani
qarTvelis gonebaSi ar warmoSvas erTgvari ukmarisobisa da zneobrivi soli-
darobis grZnoba im garemoebam, rom TviTmyofadi tradiciebis, adaT-wesebis,
eposis da sxva sulier-kulturuli institutebis mqone afxaz xalxs ar
gaaCnda erovnuli skola _ kulturuli da saganmanaTleblo socializaciis
es fundamenturi arxi. magram faqti faqtad rCeba, xolo am faqtis mizezi
sabWoTa-rusuli imperializmis praqtikaSi devs.
1945 wlis saskolo reformis iniciativa modioda sakuTriv afxazuri peda-
gogiuri korpusisagan. 1944 wlis 28 agvistoTi TariRdeba cnobili afxazi
pedagogis, moqvis saSualo skolis direqtoris b. kacias werili partiis
afxazeTis saolqo komitetisadmi, romelSic saTanado argumentebis moxmobis
safuZvelze avtori gadaWriT werda: `me mimaCnia, rom afxazur skolebSi
swavleba unda gadavides qarTul enaze, xolo afxazuri ena darCes, rogorc
sagani~1885
analogiuri xasiaTis sainiciativo mimarTvebi saqarTvelosa da afxazeTis
umaRlesi partiuli da sabWoTa instanciebis misamarTiT gaakeTes: n.geriam
(afxazeTis assr ganaTlebis saxalxo komisariatis moadgilem), saxalxo
ganaTlebis oCamCiris raionuli ganyofilebis ufrosma a. marRaniam da
pedagogma s. aSvanbam (1944 wlis 3 oqtombers), bediis pirveli afxazuri
skolis direqtorma m. buavam (1944 wlis 30 dekembers),1886 aseve afxazuri
elitis sxva warmomadgenlebma. b. saRarias mtkiceba, TiTqos xsenebuli
pedagogebi winaswar `daamuSaves~ saolqo komitetis TaTbirze, absoluturad
usafuZvloa1887, radganac man ver miakvlia am TaTbiris Sesaxeb araTu saoqmo
aRwerilobas, aramed raime xelSesaxeb reprezentatul masalas.
1945 wlis 9 ianvars saqarTvelos kompartiis afxazeTis saolqo komitetma
Seqmna saskolo reformis mosamzadebeli specialuri komisia ministrTa
sabWos Tavmjdomaris m.delbas meTaurobiT. orTviani intensiuri muSaobis
Semdeg, 12 marts komisiam saolqo komitetSi saTanado daskvna waradgina.1888
daskvnaSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba gamaxvilda saskolo reformis
ganmapirobebel iseT mizezobriv faqtorebze, rogoricaa afxazi mosaxleobis
mniSvnelovani nawilis mier qarTuli enis codna, qarTuli da afxazuri
enebis leqsikuri siaxlove da erTiani anbanuri sistema. cxadia, afxazuri
skolis instituciuri da sagnobrivi rusifikaciis dauSveblobis argumenti
daskvnaSi Riad ver dafiqsirdeboda, arada, swored es iyo reformis
faqtobrivi da, ase vTqvaT, anonimuri mizandasaxuloba.
komisiis daskvnis safuZvelze, 1945w. 13 marts saqarTvelos kompartiis
afxazeTis saolqo komitetma miiRo dadgenileba àfxazeTis assr-s skolebSi
saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi muSaobis xarisxis gaumjobesebis RonisZiebaTa
Sesaxeb~, romelic iTvaliswinebda 1945-46 saswavlo wlidan afxazur
skolebSi swavlebis qarTul enaze gadayvanas. imave wlis 13 ivniss es
dadgenileba daamtkica saqarTvelos kompartiis(b) centraluri komitetis
biurom.1889 reforma marTlac 1945-46 saswavlo wlis dasawyisidan
ganxorcielda. 1947w. TebervalSi afxazi inteligenciis erTma jgufma (k.
Sayrili, g. ZiZaria da b. Sinquba) moskovSi gagzavna (centraluri komitetis
mdivnis a. kuznecovis aparatSi) saskolo reformis sawinaaRmdego saprotesto
1885
. В . Пачулия. Советы Абхазской АССР в период великой отечественной войны (1941-1945гг). Сухуми 1990, gv. 115.
1886 . iqve,.
1887 . afsni yafS, 1989, 2 agvisto.
1888 . , 1991, gv. 360.
1889 . iqve, gv. 361.
359
werili1890. magram masSi moyvanili faqtebi, iseve rogorc werilis zogadi
tendencia, ar Seesabameboda sinamdviles.
afxazur skolebSi swavlebis gadayvanam rusulidan qarTul enaze xeli
Seuwyo afxazuri enis ganviTarebas. qarTul skolebSi misi swavleba
savaldebulo gaxda. b. Sinquba Tavis erT-erT naSromSi werda: ìm wels (1945
_ avt.) davbrundi soxumSi, muSaoba daviwye afxazur institutSi. vamuSavebdi
afxazuri enis sityvis agebulebis sakiTxs, vakeTebdi SeniSvnebs afxazur
enaSi maxvilis Sesaxeb. Sevudeqi afxazuri zepirsityvierebis mudmivad
Caweras. monawileoba miviRe afxazuri literaturis qrestomaTiis SedgenaSi,
davwere da axlac gamoicema afxazuri enis gramatika II da III
klasebisaTvis.~1891 meore msoflio omis wlebSi gamoica poeturi krebulebi
afxazur enaze: `samSoblosaTvis~ (1941w.), `win, dasavleTisaken~ (1942w.), `simRe-
rebi samSobloze~ (1943w.). garda amisa, 1938 _ 1954 wlebSi afxazur enaze gamo-
qveynda afxaz poetTa _ b. Sinqubas, a. lasurias, a. jonuas, W. jonuas da
sxvaTa krebulebi.1892
motanili masala savsebiT sakmarisia im elementaruli WeSmaritebis
samtkiceblad, rom afxazuri ena da literatura araTu Seviwroebas, aramed
qarTuli kulturuli Zalebis, aseve xelisuflebis mxardaWeriTa da
daxmarebiT aSkara aRmavlobas ganicdida.
calke ganxilvis sferoa XX saukunis 40-ian wlebSi afxazeTis onomastik-
onSi, konkretulad ki toponimikaSi momxdari cvlilebebi. es sakiTxic
separatistTa mxridan mudmivi spekulaciis sagans warmoadgenda sabWoTa
periodSi da warmoadgens dResac.
1940 wlis 14 dekembers afxazeTis assr umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumTan
Seiqmna `dasaxlebuli punqtebis saxelwodebaTa transkrifciis komisia~ m.xaS-
bas TavmjdomareobiT1893. komosiis wevrebi iyvnen da toponim-hidronimebis
Secvlis procesSi aqtiurad monawileobdnen afxazuri inteligenciis Tval-
saCino mesveurebi _ d. gulia da a. WoWua (afxazeTis samecniero-kvleviTi
institutis direqtori). komisiis wardginebaTa safuZvelze 1940_1944 wlebSi
avtonomiuri respublikis umaRlesma sabWom ganaxorciela dasaxlebuli
punqtebis saxelwodebaTa gardaqmnis srulmasStabiani aqcia.
transkrifciaTa ZiriTadi qronologiuri da onomastikuri nusxa aseTia
(pirvelad miTiTebulia Zveli, meored ki _ axali saxelwodebani): 1943 wlis
10 maiss _ volodarovskis, gradenbergisa da neidorfis nacvlad _ axali
sofeli (soxumis raioni);1894 1943 wlis 8 seqtembers _ anastasievkis,
vladimirovkisa da olginskoes nacvlad _ Sesabamisad, ganaxleba, kodori da
oqtomberi (gulrifSis raioni); 1943 wlis 21 oqtombers _ pilenkovos
nacvlad _ ganTiadi (gagris zona); 1943 wlis 23 dekembers _ beSkardaSis,
ekaterinovkasa da mixailovkas nacvlad _ Sesabamisad, mTis-ubani, kelasuri
da Sroma (soxumis raioni); 1944 wlis 12 ianvars _ qristoforovos nacvlad _
baRnari (gagris zona), konstantinovkasa da andreevkas nacvlad _
Sesabamisad, odiSi da axalSeni (soxumis
raioni) da zaxarovkas nacvlad _ xevi (gulrifSis raioni); 1944 wlis 12
ivniss _ ermolovskisa da salmes nacvlad _ leseliZe (gagris zona).1895
rogorc vxedavT, 1940_1944 wlebis cvlilebebs hqonda afxazeTis rusul-
Turquli (da ara afxazuri) onomastikis daSlis mizandasaxuloba.
1890 . afxazeTis labirinTi, 1999, gv. 25-26.

1891 . b. Sinquba wlebis nakvalevi. wignidan _ Txzulebani oTx tomad, t. III. soxumi, 1989, gv. 540 (afxazur
enaze). aq da sxva SemTxvevebSi afxazuri enidan Targmnili masala mogvawoda prof. T. gvancelaZem, risTvisac
mas madlobas movaxsenebT.
1892 . afxazuri literaturis istoria, wigni I. soxumi, 1986 (afxazur enaze).
1893 . . . dasax. naSr., gv. 15.
1894 . . . . , 1985, gv. 45.
1895 . . . dasax. naSromi, gv. 16-17.
360
gaugebaria, ratom unda gamoewvia afxazi xalxis Rirsebis, istoriisa da
kulturis Selaxva rusuli da Turquli toponimebis Secvlas. es toponimebi
xom namdvilad ar iyo uZvelesi istoriul-geografiuli saxelwodebebi da
warmoadgendnen afxazeTis rusuli kolonizaciisa da eTnodemografiuli in-
filtraciis Sedegs.
afxazeTis saqarTvelosagan gamoyofis idea da misi iuridiuli, ekonomi-
kuri da politikuri aspeqtebis damuSavebis mcdeloba oficialurad
pirvelad dafiqsirda XX saukunis 40-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi, roca
sabWoTa kavSiris umaRles xelmZRvanelobaSi Seiqmna afxazeTisa da soWis
olqis kurortebis gaerTianebis da amis bazaze moskovisadmi uSualo
daqvemdebarebiT erTiani SavizRvispira sakurorto olqis Seqmnis proeqti.
afxazeTis geografiuli nomenklaturisa da sakurorto industriis ganvi-
Tarebis imdroindeli donis gaTvaliswinebiT, es iyo saqarTvelos
teritoriuli dekonstruqciis gegma.
afxazeTSi sakurorto infrastruqturis qseli moicavda Savi zRvis
sanapiro zols md.fsoudan md.kodoramde, romlis SeerTebiT soWis olqis sa-
kurorto qselTan unda Camoyalibebuliyo gansakuTrebuli sakurorto olqi,
Tanac imperiuli centris pirdapiri iurisdiqciis qveS, regionaluri komunis-
turi administraciis saxelisuflebo prerogativebis gamoTiSviT. proeqti
warmoadgenda saqarTvelos mimarT rusul-sabWoTa imperializmis Tvisobrivad
axal formas, radganac misi teritoriis nawilis aneqsiis da erTiani
politikuri sivrcis daSlis motivaciad sakurorto industriis gaumjobe-
sebis ideas aviTarebda. Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, `sakurorto ideologia~
namdvilad axali da originaluri fenomeni iyo sabWoTa kolonializmis
ideologiur arsenalSi. amave dros, proeqts antiafxazuri mimarTulebac
hqonda, rameTu mis realizacias unda mohyoloda regionSi avtonomiuri sax-
elisuflebo institutebis gauqmeba da sabWoTa centrs daqvemdebarebuli
sakurorto administraciis Camoyalibeba, e.i. afxazeTis avtonomiis
likvidacia.
`sakurorto respublikis~ Seqmnis imperiuli idea pirvelad gaaJRera sa-
kavSiro kp(b) ck-s mdivanma m. suslovma 1945 wels, rogorc amas aRniSnavs
Tavis memuarebSi ak. mgelaZe, 1943_1951 wlebSi saqarTvelos kp(b) afxazeTis
saolqo da soxumis saqalaqo komitetebis pirveli mdivani.1896 Tumca, rogorc
Cans, m.suslovis am avantiuristul aqcias sakiTxis wamoWrisa da viTarebis
winaswari zondirebis funqcia unda hqonoda mxolod.
gacilebiT masStaburad dadga integrirebuli sakurorto olqis formire-
bis sakiTxi 1948 wels, radganac misi ganxilvis iniciativa wamovida ukve
i.stalinis uSualo garemocvis, kerZod, ck-s gansakuTrebuli ganyofilebis
ufrosisa da stalinis piradi mdivnis a.poskrebiSevis mxridan.
1948 wlis Semodgomaze, afxazeTSi i.stalinis dasvenebis dros, erT-erT
araoficialur sadilze, romelsac eswrebodnen saqarTvelos kp(b) ck-sa da
afxazeTis saolqo komitetis pirveli mdivnebi k.Carkviani da a.mgelaZe, aseve
saqarTvelos uSiSroebis ministri d. rafava, a. poskrebiSevma kvlav wamoWra
aRniSnuli sakiTxi. `ras fiqroben afxazi da qarTveli amxanagebi, _ aRniSna
man, _ Tu soxums, axal aTons, gudauTasa da gagras gavaerTianebT da erTian
sakurorto olqs SevqmniT, momarageba ukeTesi iqneba...~,1897 amaze a.mgelaZem da
k.Carkvianma upasuxes, rom es niSnavs afxazeTis avtonomiis gauqmebas da
saqarTvelosagan mis moglejas.1898
Tavi rom davaneboT tipuri komunisti funqcionerisaTvis damaxasiaTebel
ukidures cinizms, rodesac is yovelgvari moraluri da samarTlebrivi
1896 . . . . . . ., 2001, gv. 108.

1897 . iqve.
1898 . iqve..
361
kriteriumebis miRma myofi kaci ayenebs sakiTxs garkveuli materialur-
teqnikuri momaragebis motivaciiT qveynisagan ZirZveli istoriuli kuTxis
CamorTmevis Sesaxeb, sakurorto olqis Seqmnis ideis wamoWra ukve seriozuli
riskis faqtoris tolfasi iyo: cxadi gaxda, rom proeqtis damuSaveba da
oficialuri obieqtivaciisaTvis misi momzadeba xorcieldeboda umaRlesi
partiuli da saxelmwifo instanciebis da, SesaZloa, TviT i.stalinis doneze.
sakurorto olqis Seqmnis proeqti ar ganxorcielebula. samwuxarod,
a.mgelaZis memuarebi, romlebic warmoadgens mkvlevarTa xelT arsebul er-
TaderT wyaros, sakiTxs proeqtis Cagdebis mizezebis Sesaxeb faqtobrivad
Riad tovebs. am mizezebis analizi uaRresad Znelia nebismier konceptualur
konstruqciaSi. a.poskrebiSevTan saubris dros a. mgelaZis miniSnebis _
proeqtis realizaciis SemTxvevaSi saqarTveloSi mosalodneli saprotesto
moZraobis Sesaxeb _ mizezad dasaxeleba damajerebeli ver iqneba. Tu ga-
viTvaliswinebT sabWoTa kavSiris totalitarizmis arss da gadawyvetilebaTa
miRebis meqanizms, aseve swored 1948 wlisaTvis represiebis axali talRis
dasawyiss.
mTavari faqtorebi, romlebmac ganapirobes proeqtis CaSla, SeiZleboda
yofiliyo omis Sedegad dangreuli saxalxo meurneobis aRdgenis pirobebSi
am grandiozuli infrastruqturuli sakurorto gegmis finansur-ekonomikuri
siZvire, aseve radikaluri Seusabamoba sabWoTa federalizmis konstituciur
sistemasTan, romelSic ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli teritoriul-adminis-
traciuli struqturireba kurortologiis (?) principebis safuZvelze.
movlenaTa logikis gaTvaliswinebiT, SesaZloa mZlavri impulsi sakurorto
olqis proeqtis centrSi jer damuxruWebis, Semdeg ki CaSlis procesSi
yofiliyo l.berias politikuri klanis zewola.
miuxedavad sabWoTa totalitaruli reJimis moRvaweobis da konkretulad
l. berias represiuli politikis kritikisa, samarTlianoba moiTxovs
aRiniSnos, rom gasuli saukunis 40-ian wlebisa da 50-iani wlebis dasawyisis
konkretul-istoriul situaciaSi sabWoTa imperiis umaRles ierarqiaSi
l.berias politikuri klanis faqtobrivma batonobam uzrunvelyo qarTuli
interesebis regulireba afxazeTSi, riTac maTi damcavi meqanizmis da
afxazeTis saqarTvelosagan gamoyofis prevenciis roli Seasrula.
l. berias politikur figuraSi, tipuri sabWoTa jalaTisa da represiuli
struqturis organizatoris Tvisobriv maxasiaTeblebTan erTad, aSkarad Seim-
Cneva qarTuli regionalur-lokaluri egocentrizmis niSnebic. misi
politikuri klanis mier 1938_1953 wlebSi afxazeTSi gatarebuli politika, am
politikis oficialuri sabWoTa Semadgeneli elementebis paralelurad,
Seicavda kulturuli da demografiuli procesebis qarTuli interesebis
Sesabamisad programirebis latentur strategias. aq ar SeiZleba ar
gavixsenoT dasavleT saqarTvelos miwisZvriT dazarebuli raionebidan
usaxlkarod darCenili ojaxebis organizebuli Casaxleba afxazeTSi
XXsaukunis 40-ian wlebSi1899. es iyo ara afxazeTis gaqarTvelebis
mizanmimarTuli aqcia, aramed saxelmwifo doneze gatarebuli RonisZieba,
romelmac uzrunvelyo regionis mkvidri mosaxleobis (qarTvelebisa da
afxazebis) erovnul-kulturuli ganviTareba.
1953 wlis martSi i. stalinis gardacvalebis Semdeg sabWoTa kavSiris
umaRles xelmZRvanelobaSi ZalauflebisaTvis mZafri brZolis Sedegad
dawyebulma politikurma krizisma garkveuli gavlena moaxdina afxazeTis sa-
zogadoebriv-politikur viTarebaze da arsebiTad gansazRvra kidec Semdgomi
destruqciuli procesebis mimarTuleba. imave wlis Semodgomaze
ganxorcielda regionaluri nomenklaturis Secvla. moskovis karnaxiT,
1899 . vrclad ix.: z.papasqiri. narkvevebi..., nakv. II, gv. 148-153.

362
saqarTvelos kp ck-is `rekomendaciiT~ saqarTvelos kp afxazeTis saolqo
komitetis 1953 wlis 2 oqtombris plenumis gadawyvetilebiT, saolqo
komitetis pirveli mdivnis Tanamdebobaze g. qarCava Secvala g. gegeSiZem;
imave dRes afxazeTis umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumma avtonomiuri respublikis
ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomareobidan gadaayena m. delba da daniSna a.
labaxua.1900 1953 wlis meore naxevarSi moxda rusulenovani afxazuri da
somxuri skolebis aRdgena. 1954 wlis mart-aprilSi afxazuri damwerloba
qarTuli grafikuli sistemidan gadaiyvanes ara laTinurze, rogorc es iyo
1938 wlamde, aramed rusul-slavur `kirilicaze~, riTac Seiqmna afxazTa
rusifikaciis mZlavri kulturologiuri meqanizmi.
1954 wlis ianvarSi miRebul iqna specialuri dadgenileba saqarTvelos
skolebSi rusuli enisa da literaturis swavlebis gaumjobesebis Sesaxeb.
igi moiTxovda TbilisSi rusuli pedinstitutis daarsebas, amave dros,
afxazeTis assr-sa da samxreT oseTis ao-s skolebSi rusuli enis
gafarToebul swavlebas.1901 sagulisxmoa, rom dadgenileba ar iTvaliswinebda
afxazur da osur enebze swavlebis aRdgenas an Tavidan SemoRebas, rac imis
maniSnebelia, rom aRniSnul enebze swavleba arasodes gauqmebula.
Tumca, aRsaniSnavia aseve pozitiuri kulturul-saganmanaTleblo inova-
ciebic, romlebic gamiznuli iyo afxazi eris kanonzomieri kulturuli da
sulieri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebisaTvis. magaliTad, 1953 wlidan
soxumis a.gorkis saxelobis pedagogiur institutSi Seiqmna afxazuri enisa
da literaturis kaTedra, gaixsna filologiuri fakultetis afxazuri
seqtori.1902
imperiuli centri daadga afxazeTSi qarTuli da afxazur-separatistuli
interesebis permamentuli Sejaxebebisa da maTi mediatoruli regulirebis,
ese igi marTvadi daZabulobis strategias. separatistul èrovnul~ ideas da
komunisturi variantis eTnonacionalizms sWirdeboda separatizmis
matarebeli socialuri kasta. separatistuli socialuri korporativizmis
specifikur gamovlinebas warmoadgenda afxazuri eTnokratiis Camoyalibeba.
afxazuri eTnokratia aris privilegirebuli eTnikur-politikuri klasi,
garkveul-wilad kasturi principiT organizebuli Caketili eTnokorporacia,
afxazi eTnosis politikuri Zalauflebis realizacia iseTi nomenklaturis
Seqmnis gziT, romlis formirebis umTavres kriteriums warmoadgenda
individis afxazuri eTnikuri warmomavloba.
50-iani wlebis Sua xanebidan dawyebuli, ukve 80-iani wlebis bolosaTvis
afxazeTis avtonomiur respublikaSi kremlidan marTvadi procesis far-
glebSi ganviTarebulma eTnokratiulma politikam gamoiwvia stabiluri eT-
nikuri nomenklaturis Seqmna, TiTqmis yvela doneze diversificirebuli
struqturiT _ eTnikuri partokratiiT, eTnikuri biurokratiiT, eTnikuri
sameurneo_korporaciuli elitiT, eTnikuri samecniero-SemoqmedebiTi bi-
urokratiiT da sxva socialur-ierarqiuli `stratebiT~.
Tavisi instituciuri dizainiTa da Sidapolitikuri anTropologiiT afxa-
zuri eTnokratia gamoirCeva araerTgvarovnebiT, rac gamoixata misi e.w.
`gudauTuri~ da òCamCiruli~ seqtorebis TanaarsebobaSi. amas, Tavis mxriv,
istoriuli Zirebi aqvs. am SemTxvevaSi mniSvneloba ara aqvs imas, Tu ra
istoriulma faqtorebma ganapirobes es heterogenoba da Sinagani dualizmi,
magram faqtia, rom afxazi eTnosi iyofa or subeTnosad _ gudauTis, igive
Crdilo-dasavleTis da oCamCiris, igive samxreT-aRmosavleTis, _ rac
`bzifeli afxazebisa~ da àbJuis afxazebis~ istoriuli dualizmis
gagrZelebaa. dRemde SenarCunebulia gansxvaveba subeTnosebs Soris
1900 . sabWoTa afxazeTi, 1953, 4 oqtomberi.

1901 . afsni yafS, 1954, 8 ianvari.
1902 . , 1991, gv. 368-369.
363
dialeqtsa da kulturul-sayofacxovrebo sferoSi. eTnokratiam uzrunvelyo
Semdegi sami imperiuli funqciis realizacia:
funqcia pirveli _ eTnokratia uzrunvelyofda raodenobrivad mcire
afxazi eTnosis privilegirebul statuss da politikur batonobas av-
tonomiur respublikaSi. imis gamo, rom afxazTa eTnokratiuli statusi maTi
raodenobrivi da xarisxobriv-kulturuli maxasiaTeblebis araekvivalenturi
iyo, apriorulad arsebobda qarTvelTa da sxva erovnebis warmomadgenelTa
ukmayofilebis safuZveli. amiT eTnokratiuli meTodi Tavis TavSi Seicavda
konfliqturi situaciis imanentur wyaroebs, romelTa gaRvivebis SemTxvevaSi
kremli uzrunvelyofda `gaTiSe da ibatone~-s imperiuli meqanizmis amoqmede-
bas.
funqcia meore _ afxazuri eTnokratia warmoadgenda Caketil, kastur sis-
temas. misi korporaciuli aratransparentuloba, erTgvari distancireba qar-
Tuli elitisagan da saerTo-qarTuli problemebisagan stimuls aZlevda eT-
nokratiis politikur avtarkias. avtarkiidan separatizmamde ki erTi nabijiRa
rCeba.
funqcia mesame _ afxazuri eTnokratia iyo separatizmis mTavari wyaro,
misi ideuri da organizaciuli birTvi, separatistuli politikuri koniun-
qturis erTgvari matrica. is warmoadgenda separatistuli moZraobis
warmmarTvel Zalasac da moskovTan mis damakavSirebel pirdapir arxsac.
Teoriulad afxazuri eTnokratiis es funqcia SeiZleba Sefasdes, rogorc
Sida kolonializmi da am formiT sabWoTa kolonializmis regionaluri mik-
rovarianti. sakmarisia aRiniSnos, rom SemdgomSi ZiriTadi separatistuli
partiebi Tu gaerTianebani afxazuri eTnokratiis sxvadasxva dajgufebebis
wiaRSi warmoiSvnen.
es funqciuri trializmi sruliad logikurad da araorazrovnad mi-
uTiTebs kremlis miznebze _ Tu ratom daadga is winaswar dagegmili da
daprogramebuli marTvadi politikis gziT afxazeTSi privilegirebuli
eTnokorporaciuli elitis Seqmnis kurss: imitom, rom Sesabamis viTarebaSi
gamoeyenebina afxazuri eTnokratia sakuTari imperokratiuli ambiciebis
dakmayofilebisaTvis, tradiciuli imperiuli meqanizmis `gaTiSe da ibatone~-s
amoqmedebisa da saqarTvelos erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis
Sekaveba-damarcxebisaTvis, an, yoveli SemTxvevisaTvis, misi stabiluri
ganeitralebisaTvis.
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, afxazuri eTnokratiis Camoyalibeba daiwyo sabWoTa
kavSiris umaRles xelisuflebaSi n. xruSCovis mosvlisa da partiul-
politikuri elitis poststalinur generaciaSi proafxazuri lobis
warmoqmnis Sedegad. swored am periodSi iRebs saTaves avtonomiur
respublikaSi eTnokratiuli modelis partiul-saxelmwifo, administraciuli,
ekonomikuri da saganmanaTleblo struqturebis formirebis etapobrivi
procesi.
afxazuri eTnokratiisa da separatistuli politikuri koniunqturis for-
mirebis yoveli stadia winaswar iyo dagegmili da maT imperiuli centridan
inspirirebuli afxazuri gamosvlebis mimarT gamovlenili ìZulebiTi~ op-
eratiuli reaqciis forma hqondaT. ase iyo 1957, 1967, 1977_1978 da 1988_1989
wlebSi, rac erTobliobaSi warmoadgens afxazuri separatizmis genezisis
stadialur qronologias – oficialuri moskovidan inspirirebuli
separatistuli politikuri moTxovnebisa da iniciativebis calkeuli
talRebis saxiT, romelTa drosac avtonomiuri respublikis afxazur umci-
resobas eZleoda garkveuli privilegiebi da eTnikuri preferenciebi sa-
zogadoebriv-politikuri cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi. pirveli aseTi
destruqciuli gamosvla moxda 1957 wels. krizisuli viTarebis warmoqmnis
sababad destruqciulma Zalebma gamoiyenes qarTveli mecnieris p.ingoroyvas
364
wignis `giorgi merCule~ _ gamoqveyneba (1954 wels) da afxazeTis istoriis
kardinalur sakiTxebze masSi wamoyenebuli debulebebis ganxilva qarTuli
akademiuri istoriografiis wreebSi (1956w.). amasTan dakavSirebiT, garkveulma
Zalebma aagores antiqarTuli saprotesto moZraoba da masSi Caabes
avtonomiuri respublikis afxazi mosaxleobis nawili. am moZraobis
katalizatorad iqca skkp ck-s 1956 wlis 10 ivlisis zemoTxsenebuli
dadgenileba (aqve, gv. 33).
1957 wlis 11_13 aprils soxumSi gaimarTa 200 kaciani saprotesto aqcia
partiis afxazeTis saolqo komitetis SenobasTan. mRelvarebas hqonda adgili
a.gorkis saxelobis soxumis pedagogiur institutSi. afxazi inteligenciis
calkeuli jgufebi gavidnen soflebSi, moZraobis masobrivi bazis Seqmnisa da
organizebuli protestis gamowvevisaTvis. gaCnda politikuri lozungebic.
afxazi samecniero da SemoqmedebiTi inteligenciis sxvadasxva jgufebma skkp
ck-isa da piradad n.xruSCovis saxelze gaagzavnes ramdenime werili–peticia.
isini moiTxovdnen skkp centraluri komitetis 1956 wlis 10 ivlisis
gadawyvetilebis bolomde Sesrulebas, Sidarespublikuri migraciis
Sewyvetas da afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis rsfsr-s iurisdiqciaSi
gadasvlas.1903
viTarebis normalizacia mxolod saqarTvelos xelmZRvanelobis Carevis
Semdeg gaxda SesaZlebeli. saqarTvelos kompartiis ck-is biuros 1957 wlis 12
aprilis da saqarTvelos kompartiis afxazeTis saolqo komitetis biuros
15_16 aprilis gadawyvetilebebma droebiT, konfliqturi arsenalis ad-
ministraciuli konservaciiT ganmuxta daZabuli sazogadoebriv-politikuri
situacia.
absoluturad mcdaria da seriozul koreqcias saWiroebs mosazreba, ro-
melic 1957 wlis separatistuli aqciis wanamZRvrebis Sefasebisas am aqciis
mTavar mizezad Tvlis p.ingoroyvas naSromis gamocemas, romelic TiTqosda
afxazTa genocidisa da asimilaciis mecnierul-ideologiuri argumentaciis
mizandasaxulobiT gamoica. sinamdvileSi 1957 wlis saprotesto aqcia
warmoadgens afxazuri eTnokratiis pirvel organizebul gamosvlas
saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis winaaRmdeg, afxazuri separatizmis
politikuri proeqtis pirvel oficialur demonstracias, romlis drosac am
destruqciulma fenomenma gamoxata Tavisi proimperiuli da antiqarTuli
TviTidenturoba. amas naTlad adasturebs aqciis sruliad mizanmimarTuli
politikuri plasti _ ruseTis federaciis SemadgenlobaSi Sesvla
avtonomiuri respublikis saxiT, am politikuri lozungis realizaciis
mizniT peticiebis gagzavna sabWoTa kavSiris centralur struqturebSi,
lixnisa da moqvis Tavyrilobebis mowvevis mcdeloba separatistuli
lozungisaTvis saerTo-saxalxo plebiscitaruli sawyisebis misaniWeblad.
1964 wels sabWoTa kavSiris umaRles saxelisuflebo eSelonebSi da uSu-
alod n. xruSCovis uaxloesi garemocvis wreSi Seiqmna afxazeTis saqarT-
velosagan gamoyofisa da rsfsr-s SemadgenlobaSi avtonomiis statusiT
inkorporaciis gegma. am gegmis Sesaxeb iribi cnoba saqarTvelos kompartiis
ck-s pirvel mdivans v.mJavanaZes miawoda saqarTvelos kompartiis afxazeTis
saolqo komitetis maSindelma pirvelma mdivanma m.bRaJbam. dagegmil terito-
riul-administraciul cvlilebas uSualod n.xruSCovi lobirebda.
rogorc d.sturua (saqarTvelos kompartiis ck-s mdivani ideologiis
dargSi) Tavis memuarebSi wers, 1964 wlis agvistoSi v.mJavanaZis kabinetSi Sex-
vedrisas m. bRaJbam aRniSna, rom is xruSCovma miiwvia biWvinTis saxelmwifo
agarakze da ubrZana, daewera moxsenebiTi baraTi afxazeTis rsfsr-Si Sesvlis
1903 . . . : . ., 1999, gv. 127.

365
TxovniT.1904 rogorc Cans, gegma realurad arsebobda, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT
sul cota or moments; jer erTi, afxazuri separatizmis waxaliseba da
saqarTvelosagan afxazeTis secesia yovelTvis figurirebda sabWoTa kavSiris
elituri jgufebis imperiul strategiaSi, radganac es idea grZelvadiani
strategiuli dagegmvis obieqti iyo 1921 wlidan moyolebuli; meore, 1954
wels n.xruSCovma sruliad umtkivneulod, partokratiuli sistemisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli monopoliuri gadawyvetilebiT ganaxorciela analogiuri
cvlileba yirimis rsfsr-dan ukrainis SemadgenlobaSi gadayvaniT. sxva
sakiTxia am cvlilebis samarTlianoba Tu istoriuli aspeqtebi. faqtia, rom
sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobas ukve hqonda `zemodan~ teritoriul-
administraciuli struqturis Secvlis precendenti da faqtobrivad amgvari
cvlilebis ganxorcielebis umtkivneulo (saprotesto moZraobis Tval-
sazrisiT) praqtika.
ratom Cavarda afxazeTis saqarTvelosgan mowyvetis morigi imperiuli
(n.xruSCoviseuli) gegma? is garemoeba, rom m.bRaJbam gamoiCina tradiciuli
afxazuri patriotizmi, Rrmad gaacnobiera imperiuli gegmis realizaciis
gardauvali tragikuli Sedegebi, pirvel rigSi, TviT afxazi xalxisa da misi
kulturisaTvis da moxsenebiTi baraTis daweris nacvlad saswrafod
gaemgzavra TbilisSi saqarTvelos respublikuri xelmZRvanelobis
informirebisaTvis, TavisTavad mniSvnelovani faqtia. es faqti TviT m.bRaJbas
warmoaCens, rogorc saRad moazrovne, progresuli orientaciis funqcioners.
magram arc m.bRaJbas uars (moexdina afxazeTis saqarTvelosagan gamoyofis
werilobiTi inicireba), da arc saqarTvelos partiul-politikuri elitis
lokalur protests, cxadia, ar SeeZlo gegmis ganxorcielebis blokireba.
sabWoTa kavSiris xelmZRvanelo-
bas nebismier momentSi SeeZlo sxvadasxva resursebis gamoyenebiT saprotesto
moZraobis paralizeba.
SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis ruseTTan
SeerTebis mzakvruli gegmis ganxorcieleba CaSala 1964 wlis oqtombris
kremlis `sasaxlis gadatrialebam~ da breJnev-semiCastni-Selepin-suslovis
jgufis mier n.xruSCovis gadayenebam.
afxazeTSi arsebuli situaciis formatSi arcTu ise umniSvnelo adgili
eWira, ase vTqvaT, Sidaelitur kriziss _ afxazuri erovnuli biurokratiis
eTnocentristuli `moskovuri~ frTisa da zomier-centristuli `proqarTul-
proafxazuri~ frTis dapirispirebas. es dapirispireba met-naklebad
Seesabameboda afxazuri eTnokratiis dayofas `gudauTur~ da òCamCirul~
nawilebad, an ufro farTo aspeqtSi _ afxazi eTnosis dayofas Crdilo-
dasavlur da samxreT-aRmosavlur subeTnosebad.
qarTlocentristuli da separatistuli tendenciebis dapirispirebis
formiT afxazur nomenklaturaSi Sidaelituri krizisis konkretuli ga-
movlena iyo 1964_1965 wlebSi ganviTarebuli movlenebi sakadro politikis
sferoSi. 1964 wlis dekemberSi saqarTvelos kompartiis ck-Si gaigzavna
anonimuri werili, romelic Seicavda afxazeTis saolqo komitetis pirveli
mdivnis m.bRaJbas negatiur daxasiaTebas, cxadia, dakavebuli Tanamdebobidan
misi gadayenebis qveteqsturi moTxovniT. avtorebi m. bRaJbas adanaSaulebdnen
partiuli da saxelmwifo disciplinis SesustebaSi, kadrebis araswor
SerCevaSi, meqrTameobaSi, zneobriv gaxrwnilobaSi, damnaSaveTa mfarvelobaSi
da a.S.1905
es faqti aSkarad miuTiTebs avtonomiuri respublikis mmarTvel
eSelonebSi Sidaelituri krizisis arsebobaze elita-kontrelitis
1904 . . . . ., 1995, gv.

3-4.
1905 . iqve, gv. 21.
366
diqotomiis formatSi. am SemTxvevaSi elitas qmnidnen m. bRaJba da misi pro-
qarTul-proafxazuri jgufi, xolo kontrelitas _ avtonomiuri respublikis
partiul da saxelmwifo aparatSi mokalaTebuli ultranacionalisturi
`promoskovuri~ dajgufeba, romelsac meTaurobda ministrTa sabWos
Tavmjdomaris moadgile aslan oTirba. rogorc Cans, òTirbas iatakqveSa
komitets~ hyavda mxardamWerebi afxazi inteligenciis wreebSi, partiuli,
saxelmwifo da sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis xelmZRvanel fenebSi. TviT
a.oTirbas fsiqologiuri portreti xasiaTdeba aSkarad gamoxatuli antiqar-
Tuli paTosiT, is gamoirCeoda separatistuli da radikalurad eTnonacion-
alisturi ganwyobilebiT.
m.bRaJbas dabalansebuli politika iwvevda separatistebis ukmayofilebas.
amitom isini cdilobdnen, mieRwiaT m.bRaJbas gadayenebisa da mis adgilas
a.oTirbas daniSvnisaTvis. karieristuli da viwrouwyebrivi interesebis
garda, aq ikveTeba separatistul-korporatiuli mizandasaxuloba da swored
es iyo mTavari _ regionalur elitaSi `bRaJbas gundis~ òTirbas jgufiT~
Canacvlebis SemTxvevaSi avtonomiur respublikaSi irRveoda isedac myife
balansi da strategiuli politikuri upiratesoba gadadioda separatistul-
revanSistuli koaliciis xelSi, rac, Tavis mxriv, radikalurad cvlida
regionaluri politikuri procesis struqturas antiqarTuli da
promoskovuri mimarTulebis gaaqtiurebis TvalsazrisiT.
1964 wlis dekembris anonimuri werili miznad isaxavda m.bRaJbasa da misi
gundis diskreditacias saqarTvelos partiuli elitis winaSe da am formiT
òTirbas gundiT~ misi Canacvlebis argumentirebas. rogorc d. sturua mi-
uTiTebs, a.oTirba arc ki malavda amgvar mizanswrafvas.1906
saqarTvelos kompartiis ck-m anonimuri werili ganixila 1964 wlis 24 de-
kembris prezidiumis sxdomaze da miiRo gadawyvetileba, daetovebina m. bRaJba
saolqo komitetis pirveli mdivnis Tanamdebobaze, werilSi miTiTebuli nak-
lovanebebisa da Secdomebis aRmofxvris moTxovniT.1907 amiT saqarTvelos
respublikurma xelmZRva-nelobam droebiT SeZlo afxazeTSi separatistuli
`sakadro revoluciis~ blokireba da regionalur elitaSi m.bRaJbas
proqarTuli-proafxazuri jgufis SenarCuneba. magram 1965 wels, ukve skkp ck-
s aSkara administraciuli zewoliT, m.bRaJba gaaTavisufles saolqo ko-
mitetis pirveli mdivnis Tanamdebobidan. am sakadro perturbaciis dros
v.mJavanaZem mainc moaxerxa xeli SeeSala òTirbas jgufis~ Tanamdebobrivi
aRmasvlisaTvis. separatistuli procesis mTavari figurantis a.oTirbas nacv-
lad saolqo komitetis pirveli mdivani gaxda v.kobaxia. marTalia, v.kobaxia
ar gamoirCeoda aSkarad gamoxatuli proqarTuli simpaTiebiT, magram arc
separatistul-ultranacionalistur platformaze idga (yovel SemTxvevaSi,
im periodSi). is, iseve rogorc saolqo komitetis mdivani ideologiis dargSi
m.xvarwkia, komunist-internacionalistis imijs flobda, `proqarTul-proafxa-
zur~ da `promoskovur~ orientaciebs Soris Sualeduri mdgomareobiTa da
zomier-centristuli taqtikiT. 1967 wels separatistulma revanSistulma
koaliciam kvlav CarTo moqmedebaSi 1957 wlis modeli _ istoriografiuli
konfliqtis inicirebiT farTo-masStabiani sazogadoebriv-politikuri
konfliqtis gaCaReba. amjerad krizisis istoriografiuli sababi gaxda 1966
wels akademikos n. berZeniSvilis TxzulebaTa mesame tomis gamocema,
romelSic Sevida 1951 wlis werili `mcire SeniSvna did sakiTxze~. masSi n.
berZeniSvilma gamoTqva mosazreba qarTuli saxelmwifos mSeneblobaSi
aqtiurad monawile Zveli afxazebis iber-lazebTan naTesaobis Sesaxeb (aqve,
gv. 70). afxazur eTnokratiasa da masTan asocirebul garkveul wreebSi es
koncefcia aRqmul iqna, rogorc afxazTa eTnogenetikuri qarTvelobis
1906 . iqve.
1907 . iqve., gv. 22.
367
mtkiceba da, aqedan gamomdinare, afxazTa eTnogenezisis sakiTxSi n.
berZeniSvilis mier p. ingoroyvas Teoriis gaziareba. samecniero polemikaSi
CaerTo afxazi mosaxleobis faqtobrivad yvela fena, rac farTomasStabian
saprotesto moZraobaSi gadaizarda.
1967 wlis 7_9 aprils soxumis sazafxulo TeatrSi Sekrebil aTaskacian
Tavyrilobaze Camoyalibda Svidwevriani delegacia, romelsac daevala
afxazi mosaxleobis moTxovnebis oficialuri wardgena sabWoTa kavSiris
xelmZRvanelobisaTvis. delegaciis SemadgenlobaSi iyvnen t. Sayrili, j.
axuba, a. agrba, x. Caragua, o. Samba, o. damenia da a. zuxba.1908 maT mier
aprilis Sua ricxvebSi centralur sakavSiro partiul da saxelmwifo stru-
qturebSi wardgenili dokumenti Tavisi paTosiT, SinaarsiTa da
mizandasaxulobiT pirwmindad separa-tistul xasiaTs atarebda. preambulaSi
aRniSnuli iyo afxazTa viTom devna-Seviwroebis, xelmZRvanel Tanamdebobebze
ardaSvebis, asimilaciis, afxazeTis ekonomikuri, politikuri da kulturuli
ganviTarebis xelovnurad damuxruWebis Sesaxeb, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas
imsaxurebs dokumentis avtorTa moTxovnebi TurqeTidan 200 aTasi muhajiris
repatriaciis, antiqarTuli toponimikuri cvlilebebis gatarebisa da
afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis statusis mokavSire respublikis
statusamde amaRlebis Sesaxeb (rac, rasakvirvelia, niSnavda gamoyofas
saqarTvelosagan).1909
yuradRebas iqcevs aseve 1967w. saprotesto moZraobis politikuri an-
Tropologia. delegaciis wevrebTan da inteligenciis warmomadgenlebTan,
romlebic qmnidnen moZraobis arainstituciur segments, aliansSi iyo eT-
nokratiis separatistuli frTa, ukve naxsenebi a.oTirbasa da kulturis minis-
tris r. kvarWelias meTaurobiT. amitom 1967w. saprotesto moZraoba
warmoadgenda afxazuri eTnokratiisa da separatistuli inteligenciis
aliansis bazaze organizebuli samoqalaqo putCis mcdeloba saqarTvelosagan
afxazeTis gamoyofis mizniT.
1967 wlis 14 aprils saqarTvelos kompartiis ck-s biurom miiRo xuTpun-
qtiani dadgenileba, romelic iTvaliswinebda zogierT praqtikul Ron-
isZiebas afxazeTSi Seqmnili feTqebadsaSiSi viTarebis ganmuxtvisaTvis.
kerZod, aRiniSna, rom n.berZeniSvilis TxzulebaTa mesame tomis gamocemis
dros daSvebul iqna garkveuli xarvezebi da zogierTi formulireba saWi-
roebs koreqtirebas.1910
mizanSewonilad iqna CaTvlili afxazeTis zogierTi dasaxlebuli punqtis
saxelwodebis Secvla (gagris zonis sof. nakaduls ewoda mexadiri,
gulrifSis raionis sof. neZonas _ xizaruxa da gudauTis raionis soflebs
bambukovans, gogirdwyals da SuamTas _ Sesabamisad akalamra, arsauli da
Cirgosta).1911 saqarTvelos kompartiis ck-s samdivnos daevala afxazeTis
ekonomikisa da kulturis ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebuli calkeuli
RonisZiebebis dagegmva da ganxorcieleba.
1967 wlis 18 aprils gaimarTa afxazeTis partiul-sabWoTa aqtivis gafar-
Toebuli kreba. miRebul rezoluciaSi 7_9 aprilis Tavyriloba Sefasda
provokaciad, romelic xels uSlida ori moZme eris urTierTobis
normalizacias.1912
situaciis deblokireba moxda ukve ivnis-ivlisisaTvis. separatistTa samo-
qalaqo putCis mcdeloba kraxiT dasrulda, Tumca mas ukvalod ar Cauvlia.
saprotesto gamosvlebis garkveuli uaryofiTi Sedegebi ukavSirdeba zogierT

1909 . iqve, v. 133.
1911 . iqve, gv. 35.
368
nomenklaturul cvlilebas, romelsac antiqarTuli xasiaTi hqonda. 1967
wlis 21 maiss saqarTvelos kp afxazeTis saolqo komitetis plenumma demon-
straciulad gamoiyvana saolqo komitetis biuros Semadgenlobidan da
gaaTavisufla dakavebuli Tanamdebobebidan saolqo komitetis meore mdivani
d. gogoxia da ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomare m. Ciqovani.1913
morigi antiqarTuli saprotesto gamosvlis sababad separatistulma eT-
nokratiam gamoiyena mTel sabWoTa kavSirSi konstituciuri sistemis for-
malur-iuridiuli Secvlis procesi. sakavSiro konstituciis axali redaqciis
Seqmnis paralelurad, cxadia, unda Secvliliyo saqarTvelos respublikuri
da afxazeTisa da aWaris avtonomiuri konstituciebic. skkp ck-s 1977 wlis 3
ivnisis gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze, saqarTvelos kompartiis ck-s biurom 13
ivniss miiRo dadgenileba saqarTvelosa da misi avtonomiuri respublikebis
axali konstituciebis mosamzadebeli samuSaoebis organizaciis Sesaxeb.1914
1977 wlis 10 dekembers afxazuri elitis 130 warmomadgenelma specialuri
weriliT mimarTa imperiis centralur instanciebs _ skkp ck-s politbiuros,
piradad l. breJnevs da rsfsr-s umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumis Tavmjdomares
m. iasnovs. werili gamoirCeoda saqarTvelosa da qarTveli eris mimarT
usazRvro siZulviliT, xolo saqarTvelos partiul-sabWoTa xelmZRvaneloba
gamocxadebuli iyo `berias saqmis~ gamgrZeleblad, afxazeTis socialur-
ekonomikuri da kulturuli Seviwroebisa da asimilaciis politikis
gamtareblad. werilSi centraluri adgili eWira separatistul moTxovnas _
mimdinare konstituciuri cvlilebis farglebSi afxazeTis gamoyofas
saqarTvelosagan da mis gadasvlas rsfsr-s teritoriul-samarTlebriv
sivrceSi krasnodaris mxaris SemadgenlobaSi. werilis avtorebi moiTxovdnen
specialuri samTavrobo komisiis Seqmnas sakavSiro doneze.1915
skkp ck-dan aRniSnuli deklaracia gadaagzavnes afxazeTis saolqo
komitetSi Sesabamisi reagirebisaTvis. pirveladi reagireba marTlac
operatiuli da obieqturi gamodga rogorc saolqo komitetis, ise
saqarTvelos respublikuri xelmZRvanelobis mxridan. 1978 wlis 22 da 24
Tebervlis sxdomebze saolqo komitetis biurom da saqarTvelos kp ck-s
biurom werilis avtorebis pozicia Seafases, rogorc àRmaSfoTebeli da
uprincipo~.1916 magram es radikalurad antiseparatistuli xazi ar moewonaT
imperiul centrSi. 1978 wlis 3 maiss skkp ck-s samdivnom specialur sxdomaze
ganixila afxazeTSi arsebuli viTareba.1917 miRebul iqna gadawyvetileba
avtonomiis partiuli xelmZRvanelobis Secvlis Sesaxeb. saolqo komitetis
pirvel mdivnad v. xinTbas nacvlad dainiSna b. adleiba. adgilze viTarebis
Seswavlisa da Sesabamisi gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad mizanSewonilad
CaiTvala specialuri jgufis afxazeTSi Casvla skkp ck-s mdivnis i. kapitono-
vis meTaurobiT.
i. kapitonovi da saqarTvelos kp ck-s pirveli mdivani e. SevardnaZe
soxumSi 19 maiss Camovidnen. swored i. kapitonovis jgufis Camosvlas mohyva
separatistuli putCis aqtivizaciis gansakuTrebulad maqsimaluri talRa,
afxazTa antikonstituciuri moTxovnebis radikalizacia, eskalaciis masSta-
buri gafarToeba da zogierT SemTxvevaSi situaciis umarTaobis precedentis
Seqmna. soxumSi, gagrasa da gudauTaSi adgili hqonda sazogadoebrivi
wesrigisa da saxelmwifo disciplinis masobriv darRvevebs. separatistebma
mimarTes sabotaJis taqtikas _ moawyves masobrivi gaficvebi transportsa da
savaWro qselis obieqtebSi.
1913 . z . papasqiri. narkvevebi..., nakveTi II, gv. 173.

1916 . iqve.
1917 . iqve, gv. 152.
369
1978 wlis 21 maiss, afxazeTis partiul-sabWoTa aqtivis krebaze i. kapi-
tonovma calsaxad daafiqsira imperiuli centris pozicia: saprotesto moZ-
raobis moTxovnebi antikonstituciuria da afxazeTis gamoyofa saqarT-
velosagan am etapze gamoricxulia. man, kerZod, aRniSna: `Cven mzad varT,
ganvixiloT universitetisa da televiziis sakiTxi, magram afxazeTis gadas-
vla rsfsr-s SemadgenlobaSi gamoricxulia. aseve gamoricxulia axal kon-
stituciaSi aseTi gadasvlis uflebis Sesaxeb specialuri muxlis Setana~.1918
daZabulobis eskalaciis umaRles punqts warmoadgenda 22 maiss mTavrobis
saxlis win organizebul mravalaTasian mitingze separatistebis mier
mowyobili obstruqcia. i. kapitonovis gamosvlas, romelSic man gaimeora
aqtivis krebaze wina dRes gamoTqmuli debulebebi, mohyva saprotesto SeZax-
ilebi, xolo e. SevardnaZes saerTod ar misces gamosvlis ufleba, ris Sem-
degac maT saswrafod datoves iqauroba.
Seqmnil situaciaSi saqarTvelos partiulma nomenklaturam da piradad e.
SevardnaZem gamoiCines absoluturi uprincipoba, moaxdines saqarTvelos
erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi interesebis ignorireba, daadgnen ra
separatistebis mimarT yovlad gaumarTlebeli daTmobebis taqtikas maSin,
rodesac, 1957 da 1967 wlebisgan gansxvavebiT, am periodSi imperiuli centri
faqtobrivad ar iyo dainteresebuli am etapze mainc arsebuli balansis
darRvevasa da afxazuri eTnokratiis centridanuli moZraobis
stimulirebaSi. ufro metic, rogorc informaciis kuluaruli wyaroebi
cxadyofen, 1978 wlis 22 maiss i. kapitonovma wamoayena centridan
separatistuli mitingis Zalismieri blokirebis sanqciis gamoTxovis idea,
rac kategoriulad uaryo e. SevardnaZem.
kompromisuli taqtikis imperatiuli baza gaxda saqarTvelos kp ck-s
1978wlis 24 maisis gadawyvetileba àfxazeTis assr-s ekonomikuri da kultu-
ruli ganviTarebis, avtonomiuri respublikis mSromelebSi organizaciuli
da ideur-aRmzrdelobiTi muSaobis gaZlierebis RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb.~1919
swored am gadawyvetilebis realizaciis farglebSi moxda afxazuri
televiziis gaxsna, a. gorkis saxelobis soxumis pedinstitutis gardaqmna
afxazeTis saxelmwifo universitetad da sxv.
e. SevardnaZem afxazuri eTnokratiis interesebis Sesabamisad ganaxor-
ciela nomenklaturuli cvlilebebi afxazeTis partiul-saxelmwifo elitaSi.
umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumis Tavmjdomared dainiSna v. kobaxia, rac iyo
aSkara kapitulacia eTnokratiis gudauTuri klanis winaSe. gagris saqalaqo
komitetis pirvel mdivnad, g. kvantalianis nacvlad, jer dainiSna qarTveli g.
naWyebia, magram sul cota xanSi mis nacvlad daniSnes separatistulad
ganwyobili a. gvaramia, ris Semdegac e. SevardnaZem Tqva, rom `gamoaswora
Secdoma~.1920 saerTod, e. SevardnaZis sakadro politikas savalalo Sedegebi
mohyva, gansakuTrebiT regionalur elitaSi separatistuli elementebis win
wamowevisa da maTi klanur-korporaciuli TviTdamkvidrebis TvalsazrisiT.
ganxorcielebili sakadro cvlilebebiT avtonomiur respublikaSi daiwyo
eTnokratiuli modelis saboloo formireba da afxazuri eTnokratiis,
rogorc elitaruli politikuri klasis, Camoyalibeba. miuxedavad
diskretuli Sidakorporaciuli struqturisa (partiuli elita, saxelmwifo
Cinovnikebi, ministrebi, sameurneo elita da direqtorTa korpusi,
saxelisuflebo struqturebSi integrirebuli samecniero da SemoqmedebiTi
inteligenciis nawili), eTnokratiam SeiZina erTiani mmarTveli klasis
funqciebi da antiqarTuli separatistuli ideuri platforma. yuradRebas
iqcevs eTnokratiuli reJimis imdroindeli faqtologiuri statistika,
1918 . iqve.
1919 . komunisti, 1978, 26 maisi.
370
romelic mohyavs l. marSanias: afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikidan
arCeuli 15 ssrk-s saxalxo deputatidan rva iyo afxazi... afxazeTis assr
umaRlesi sabWos 140 deputatidan 57 (40,7 %) iyo afxazi, 53 (37,9 %) _
qarTveli, 30 (21,4 %) __ danarCeni erovnebis warmomadgeneli. saqalaqo da
sasoflo sabWoebis Semadgenlobis mesameds da ministrTa sabWosa da saolqo
komitetis aparatis naxevars Seadgendnen afxazebi. 12 ministridan rva da
saxelmwifo komitetis rva Tavmjdomaridan xuTi iyo afxazi. qalaqisa da
raionebis rva prokuroridan xuTi iyo afxazi~.1921
1985 wlis martSi sabWoTa kavSiris umaRles xelisuflebaSi moxda for-
malurad morigi, magram Tavisi SinaarsiTa da politikuri transformaciis
xarisxiT radikaluri cvlilebebi. xelisuflebis saTaveSi movida
`gorbaCovis gundi~, romelmac gamoacxada qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis daCqarebisa da gardaqmnis (`perestroikis~) kursi. misma pirvelma
ornaxevarma weliwadma aCvena, rom totalitaruli sistema misi sruli
demontaJis gareSe ar eqvemdebareboda reformebs. 1987 wlis oqtombridan m.
gorbaCovi iZulebuli gaxda gamoecxadebina gadasvla `perestroikis~ meore
etapze _ demokratiisa da sajaroobis politikaze, ramac stimuli misca
reJimis mimarT opoziciuri moZraobebis gaaqtiurebas, ramac Ziri gamouTxara
da safuZvlianad Searyia komunisturi reJimi. swored am etapze moxda
saqarTvelos disidenturi da erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZra-obis
legalizacia da saqarTvelos damoukideblobis ideis oficialuri dayeneba
dRis wesrigSi.
xazgasmiT unda iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos erovnuli moZraobis arcerT
politikur Zalas eWvis qveS ar dauyenebia afxazeTis avtonomiis mizanSe-
wonilobis sakiTxi. rac Seexeba afxazTa uflebebis xelyofis programas,
aqac unda aRiniSnos erTi konceptualuri momentis Sesaxeb: qarTuli
erovnul-gamaTavisuflebeli moZraobis Teoriul-konceptualur
konstruqciebSi arasodes ar dasmula oficialurad afxazTa uflebebis
destruqciis moTxovna. piriqiT, imdenad, ramdenadac es moZraoba afxazur
separatizms ganixilavda ruseTis imperialisturi politikis regionaluri
meqanizmis konteqstSi, afxazTa istoriul-kulturuli da politikuri
uflebebis garantireba erTian qarTul sivrceSi da am gziT àfxazeTis
afxazizacia~ swored qarTul erovnul-strategiul interesebTan iyo
Tanxvedrili. àfxazeTis afxazizacia~ gulisxmobda paralelur derusifi-
kacias an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ruseTis ideologiur-kulturuli zegavlenis
minimizacias. amitom afxazeTis `nacionalizacia~ uzrunvelyofda mis
amogdebas imperiuli vertikalidan da afxazuri eTnokratiis distancirebas
sabWoTa rusuli imperiis centraluri istebliSmentisagan. amdenad, saqarT-
velos damoukidebloba da qarTuli erovnuli proeqtis realizacia apriori
gamoricxavda afxazTa uflebebis diskriminacias da maT denacionalizacias.
`perestroikis~ mier Seqmnili pluralizmisa da sajaroobis pirobebSi
afxazuri separatizmis pirvel oficialur gamovlinebas warmoadgenda egreT
wodebuli `samocis werili~ _ afxazuri mecnierebisa da kulturis samoci
TvalsaCino warmomadgenlis 1988 wlis 17 ivnisis mimarTva skkp XIX sakavSiro
konferenciisadmi.1922 es e.w. àfxazuri werili~ gamoirCeoda radikaluri
antiqarTuli paTosiT, usafuZvlo TavdasxmebiT qarTvel xalxze da
saqarTvelos xelmZRvanelobaze. dokumentis centraluri idea iyo
saqarTvelosagan afxazeTis gamoyofis antikonstituciuri moTxovna.
marTalia, werili arc ki gamxdara partkonferenciaze prezentaciisa da ganx-
ilvis sagani, magram misma gamoqveynebam mainc daZaba sazogadoebrivi
atmosfero avtonomiur respublikaSi.
1921 . . . . ., 1995, gv. 11-12.
1922 . ., . , gv. 414.
371
1989 wlis 18 marts gudauTis raionis sofel lixnSi gaimarTa avtonomiuri
respublikis afxazi mosaxleobis mravalaTasiani Tavyriloba, romelmac
miiRo egreT wodebuli `lixnis deklaracia~ _ mimarTva sabWoTa kavSiris
xelmZRvaneli organoebisadmi saqarTvelosagan afxazeTis gamoyofisa da
sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi mokavSire respublikis statusiT Sesvlis
Sesaxeb. mimarTvas xels awerdnen avtonomiuri respublikis oficialuri in-
stanciebis xelmZRvaneli pirebi, maT Soris saqarTvelos kompartiis
afxazeTis saolqo komitetis pirveli mdivani b. adleiba.
gaocebas iwvevs afxazuri istoriografiisa da politikuri publicistikis
aSkarad araobieqturi da araakademiuri `koncefcia~, romelSic lixnis
Tavyri-loba saxeldebulia `saerToafxazur plebiscitad~ (?), xolo mis mier
miRebuli mimarTva centraluri imperiuli instanciebisadmi _ àfxazi xalxis
erovnuli moZraobis aqtad~1923 (?).
samarTlebriv cnobierebaSi ar arsebobs raime oficialuri aqtis gareSe
organizebuli Sekrebis plebiscitad gansazRvris, xolo masze miRebuli do-
kumentebisaTvis deklaraciad wodebis precedenti. lixnis Tavyriloba,
cxadia, ver CaiTvleba plebiscitarul-referendumuli sawyisebis mqone
oficialur krebad. es iyo mosaxleobis nawilis mier stiqiurad, kon-
stituciuri sistemis farglebSi aucilebeli formalur-iuridiuli proce-
durebis gverdis avliT organizebuli araformaluri Sekreba. mis mier
miRebul mimarTvas ar hqonda afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis
mravalerovani mosaxleobis nebis gamoxatvis funqcia da, Sesabamisad, ar
warmoadgenda saxalxo suverenitetis gamovlinebas. TavisTavad ki afxazuri
eTnikuri nacionalizmisa da separatizmis es `deklaracia~ iyo
antikonstituciuri, ukanono da radikalur-konfrontaciuli, radganac man
stimuli misca daZabulobis eskalacias rogorc TbilisSi, ise sakuTriv
afxazeTSic.
`lixnis deklaraciam~ gansakuTrebiT gaamwvava sazogadoebriv-politikuri
situacia afxazeTSi, stimuli misca farTomasStabian destabilizacias da
saqarTvelos erovnuli moZraobis afxazeTis seqtoris gaaqtiurebas. amgvari
gaaqtiurebis sawyisad unda miviCnioT qarTuli erovnuli partiebis mier
organizebuli pirveli masobrivi antisabWoTa aqcia soxumSi 1988 wlis 3
dekembers. am mitingze qarTuli erovnuli Tvalsazrisi da afxaz xalxTan
erTad damoukidebeli qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis mSeneblobis mzadyofna
daafiqsires erovnuli moZraobis TvalsaCino liderebma m. kostavam, z.
WavWavaZem da qarTuli erovnuli moZraobis afxazeTis seqtoris liderebma v.
vekuam, n. mgalobliSvilma da sxvebma. 25 marts soxumsa da galSi gaimarTa
qarTuli mosaxleobis grandiozuli saprotesto mitingebi. 1 aprils daba
leseliZeSi Catarda antiimperialisturi mitingi, romlis monawileTa erTi
jgufi darbeul iqna afxazTa egzaltirebuli masis mier bzifsa da axal
aTonTan; iyvnen daWrilebic. am veraguli aqciis sapasuxod, 2 aprils soxumSi
gaimarTa qarTuli mosaxleobis mitingebi da manifestaciebi, ramac Seqmna
situaciis ukiduresad eskalaciisa da garkveulwilad misi umarTaobis
safrTxe.
am viTarebaSi saqarTvelos erovnulma moZraobam mizanSewonilad miiCnia
saprotesto aqciebis afxazeTidan dedaqalaqSi gadatana. ase daiwyo Tbilisis
1989 wlis 4-9 aprilis aqcia. igi afxazeTis krizisze sruliad bunebrivi da
kanonzomieri reaqciis dafiqsirebiT daiwyo, male gadaizarda saqarTvelos
politikuri damoukideblobisa da deokupaciis moTxovnis mqone saprotesto
moZraobad, rasac Sedegad mohyva cxra aprilis tragedia _ ssr kavSiris
umaRles xelisufalTa gadawyvetilebiT, Tavdacvisa da Sinagan saqmeTa
1923 . iqve, gv. 372-373.

372
saministroebis specnawilebis mier mSvidobiani mitingisa da SimSilobis
aqciis Zalismieri darbeva. am barbarosul aqcias mohyva 19 qarTvelis
daRupva da ramdenime aTasis mowamvla qimiuri nivTierebebiT.
afxazeTSi destabilizaciis RerZuli zona gaxda kulturul-saganmanaTle-
blo sivrce, konkretulad, afxazeTis saxelmwifo universiteti. misi
qarTuli seqtori warmoadgenda afxazeTSi qarTuli kulturisa da ganaT-
lebis, aseve saqarTvelos erovnuli moZraobis mTavar keras da, aqedan ga-
momdinare, afxazuri separatizmis mimarT winaaRmdegobis moZraobis birTvs.
sruliad bunebrivia, rom lixnis destruqciuli parapolitikuri `dek-
laracia~ gacilebiT mtkivneulad swored universitetSi aRiqves. miT umetes,
rom `deklaraciis~ xelmomwerTa Soris figurirebda universitetis reqtori
a. gvaramia, romlis Sidasauniversiteto politika qarTuli seqtoris
diskriminaciuli SezRudvis TvalsazrisiT isedac iwvevda ukmayofilebas.
yovelive amas mohyva universitetidan qarTuli seqtoris gamoyofa da mis ba-
zaze Tbilisis universitetis soxumis filialis Camoyalibeba, saqarTvelos
ministrTa sabWos 1989 wlis 14 maisis gankargulebis safuZvelze. es gaxda sa-
babi 1989 wlis 15_16 ivliss samoqalaqo mRelvarebis SeiaraRebul SetakebebSi
gadazrdisa, romlis drosac afxazebis SeiaraRebulma egzaltirebulma
brbom Tavdasxma ganaxorciela q. soxumis #1 saSualo skolaSi ganTavsebuli
filialis mimReb komisiaze da rusTavelis parkSi Sekrebil qarTul
sazogadoebriobaze. pirveli qarTul-afxazuri SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis
dros daiRupa 16 da daiWra 140-mde moqalaqe, ZiriTadad eTnikuri
qarTveli.1924 daRupulTa Soris iyo afxazeTSi qarTuli erovnuli moZraobis
lideri, `sruliad saqarTvelos ilia WavWavaZis sazogadoebis~ afxazeTis
regionaluri organizaciis erT-erTi xelmZRvaneli vladimer (vova) vekua.
aseve mZime danaklisi ganicada qarTulma erovnulma moZraobam imave wlis
Semodgomaze am moZraobis meore aRiarebuli lideris ioseb (soso) adamias
avtokatastrofaSi tragikuli daRupviT.
1990 wlis 3 aprils sabWoTa kavSiris umaRlesma sabWom miiRo kanoni1925,
romlis Tanaxmadac mokavSire respublikebis mier 1922 wlis sakavSiro xel-
Sekru-lebis denonsaciisa da ssrk-s Semadgenlobidan gasvlis SeTxvevaSi, av-
tonomiur respublikebs ufleba hqondaT, referendumis Sedegebis safuZvelze
mieRoT gadawyvetileba, darCeniliyvnen sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi
centrTan axali samokavSireo xelSekrulebis dadebis bazaze.
Zneli misaxvedri araa is faqti, rom kanoni qmnida sabWoTa imperiidan ga-
mosvlis msurveli erovnuli respublikebis konstituciur-samarTlebrivi
sivrcisa da teritoriuli mTlianobis daSlis iuridiul meqanizms. aqedan ga-
momdinare, mokavSire respublikebis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobebi
am meqanizmis SesaZlo amoqmedebis SiSiT unda damdgariyvnen sruli
damoukideblobis uaryofis platformaze, radganac sabWoTa kavSiris Se-
madgenlobidan maTi gasvla erT sibrtyeSi iyo dayenebuli mokavSire re-
spublikebis Semadgenlobidan avtonomiuri respublikebis SesaZlo gasvlas-
Tan. avtonomiuri respublikebis suverenizaciiTa da maTi eTnikuri nomenkla-
turis legitimaciiT mokavSire respublikebis damoukideblobis Sekaveba _ es
iyo centris strategiuli gaTvla da 1990 wlis aprilis kanoniT Seqmnili
makroformati mTeli imperiis masStabiT.
rac Seexeba mikroformats konkretulad afxazeTis SemTxvevaSi, unda
iTqvas, rom 1990 wlis aprilis kanonma Seqmna saqarTvelos imdroindel par-
tiul-saxelmwifo elitasa da afxazur eTnokratias Soris `kanonTa omis~,
anu konstituciur-samarTlebrivi disbalansis atmosfero.
1924 . . 1992-1993. www. ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/.

1925 . .Известия, 1990, 5 апреля.
373
1990 wlis 9 marts, saqarTvelos erovnuli moZraobis pozitiuri zewoliT
da inicirebiT, saqarTvelos ssr umaRlesi sabWos me-13 riggareSe sesiam
miiRo uaRresad mniSvnelovani istoriuli dokumenti _ dadgenileba
`saqarTvelos saxelmwifo suverenitetis dacvis garantiebis Sesaxeb~1926.
dadgenileba oficialurad adasturebda saqarTvelosa da sabWoTa ruseTis
1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekrulebis ruseTis mxridan 1921 wlis Teberval-mar-
tis omis Sedegad darRvevis faqts. aqedan gamomdinare, ukanonod da
iuridiuli Zalis armqoned CaiTvala yvela is xelSekruleba, romelTa
ZaliTac saqarTvelo Seyvanil iqna sabWoTa imperiis SemadgenlobaSi da
ganxorcielda damoukidebeli saqarTvelos okupaciis, sovetizaciisa da an-
eqsiis etapobrivi procesi.
didi mniSvneloba hqondaT saqarTvelos erovnuli moZraobisa da misi
afxazeTis seqtoris politikuri struqturirebis RonisZiebebs. 1990 w. 13_15
marts TbilisSi Catarebuli erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis kon-
ferenciaze Seiqmna mTavari makoordinirebeli struqtura _ erovnuli
forumi. paralelurad analogiuri struqtura Camoyalibda afxazeTSi.
kerZod, 1990 w. martSi ilia WavWavaZis sazogadoebis, erovnul-demokratiuli
partiis, monarqistul-konservatiuli partiis, rusTavelis sazogadoebis,
qristianul-demokratiuli kavSiris, erovnuli damoukideblobis partiis,
saqarTvelos helsinkis kavSiri _ erovnuli aRorZinebis, merab kostavas
sazogadoebis da sadroSo `lemi~-s koaliciis bazaze Seiqmna cxum-afxazeTis
erovnuli komiteti (caek).
samwuxarod, erovnul partiebs Soris konfrontaciis `Tbilisuri for-
mati~ maleve gadatanil iqna afxazeTSic. cnobilia, rom 1990 wlis 7 maiss
saqarTvelos erovnuli forumi daiSala `mrgval magidad~ da kongresistuli
orientaciis politikuri Zalebis centrad. amisi analogiiT afxazeTSic
moxda politikuri ganxeTqileba: helsinkis kavSiris, wmida ilia marTlis
sazogadoebis, merab kostavas sazogadoebis da monarqistul-konservatiuli
partiis afxazeTis regionalurma filialebma datoves caeki da daafuZnes
`mrgvali magidis~ afxazeTis regionaluri organizacia.
1990 wlis 25 agvistos gamocxadda, rom afxazeTis assr-s umaRlesma sabWom
(momxsenebeli v. kobaxia) miiRo ori aqti: `deklaracia afxazeTis assr sax-
elmwifoebrivi suverenitetis Sesaxeb~ da dadgenileba àfxazeTis saxelm-
wifoebriobis dacvis samarTlebrivi garantiebis Sesaxeb~.1927 aRniSnuli
dokumentebi ewinaaRmdegebodnen saqarTvelos konstitucias da TviT
afxazeTis 1978 wlis 6 ivnisis konstitucias.
saqarTvelos ssr umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumma 1990 w. 26 agvistos1928
dadgenilebiT gauqmebulad da iuridiuli Zalis armqoned gamoacxada
zemoxsenebuli aqtebi, romlebic arRvevdnen saqarTvelos teritoriul
mTlianobas. sul male gairkva, rom 1990 w. 25 agvistos sesia iyo
falsificirebuli; sinamdvileSi igi warmoadgenda deputatTa jgufis
(naxevarze naklebis) krebas. 1990 w. 31 agvistos mowveulma afxazeTis assr
umaRlesi sabWos sagangebo sesiam (momxsenebeli v. yolbaia) gaauqma 25
agvistos qvorumis gareSe da proceduruli normebis darRveviT miRebuli
aqtebi. informacia amis Sesaxeb farTod gavrcelda mTel ssr kavSirSi,
riTac didi politikuri da moraluri dartyma igemes separatistebma1929.
1990 wlis SemodgomisaTvis movlenaTa msvlelobam afxazeTSi warmoSva se-
riozuli politikur-konstituciuri konfliqtis gaCaRebis wanamZRvrebi. ga-
moikveTa separatistebisa da imperiuli centris aliansis mxridan
1926 . komunisti, 1990, 10 marti.

1927 . Советская , 1990, 28 .
1928 . komunisti, 1990, 27 agvisto.
1929 . j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi..., gv. 8.
374
saqarTvelos teritoriul suverenitetze morigi Setevis realuri tendencia.
politikur-situaciuri formatis amgvari scenaris blokireba im etapze
uzrunvelyo 1990 wlis oqtombris erovnulma saparlamento revoluciam
saqarTveloSi.
375
Tavi XIX. afxazeTi saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi
damoukideblobis aRdgenis pirvel wlebSi (1990_1992ww.).
1990w. 28 oqtombers Catarebul arasabWour da pluralistur saparlamento

arCevnebSi blokma _ `mrgvali magida-Tavisufali saqarTvelo~ miiRo
amomrCevelTa xmebis 57 % da Seqmna myari sakanonmdeblo umravlesoba.
axladarCeuli uzenaesi sabWos pirvelma sesiam, 1990w. 14 noembers
Tavmjdomared airCia zviad gamsaxurdia, miiRo kanoni gardamavali periodis
Sesaxeb, romelic iTvaliswinebda RonisZiebaTa kompleqss saqarTvelos
damoukideblobis de-iure da de-faqto aRdgenis uzrunvelsayofad.
amdenad, 1990 wlis oqtombris saparlamento revoluciis Sedegad saqarT-
velos erovnuli moZraoba gaxda oficialuri saxelmwifo xelisufleba, kon-
stituciuri sistemis umaRlesi subieqti. magram imis gamo, rom sabWoTa
kavSiri kidev ganagrZobda arsebobas da saqarTveloc de-faqto mis
SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda, saqarTvelos erovnuli xelisufleba imavdroulad
warmoadgenda erovnuli moZraobis makoordinirebel struqturas da
imperiuli centris mimarT erovnuli daumorCileblobis instituts.
Seqmnili specifikuri viTarebidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos erovnuli
xelisuflebis institucionaluri dualizmis gaTvaliswinebas uaRresad didi
mniSvneloba aqvs praqtikuli politikis sferoSi mis mier gadadgmuli
zogierTi araordinaluri nabijis obieqturi gacnobierebisaTvis.
saqarTvelos erovnuli mTavrobisa da prezident z. gamsaxurdias1930
politika afxazeTSi mTlianad da savsebiT gamomdinareobda qveynis terito-
riuli erTianobis fuZemdebluri koncefciidan. saqarTvelos axal
politikur elitas SesaniSnavad esmoda afxazeTis krizisis pozitiurad
gadawyvetis didi, zogierTi TvalsazrisiT ki ganmsazRvreli mniSvneloba
damoukidebeli qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis formirebis procesSi. amasTan,
afxazeTsa da mis garSemo Seqmnili viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT,
gansakuTrebiT ki kremlis mier afxazuri separatizmis mxardaWerisa da
eTnokrizisis inspirirebis realuri perspeqtivisadmi angariSis gawevis gamo,
es politika xasiaTdeboda afxazur eTnokratiasTan iZulebiTi, ase vTqvaT,
fors-maJoruli kompromisis taqtikis gamoyenebis tendenciiT. kompromisis
taqtika, romelic emyareboda saqarTvelos saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi
afxazTa specifikuri politikuri uflebebis garantirebas, ar iyo z.
gamsaxurdias xelisuflebis TviTmiznuri politogema: kompromisis
gavrcelebis vels da diskusias ar eqvemdebareboda saqarTvelos
teritoriuli mTlianoba, teritoriul-administraciuli unitarizmi da
suverenitetis sivrcis xelSeuxebloba md. fsoumde.
1990 wlis dekembris dasawyisSi warumatebulad dasrulda b. adleibasa da
misi òCamCiruli dajgufebis~ politikur procesSi damkvidrebis mcdeloba,
rasac sawyis etapze mxars uWerda z. gamsaxurdia1931.
1991 wels afxazeTSi intensiurad warimarTa imperiul centrs daqvem-
debarebuli separatistuli politikuri koniunqturis formirebis procesi _
separatistuli orientaciis politikuri partiebis, jgufebisa da gaerTianebe-
bis Camoyalibeba. am procesis logikuri Sedegi iyo imperiul centrs
daqvemdebarebuli da misi mxridan samxedro-politikur-ekonomikur
1930 . 1991 wlis 9 aprils, 31 martis referendumis Sedegebis safuZvelze, saqarTvelos uzenaesma sabWom
miiRo damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqti, xolo 26 maisis saqarTvelos istoriaSi pirvel pluralistur
saprezidento arCevnebSi gaimarjva zviad gamsaxurdiam.
1931 . dawvrilebiT ix: v. Wania konfliqti afxazeTSi: istoriuli kanonzomiereba Tu sabediswero Sec-
doma?! Tb., 2003, gv. 142-156..
376
proteqciaze orientirebuli separatistuli politikuri sivrcis, igive òmis
rezervuaris~ Seqmna1932
afxazuri eTnokratiis centraluri politikuri partia da separatizmis
institucionaluri birTvi gaxda saxalxo forumi àidgilara~ (`Tanadgoma~),
romelic 1988w. 13 dekembris damfuZnebel yrilobaze Seiqmna. misi pirveli
Tavmjdomare iyo afxazi poeti a. gogua. àidgilaras~ meore (riggareSe)
yrilobaze 1990w. 3 Tebervals forumis lideri gaxda s. Samba. Tavisi
ekleqtikuri Teoriuli debulebebis gamo praqtikulad SeuZlebelia am
organizaciis politikuri koncefciis daxasiaTeba politologiis
normatiuli sqemebis farglebSi. SeuZlebelia aseve misi mikuTvneba ama Tu im
politikur-partiuli àreopagisTvis~ _ memarjvene, memarcxene, centristuli,
memarjvene-centristuli Tu memarcxene-centristuli. erTaderTi ram, raSic
SeiZleba calsaxad da araorazrovnad daxasiaTdes àidgilaras~ politikuri
renome _ es aris antiqarTuli separatistuli ideologia: saqarTvelo aris
`mcire imperia~; mas axasiaTebs imperiuli mentaliteti; afxazeTis gamoyofa
saqarTvelosgan aris àfxazi xalxis TviTgamorkvevis umaRlesi forma~ da
misi usafrTxoebis garantia.
àidgilara~ imTaviTve moiTxovda afxazeTis suverenizacias. 1989_1991ww. pi-
robebSi am statusis uzrunvelyofis erTaderT saSualebad mas miaCnda `sab-
WoTa kavSiris erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis oTxsafexuriani
struqturis gauqmeba da federaciis mSenebloba horizontaluri
principiT~1933. saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi federaluri horizontalizmi,
gulisxmobda afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis avtonomiebis statusis
gafarToebas mokavSire respublikebis statusis doneze da uSualo
daqvemdebarebas moskovisadmi. 1992 wlidan àidgilaras~ separatistuli
saqmianoba gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurda, xolo afxazeTis omis Semdeg man
Seasrula separatistuli kvazisaxelmwifos politikuri liderebisa da
istebliSmentis inkubaciis funqcia.
1991w. Seiqmna memarcxene-centristuli orientaciis afxazeTis saxalxo
partia, romelsac saTaveSi Caudga i. lakoba1934. faqtobrivad es partia iyo
(da aris) analogiuri saxelwodebis ruseTis partiis filiali1935. Seqmnis
dRidanve afxazeTis saxalxo partia aviTarebda garkveulwilad kritikul-
opoziciur xazs àidgilaras~ mimarT, magram saqarTvelos centralur
xelisuflebasTan damokidebulebisa da e.w. afxazeTis damoukideblobis sa-
kiTxebSi isini gamodiodnen erTiani poziciiTa da integraluri
separatistuli platformiT.
separatistuli politikuri koniunqturis CamoyalibebaSi mniSvnelovani
roli Seasrules afxazeTSi mcxovrebi araqarTul-araafxazuri eTnikuri
Temebis konsolidaciis mizniT Seqmnilma parapolitikurma gaerTianebebma.
1991 wlis 23 aprils Seiqmna `slavuri saxli _ rusuli kulturis sa-
zogadoeba afxazeTSi~, romlis gamgeobis Tavmjdomare gaxda v. loginovi.
oficialurad deklarirebuli saqvelmoqmedo kulturuli proeqtebis
miuxedavad, `slavuri saxli~ iyo mkacrad ideologizebuli politikuri or-
ganizacia, romlis funqcias afxazeTSi ruseTis imperiuli politikis
gatareba warmoadgenda. es funqcia mas unda ganexorcielebina sabWoTa da
ruseTis specsamsaxurebTan pirdapiri kavSirebiT, afxazeTSi moqmedi yvela
araafxazuri jgufis konsolidaciiT antiqarTul platformaze.
1932 . am sakiTxis dawvrilebiTi analizi sainteresoa imdenad, ramdenadac omisSemdgomi separatistuli

kvazisaxelmwifos mmarTveli nomenklatura swored òmis partiis~ bazaze Camoyalibda upirateswilad.
1933 . (` ~), 1, 1989, 25
1934 . . . . . www. novopol.ru/article 1283. html.
1935 . `damoukidebeli~ afxazeTis erT-erTi partiis lideri i. lakoba 2003 w. monawileobda ruseTis
saxelmwifo saTaTbiros arCevnebSi, ruseTis saxalxo partiis siiT (sic!).
377
`slavuri saxlis~ saqmianobis konteqstSi yuradRebas iqcevs erTi niSando-
blivi momenti: mTel sabWoTa kavSirSi (gansakuTrebiT baltiispireTsa da
ruseTis federaciis musulmanur anklavebSi) analogiuri formaluri
statusis mqone struqturebi `moRvaweobdnen~ rusul-slavuri moZraobis
uflebadacviTi formatiT, rusuli diasporis kulturul moTxovnilebaTa
realizaciisTvis. es garemoeba obieqturad ganapirobebda maT opozicias
`satitulo~ erebis (estonelebis, litvelebis, baSkirebis, TaTrebis da sxv.)
warmomadgenlebTan. afxazeTSi amgvari opoziciurobis natamalic ar
igrZnoboda da `slavuri saxli~ àidgilaras~ oponentis ki ara, aramed
aSkara mxardamWerisa da erTgvari `gonebrivi centris~ funqcias asrulebda.
`slavuri saxli~ mogvianebiT samxedro daxmarebasac uwevda afxaz separa-
tistebs da maT rusul-kazakuri formirebis CamoyalibebaSi uwyobda xels.
ase, magaliTad, 1992 wlis 14 ivniss `slavuri saxlis~ egidiT gamarTul
afxazeTis kazakTa yrilobaze Seiqmna gasamxedroebuli organizacia `saT-
vistomo~, romlis atamanad airCies vinme v. Smali1936.
eTnopolitikuri niSniT da rusul-imperiuli interesebis safuZvelze
Seiqmna somxuri gaerTianeba `krunqi~. is mTlianad moeqca afxazuri
eTnokratiisa da `slavuri saxlis~ gavlenis qveS. ~krunqis~ lideri a.
topoliani separatistuli nomenklaturis aqtiuri wevri gaxda, xolo
somxuri mosaxleobis rekrutirebis bazaze Seqmnili e.w. `bagramianis batali-
oni~ gamoirCeoda gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT qarTveli mosaxleobis mimarT,
iyo eTnikuri wmendis, genocidisa da humanitaruli katastrofis erT-erTi
aqtiuri `Semoqmedi~.
ase Camoyalibda afxazeTSi politikuri sivrcis imperiul centrze orien-
tirebuli da mTlianad misi proteqciis qveS myofi separatistuli segmenti,
rogorc integrirebuli òmis partia~.
magram 1991 wlis konkretul-istoriul situaciaSi, z. gamsaxurdias
xelisuflebis stabiluri erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi poziciisa da masobrivi
mxardaWeris pirobebSi, v. arZinbas klani ver bedavda aSkara separatistuli
politikis warmoebas. v. arZinba da misi garemocva, miuxedavad antiqarTuli
orientaciisa, iZulebulni iyvnen mieRoT arsebuli `TamaSis wesebi~ da Tavi
SeekavebinaT aqtiuri separatistuli politikuri aqciebisagan.
Tu ar CavTvliT 1991 wlis 17 marts afxazeTis teritoriaze ssrk-s Senar-
Cunebis Taobaze masobrivi gayalbebisa da kenWisyris procesidan galis r-nis
gamoTiSvis gziT Catarebul `referendums~, amasTanave 1991 wlis april-
ivnisSi v. arZinbas ukanono monawileobas sabWoTa kavSiris prezidentis m.
gorbaCovis mier axali samokavSireo xelSekrulebis dasadebad `9+1~
formatiT inicirebul e.w `novo ogariovos procesSi~, Tbilisis gadatri-
alebamde v. arZinbas ar (Tu ver) miuRia arcerTi secesionisturi iuridiuli
aqti. oficialur Tbilissa da soxums Soris urTierToba mimdinareobda `ka-
nonTa omis~ an, vTqvaT, `civi omis~ formatSi, Tanac arsebuli konstituciuri
sistemis farglebSi.
saqarTveloSi ruseTis samxedro yofnis, imperiuli centris mier
afxazeTSi eTnokonfliqtis inspirirebis realuri berketebis flobis gamo z.
gamsaxurdiam kompromisuli taqtika ganagrZo mas Semdegac, rac 1991 w. 31
martis damoukideblobis referendumma, imave wlis 9 aprilis saqarTvelos
saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis deklaraciam da 26 maisis
saprezidento arCevnebma seriozuli dartyma miayenes separatistul moZraobas
afxazeTSi. amaze naTlad metyvelebs referendumisa da saprezidento
arCevnebis oficialuri statistikac. miuxedavad àidgilaras~ da sxva
separatistuli organizaciebis, TviT v. arZinbas reJimis mxridan boikotis ga-
1936 . s. Cervonaia. dasax. naSromi, gv. 113.

378
mocxadebisa, referendumSi monawileoba miiRo amomrCevelTa saerTo
raodenobis (347175) 61,27%-ma. saqarTvelos damoukideblobas xma misca 97,73%-
ma, anu amomrCevelTa saerTo raodenobis 60%-ma. TiTqmis igive maCvenebeli
ganmeorda saprezidento arCevnebSic.1937
Tavis sainauguracio gamosvlaSi, 1991 wlis 7 ivniss, z. gamsaxurdiam kidev
erTxel daafiqsira damoukidebeli saqarTvelos uryevi neba _ daecva
afxazTa erovnuli uflebebis xelSeuxebloba politikuri avtonomiis kon-
stituciuri garantiebis safuZvelze.1938
1991 wlis ivnis-ivlisSi oficialur Tbilissa da v. arZinbas garemocvas
Soris gamarTuli intensiuri konsultaciebis Sedegad SemuSavda kompro-
misuli konstituciuri SeTanxmebebis paketi, romelic Seicavda axal saar-
Cevno kodeqss da konstituciuri cvlilebebis pakets, romlis sakanonmdeblo
realizacia ganxorcielda 1991 wlis ivlis-agvistoSi.
9 ivliss afxazeTis umaRlesi sabWos sesiam miiRo axali saarCevno ko-
deqsi _ kanoni àfxazeTis assr umaRlesi sabWos deputatTa arCevnebis Ses-
axeb~.1939 kanoni iTvaliswinebda amomrCevelTa Tanabari raodenobis ZiriTadi
principebis dacviT erTmandatiani saarCevno olqebis demarkacias eTnikur
zonebad da avtonomiuri parlamentis dakompleqtebas eTnikuri kvotebis
principiT. umaRlesi sabWos 1991 w. 27 agvistos gadawyvetilebiT, afxazuri
eTnikuri zona warmodgenili iyo 28 erTmandatiani olqiT mosaxleobis
saerTo raodenobis 17,3 %-is pirobebSi, qarTuli _ 26-iT mosaxleobis saerTo
raodenobis 47,7 %-is SemTxvevaSi, xolo sxva danarCeni erovnebebis _ 11.
aqedan gamomdinare, 65 wevridan parlamentSi afxazebs eZleodaT 28 sadepu-
tato mandati, qarTvelebs _ 26 da danarCeni erovnebis warmomadgenlebs _ 11.
warmomadgenlobiTi proporcia 28+26+11 calsaxad ar Seesabameboda afxazeTis
mosaxleobis eTnodemografiul struqturas da eTnikuri Temebis
raodenobriv-procentul Tanafardobas.1940
27 agvistos miRebul iqna konstituciur cvlilebaTa paketi. kanoniT
àfxazeTis assr konstituciaSi cvlilebis Setanis Sesaxeb~ konstituciis 98-
e muxli Camoyalibda aseTi redaqciiT: `kanonebi da sxva aqtebi afxazeTis
assr samarTlebrivi statusis sakiTxebze miiReba afxazeTis assr uzenaesi
sabWos deputatTa saerTo raodenobis ori mesamedi xmebiT...~1941
imave dRes miRebul iqna kanonis àfxazeTis assr sayovelTao-saxalxo ken-
Wisyris (referendumis) Sesaxeb~ axali redaqcia, romlis mexuTe muxlSi
dafiqsirda, rom sakonstitucio cvlilebebis Sesaxeb referendumis dasaniS-
nad saWiro iyo deputatTa saerTo raodenobis ori mesamedis Tanxmoba.1942
1991 wlis kompromisis sakanonmdeblo modelis rogorc maSindeli, ise
dRevandeli kritikosebi mas calsaxad negatiur Sefasebas aZleven, miiCneven
z. gamsaxurdias seriozul Secdomad da avtonomiur respublikaSi 1992-1993
wlebSi datrialebuli tragediis erTerT mizezad. amasTan, isini eyrdnobian
SiSvel abstraqtul sqemebs da ara politologiisa da konsensusuri
politikuri dialogis kanonzomierebebs. oponentebi cdiloben saparlamento
eTnokvotirebis specifikas mouZebnon zedapiruli saerTaSoriso
ànalogiebi~, magaliTad, samxreT afrikis respublikaSi aTwleulebis
ganmavlobaSi moqmedi aparteiduli sistemis saxiT. ase gaCnda
istoriografiasa da politikuri publicistikis erT nawilSi 1991 wlis 9
1937 . j. gamaxaria. zviad gamsaxurdias politika afxazeTSi (1990_1993 ww.), Tb., 2004, gv. 7.
1938 . saqarTvelos respublika, 1991, 8 ivnisi.
1939 . afxazeTis xma, 1991, 18 ivlisi.
1940 . ix. amis Sesaxeb: z. papasqiri. narkvevebi..., nakv. II, gv. 314-322.
1941 . regionaluri konfliqtebi saqarTveloSi _ samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi, afxazeTis assr
(1989-2001). politikur-samarTlebrivi aqtebis krebuli. Semdgeneli da mT. redaqtori T. diasamiZe. Tb., 2002,
gv. 51.
1942 . iqve.
379
ivlisis saarCevno kanonis àparteidul~ kanonad, xolo mis safuZvelze
afxazeTSi Camoyalibebuli partiul-politikuri sistemis àparteidad~ sax-
eldebis koniunqturuli tendencia.
gaocebas iwvevs àparteidistebis~ uaRresad vulgaruli da antimec-
nieruli paralelizmi, maT mier samxreT afrikis respublikaSi arsebuli
aparteiduli reJimis substratuli maxasiaTeblebis _ TeTrkanianTa da
feradkanianTa sruli gamijnva, rasobrivi da eTnikuri segregaciis saxelm-
wifo praqtika da a.S. _ gauTvaliswinebloba.
ismis kiTxva: afxazeTis qarTuli mosaxleobis romeli `rezervati~, `lo-
kacia~ Tu `bantustani~ iqmneboda 1991 wlis saarCevno kanoniT? an romeli sam-
Tavrobo Tu sazogadoebrivi dawesebulebis cal-calke, afxazTa da
qarTvelTa eTnokorporaciuli gamxoloebis safuZvelze Camoyalibebas
uwyobda is xels?
mainc rogor azrobriv konstruqciaSi SeiZleba avxsnaT 1991 w. kompromisi
da ra faqtorebis analizze dayrdnobiT SeiZleba ukuvagdoT
àparteidistebis~ araadekvaturi, xSir SemTxvevaSi pirovnulad z.
gamsaxurdiasadmi paTologiuri siZulviliT nasazrdoebi iaffasiani da
aSkarad reducirebuli interpretaciebi? uwinares yovlisa, aucilebelia
analizis meTodologiuri plastis optimizacia. àparteidistebi~ problemas
udgebian koniunqturuli da nawilobriv moraluri poziciebidan, aqaoda
rogor SeiZleboda qarTuli 47,7%-iani mosaxleobis saparlamento
warmomadgenloba gansazRvruliyo 26, xolo 17,3%-iani afxazi mosaxleobisa _
28 deputatiT. isini mizanmimarTulad axdenen kompromisis qarTuli segmentis
(formulis 28+26+11) absolutizacias, TiTqos kompro-misis Semxvedri
afxazuri segmenti (sakonstitucio cvlilebebi) sulac ar yofiliyos. arada,
am SemTvevaSi saWiro da aucilebelia swored realpolitikuri midgoma,
sakiTxis analizi konsensusis, kompromisuli dialogis, interesTa
urTierTbalansis politikur-teqnokratiul sqemebSi.
rasakvirvelia, eTnokvotirebis principi da afxazeTis umaRlesi sabWos eT-
nikuri Semadgenlobis Seusabamoba avtonomiuri respublikis
eTnodemografiul struqturasTan iyo saparlamento praqtikisTvis
aratradiciuli, arasasiamovno da garkveulwilad arapopularuli faqti. am
TvalsazrisiT, kompromiss hqonda negatiuri aspeqtebi (razec araerTxel mi-
uTiTebda z. gamsaxurdiac), magram nebismieri kompromisis arsic xom amaSia.
eTnokvotirebis formula (28+26+11), 1991 w. 9 ivliss miRebuli saarCevno ka-
nonis uxeSi darRveviT erTmandatian qarTul olqebSi amomrCevelTa
raodenobis 4_5-jer da metad aRmateba afxazuri olqebis analogiur
maCvenebelze ewinaaRmdegeboda ara mxolod saparlamento arCevnebis
tradiciul praqtikas, aramed saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis1943
principebs erovnuli warmomav-lobis miuxedavad adamianTa politikuri
Tanasworobis Sesaxeb.
magram es iyo droebiTi, iZulebiTi kompromisi, gamowveuli globaluri
situaciis specifikiTa da saqarTveloze zemoqmedi madestabilizebeli
tenden-ciebiT. am faqtorebs Soris aRsaniSnavia: imperiuli centris
Zliereba, mis mier ukve gaxsnili pirveli antiqarTuli fronti Sida
qarTlSi da afxazeTSi eTnokonfliqtis inspirirebis perspeqtiva. cxadia, rom
aseT pirobebSi saqarTvelos centraluri xelisuflebis kompromisi miznad
isaxavda daZabulobis ganmuxtvas da qveynis dacvas omisa da sax-
elmwifoebrivi daSlisagan.
am TvalsazrisiT aRsaniSnavia erTi garemoeba: afxazeTis umaRlesi sabWos
arCevnebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos uzenaesi sabWos 1991 w. 27 Tebervlis
1943 . 1948 wlis adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis, 1966 wlis adamianis uflebaTa Jenevis
fakulta-turi oqmis, 1966 wlis adamianis samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis evropuli konvenciis da sxv.
380
dadgenilebis Sesabamisad, imave wlis 1 oqtombers mTavrdeboda afxazeTis
1986 wlis mowvevis umaRlesi sabWos gadarCevisaTvis dadgenili axali vada1944
da am dromde arCevnebis Cautareblobis SemTxvevaSi kremls SeiZleboda Semo-
eRo pirdapiri saprezidento mmarTvelobis reJimi. amitom saarCevno kanonmde-
blobis sakiTxze molaparakebis CaSliTa da kanonis optimalur vadebSi
armiRebiT saqarTvelos xelisufleba iuridiul sababs aZlevda kremls
afxazeTze pirdapiri iurisdiqciis dawesebisaTvis.
rac Seexeba kompromisuli konstituciuri paketis Sinagan anatomias, is
Seicavda afxazeTSi qarTuli interesebis realizaciis mTel kompleqss.
afxazeTis samarTlebrivi statusis sakiTxebze (rogorc parlamentis SigniT,
aseve referendumul-plebiscitarul doneze) gadawyvetilebis misaRebad au-
cilebeli iyo kvalificirebuli umravlesoba, romelsac araTu afxazuri
deputacia, aramed masTan integrirebuli sxva erovnebaTa deputatebic ver
qmnidnen erTad aRebulni. maSasadame, afxazeTis parlamentSi eTnikuri
afxazebis umniSvnelo umravlesoba da saerTod nebismieri koalicia qarTuli
eTnikuri deputaciis gareSe ar warmoadgenda `konstituciur umravlesobas~,
radganac konstituciuri cvlilebebis misaRebad saWiro iyo qarTuli
fraqciis Tanxmoba.
politikuri TvalsazrisiT es imas niSnavda, rom saqarTvelos prezidents
SesaZlebloba hqonda gaeuqmebina saqarTvelos Semadgenlobidan afxazeTis ga-
moyofis, an amgvari gamoyofis etapobriv-procesualuri uzrunvelyofis nebis-
mieri ukanono gadawyvetileba. es momenti _ saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTli-
anobis daSlis blokirebis meqanizmi, prezidentis de-faqto da de-iure veto
afxazeTis SesaZlo secesiaze _ unda miviCnioT 1991 w. kompromisis umTavres
maxasiaTeblad. kompromisuli paketi aseve iTvaliswinebda qarTul-afxazur
Tanxmobas samTavrobo struqturebis CamoyalibebisaTvis. qarTuli seqtoris
nomenklaturuli preferencia garantirebuli iyo parlamentis pirveli vice-
spikerisa da ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomaris eTnikuri qarTvelobiT.
avtonomiuri respublikis istebliSments unda emuSava òrmxrivi konsen-
susis~ wesebiT, e.i. nebismieri mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebis misaRebad
aucilebeli iyo mosaxleobis ori ZiriTadi eTnikuri (qarTul-afxazuri)
zonis kooperacia da konstruqciuli TanamSromloba. magaliTad, ministrebis
damtkicebas parlamentSi kvalificiuri umravlesoba, Sesabamisad, SeTanxmeba
sWirdeboda.
1991 wlis kompromisis mTavari mizani afxazuri eTnokratiis integraciuli
veqtoris radikaluri Semobruneba, rusuli orientaciis ganeitraleba da
qarTul sivrceSi misi reintegraciis dawyeba iyo. am TvalsazrisiT
kompromisi miznad isaxavda separatistuli politikuri energiis efeqtur
marTvas da misTvis Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi dinebis micemas. osebis avtonomiis
likvidaciisa da aWaris avtonomiis gauqmebis referendumuli sawyisebis
mzadebis paralelurad 1991 wlis kompromisuli paketis dadebis fonze
afxazebma marTlac irwmunes, rom saqarTvelos erovnuli xelisuflebis
antiavtonomisturi kursi maT ar SeexebaT da TbilisTan SeiZleba dialogi
garkveul pozitiur platformaze.
formula 28+26+11 afxazeTSi nergavda mkvidri (28+26) da aramkvidri (11) eT-
nosebis cnebas. aqedan gamomdinare, afxazuri eTnokratia qarTvelebs cnobda
afxazeTis mkvidr eTnosad, Sesabamisi saxelmwifoebriv-uflebrivi
garantiebiT, da piriqiT. afxazeTis konstituciaSi Sevida cvlilebebi -
`saqarTvelos ssr-s~ nacvlad Caiwera `saqarTvelos respublika~, riTac
afxazurma mxarem aRiara saqarTveloSi sabWoTa simbolikis likvidaciis
faqti, afxazeTis assr ki damoukideblobaaRdgenili saqarTvelos
1944 . j. gamaxaria. zviad gamsaxurdias politika afxazeTSi, gv. 4.

381
respublikis nawilad dafiqsirda. afxazeTis politikur-samarTlebrivi
statusis Sesaxeb kanoni ZalaSi Sedioda mxolod saqarTvelos centraluri
da afxazeTis avtonomiuri parlamentebis mier misi miRebis momentidan. amiT
faqtobrivad gamoiricxa statusis Taobaze calmxrivi kanonieri
gadawyvetilebis miRebis SesaZlebloba.
mTavari mainc is iyo, rom afxazurma eTnokratiam cno saqarTvelos
teritoriuli mTlianoba, yovelgvari Suamavali misiebisa da moskovis
mediatorobis gareSe oficialur TbilisTan dado politikuri SeTanxmeba er-
Tian saxelmwifoebriv sivrceSi yofnis Sesaxeb, Tanac saqarTvelos
federalizaciis Tu konfederalizaciis moTxovnis gareSe. amiT afxazurma
eTnokratiam rogorc sakuTari politikuri uflebebis, ise afxazeTSi mTeli
politikuri procesis wyarod da subieqtad damoukidebeli saqarTvelos
erovnuli xelisufleba cno. pirdapir Tu iribad, afxazebma aRiares, rom
avtonomiis statusis safuZveli aris ara calke afxazi eris TviTgamorkveva
an romelime sakavSiro-imperiuli aqti, aramed saqarTvelos xelisuflebis
politikuri neba da masTan SeTanxmeba.
dabolos, kidev erTi sadiskusio sakiTxis Sesaxeb: absoluturad mcdaria
mosazreba eTnokvotirebis modelis uprecendentobis Sesaxeb, TiTqos es iyo
eqskluziurad z. gamsaxurdias xelisuflebis gamogoneba.
afxazeTis istoriaSi pirvel parlamentSi, e.i. 1919 wlis 13 Tebervals
arCeul afxazeTis saxalxo sabWoSi 40 wevridan 17 eTnikuri afxazi iyo, 15 _
qarTveli da 8 _ sxva erovnebis warmomadgeneli.
afxazeTis bolo sabWoTa parlamentSi, 1986 _ 1991 ww. mowvevis umaRles
sabWoSi ki aseTi proporciis eTnostruqtura iyo: 140 wevridan _ 57 afxazi, 54
qarTveli da 29 sxva erovnebis warmomadgeneli. ase rom, wminda raodenobrivi
maCveneblebiT eTnikur afxazTa warmomadgenlobiTi preferenciis principi
arsebobda avtonomiuri parlamentarizmis istoriis TiTqmis yovel etapze. is
garemoeba, rom eTnokvotireba faqtobrivi da ara iuridiulad sanqcirebuli
iyo, rasakvirvelia, am SemTxvevaSi arafers cvlis.
rac Seexeba saerTaSoriso praqtikas, politikur-eTnikuri an politikur-
konfesiuri kvotirebis principi safuZvlad udevs zogierTi saxelmwifos
konstituciur sistemas, rogorc postkonfliqturi daregulirebis an
antikonfliqturi prevenciis saSualeba. magaliTad, italiis trentino-alto-
adijes provinciaSi, tirolSi garantirebulia germanelTa eTnikuri
umciresobis politikuri da warmomadgenlobiTi preferenciebi, raTa maT ar
gamoTqvan avstriasTan SeerTebis survili. libanis 1943 w. èrovnuli paqtis~
Tanaxmad, saxelmwifoSi, romlis mosaxleobis absolutur umravlesobas
muslimanebi warmoadgenen, prezidenti unda iyos maroniti-qristiani.
kvotirebulia aseve premier-ministris, parlamentis spikeris, sagareo saqmeTa
ministrisa da sxva Tanamdebobebi. XX s. 70-ian wlebSi libanis samoqalaqo
omi gamoiwvia am kvotirebuli balansis daSlam, risi mizezic gaxda qveyanaSi
palestinuri struqturebis infiltracia. eTnopolitikuri kvotirebis
principis realizaciis magaliTebad SeiZleba miviCnioT aseve kviprosis
politikuri sistema 1974 w. krizisamde da Sveicariis zogierTi kantonis
administraciuli struqtura.
1991 wlis ivlis-agvistos kompromisma afxazeTSi Seqmna eTnokonsti-
tuciuri wonasworobisa da politikuri balansis mdgomareoba. aseT balanss
qmnida qarTuli da afxazuri mxareebis ara raodenobrivi, aramed
xarisxobrivi (da es iyo mTavari) urTierTTanafardobis sistema _
eTnokvotirebuli uzenaesi sabWo, konstituciuri cvlilebebisaTvis da
mTavrobis Camosayalibeblad. kvalificiuri umravlesobis aucilebloba,
saqarTvelos prezidentis de-faqto da de-iure veto afxazeTis SesaZlo
secesiaze, qarTveli erovnebis pirveli vice-spikeri da premier-ministri.
382
1991 wlis kompromisuli konstituciuri paketi, cxadia, miznad isaxavda
afxazeTSi samxedro konfliqtis Tavidan acilebas, mosalodneli kon-
frontaciis lokalizebas saparlamento-konstituciur CarCoebSi da realuri,
ase vTqvaT, `cxeli omis~ moqcevas `civi omis~ Tu `civi mSvidobis~ formatSi.
swored amgvar tendencias hqonda adgili 1991 wlis Semodgomaze. z.
gamsaxurdiam iuridiuli Zalis armqoned cno afxazeTis uzenaesi sabWosa da
mTavrobis zogierTi antikonstituciuri aqti _ afxazeTis sabaJo samsaxuris
Seqmnis Sesaxeb (1991 wlis 27 seqtemberi), afxazeTis suverenitetis ekonomi-
kuri safuZvlebis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb (1991 wlis 27 seqtemberi),
afxazeTis teritoriaze ganlagebuli sakavSiro da sakavSiro-respublikuri
daqvemdebarebis sawarmoTa da organizaciaTa afxazeTis iurisdiqciaSi
gadasvlis RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb (1991 wlis 22 oqtomberi) da sxva aqtebi1945.
axali saarCevno kodeqsis safuZvelze afxazeTis umaRlesi sabWos ar-
Cevnebi Catarda 1991 wlis 29 seqtembers (zogierT olqSi meore turi Tu
xelaxali arCevnebi gaimarTa 13 oqtombersa da 1 dekembers). kompromisuli
konstituciuri paketis safuZvelze politikuri balansis sistemis
formirebis procesi Sewyvita 1991_1992 w.w. dekember-ianvris saxelmwifo
gadatrialebam saqarTveloSi.
1991 wlis 18_21 agvistos moskovis putCis dros z. gamsaxurdiam airCia
pozitiuri neitralitetis taqtika, rac Seqmnil pirobebSi yvelaze adekva-
turad pasuxobda saqarTvelos erovnul-saxelmwifoebriv interesebs.
putCistTa jgufis mier prezident m. gorbaCovis gadayenebis mcdeloba,
ukanono `sagangebo situaciaTa saxelmwifo komitetis~ mier Zalauflebis
xelSi aReba da sagangebo mdgomareobis gamocxadeba warmoadgenda
antikonstituciur saxelmwifo gadatrialebas. magram saqarTvelos
antiimperiuli interesebis konteqstSi faqtobrivad SeuZlebelia agvistos
putCis daxasiaTeba totalitarizm-demokratiis diqotomiis koncefciaSi,
radganac orive dapirispirebuli bloki TiTqmis identuri negatiurobiT
uyurebda saqarTvelos damoukideblobis ideas. amitom saqarTvelos
interesebis TvalsazrisiT es iyo `sasaxlis gadatrialebis~ warumatebeli
mcdeloba, erTgvari Sidasaxelisuflebo fronda. mas Sedegad mohyva ara
posttotalitaruli tranziti da demokratiaze gadasvla, aramed imperiis
umaRles ierarqiaSi nomenklaturuli cirkulacia _ `gorbaCovuri centris~
Canacvleba èlcinuri centriT~.
z. gamsaxurdiam obieqturad Seafasa agvistos putCis es latenturi arsi
da pozitiuri neitralitetis taqtika airCia, anu erTi imperokratiuli da-
jgufebis mxardaWeriT saqarTvelo meore imperokratiuli dajgufebis
mxridan SesaZlo samxedro dartymis saSiSroebis qveS ar daayena. miuxedavad
amisa, an SesaZloa swored amitom, moskovis putCma stimuli misca uaRresad
destruqciuli procesebis ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi.
putCis dros z. gamsaxurdias mier gatarebuli pozitiuri neitralitetis
taqtikam gamoiwvia b. elcinisa da misi nomenklaturis negatiuri damokide-
buleba saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mimarT. es damokidebuleba kidev ufro
gamZafrda saqarTvelos mier `demokratiuli~ ruseTis patronaJis qveS
formirebad neoimperiul struqturaSi _ dsT-Si integrirebaze uaris Tqmis
fonze.
moskovis putCis dros ganviTarebulma movlenebma sakuTriv saqarTveloSi
gamoiwvies destruqciuli antisaxelmwifoebrivi moZraobis gaaqtiureba.
Camoya-libda qarTuli putCis sociopolitikuri infrastruqtura _ erovnuli
gvardiis arakontrolirebadi nawilis, erovnuli moZraobis opoziciuri
Seiara-Rebuli jgufebis, fsevdoliberalur faseulobebze orientirebuli
1945 . regionuli konfliqtebi..., gv. 49-50, 54.

383
inteligenciis garkveuli nawilis, kriminaluri paramilitaruli
dajgufebebisa da yofili partokratiis revanSistuli antierovnuli
koaliciis saxiT. b. elcinis garemocvam ganaxorciela am revanSistuli
koaliciuri konglomeratis politikur-diplomatiuri, finansuri da samxe-
dro mxardaWera.
saxelmwifo gadatrialebas Sedegad mohyva prezident z.gamsaxurdias
xelisuflebis damxoba1946, uzenaesi sabWos daTxovna da konstituciis
moqmedebis SeCereba. 1992w. 2 ianvars Seiqmna samxedro sabWo triumviratis _ T.
siguas (premier-ministri), j. ioselianis (paramilitaruli `mxedrionis~
lideri) da T. kitovanis (gvardiis ukontrolo nawilis sardali)
SemadgenlobiT. ukanono reJimis erTgvari modifikacia moxda: 7 martis
Semdeg, roca saqarTveloSi Camovida sabWoTa kavSiris yofili sagareo
saqmeTa ministri e. SevardnaZe. 10 marts misi TavmjdomareobiT saqmianobas
Seudga saxelmwifo sabWo.
Tbilisis gadatrialebam afxazeTis politikur sivrceSi Tvisobrivad ax-
ali viTareba Seqmna regionaluri politikuri procesis struqturebis da
meqanizmebis gadajgufebis TvalsazrisiT. daiSala 1991w. kompromisis modeli
da daingra masze dafuZnebuli balansirebuli partiul-politikuri sistema.
am sistemis afxazuri seqtori ukve Riad daadga secesionistur platformas
da separatizmis gzas. gadatrialebam moSala afxazeTis secesiis blokirebis
mTavari politikuri RerZi _ saqarTvelos prezidentis instituti, romelsac
am sakiTxSi vetos konstituciuri prerogativa hqonda.
gadatrialebam moSala agreTve afxazeTis secesiis aRkveTis konsti-
tuciur-samarTlebrivi meqanizmic: saqarTvelos samxedro sabWom 1992 wlis 2
ianvars SeaCera qveynis konstituciis moqmedeba, xolo 21 Tebervals
formalurad aRadgina saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis 1921w.
konstitucia. realurad Seqmnilma samarTlebrivma vakuumma v. arZinbas
antiqarTul jgufs secesiis an konfederaciul sawyisebze qarTul-afxazuri
saxelSekrulebo orsubieqtiani gaerTianebis Seqmnis damatebiTi iuridiuli
argumentaciis SesaZlebloba misca _ TiTqos samarTlebrivi vakuumis gamo
afxazeTi iZulebuli gaxda procesi daewyo `nulovani variantidan~ da
ganexorcielebina iZulebiTi forsmaJoruli suverenizacia. amitom garkveuli
mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri samxedro sabWos mier 1921 w. konstituciis
aRdgenasa da separatistebis mier 1992w. 23 ivliss miRebul aqts Soris (razec
qvemoT gveqneba saubari) sruliad naTelia.
samxedro sabWosa da saxelmwifo sabWos mier dasavleT saqarTveloSi
1992w. Teberval-martsa da ivlisSi Catarebulma eqspediciebma negatiuri
roli Seasrules. maT gamoiwvies meridionaluri SidaqarTuli geo-
politikuri ganxeTqileba1947 (sabednierod, droebiTi) da afxazeTsa da
saxelmwifo sabWos mier kontrolirebad teritoriebs Soris Seqmnes
erTgvari buferuli zona. am garemoebam afxazeTis qarTuli mosaxleobisaT-
vis (iseve rogorc SemdgomSi qarTuli SeiaraRebuli ZalebisaTvis) erTbaSad
moSala `samegrelos zurgi~ da is faqtobrivad anklavur mdgomareobaSi
Caayena.
Tu z.gamsaxurdias prezidentobis dros politikuri viTareba afxazeTSi
xasiaTdeboda `civi omis~ (`kanonTa omis~) Tu `civi mSvidobis~ fazebis
1946 . afxazeTis axladarCeuli umaRlesi sabWos pirveli sesia gaixsna zustad im dRes, rodesac
kanonierma prezidentma iZulebiT datova saqarTvelos teritoria - 1992 wlis 6 ianvars.
1947
. droebiTi meridionaluri SidaqarTuli geopolitikuri ganxeTqilebis Sedegi isic iyo, rom
samxedro reJimis represiuli politikiT sargeblobda ruseTis imperia. magaliTad, 1993 wlis Semodgomaze
prezident b. elcinis garemocvaSi arsebobda saqarTvelos teritoriuli daSlis proeqti: z. gamsaxurdias
unda Seeqmna saqarTvelosa da afxazeTs Soris buferuli dasavlurqarTuli saxelmwifo da Tavisi
iurisdiqcia SemoesazRvra mxolod am teritoriiT. mxolod am SemTxvevaSi miiRebda is ruseTidan samxedro
da finansur garantiebs. cxadia, prezidentma z. gamsaxurdiam kategoriulad uaryo es gegma.
384
permanentuli urTierTmonacvleobiT, Tbilisis gadatrialebis droidan v.
arZinbas politikuri klani sabolood daadga gamoyofis strategias. swored
am droidan daiwyo afxazeTis saqarTvelosagan gamoyofis da misi
suverenizaciis politikuri, samxedro da samarTlebrivi safuZvlebis
uzrunvelyofis mcdelobani. 1991w. 29 dekembers v. arZinbam miiRo dadgenileba
afxazeTis teritoriaze dislocirebuli sajariso nawilebisa da sajariso
dawesebulebaTa afxazeTis uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomaris iurisdiqciaSi
gadasvlis Sesaxeb.1948 dadgenilebis Tanaxmad, afxazeTis umaRlesi sabWos
TavmjdomaresTan Seiqmna e.w. `droebiTi samxedro sabWo~, romelic Tavisi
struqturiT da daniSnulebiT warmoadgenda separatistuli reJimis momavali
samxedro sistemis makoordinirebel organos.
1992w. 31 martis dadgenilebiT àfxazeTis Sinagani jarebis polkis Seqmnis
Sesaxeb~ Camoyalibda afxazuri monoeTnikuri gvardia. 30 aprilis
dadgenilebiT, v. arZinbam gamoacxada 1965_1974ww. dabadebul moqalaqeTa
samxedro samsaxurSi gawveva.1949 sagulisxmoa, rom afxazuri monoeTnikuri
sajariso formirebis Seqmna moxda saqarTvelos samxedro sabWos
SeiaraRebuli formirebebisagan afxazeTis `dacvis~ sababiT da es maSin,
rodesac samxedro sabWom mizanmimarTulad daSala afxazeTSi z.
gamsaxurdias mier Camoyalibebuli qarTuli erovnuli gvardiis oTxive
batalioni _ gagris, soxumis, gulrifSisa da galisa.
v. arZinbam daarRvia aseve 1991 wlis kompromisuli paketi da qarTul
mxaresTan SeTanxmebis gareSe Tanamdebobidan gadaayena qarTveli erovnebis
ministrebi da reglamentis darRveviT isini Caanacvla separatistuli
orientaciis eTnikuri afxazebiT.
danaSaulebriv secesionistur aqciaTa es seria v. arZinbas klanma ganaxor-
ciela absoluturad mizanmimarTulad, Tbilisis mxridan efeqturi
kontrzomebis gareSe. samwuxarod, verc qarTul da verc zomier-liberalur
afxazur wreebSi ver gaimarjva blokuri strategiis tradiciam. Seqmnil
politikur koniunqturaSi centrizmi, rogorc ukiduresi qarTuli da
afxazuri ultraradikaluri flangebis gawonasworebis strategia,
damarcxda.
1992 wlis 5 maiss afxazeTis umaRlesi sabWo faqtobrivad gaiTiSa eT-
nopolitikuri niSniT. ukve ar tardeboda erToblivi sxdomebi. manamde, 1992
wlis martSi àidgilaras~, àfxazeTis saxalxo partiis~, `slavuri saxlisa~
da somxuri `krunqis~ gaerTianebis bazaze Camoyalibda separatistuli centri
_ bloki `soiuzi~, romelic warmoadgenda antiqarTuli, proimperiuli da
kontrdemokratiuli Zalebis koalicias. qarTul-afxazuri koaliciuri
centri ki ver Seiqmna. damxobili erovnuli xelisuflebis Zalebs, gasagebi
mizezebis gamo, ver aRmoaCndaT sakmarisi resursebi qarTul-afxazuri
centristuli koaliciis Sesaqmnelad, darRveuli politikuri balansisa da
1991 wlis kompromisuli modelis aRsadgenad, rac Seqmnil situaciaSi omis
erTaderT racionalur alternativas warmoadgenda.
1992 wlis 24 ivniss SevardnaZe-elcinis dagomisis Sexvedraze, garda qar-
Tul-osuri konfliqtis mowesrigebis principebisa, ganixiles ruseT-saqarT-
velos urTierTobaTa saerTo kompleqsi. miRebul `komunikeSi~, sxvaTa Soris,
aRiniSna: `saqarTvelosa da ruseTis samarTaldamcavi organoebi aRkveTen
maTi iurisdiqciis qveS myof teritoriebze ukanono samxedro, naxevrad
samxedro da TviTneburad Seqmnili razmebisa da jgufebis moRvaweobas...~1950
Rrma saeqsperto atribucia ar sWirdeba imis mtkicebas, rom dagomisis
Sexvedraze e. SevardnaZem b. elcinisagan miiRo afxazeTis avtonomiuri
1948 . regionuli konfliqtebi..., gv. 268.

1949 . afxazeTis xma, 1992, 12 maisi.
1950 . saqarTvelos respublika, 1992, 27 ivnisi.
385
respublikis teritoriaze samxedro operaciis Catarebis sanqcia, rogorc
Cans, ruseTis federaciis mxridan neitralitetis garantiiT.
1992 wlis 18 ivliss soWSi, `boCarov ruCeis~ saxelmwifo agarakze gai-
marTa b. elcinis araoficialuri saidumlo Sexvedra v. arZinbasTan da
afxazuri elitis zogierT sxva warmomadgenlebTan.1951 movlenaTa logikis
Tanaxmad da Sexvedridan sul raRac xuTiode dReSi afxazTa mier separa-
tistuli kanonmdeblobis miRebis TvalsazrisiT eWvs ar unda iwvevdes is
garemoeba, rom konfidencialur Sexvedraze separatistebma miiRes omis
inicirebis sanqcia, oRond amjerad ruseTis mxridan samxedro Carevis
garantiiT.
amave periodSi saxelmwifo sabWom gadadga kompromisuli nabiji da
wamoayena erTiani qarTul-afxazuri integrirebuli samxedro SenaerTis
Seqmnis winadadeba. proeqtis Tanaxmad, romelic soxumSi Caitanes Tavdacvis
ministrma T. kitovanma da misma pirvelma moadgilem l. SaraSeniZem, afxazuri
gvardiisa da Sinagani jaris qarTuli batalionis integraciis bazaze unda
Seqmniliyo erTiani qvedanayofi dualisturi daqvemdebarebis (afxazeTis
uzenaesi sabWosa da saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministros ormag daqvemde-
barebaSi) statusiT. magram aRniSnuli proeqti Caagdes saxelmwifo sabWos
mxardamWeri qarTuli organizaciebisagan Semdgar èrovnuli erTianobis
sabWoSi~, miiCnies ra is `separatistebis winaSe centraluri xelisuflebis
erTgvar kapitulaciad~.1952
1992w. 26 ivniss v. arZinbam gamarTa Zalovani uwyebebis afxazuri birTvis
SemadgenlobiT mowveuli TaTbiri,1953 sadac gadawyda, rom adre miRebuli
afxazi xalxis erovnul uflebaTa viTom damrRvevi aqtebisa da dadgenilebis
gauqmebis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlo eqscesebis Tavidan asacileblad saWiroa
garkveuli RonisZiebebis gatareba, kerZod: afxazuri gvardiis dakanoneba,
samxedro da miliciis nawilebis mzadyofnaSi moyvana, sakvanZo obieqtebis
kontrolis qveS ayvana da a.S. es iyo omis infrastruqturis Seqmnis pir-
dapiri gza.
1992 wlis 23 ivliss afxazeTis uzenaesi sabWos afxazurma fraqciam,
yovelgvari procesualuri normebisa da reglamentis aSkara darRveviT miiRo
dadgenileba afxazeTis teritoriaze 1978 wlis konstituciis gauqmebisa da
1925 wlis konstituciis aRdgenis Sesaxeb.1954 dadgenileba miRebul iqna 1991
wlis kanonmdeblobis gverdis avliTa da ignorirebiT. 1978 wlis
konstituciis moqmedebis ukanonod, calmxrivi wesiT SeCereba, wminda
iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT, niSnavda am konstituciiT gaTvaliswinebuli
avtonomiuri statusis imave wesiT gauqmebas da afxazeTis umaRlesi sabWos
TviTlikvidacias.
1925 wlis konstituciis aRdgena faqtobrivad saqarTvelosagan afxazeTis
gamoyofis deklarirebas warmoadgenda, Tumca isic cnobilia, rom es
konstitucia Tavidanve mkvdradSobili iyo. miuxedavad imisa, rom
dadgenilebis miRebis paralelurad uzenaesi sabWos afxazurma nawilma
Seqmna samuSao jgufi erTiani orsubieqtiani qarTul-afxazuri federaciuli
saxelmwifos proeqtis SesamuSaveblad, 23 ivlisis aqti unda Sefasdes,
rogorc regionaluri politikuri gadatrialeba, an ufro konkretulad,
saqarTvelos Semadgenlobidan afxazeTis antikonstituciuri gziT gamosvlis
mcdeloba.
`konstituciur revoluciasTan~ dakavSirebiT, 1992w. 28_30 ivliss
afxazeTis parlamentis qarTulma fraqciam `demokratiuli afxazeTi~ gamarTa
1951 . . . ? , 2001, gv. 25.

1953 . afxazeTis labirinTi. Tb., 1999, gv. 32.
1954 . . , . . , gv. 415.
386
kontrsesia, gaauqma 23 ivlisis ukanono aqti da miiRo gadawyvetileba
afxazeTisaTvis saxelwodeba àfxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis~ miniWebis
Sesaxeb1955.
Tavi XX. afxazeTi 1992-2007 wlebSi

1955 . demokratiuli afxazeTi, 1992, 2 agvisto.
387
1. omi afxazeTSi. 1992 _ 1993ww.
1992 wlis 14 agvistos, rkinigzis transportze sagangebo wesebis SemoRe-

bis Sesaxeb saxelmwifo sabWos 1992 wlis 10 agvistos dadgenilebis,
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sabWos prezidiumis (e. SevardnaZe, j. ioseliani, T.
sigua, T. kitovani, v. goguaZe) 1992 wlis 11 agvistos gadawyvetilebis
safuZvelze da Tavdacvis saministros generaluri Stabis operatiuli
departamentis mier momzadebuli specialuri gegmis (koduri saxelwodebiT
`maxvili~) Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis nawilebi
gadaadgildnen afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis teritoriaze. SezRuduli
kontingentis javSankolonas afxazi boevikebisagan Semdgarma jgufma cecxli
gauxsna oCamCiris raionis sof. oxureisTan, rasac mohyva pirveli msxverpli.
seriozuli brZola gaimarTa gulrifSis raionis daba aguZerasTan, sadac e.w.
àfxazeTis Sinagani jaris gansakuTrebuli polkis~ batalionma garkveuli
winaaRmdegoba gauwia qarTul jars da erTi javSanmanqana aafeTqa.1956
ase daiwyo afxazeTis omi.
miuxedavad yvelafrisa, saqarTvelos xelisuflebis gadawyvetilebiT 1992
wlis 14 agvistos afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis teritoriaze
SeiaraRebuli Zalebis SezRuduli kontingentis Seyvana ar warmoadgenda
intervencionistul da, miT umetes, saokupacio aqcias. nebismier SemTxvevaSi,
formalur-iuridiuli aspeqtiT, is unda dakvalificirdes, rogorc jarebis
gadaadgileba, an redislokacia sakuTari saxelmwifos teritoriuli
uzenaesobisa da iurisdiqciis sivrcis farglebSi.
amave dros, pozitiuri saerTaSoriso samarTlis TvalsazrisiT es aqcia
SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc gansazRvruli Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi repre-
salia, erTgvari samxedro sanqcia, romelsac mimarTa saqarTvelos xelisu-
flebam afxazeTis avtonomiuri erTeulis xelmZRvanelobis calmxrivi
ukanono qmedobis (23 ivlisis separatistuli gadawyvetilebis) sapasuxod, am
qmedobis faqtobrivi Sedegis (e.i. saxelmwifoebrivi daSlis) SekavebisaTvis.
sxva sakiTxia, rom 14 agvistos aqciis amgvari oficialuri interpretacia
e. SevardnaZem ar gaakeTa da is satransporto magistralis afxazeTis
monakveTis deblokirebis aucileblobamde daiyvana, ramac apriori gamoiwvia
saqarTvelos damarcxeba sainformacio-fsiqologiur omSi.
rac Seexeba `satransporto versias~, cxadia, mas ukavia garkveuli adgili
afxazeTis omis gamomwvev mizezTa kompleqsSi. afxazeTis teritoriaze
marTlac iZarcveboda saqarTvelosa da somxeT-azerbaijanisaTvis
gankuTvnili sarkinigzo Semadgenlobani. amis safuZvelze omis dawyebis
versia marTlac figurirebs mizezTa ierarqiaSi, magram ara centraluri
mizezis xarisxSi. am ierarqiaSi Segnebulad gamotovebulia afxazeTSi omis
inicirebis kidev erTi arsebiTi mizezi _ prezident z. gamsaxurdias
mxardamWeri konstitucionalisturi moZraobis politikuri da fizikuri lik-
vidacia, romlis ZiriTadi centrebi maSin swored afxazeTSi moqmedebdnen.
SemdgomSi konfliqtis dinamikam sul sxva mimarTuleba SeiZina da
mowinaaRmdege Zalebi rusuli agresiis winaaRmdeg erTian qarTul frontSi
gaaerTiana.
omis mizezTa Soris garkveul yuradRebas imsaxurebs Sidaelituri
krizisic. faqtia, rom saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sabWoSi arsebobda Ria Tu
faruli dapirispireba e. SevardnaZis partokratiul-nomenklaturul, j.
ioselianis paramilitarul da sigua-kitovanis ultraradikalur korpo-
raciul klanebs Soris. am Sidaelitur korporatizmSi e. SevardnaZis samo-
1956 . g. gasviani. T. gasviani. afxazeTis omi. Tb.., 2005, gv. 161..

388
qalaqo seqtori faqtobrivad ver akontrolebda kitovan-ioselianis samxedro
bloks da, Sesabamisad, ver aneitralebda am òmis partiis~ militaristul
iniciativebs, maT Soris afxazeTSi jaris Seyvanis gegmebs.
magram es ar aris omis ZiriTadi mizezi, TviT e. SevardnaZe da misi apolo-
getikiT gamorCeuli bevri moRvawe moxerxebulad sargeblobdnen
Sidaelituri konfliqtis faqtiT da afxazeTSi jaris Seyvanas T. kitovanis
lamis pirad iniciativad asaRebdnen (Tanac T. kitovanisa da j. ioselianis
xelisuflebidan Camocilebis Semdeg). es `koncefcia~ ar Seesabameba
sinamdviles. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, mTeli pasuxismgebloba afxazeTis omis
inicirebisa da misi negatiuri SedegebisaTvis ekisrebaT e. SevardnaZes da mis
imdroindel elitarul garemocvas v. arZinbas klanTan da ruseTis umaRles
xelmZRvanelobasTan erTad.
avtonomiur respublikaSi qarTuli jarebis kontingentis gadaadgilebis
paralelurad imave 14 agvistos separatistuli umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumma
miiRo dadgenileba, romelSic momxdari Seafasa `saqarTvelos saxelmwifo
sabWos jarebis mier suverenuli afxazeTis teritoriis okupaciad~ (?) da ga-
moacxada samxedro mobilizacia 17-dan 45 wlamde asakis mosaxleobas Soris.
amave dros, separatistebma Seqmnes e.w. Tavdacvis saxelmwifo komiteti v.
arZinbas TavmjdomareobiT, romelic 1993 wlis 8 ianvridan gaxda e.w.
SeiaraRebuli Zalebis umaRlesi mTavarsardali.1957
1992 wlis 15 agvistos gagris zonis daba ganTiadSi gadasxda saqarTvelos
SeiaraRebuli Zalebis sazRvao desanti, romelmac kontroli daamyara
ganTiad-leseliZis zonasa da saqarTvelo-ruseTis saxelmwifo sazRvarze md.
fsouze. es iyo drouli da strategiuli TvalsazrisiT uaRresad
mniSvnelovani samxedro operacia. saqarTvelo-ruseTis saxelmwifo sazRvarze
kontrolis damyarebiT uzrunvelyofili iyo md. fsous mxridan ruseTisa da
kavkasiis mTiel xalxTa konfederaciis sajariso SenaerTebis pirdapiri
intervenciis blokireba. amis Semdeg afxazur formirebebTan warmoebuli
oTxdRiani brZolebis Sedegad qarTuli desanti 19 agvistos q. gagraSi
Sevida da daamyara kontroli gagris raionsa da strategiulad mniSvnelovan
gagris qedze.
omis dawyebis meore dRes, 15 agvistos soxumSi Cavidnen saqarTvelos pre-
mier-ministri T. sigua da saxelmwifo sabWos prezidiumis wevri j. ioseliani.
maTgan da afxazeTis qarTvel xelisufalTagan (T. nadareiSvili, v. yolbaia,
a. ioseliani, n. mesxia) Semdgarma jgufma molaparakeba gamarTa afxazuri
mxaris delegaciasTan, romelsac meTaurobda ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomaris
pirveli moadgile s. bagafSi.
molaparakebis dasawyisSive qarTulma mxarem moiTxova, rom SexvedraSi
CarTuliyo v. arZinba, magram amaod.1958 mZime diskusiis Semdeg miRebul iqna
winaswari proeqti, romelic iTvaliswinebda q. soxumis demilitarizacias
(sami dRis ganmavlobaSi qarTuli nawilebisa da samxedro teqnikis
ganlagebas sof. baRmaranTan, xolo afxazurisa _ md. gumisTaze) da
paritetul sawyisebze 400-kaciani qarTul-afxazuri SenaerTis Camoyalibebas
fsoudan enguramde sakomunikacio magistralebis dasacavad. situaciis
ganmuxtvisa da samxedro eskalaciis Tavidan acilebis es Sansi afxazuri
mxaris mecadineobiT CaiSala, radganac s. bagafSma, v. arZinbasTan
konsultaciis momizezebiT, proeqts xeli ar moawera. 1959
18 agvistos qarTuli erovnuli gvardiisa da mxedrionis nawilebi q.
soxumSi Sevidnen. v. arZinbas dajgufeba da separatistuli xelisuflebis
1957 . . . . www. abkhazeti.narod.ru/pages/2/161.htm/

1958 . afxazeTis labirinTi, gv. 125.
1959 . iqve.
389
organoebi gudauTaSi gadavidnen, xolo afxazurma formirebebma md. gumisTis
marjvena napirze daikaves poziciebi.
e. SevardnaZem da SeiaraRebuli Zalebis xelmZRvanelobam omis dasawy-
isSive dauSves strategiuli Secdomebi da danaSaulebrivi infantilizmi
gamoiCines. jer erTi, qarTuli nawilebi mTeli sami-oTxi dRis ganmavlobaSi
SeCerebulni iyvnen q. soxumis SesasvlelTan, ramac v. arZinbas dajgufebas
soxumidan gudauTaSi Tavisufali evakuaciis saSualeba misca; meore, soxumis
dakavebisa da md. gumisTis marcxena napirze gamagrebis Semdeg qarTul
formirebebs Tavisuflad SeeZloT eSeris qedis dakaveba da iqidan axali
aToni-gudauTis xazze gasvla. es nabiji ar gadaidga, rac miuTiTebs e.
SevardnaZis absolutur arakompetenturobaze samxedro-strategiul
sakiTxebSi. qarTuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gudauTisaken winsvliT, ukidures
SemTxvevaSi, moxdeboda separatistuli klanis izolacia da afxazuri mcire-
ricxovani sajariso formirebebis internireba, rogorc amas iTvaliswinebs
omis zogadi logika da situaciuri formati. e. SevardnaZis es
gadawyvetileba, iseve rogorc im periodSi mis mier warmoebuli politikis
zogadi tendencia _ roca saWiro iyo molaparakeba da mSvidobiani politika
_ jarebis Seyvana, xolo jarebis Seyvanis Semdeg, roca saWiroa saqmis
bolomde miyvana _ piriqiT _ humanisturi da pacifisturi lozungomania _
aSkarad miuTiTebs qveynis maSindeli xelmZRvanelobis srul ususurobaze,
omis xelovnuri gaWianurebis da imanenturi eskalaciis rusuli strategiis
realizaciaze.
qarTuli SenaerTebis axali aToni-gudauTis xazis mimarTulebiT Setevis
blokirebam afxazur mxares SesaZlebloba misca, gamagrebuliyo md. gumisTis
marjvena napirze da Seeqmna iq met-naklebad stabiluri frontis xazi, e.w.
dasavleTis frontis, igive `gumisTis TavdacviTi sazRvris~ saxiT.
afxazeTis omis pirveli dReebidanve sruliad gansakuTrebuli negatiuri
roli Seasrula ruseTis imperiuli politikis àxalma moTamaSem~ _ kavkasiis
mTiel xalxTa konfederaciam (kmxk).
1992 w. 18 agvistos kmxk-s prezidentma m. Sanibovma da parlamentis spi-
kerma i. soslanbekovma gamosces Semdegi brZanebuleba: `1. konfederaciis
yvela Stabma ganaxorcielos moxaliseTa gadasrola afxazeTis teritoriaze
agresorisaTvis SeiaraRebuli winaaRmdegobis gasawevad... 3. q. Tbilisi
gamocxaddes ubedurebis zonad; 4. konfederaciis teritoriaze myofi yvela
qarTveli erovnebis adamiani gamocxaddes mZevlad; 5. dakavebul iqnes
saqarTvelosadmi kuTvnili yvela tvirTi da aRikveTos misi daniSnulebis
adgilze gadazidva.~1960
am droidan daiwyo CrdiloeT kavkasiidan moxaliseTa Zalebis Semosvla
da koncentracia afxazeTis teritoriis im nawilSi, romelsac gudauTis da-
jgufeba akontrolebda. volontiorTa jgufebis bazaze erTiani samxedro
struqturis Camoyalibebis mizniT Seiqmna pirveli da meore gansakuTrebuli
batalionebi, aseve mesame sarezervo batalioni. kmxk-s mier kontrolirebadi
volontiorTa korpusis jamuri raodenoba aRwevda 1700_2100 adamians.
konfederatebis pirveli ZiriTadi damrtymeli Zala _ 286 mebrZolisagan
Semdgari e.w. àfxazeTis batalioni~ CeCeni erovnebis savele meTauris S.
basaevis meTaurobiT ukve 22 agvistos Caeba sabrZolo moqmedebebSi md.
gumisTis marjvena napiris strategiul xazze.
proafxazur volontiorul moZraobaSi kmxk-s garda aqtiurad
monawileobda kazakoba da samxreT ruseTidan da postsabWoTa sivrcis
rusulenovani mosaxleobisagan rekrutirebuli moxaliseTa razmebi. am proc-
esSi sruliad aSkaraa ruseTis centraluri xelisuflebis, regionaluri
1960 . g. gasviani, T. gasviani. dasax. naSromi, gv. 173.

390
elitebisa da specsamsaxurebis maorganizebeli roli. kazakebisa da
postsabWoTa sivrcis rusuli regionebidan (gansakuTrebiT
dnestrispireTidan) organizebuli volontioruli razmebisagan Camoyalibda
e. w. `slavbati~ (`slavuri batalioni~), romelic aqtiur monawileobas
Rebulobda saomar moqmedebebSi.
afxazeTis omis magistralur faqtors warmoadgens masSi ruseTis federa-
ciis monawileoba, Tanac monawileoba ara distanciur-minimaluri formatiT,
an kidev proafxazuri dainteresebuli mxaris statusiT, aramed uSualo
meomari mxaris formiT. swored es momenti gansazRvravs afxazeTis kon-
fliqtis determinacias de-faqto ruseT-saqarTvelos omad.
afxazeTis omSi ruseTis uSualo monawileoba ori ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT
_ samxedro-strategiuli da politikur-diplomatiuri mimarTulebiT
warimarTa. samxedro-strategiul sferoSi ruseTis monawileoba
postulirdeba Semdegi sferoebiT:
_ saomar moqmedebebSi ruseTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis regularuli
nawilebis monawileoba. esenia _ gansakuTrebuli daniSnulebis fskovis
divizia, 345-e sahaero-sadesanto polki, 643-e sazenito-saraketo polki, bom-
boris aviabazaze dislocirebuli samxedro-sahaero Zalebis eskadrilia,
samxedro-sahaero Zalebis 529-e saaviacio polki, Savi zRvis samxedro floti,
qvemo eSerasa da oCamCireSi dislocirebuli batalionebi, specsamsaxurebis
nawilebi;
_ separatistTa da volontiorTa sajariso SenaerTebis momarageba
SeiaraRebiT, samxedro teqnikiTa da masalebiT (ruseTis specsamsaxurebis
xaziT v. arZinbas mrCevlis m. demianovis monacemebiT, omis dasawyisSive
ruseTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis 643-e sazenito-saraketo polkma separatistebs
gadasca 984 avtomati, 267 pistoleti, 18 tyviamfrqvevi, 500-ze meti xelyumbara,
600 sasignalo raketa, naxevar milionze meti tyvia, samxedro-satvirTo
manqanebi, samxedro-sainJinro teqnika da sxv);1961
_ separatistebis samxedro-saeqsperto daxmareba sajariso SenaerTebis
strategiuli marTvis uzrunvelyofiTa da ruseTis generalitetisa (g.
kondratievi, r. Cindarovi, a. kvaSnini, i. sigutkini da sxv.) da oficerTa kor-
pusis mier mniSvnelovani samxedro operaciebis dagegmviT;
_ ruseTis teritoriaze moxaliseTa jgufebis organizacia da maTi gadas-
rola konfliqtis zonaSi;
_ ruseTis samxedro-sahaero da sazRvao Zalebis mier qarTuli jaris
poziciebisa da qarTvelebiT dasaxlebuli zonebis masirebuli dabombvebi.
_ ruseTis umaRlesi xelmZRvanelobis mxridan (mag., vice-prezidenti a.
ruckoi, parlamentis spikeri r. xasbulatovi) saqarTvelos xelisuflebisadmi
permamentuli damuqreba Tbilissa da sxva adgilebze sahaero TavdasxmiT da
amiT qarTuli jaris mniSvnelovani operaciebis blokireba.
afxazeTis omSi ruseTis monawileobis politikur-diplomatiuri formati
gulisxmobs ruseTis mzakvrul politikas _ saqarTvelos xelisuflebaze
politikuri zewoliTa da molaparakebaTa procesSi cru garantiebis
SeTavazebiT omSi saqarTvelos damarcxebis diplomatiur-saxelSekrulebo ba-
zisis uzrunvelyofas (rasakvirvelia, am SemTxvevaSi didi roli Seasrula e.
SevardnaZis mudmivma TviTmotyuebam, misma uaRresad kapitulanturma
diplomatiurma TamaSma).
afxazeTis omis sawyis fazaSi strategiuli situacia saqarTvelosTvis
sakmaod xelsayreli iyo. afxazeTis teritoriis umetes nawils qarTuli
samoqalaqo xelisufleba da SeiaraRebuli Zalebi akontrolebdnen. gudauTis
dajgufebis mier kontrolirebadi teritoriebi da Sesabamisad separa-

391
tistuli samxedro Zalebis koncentraciis centrebi _ gudauTa-axali aTonis
xazi da tyvarCelis zona imyofebodnen anklavur mdgomareobaSi.
q. soxumsa da qarTuli sajariso formirebebis mier kontrolirebad teri-
toriaze xelisuflebis ganxorcielebis mizniT, 1992 w. 31 agvistos Seiqmna
`stabilizaciis droebiTi sakoordinacio sabWo~ g. lominaZis Tavmjdomareo-
biT.1962 magram strategiuli viTareba radikalurad Seicvala sul mcire
xanSi. 1992 w. 3 seqtembers moskovSi xelmoweril iqna ormxrivi SeTanxmeba
saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis farglebSi konfliqtis mowesrigebis
Sesaxeb. magram afxazurma mxarem, isargebla SeTanxmebis Sedegad qarTuli
mxaris yuradRebis modunebiT da moamzada gagris zonis xelSi Cagdebis
operacia.
1992 wlis 1 oqtombers rusul-afxazur-konfederatulma koaliciam daiwyo
masirebuli Seteva gagris zonis mimarTulebiT. sagulisxmoa, rom Setevis
dawyebamde cota xniT adre rusulma samSvidobo Zalebma, romlebic aq
ganlagebulni iyvnen 3 seqtembris SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad, datoves sa-
damkvirveblo wertilebi da dislokaciis adgilze dabrundnen(?). 1 oqtombris
saRamosTvis mterma daikava sof. kolxida, xolo 2 oqtombers _ q. gagra.
gagris operaciaSi afxazur da konfederatul (S. basaevis àfxazuri
batalioni~) dajgufebebTan erTad aqtiurad monawileobdnen ruseTis armiis
regularuli SenaerTebi, konkretulad ki _ 643-e sazenito-saraketo polki.
amave dros, ruseTis samxedro-sazRvao xomaldebma uzrunvelyves gagris
zonaSi mebrZoli qarTuli dajgufebisaTvis (ZiriTadad `mxedrionisa~ da
`TeTri arwivis~ qvedanayofebisaTvis) desantis gadasxmiT daxmarebis gawevis
blokireba.
operaciis mimdinareobis dros mowinaaRmdege mxares sabrZolo iaraRiT,
sawvaviTa da sursaT-sanovagiT amaragebdnen gudauTis rusuli samxedro baza
da zRvidan rusuli tankeri benzinmzidi.
arsebobs mniSvnelovani dokumenturi cnoba _ erT-erTi rusuli samxedro
xomaldis meTauris, pirveli rangis kapitnis v. fominis pataki, romelic
cxadyofs ruseTis samxedro flotis uSualo monawileobas gagris
operaciaSi1963. wyaros reprezentatuli monacemebiT, ruseTis mxridan am
operacias sardlobda general-polkovniki g. kondratievi. arsebobs infor-
macia, rom gagris operacias saerTo xelmZRvanelobas faqtobrivad uwevda
ruseTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis generaluri Stabis ufrosi general-
polkovniki m. kolesnikovi.
gagris operaciamde ramdenime dRiT adre omSi Caeba qvemo eSeraSi dis-
locirebuli rusuli samxedro nawili. 22 seqtembers am nawilidan qveiTTa
sabrZolo manqanam cecxli gauxsna qarTuli jaris poziciebs da sacecxle
wertilebis Caqrobis Semdeg Setevaze gadavida _ rusebma TavianT kontrols
dauqvemdebares strategiulad mniSvnelovani obieqtebi: soxumis navTobbaza
da wisqvilkombinati.
gagris datovebis Semdeg CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT gadanacvlebuli for-
mirebebisagan g. yaryaraSvilma scada jarebis erTiani jgufis Seqmna. samwux-
arod, gagris dakargviT gamowveul qaossa da dezorganizaciaSi, aseve umaR-
lesi sardlobis mxridan sruli ganukiTxaobis pirobebSi es ver moxerxda. 6
oqtombers rusul-afxazur-konfederatulma koaliciam daikava leseliZe,
ganTiadi da gavida saqarTvelo-ruseTis sazRvarze.

1963
. `В 17.00 2 октября первый заместитель Министра Обороны России генерал-полковник Кондратьев Г.Г. поставил
боевую задачу СКР `Безукоризненный~: 1. Не допустить высадки морского десанта грузинской стороны в районе Пицунда –
Гагры вплоть до применения оружия; 2. Осуществить ПВО АЭ Гудаута; 3. Установить факт подпитки Гагрской
группировки грузинской стороны войсками и оружием путëм переброски их морем из Туапсе, Сочи в Гагры в прибрежной
полосе...~1
392
1992 wlis 1_6 oqtombris marcxma uaRresad negatiuri roli Seasrula
afxazeTis omis msvlelobaSi. saqarTvelom dakarga kontroli strategiulad
mniSvnelovan gagris zonaze. gudauTa-axali aTonis dajgufebis anklavuri
mdgomareobis deblokirebiT da ruseTTan sazRvarze kontrolis damyarebiT
separatistebma miiRes TavianT mTavar mxardamWerebTan uSualo sakomunikacio
kavSiris damyarebis SesaZlebloba.
gagrasa da mis zonaSi rusul-afxazur-konfederatulma Zalebma ganaxor-
cieles qarTuli mosaxleobis masobrivi genocidi da xocva-Jleta, aseve saer-
TaSoriso konvenciebiT dasjadi sxva danaSaulobani adamianurobis
winaaRmdeg.
gagris tragediis Semdeg garkveuli cvlilebebi moxda afxazeTis qarTuli
xelisuflebis politikur da samxedro struqturaSi. `droebiTi sa-
koordinacio sabWos~ nacvlad Seiqmna afxazeTis saqmeebSi saxelmwifo min-
istris posti, romelzec dainiSna g. xaindrava. 1992 wlis 26 noembers,
saqarTvelos parlamentis dadgenilebiT Seiqmna afxazeTis mTavroba _
ministrTa kabineti T. nadareiSvilis TavmjdomareobiT.1964
q. soxumis, gulrifSisa da oCamCiris raionebis qarTuli mosaxleobisagan
Semdgarma saxalxo laSqarma miiRo oficialurad struqturirebuli
samxedro SenaerTebis forma. Camoyalibda saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saminis-
tros meore saarmio korpusis (sardali _ general-maiori p. daTuaSvili) 23-e
(meTauri g. adamia) da 24-e (meTauri z. uCaZe, Semdgom _ b. ToxaZe)
meqanizebuli brigadebi.
gagris samxedro operaciis warmatebas ar mohyolia rusul-afxazur-
konfederatuli koaliciis mier arsebiTi upiratesobis mopoveba sxva
frontebze. am etapze qarTulma SeiaraRebulma Zalebma da saxalxo laSqarma
SeZles frontebis stabilizacia sxvadasxva ubanze, tyvarCelis strategiuli
blokadis SenarCuneba. 1992 wlis 26 oqtombers mtris Zalebis ganadgurebiTa
da ukandaxeviT dasrulda maT mier dagegmili oCamCiris aRebis operacia.
samwuxarod, qarTuli SenaerTebis mier tyvarCelis dauflebis operaciis
dablokva iyo saqarTvelos politikuri xelmZRvanelobisa da umaRlesi
samxedro sardlobis strategiuli Secdoma, radganac xelidan iqna
gaSvebuli mowinaaRmdegis tyvarCelis dajgufebis neitralizaciisa da 80km-
iani e.w. àRmosavleTis frontis~ likvidaciis realuri Sansi.
1992 w. 3 noembers qarTulma nawilebma warmatebiT moigeries rusul-
afxazuri Zalebis Seteva gumisTis frontis Sromis ubanze.1965 aRniSnuli
warumateblobebis kompensirebis saxiT mowinaaRmdegem gaaaqtiura
`distanciuri omis~ taqtika _ 1992 w. noember-dekembridan daiwyo q. soxumisa
da saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mier kontrolirebadi sxva dasaxlebuli
punqtebis intensiuri dabombva rogorc haeridan, iseve zalpuri cecxlis
reaqtiuli artileriiT. 9 dekembers ruseTis aviaciam dabomba soxumis
sacxovrebeli ubnebi da xalxmravali bazari, rasac 13 mSvidobiani moqalaqis
sicocxle Seewira. 11 dekembers ruseTis aviaciam sahaero ieriSi miitana
oCamCiris raionis sof. axaldabaze, ris Sedegadac 11 mSvidobiani moqalaqe
daiRupa da 60-ze meti daiWra.1966
afxazeTis omis pirveli etapis ganmavlobaSi qarTuli mxaris strate-
giuli upiratesobis mTavar ganmsazRvrel faqtors warmoadgenda saomari
operaciebiT moculi geostrategiuli sivrcis diskretuli xasiaTi: saqarT-
velos SeiaraRebuli Zalebisa da afxazeTis qarTuli samoqalaqo xelisu-
flebis kontrolqveS imyofeboda afxazeTis teritoriis umetesi nawili
qalaq soxumTan erTad. mowinaaRmdegis tyvarCelis dajgufeba imyofeboda

1965 . . , . . , gv. 380.
1966 . g. gasviani, T. gasviani. dasax. naSromi, gv. 180.
393
blokadaSi, xolo blokaduri jaWvi Sekruli iyo gumisTis frontis xaziT,
radganac qarTuli Zalebis soxum-gulrifSis dajgufeba uzrunvelyofda
afxazeTis ori istoriuli nawilisa da separatistTa samxedro Zalebis ori
centris _ bzif-gudauTisa da abJua-tyvarCelis centrebis _ erTmaneTisagan
gamijvnas.
1993 wlis pirvel TveebSi mowinaaRmdegem orjer scada blokaduri jaWvis
likvidacia da gumisTis frontis garRveviT soxumis dakaveba. 1993 wlis 2 ian-
vars rusul-afxazurma Zalebma gumisTis poziciidan `gradis~ tipis saraketo
danadgarebidan masirebuli cecxli gauxsnes soxumis sacxovrebel ubnebs,
raTa panika da SiSi daeTesaT mebrZolebsa da mSvidobian mosaxleobaSi. 4_5
ianvars mowinaaRmdegem daiwyo Seteva rusuli javSanteqnikis gamoyenebiT,
gumisTis frontis aCadaris ubanze. erTxans rusul-afxazur-konfederatulma
jgufebma SeZles mdinaris forsireba da marcxena napirze mcire placdarmis
Seqmna, magram artileriis kontrdartymebisa da gumisTis frontis nawilebis
kontrSetevis Sedegad mteri ganadgurebul iqna. mowinaaRmdegem daxocilTa
saxiT 90-mde mebrZoli, aseve xuTi javSanmanqana dakarga.1967
àCadaris operaciis~ Cavardnam da didZalma adamianurma danakargebma ga-
moiwvia seriozuli dapirispirebis provocireba gudauTis dajgufebis zeda
eSelonebSi. v. arZinbas Riad daupirispirda afxaz funqcionerTa erTi jgufi,
magram am etapze v. arZinbam SeZlo krizisis neitralizacia da Tavidan
aicila separatistuli reJimis Sida destabilizacia.
rusul-afxazur-konfederatuli koaliciis meore da gacilebiT masSta-
buri SeteviTi operacia gumisTis frontze moxda 1993 wlis 14_16 marts.
rusuli aviaciis da separatistTa mZime artileriis mier soxumisa da qar-
Tuli armiis poziciebis masirebuli dabombvis Semdeg afxazebis, konfeder-
atebisa da `slavbatis~ gaerTianebuli Zalebi Setevaze gadmovidnen. sisx-
lismRvreli brZolebis Semdeg mowinaaRmdegem SeZlo qarTuli SenaerTebis
poziciis garRveva gumisTis frontis centralur da samxreT ubnebze da
qarTuli nawilebis mier dakavebuli teritoriis siRrmeSi SemoaRwia, magram
swored aq moeqca is alyaSi da qarTuli mZime artileriis mier
profesionalurad da operatiulad ganxorcielebuli masirebuli
cecxlisagan warmoqmnil `qvabSi~. separatistTa da konfederatTa danakargebi
marTlac rom yvelaze didi iyo omis dawyebidan rogorc cocxali Zalis, ise
samxedro teqnikis mxriv.
qarTuli armiis kontrSeteva 17 marts dasrulda gumisTis frontze
Setevamde arsebuli strategiuli situaciis aRdgeniT. e. SevardnaZisa da
umaRlesi samxedro sardlobis brZanebiT qarTuli SenaerTebi SeaCeres
frontis xazze, miuxedavad imisa, rom swored martis operaciis dros
arsebobda faqtobrivad erTaderTi yvelaze realuri Sansi md. gumisTis mar-
jvena napirze gasvlisa da mowinaaRmdegis gudauTa-axali aTonis dajgufebis
likvidaciisa.
amrigad, 1993 w. ianvrisa da martis brZolebs afxazeTis omis saerTo
strategiul formatSi arsebiTi cvlilebebi ar Seutania. saqarTvelos
SeiaraRebulma Zalebma myari da gonivruli Tavdacvis, mtris Semtevi da-
jgufebebis efeqturi dezorganizaciisa da, rac yvelaze arsebiTia, gumisTis
frontis centrsa da flangebze Zlieri saartilerio kontrdartymebiT
CaSales mowinaaRmdegis mcdeloba _ daekavebina soxumi da mieRwia
strategiuli upiratesobisaTvis.
saqarTvelos parlamentma e. SevardnaZes mosTxova, oficialurad daesva
saerTaSoriso doneze sakiTxi ruseTis agresiis Sesaxeb. 1993 w. 24 aprilis
dadgenilebaSi aRiniSna: `saqarTvelos saxelmwifos meTaurma mimarTos
1967 . afxazeTis xma, 1993, 14 ianvari.

394
ruseTis federaciis prezidents _ afxazeTidan ruseTis jaris gayvanis
Taobaze... am moTxovnis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi, afxazeTis konfliqtis
zona md. gumisTis Crdilo-dasavleTiT ruseT-saqarTvelos sazRvramde,
CaiTvalos ruseTis federaciis mier okupirebul teritoriad da
saqarTvelos saxelmwifos meTaurma, sagareo saqmeTa saministrom,
saqarTvelos respublikis warmomadgenelma gaerTianebuli erebis
organizaciaSi Sesabamisi sakiTxi dasvan _ gaero-s uSiSroebis sabWosa da
sxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi _ saerTaSoriso samarTliT
gaTvaliswinebuli meqanizmebis amoqmedebisaTvis~.1968 saqarTvelos
parlamentis es dadgenileba qaRaldze darCa.
1993 wlis 29 aprils Seiqmna erTiani samxedro-politikuri organo _
afxazeTis Tavdacvis sabWo, romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sevidnen: T.
nadareiSvili (Tavmjdomare), g. gabiskiria (q. soxumis meri), d. gulua
(afxazeTis Sinagan saqmeTa ministri), i. keSelava (afxazeTis sainformacio-sa-
dazvervo samsaxuris ufrosi), v. qvaraia (meore saarmio korpusis meTauri), z.
uCaZe (24-e brigadis meTauri), g. adamia (23-e brigadis meTauri), l. marSania da
r. siWinava (afxazeTis ar ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomaris pirveli
moadgileebi)1969.
magram mimdinare procesebze operatiuli reagirebis nacvlad da saqarT-
velos saxelmwifoebrivi interesebis sawinaaRmdegod e. SevardnaZem kidev
ufro gaaaqtiura strategiulad wamgebiani kapitulanturi diplomatiuri
TamaSi. 1993 wlis 14 maiss moskovSi xelmoweril iqna ruseT-saqarTvelos
SeTanxmeba cecxlis Sewyvetisa da konfliqtis mSvidobiani mowesrigebis
safuZvlebis Sesaxeb. SeTanxmebas, romelmac kvlav moaduna qarTuli mxaris
yuradReba da saomari sifxizle, Sedegad mohyva tragikuli strategiuli
Sedegebi.
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani maT Soris iyo tyvarCelis blokadis moxsna da
mowinaaRmdegis tyvarCelis dajgufebis strategiuli trombis deblokireba.
am aqciaze saqarTvelos xelisuflebis yovlad gaumarTlebeli da dana-
Saulebrivi Tanxmoba swored 14 maisis kapitulanturi SeTanxmebiT gaTvalis-
winebuli e.w. humanitaruli derefnis organizebis farglebSi moxda.
1993 wlis 16 ivniss saqarTvelos xelisuflebis TanxmobiT, ruseTis sa-
gangebo situaciebis saministrom ganaxorciela `humanitaruli~ daxmarebis
operacia: sadesanto-satransporto xomaldebma soWidan zRviT soxumSi Cai-
tanes `kamazis~ tipis 30 satransporto traileri, soxumidan ki kolona
yovelgvari Seferxebisa da monitoringis gareSe (?) tyvarCelSi Cavida. es iyo
uprecedento da msoflio praqtikaSi analogis armqone aqcia, radganac
blokirebuli tyvarCelisaTvis aucilebel sursaTTan da medikamentebTan
erTad, afxazeTis e. w. aRmosavleTis frontis saWiroebisaTvis transpor-
tirebul iqna didi raodeno-bis tyvia-wamali, sabrZolo masala da, SesaZloa,
cocxali Zalac.
1993 wlis Sua xanebisaTvis afxazeTis omSi Seqmnilma operatiul-strate-
giulma viTarebam, ianvrisa da martis SeteviTi operaciebis didi
danakargebiT Cavardnam rusul-afxazur-konfederatuli koalicia daayena
samxedro operaciebis dagegmvis strategiis Secvlis aucileblobis winaSe.
kerZod, isini darwmun-dnen, rom gumisTis frontis garRveva erTi
strategiuli mimarTulebiT Setevis formiT, Tanac qarTuli mxaris soxumi-
gulrifSis dajgufebis xelSi arsebuli strategiul-teqnikuri arsenalis pi-
robebSi, praqtikulad SeuZlebeli iyo.
mowinaaRmdegis samxedro sardlobam SeimuSava Tvisobrivad axali strate-
gia, romelic iTvaliswinebda kombinirebul taqtikur formats _ erTdroul
1968 . saqarTvelos parlamentis uwyebani, 1993, #5-8, gv. 135-136.
1969 . afxazeTis sakiTxi oficialur dokumentebSi, I. Tb., 2000, gv. 171.
395
Setevas erTbaSad orive frontis yvela ubanze, Tanac winaswari madezorien-
tirebeli samxedro manevrebiT, romelTa mizani iyo qarTuli mxaris
yuradRebis gadatana da koncentracia swored am araZiriTad dartymaze.
afxazuri istoriografiis mosazreba, TiTqos es axali samxedro strategia
momzadda afxazeTis samxedro sardlobis mier, rbilad rom vTqvaT,
simarTles ar Seefereba. axali gegma mTlianad damuSavda ruseTis
SeiaraRebuli Zalebis generaluri Stabis Sesabamis struqturebSi, xolo
misi praqtikuli realizacia uSualo saomar operaciebSi _ ganxorcielda
ruseTis generalitetisa da oficerTa specialuri jgufebis operatiul-
taqtikuri da samxedro-saeqsperto daxmarebiT.
aRniSnuli strategiis farglebSi, ruseTis Tavdacvis saministros gener-
alurma Stabma SeimuSava soxumis aRebis specialuri saidumlo gegma, ro-
melic Sedgeboda oTxi punqtisagan: `1) tyvarCelis dajgufebis mier oCamCiris
raionis avtotrasis xelSi Cagdeba; 2) oCamCireSi sazRvao desantis gadasxma
tamiSTan da misi SeerTeba tyvarCelis dajgufebasTan; 3) paralelurad
Setevis ganxorcieleba gumisTidan da soxumis irgvliv strategiuli
simaRleebis xelSi Cagdeba; 4) saboloo jamSi, soxumis rkalSi moqceva da
aReba~.1970 strategiuli atribuciis TvalsazrisiT cxadia, rom gegma miznad is-
axavda saomari moqmedebebis Teatris dayofas or saoperacio zonad, ro-
melTagan erTSi unda ganxorcielebuliyo mTavari dartyma, xolo meores
unda hqonoda qarTuli mxaris dezorientaciisa da yuradRebis gadatanis
funqcia.
1993 w. 2 ivliss sof. tamiSTan ruseTis samxedro-sazRvao flotis
sadesanto xomaldebidan gadmosxda rusul-afxazuri desanti 300 mebrZolis
SemadgenlobiT da TiTo-TiTo erTeuli tankiT, javSantransportioriTa da
`gradis~ tipis saraketo danadgariT.1971 sof. labrasTan da tamiSTan
dislocirebulma qarTulma SenaerTebma Setevis moulodnelobis gamo ver
SeZles desantis blokireba, romelmac tamiSTan mcire placdarmis Seqmnis
Semdeg moaxerxa àRmosavleTis frontis~ nawilebTan SeerTeba da
gaerTianebuli ZalebiT oCamCire-soxumis avtomagistralis garkveuli
monakveTis gakontroleba.
rogorc Cans, tamiSis desants hqonda yuradRebis gadatanis funqcia,
radganac imave 2 ivliss rusul-afxazur-konfederatulma formirebebma
daiwyes masi-rebuli Seteva gumisTis frontis marcxena seqtorze. maT is-
argebles tamiSis desantis mier oCamCire-soxumis avtomagistralis
mniSvnelovani monakveTis xelSi CagdebiT da qarTuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebis
soxumi-gulrifSis dajgufebis blokirebiT. mowinaaRmdegem SeZlo md.
gumisTis forsireba, frontis garRveva da soxumis CrdiloeTiT soflebis _
kamanis, axalSenisa da gumas dakavebiT mZlavri placdarmis Seqmna sof.
Sromis asaRebad. 9 ivliss rusul-afxazurma Zalebma kontroli daamyares
sof. Sromaze da cugurovkisa da axbiukis strategiulad mniSvnelovan si-
maRleebze.
qarTulma SenaerTebma da saxalxo laSqarma, gmiruli brZolebis da Se-
Tanxmebuli operatiul-taqtikuri RonisZiebebis, gansakuTrebulad ki mZime
artileriis praqtikulad uSecdomo moqmedebebis Sedegad warmatebiT daas-
rules tamiSis desantis likvidaciis operacia: desantisa da masTan
gaerTianebuli aRmosavleTis frontis formirebebi TiTqmis mTlianad iqna
ganadgurebuli da mxolod umniSvnelo nawilma moaxerxa SeerTeba
tyvarCelis dajgufebasTan.
miuxedavad amisa, ivlisis operaciis Sedegad frontebze Seqmnili strate-
giuli situacia araxelsayreli iyo qarTuli mxarisaTvis. gumisTis frontze
1971 . g. gasviani, T. gasviani dasax. naSromi., gv. 191.
396
mowinaaRmdegem SeZlo strategiuli upiratesobis mopoveba _ fronti faqto-
brivad Suaze gaixliCa, separatistebma kontroli daamyares Sroma-soxumis
strategiulad mniSvnelovan trasaze, aseve cugurovkisa da axbiukis simaR-
leebze. aRmosavleTis frontze ki, oCamCiris raionis zogierT sofelze kon-
trolis damyarebiT, afxazurma formirebebma Seqmnes centralur avtomagis-
tralTan maqsimalurad miaxloebuli saoperacio zona, romlidanac
gacilebiT advili iyo oCamCire-soxumis strategiuli komunikaciis blokireba
did sigrZeze _ sof. labridan md. kodoris xidamde.
rusul-afxazuri Zalebis 2_9 ivlisis Setevis Sedegebis likvidacia
moiTxovda gadaudebeli samxedro-strategiuli xasiaTis RonisZiebebisGga-
tarebas qveynis Tavdacvisunarianobis sferoSi arsebuli strategiuli re-
sursebis Tavmoyris, sayovelTao mobilizaciis gamocxadebis, arsebuli
moralur-fsiqologiuri krizisis ganeitralebis, SeiaraRebuli Zalebis
marTvis struqturis gaumjobesebis, calkeuli nawilebisa da SenaerTebis
moqmedebaTa operatiuli koordinaciisa da sxv. TvalsazrisiT.
yovelive amis nacvlad, e. SevardnaZem da misma garemocvam omis frontebze
ivlisamde arsebuli balansirebuli strategiuli situaciis aRdgenis gareSe
(arada, amisaTvis adamianuri da teqnikuri resursebi jer kidev arsebobda),
gaagrZela kapitulanturi diplomatiuri TamaSi ruseTTan da mis
kontrolqveS myof separatistebTan.
1993 w. 27 ivliss, wina dReebSi ruseTis flotisa da aviaciis mier
soxumisa da sof. drandis dabombvis (21 ivliss), aseve rusul-afxazuri
Zalebis mier tamiSis midamoebTan ganxorcielebuli Setevebis (23_24 ivliss)
fonze, q. soWSi xelmoweril iqna sammxrivi (rusul-qarTul-afxazuri)
SeTanxmeba afxazeTSi cecxlis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb.1972 TavisTavad is
warmoadgenda Cveulebriv samSvidobo aqts, romelic iTvaliswinebda cecxlis
Sewyvetas, meomar mxareTa daSoriSorebas, q. soxumisa da sxva zonebis
demilitarizacias, samSvidobo procesis marTvisa da monitoringis efeqturi
sakontrolo meqanizmis Seqmnas. magram es aris soWis xelSekrulebis ab-
straqtuli konfliqtologiuri atribucia.
realurad ki SeuZlebelia 27 ivlisis xelSekrulebis ganxilva afxazeTSi
arsebuli samxedro -strategiuli da operatiuli situaciis konteqstis far-
glebs gareT. kerZod, rogorc ukve vnaxeT, 1993 w. 2_9 ivlisis rusul-afxa-
zurma Setevam faqtobrivad uzrunvelyo ruseTis Tavdacvis saministros gen-
StabSi SemuSavebuli soxumis aRebis 4-punqtiani operatiuli gegmis sami
punqtis realizacia. rCeboda mxolod bolo punqtis _ uSualod soxumis
dauflebis _ ganxorcieleba, rasac abrkolebda saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli
Zalebis soxumi_gulrifSis dajgufeba da mis xelSi arsebuli strategiul-
teqnikuri arsenali. maSasadame, saWiro iyo am dajgufebis daSla, misi
ZiriTadi nawilis gayvana afxazeTidan da mZime sabrZolo teqnikis gatana.
swored amas iTvaliswinebda soWis xelSekruleba: Tavisi formaluri
samSvidobo paTetikis miuxedavad, soWis xelSekrulebis siRrmiseul
strategiul atribucias praqtikulad erTaderT daskvnamde mivyavarT _ is
iTvaliswinebda saqarTvelos jarebis gayvanas afxazeTidan.
amdenad, soWis 27 ivlisis xelSekruleba faqtobrivad iyo ara
ordinaluri samSvidobo formatis SeTanxmeba, aramed rusul-afxazuri
koaliciis mier soxumis aRebis operatiuli gegmis organuli nawili.
1993 w. agvistosa da seqtembris pirvel naxevarSi, soWis xelSekrulebis
pirobebis Sesrulebis formatiT, e. SevardnaZem ganaxorciela strategiulad
kapitulantur RonisZiebaTa mTeli kompleqsi: gumisTisa da oCamCiris
frontebis daSla, gumisTis xazze mxolod ori (?) qarTuli sameTvalyureo
1972 . regionuli konfliqtebi..., gv. 111-112.

397
punqtis datoveba, qarTuli samxedro SenaerTebisa da batalionebis, maT
Soris soxumis dacvis RerZuli samxedro struqturis _ Tavdacvis
saministros 23-e meqanizebuli brigadis, aseve mosaxleobis volontioruli
korpusebis daSla, mZime samxedro teqnikis (tankebi, qveiTTa sabrZolo
manqanebi, javSantransportiorebi, artileria, sazenito danadgarebi da sxv.)
gatana konfliqtis zonidan (ruseTis samxedro-satransporto
saSualebebisaTvis garkveuli Tanxis gadaxdiT (sic).
ase ganaxorciela saqarTvelos maSindelma xelisuflebam soxumis dacvis
samxedro infrastruqturis demontaJi. e. SevardnaZisa da misi gundis
zogierTi warmomadgenlis apelireba ruseTis, rogorc soWis xelSekrulebis
mTavari formalur-iuridiuli garantis mier nakisri valdebulebebis ukve
meramdened Seusruleblobaze, rac, rasakvirvelia, faqtia, am SemTxvevaSi ar
cvlis saqmis viTarebas da verc xelisuflebis danaSaulebriv samxedro-
diplomatiur politikas amarTlebs.
mTeli am xnis manZilze iZulebiT eqsoriaSi myofi saqarTvelos
prezidenti zviad gamsaxurdia maqsimalurad cdilobda procesebze
garkveuli zemoqmedebis moxdenas. is saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis
erTiani marTvisa da koordinaciis optimalur variants sTavazobda TviT
oficialur xelisuflebas daqvemdebarebul qarTul SenaerTebsac. am kursis
gamoxatulebaa misi mimarTva afxazeTSi dislocirebuli qarTveli
meomrebisadmi (1993 w. 7 ivniss).
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs zviad gamsaxurdias 1993 wlis 20
ivlisis mimarTva `qarTvel ers da afxazeTSi dislocirebul yvela qarTvel
meomars~.mimarTvaSi z. gamsaxurdiam aRniSna, rom mzaddeboda axali sammxrivi
SeTanxmeba afxazeTis demilitarizaciis, soxumidan qarTuli jarebis, mZime
teqnikisa da artileriis gatanis da afxazeTSi e.w. `cxinvalis variantis~ (e.i.
qarTuli sajariso nawilebis mier regionis datovebisa da iq ruseTis
`samSvidobo~ kontingentis dislokaciis) gadatanis perspeqtiviT. yovelive
amis fonze, man mouwoda afxazeTSi dislocirebul yvela qarTuli SenaerTis
sameTauro da pirad Semadgenlobas, ar damorCilebodnen momavali
xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis moTxovnebs, vinaidan amas `qarTuli mosaxleobis
arnaxuli genocidi da deportacia~ mohyveboda; amitom unda gaegrZelebinaT
brZola saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenisaTvis.1973 zviad
gamsaxurdias es patriotuli da, samwuxarod, winaswarmetyveluri gancxadeba
gakeTda soWis avbediT xelSekrulebamde erTi kviriT adre da am
xelSekrulebis ZaliT soxumisa da mTeli afxazeTis dacemamde samocdaaTi
dRiT adre.
1993 w. 16 seqtembers mowinaaRmdege mxarem daarRvia SeTanxmeba cecxlis
Sewyvetis Sesaxeb da daiwyo Seteva oCamCiris frontze. tyvarCelis
dajgufebis SenaerTebma gadaketes oCamCire-gulrifSis raionebis adminis-
traciul sazRvarTan, md. kodorze arsebuli saavtomobilo da sarkinigzo
xidebi. soxumis damcvelebisaTvis samxedro daxmarebis CasaSlelad organ-
izebuli strategiuli trombis paralelurad, mtris Zalebma daiwyes
mimdebare soflebis (varCe, yorasi, dranda, babuSara) da soxumis aeroportis
dabombva.
17 seqtembers mowinaaRmdege gadmovida Setevaze gumisTis frontze.
yuradRebas iqcevs Setevis operatiuli mxare. Tu adre mtris Setevebis op-
eratiuli struqtura iyo erTiani, amjerad man miiRo eSelonizebuli forma:
pirvel eSelons qmnidnen ruseTis regularuli armiis specnawilebi da kon-
federatTa razmebi; meore eSelons _ afxazuri batalionebi. garda amisa, ga-
moyofili iyo mesame, sarezervo eSeloni ruseTis armiis nawilebis saxiT,
1973 . j. gamaxaria. saqarTvelos devnili xelisufleba da afxazeTis omi. Tb., 1998, gv. 59.
398
romelic moicavda qveiTTa, satanko da saartilerio rezervebs. sarezervo
eSelonis amoqmedeba gaTvaliswinebuli iyo pirveli da meore eSelonebis
warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi. saboloo jamSi, rusul-afxazur-konfederatuli
koaliciis Setevis operatiulma siRrmem Seadgina ramdenime kilometri.
yovelive amis sawinaaRmdegod qarTulma mxarem SeZlo SedarebiT naklebi
raodenobis cocxali Zalis mobilizacia, ZiriTadad adgilobrivi
mosaxleobisagan, Tanac TiTqmis yovelgvari mZime teqnikis gareSe. amave dros,
faqtobrivad ver moxerxda Tavdacvis eSelonizebuli taqtikuri zonis
aRdgena _ qarTuli mxaris mier soWis xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis
masStabebma gamoricxa amis SesaZlebloba.
mowinaaRmdegem Setevis pirvelsave dRes SeZlo md. gumisTaze orive xidis
aReba da aviaciisa da artileriis mxardaWeriT kontroli daamyara soxumis
mimdebare soflebze _ Tavisuflebaze, bircxasa da odiSze.1974
soxumis irgvliv strategiuli wris SekvraSi didi roli Seasrula
ruseTis Savi zRvis flotma. ukve 16_17 seqtembridan rusulma xomaldebma
soxum-gulrifSis akvatoriaSi qarTuli armiis poziciebisa da aeroportis
permamentul dabombvasTan erTad, uzrunvelyves qarTuli komunikaciebis
blokireba.
21 seqtembers adlerSi gaimarTa e. SevardnaZis, Tavdacvis ministris g.
yaryaraSvilisa da sainformacio-sadazvervo samsaxuris ufrosis i. baTiaS-
vilis Sexvedra ruseTis Tavdacvis ministrTan p. graCovTan. Sexvedraze
saqarTvelos mxarem moiTxova ruseTis mier soWis SeTanxmebis farglebSi
nakisri valdebulebebis Sesruleba, e.i. mowinaaRmdege mxaris Setevis samxe-
dro blokireba an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, neitralitetis dacva. magram ruseTma
aqac gamoavlina Tavisi mzakvruli imperiuli saxe. `graCovma, _ aRniSnavs e.
SevardnaZe, _ mTeli principulobiT daayena sakiTxi: àfxazeTis problemas
mogixsniT, saWiroa mxolod ori srulfasovani divizia SemoviyvanoT.~1975
rogorc Cans, ruseTi Tavisi saxelSekrulebo valdebulebebis Sesrulebis
pirobad ayenebda ara sakuTriv soWis xelSekrulebis ZaliT sanqcirebul
Carevas, risTvisac absoluturad sakmarisi resursebi arsebobda afxazeTSi
ruseTis jarebis operatiuli jgufis (sardali _ general-leitenanti
Cindarovi) saxiT, aramed damatebiTi samxedro xelSekrulebis safuZvelze
ori specdiviziis dislokacias, rac saqarTvelos teritoriis garkveuli
nawilis faqtobriv okupacias gulisxmobda (Tanac, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi,
afxazeTis omis gumisTis frontze vadagaurkveveli dakonservebiT).
SeTanxmebis miRweva ver moxerxda.
1993 w. 24 seqtembers saqarTveloSi dabrunda devnili prezidenti z.
gamsaxurdia1976. imave dRes man gamoacxada, rom Seudgeba SeiaraRebuli
Zalebis mTavarsardlis movaleobis Sesrulebas, magram, gasagebi mizezebis
gamo, dagegmili strategiuli RonisZiebebis (jarebis marTvis erTiani
sistemis Seqmna da samobilizacio Stabebis organizacia) ganxorcieleba ver
moxerxda. 23 seqtembers rusul-afxazur-konfederatulma razmebma daikaves
sof. aCadara. 25 seqtembrisaTvis maT daamyares kontroli eSbas quCasa da
rkinigzis sadgurze. daiwyo sisxlismRvreli quCis brZolebi. mZime teqnikisa
da mZlavri sabrZolo iaraRis uqonlobis pirobebSi, soxumis damcvelebi
gmirul winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen mowinaaRmdegis kbilebamde SeiaraRebul
SenaerTebs. 10_11 dRiani gmiruli brZolebis Semdeg, rodesac yvela
SesaZlebeli resursi amoiwura, soxumis damcvelebis winaaRmdegoba gatexil
iqna: 27 seqtembers mowinaaRmdegem aiRo mTavrobis sasaxlis Senoba da kon-
troli daamyara soxumze. 28_30 seqtembers rusul-afxazur-konfederatulma
1974 . g. gasviani., T. gasviani. dasax. naSromi, gv. 198.

1975 . e. SevardnaZe. fiqrebi warsulsa da momavalze, Tb., 2005, gv. 177.
1976 . j. gamaxaria. saqarTvelodan devnili..., gv. 15.
399
koaliciam gaagrZela Seteva samxreT-aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT da 30
seqtembers gavida md. engurze, galisa da zugdidis raionebis adminis-
traciul sazRvarze. afxazeTis omi, rogorc aseTi, e.i. rogorc sakuTriv
saomari moqmedebebis erToblioba, dasrulda saqarTvelos damarcxebiTa da
saxelmwifoebrivi katastrofiT.
saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis afxazeTidan evakuaciis Semdeg rusul-
afxazur-somxur-konfederatulma SenaerTebma ganaxorcieles qarTuli
mosaxleobis masobrivi mkvlelobebi, wamebis da Zaladobis barbarosuli
aqtebi, qarTvelebis kuTvnili saxlebisa da sxva uZravi qonebis ganadgureba-
mitaceba. yovelgvari saerTaSoriso normebisa da elementaruli adamianuri
principebis ugulvebelyofiT momxvdurebma fizikurad gaanadgures afxazeTis
ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomare J. Sartava, q. soxumis meri g. gabeskiria,
mrewvelobis ministri r. eSba, mTavrobis sxva wevrebi da maTi Tanmxlebi
pirebi.
farTomasStabiani humanitaruli katastrofa mohyva kodoris xeobiT
(merxeuli-webelda-laTa-aJara-genwviSi-CxalTa-sakeni-Wuberis mimarTulebiT
e.w. `golgoTis gziT~) konfliqtis zonidan qarTuli mosaxleobis evakuacias.
mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili, maT Soris 400-mde bavSvi daiRupa sicivisa
da SimSilisagan Wuberis uReltexilze.
rusul-afxazur-konfederatuli koaliciis mier okupirebul teritoriaze
daiwyo qarTuli mosaxleobis totaluri eTnikuri wmendisa da genocidis
politikis gatareba, rac saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis nebismier
aqtSi kvalificirdeba, rogorc samxedro danaSauli da danaSauli ada-
mianurobis winaaRmdeg. aRsaniSnavia, rom eTnocidis msxverplTa absolutur
umravlesobas warmoadgens arakombatanti mSvidobiani mosaxleoba.
omisa da Semdgomi eTnowmenda-genocidis Sedegad, zogierTi monacemiT,
daiRupa 30 aTasi eTnikuri qarTveli, sxvadasxva erovnebis 300 aTasze meti
adamiani (upiratesad qarTveloba) gaxda afxazeTidan ltolvili da iZulebiT
adgilnacvali piri. es aris afxazeTis omis yvelaze katastrofuli Sedegi _
regionSi eTno-demografiuli balansis radikaluri transformacia da
saqarTvelos suverenitetisa da teritoriuli uzenaesobis uzrunvelyofis
mTavari garantis _ qarTuli eTnikuri umravlesobis _ ararseboba. omma
seriozuli zarali miayena afxazi eTnosis genofondsac. dauzustebeli
statistikuri monacemebiT, daiRupa oTxi aTasamde afxazi da 20 aTasze meti
ltolvilad iqca.
omma uaRresad negatiuri foni Seqmna eTnofsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT.
dairRva afxazi da qarTveli xalxebis mravalsaukunovani mSvidobiani
Tanaarsebobis formebi da megobrul-naTesauri kavSirebi, romelTa aRdgenas,
albaT, garkveuli dro dasWirdeba. amave dros seriozuli ziani miadga
iberiul-kavkasiur cnobierebas da erTiani kavkasiis ideas.
2. afxazeTi omisSemdgom wlebSi. 1993-2007 ww.
afxazeTis omSi saqarTvelos damarcxebas, SeiaraRebuli Zalebisa da

qarTuli mosaxleobis mier avtonomiuri respublikis teritoriis datovebas
Sedegad mohyva regionze saqarTvelos iurisdiqciis Sewyveta. amitom postkon-
fliqturi afxazeTi, regionaluri politikuri procesis TvalsazrisiT, war-
moadgens separatistuli reJimis kontrolis qveS myof politikur sivrces. is
aris saqarTvelos centraluri xelisuflebis politikuri suverenitetisa da
iurisdiqciis farglebs gareT myofi secesiuri lokaluri zona,romelic
ruseTis samxedro-strategiuli mxardaWeris safuZvelze calsaxad uaryofs
oficialuri Tbilisis uzenaesobis aRdgenis nebismier gamovlinebas.
400
afxazeTis secesia saqarTvelosagan ar ganxorcielebula TviTgamorkvevis
saerTaSoriso-samarTlebrivi meqanizmebis an devoluciis plebiscitaruli
Sidakonstituciuri procesis safuZvelze1977. is moxda saqarTvelos
centraluri xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg afxazi separatistebis antikonsti-
tuciuri amboxebisa da samxedro daumorCileblobis gziT, konkretulad _
ruseT-saqarTvelos omSi uSualo monawileobis saxiT. amitom afxazeTis
`damoukidebloba~ saqarTvelos saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg mimarTuli udavo
saerTaSoriso deliqtia, ris gamoc misi oficialuri statuireba Tanamedrove
saerTaSoriso sistemaSi gamoricxulia. saerTaSoriso samarTali ar cnobs
(da arc arasodes aRiarebs) saqarTvelosagan afxazeTis gamoyofas, rogorc
faqts da arc am gamoyofis produqts _ afxazeTis saxelmwifos, rogorc
saerTaSoriso samarTlis subieqts.
magram miuxedavad oficialuri samarTlebrivi cnobierebisa, faqtia, rom
saqarTvelom droebiT dakarga kontroli afxazeTze. misi dabrunebis,
teritoriuli mTlianobis problemis gadawyvetis gareSe kiTxvis niSnis qveS
dgas saqarTvelos erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi qmnadobis globaluri sakiTxi.
afxazeTis droebiTi dakargvis istoriul-geopolitikuri Sedegebi,
mokled, aseTi problemuri nusxis formas iRebs:
_ dakargulia saqarTvelos saxelmwifo teritoriis 13 % (69,5 aTasi km2-isa
da 8,7 aTasi km2 SefardebiT);
_ dakargulia saqarTvelos sazRvao sazRvris da, aqedan gamomdinare, Sav
zRvasa da bosfor-dardanelisa da atlantika-mediteranuli auzis
globaluri mniSvnelobis satranzito komunikaciebze gasasvlelis daax-
loebiT 65_67 %;
_ resursul-sanedleulo TvalsazrisiT dakargulia Savi zRvis Selfis
daaxloebiT 65_67 %;
_ dakargulia pirdapiri saxmeleTo gasasvleli ruseT-ukrainis seqtorze
da iqidan evropaze, ris Sedegadac saqarTvelo imyofeba naxevaranklavis
mdgomareobaSi;
_ moxda saqarTvelos teritoriisa da sazRvrebis àmoZraveba~ Crdilo-
dasavleTidan samxreT-aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT, ris gamoc Semcirda man-
Zili sazRvris sawyisi wertilidan saqarTvelos Sida siRrmeebamde, strate-
giuli daniSnulebis qalaqebamde da sxva obieqtebamde (amas emateba
analogiuri problema Sida qarTlSi, ris gamoc arsebobs qveynis centraluri
sakomunikacio arteriebis `gadaWris~ safrTxe);
_ afxazeTi gadaqceulia ruseTis faqtobriv politikur da samxedro ko-
loniad;
_ saqarTvelos Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi Seqmnilia qarTuli mosax-
leobis vakuumi, rac nebismier SemTxvevaSi da, miT umetes, am vakuumis sxva
eTnikuri masiviT Canacvlebis SemTxvevaSi, eTnodemografiuli katastrofis
tolfasia,
_ dakargulia saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis da misi sapatriarqos ka-
nonikuri iurisdiqciis garkveuli teritoriuli nawili. amasTan, arsebobs
moskovis patriarqats daqvemdebarebul prozelitur eparqiad misi gadaqcevis
perspeqtiva, rac safrTxes uqmnis saqarTvelos sulier suverenitets;
_ afxazeTSi mimdinareobs `kulturuli genocidi~ (istoriul-kulturuli
memkvidreobis mizanmimarTuli ganadgureba) saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg.
_ dakargulia qarTveli eris eTnogenezis istoriuli arealis Crdilo-
dasavleTi seqtori. amis Sedegad sagrZnoblad SeizRuda eris `sasicocxlo
sivrce~, misi kulturul-goniTi aqtiurobis veli;
1977 . pirvelis klasikuri magaliTia, vTqvaT, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis deklarireba referendumis

Sedegebis safuZvelze, meorisa _ slovakeTis gamoyofa Cexoslovakiisagan 1992 wlis 1 ianvars.
401
_ afxazeTis problemis mowesrigebis formatSi, forsmaJorul reJimSi
saqarTvelo iZulebulia droebiT daTmos Tavisi suverenitetis nawili
ruseTis sasargeblod;
_ afxazeTis droebiT dakargvaSi ruseTis warmmarTveli rolis gamo,
saqarTvelo iZulebulia uari Tqvas geopolitikur-geostrategiul
neitralitetze da usafrTxoebis saerTaSoriso garantiebi miiRos
evroatlantikuri samxedro sistemis farglebSi, evraziis samxreT-dasavleT
zonaSi am sistemis erT-erT placdarmad gadaqcevis perspeqtiviT.
miuxedavad auRiarebeli formarul-iuridiuli mdgomareobisa da saer-
TaSoriso subieqtunarianobis arqonisa, faqtia, rom separatistuli reJimi
arsebobs da de-faqto akontrolebs saqarTvelos teritoriis 13 %-s. mas ar
gaaCnia legitimaciis saerTaSoriso da zogadsaxelmwifoebrivi (saqarTvelos
kanonmdeblobis TvalsazrisiT) safuZvlebi, magram amis paralelurad reJimi
flobs legitimaciis Sida lokalur wyaroebs da saxelmwifoebrivi
atributikisaTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs _ e. w. konstitucia, gerbi, himni,
droSa, saarCevno kanonmdebloba da mcire eleqtorati, xelisuflebisa da
marTvis organoebis sistema, partiul-politikuri speqtri, separatistuli
kvazisaxelmwifos 14_15 wliani politikuri praqtika da a.S.
saqarTvelos Semadgenlobidan de-faqto gamosvlis pirobebSi, ruseTis
samxedro-politikuri da saeqsperto-politteqnologiuri daxmarebis
safuZvelze v. arZinbas klanma ganaxorciela separatistuli reJimis
institucionalizacia. miRebul iqna rigi ukanono aqtebisa, romlebmac gansaz-
Rvres separatistuli afxazeTis mmarTvelobis forma, Seqmnes de-faqto
saxelmwifo institutebi da amiT moaxdines kvazisaxelmwifos formireba. am
ukanono aqtebs Soris aRsaniSnavia _ 1994 w. 26 noembers e.w. `pirveli
parlamentis~ mier miRebuli àfxazeTis respublikis konstitucia~; 1996 wlis
26 noembris saparlamento da 1998 w. 14 martis adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebi; 1999 w. 3 oqtombris ukanono referendumi
àfxazeTis damoukideblobis sakiTxze~ da 1999 w. 12 oqtombris e.w.
àfxazeTis saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aqti~.
politologiuri Sefasebis TvalsazrisiT unda aRiniSnos, rom separatis-
tuli reJimis politikuri infrastruqtura Tavis TavSi aerTianebs avtorita-
rizmis, samxedro diqtaturis, afxazuri eTnokratizmis, nomenklaturuli
restavraciis, ruseTis faqtobrivi proteqtoratisa da kriminalitetis
niSnebs.
separatistul afxazeTSi opoziciuri politikuri qselis yvelaze gav-
leniani Zalebi arian: paramilitaruli gasamxedroebuli politikuri moZ-
raoba àmcaxara~; partia èrTiani afxazeTi~; sazogadoebriv-politikuri
moZraoba àiTaira~ (àRorZineba~); interpartiuli `saxalxo erTianobis
opoziciuri forumi~, romelic Seiqmna social-demokratiuli, respublikuri
da saxalxo partiebis koaliciis bazaze; afxazeTis komunisturi partia.
separatistuli reJimi ganicdis qronikul Sidapolitikur kriziss, romlis
arsebiTi mizezia afxazuri eTnokratiis sxvadasxva Sidaelituri jgufebisa
da dajgufebebis urTierTdapirispireba. krizisis kulminacias warmoadgenda
2004_2005 wlebis oqtomber_ianvris saprezidento arCevnebi, romlebic s.
bagafSisa da r. xajimbas politikuri klanebis dapirispirebis formiT
gamovlinda. afxazeTi samoqalaqo omis zRvarze idga, magram ruseTis aSkara
Carevam droebiT SeinarCuna myife politikuri wonasworoba.
separatistuli koniunqturis arsebiTi niSania ruseTis de-faqto pro-
teqtorati. faqtobrivad moqmedebs garegani mmarTvelobis reJimi, romlis
drosac ruseTi mTlianad akontrolebs afxazeTSi mimdinare politikur
procesebs. saxezea ruseTis mier afxazeTis proteqtoruli mmarTveloba,
politikuri kolonizaciis aSkara niSnebi.
402
afxazeTSi konfliqtis daregulirebis mizniT qarTul-afxazuri mola-
parakebebis procesi mimdinareobs 1993w. noembridan gaero-s egidiT, euTo-s
monawileobiTa da ruseTis `SuamavlobiT~.
damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis `samSvidobo~ misiam
afxazeTSi, romelsac ruseTi axorcielebs, uzrunvelyo mxolod kon-
fliqtis samxedro fazis Sewyveta da Zalis gamouyeneblobis reJimis SenarCu-
neba. konfliqtis mowesrigebis saxelSekrulebo bazis ZiriTadi moTxovnebi
ki _ politikuri statusis gansazRvra, ltolvilTa dabruneba da usa-
frTxoeba, saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis de-faqto aRdgena _ blo-
kirebulia da faqtobrivad gayinulia 1993 w. seqtembris mdgomareobiT.
saxezea humanitaruli katastrofa rusi `samSvidoboebis~ uSualo pasux-
ismgeblobis zonaSi (galis raionSi), sadac sami aTasze meti mSvidobiani
moqalaqe daiRupa.
erTi sityviT, ruseTis `samSvidobo~ kontingenti warmoadgens de-faqto
geostrategiul anklavs, xolo `samSvidobo misia~ ar uzrunvelyofs
konfliqtis srulmasStabian mowesrigebas. is warmoadgens regionSi ruseTis
strategiuli yofnis gaxangrZlivebisa da mdinare engurze sazRvris
dafiqsirebiT afxazuri separatizmis teritoriul-politikur garantias.
ufro metic, axorcielebs ra afxazeTis de-iure miTvisebis politikas,
ruseTma ukanono pasportizaciis gziT sakuTar moqalaqeebad gamoacxada
regionSi darCenili mosaxleoba da yovelgvari saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi
normebis ignorirebiT iCemebs misi `damcvelis~ funqcias. afxazeTis
mosaxleobis ukanono pasportizaciis Sedegad ruseTma dakarga moraluri
ufleba iyos neitraluri Suamavali `sakuTar moqalaqeebsa~ da qarTul
mxares Soris.
ruseTi mizanmimarTulad blokavs konfliqtis pozitiuri mowesrigebis
xelSemwyob saerTaSoriso aqtebs. euTo-m ramdenjerme miiRo afxazeTSi
genocidisa da eTnikuri wmendis aRiarebisa da dagmobis aqtebi. magaliTad,
1994 wlis 6 dekembris budapeStis samitis da 1996 w. 3 dekembris lisabonis
samitis daskvniTma aqtebma sruliad araorazrovnad daafiqsires afxazeTSi
qarTuli mosaxleobis genocidisa da eTnowmendis faqti1978. didi mniSvneloba
hqonda euTo-s stambolis 1999 w. 17_18 noembris samits, romelzec
eTnowmenda_genocidis aRiarebis deklaraciasTan erTad miRebul iqna
saqarTvelo_ruseTis SeTanxmeba vazianidan da gudauTidan ruseTis samxedro
bazebis gayvanis Taobaze.1979
2003 w. 22_23 noembris `vardebis revoluciisa~ da e. SevardnaZis reJimis
mSvidobiani meTodebiT damxobis Sedegad saqarTvelos saTaveSi mosulma
xelisuflebam prezident mixeil saakaSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT kursi aiRo
afxazeTis konfliqtis transformaciisaken, romlis strategiis arsebiTi
maxasiaTeblebia: saqarTvelos ekonomikur-finansuri gajansaReba; samxedro
mSeneblobis radikaluri srulyofa da natos standartebis Sesabamisi
mobiluri SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Seqmna; samSvidobo procesSi saxalxo
diplomatiis aqtivizacia; sakiTxis dasma samSvidobo operaciis formatis
Secvlis, ruseTis saarmio kontingentis saerTaSoriso ZalebiT Canacvlebis
Taobaze; konfliqtis zonis mimdebare teritoriaze konstituciuri wesrigis
optimizacia, araformaluri kriminaluri anklavebis likvidacia da a.S.
transformaciis strategiis gamovlineba iyo 2006w. ivlisis movlenebi
kodoris (dalis) xeobis zemo nawilSi, romelsac uaRresad didi
strategiuli mniSvneloba aqvs. es subregioni warmoadgens soxumisa da
afxazeTis centraluri zonisaken, aseve tyvarCelisaken mimavali strategiuli
komunikaciebis maintegrirebel areals, garda amisa, separatistuli reJimis
1978 . afxazeTis sakiTxi oficialur dokumentebSi (1989-1999), naw. I, gv. 408_410; naw. II, gv. 126.
1979 . iqve, naw. II, gv. 333.
403
mier kontrolirebadi teritoriebis `zemodan kontrolis~ RerZul zonas da
dasavleT saqarTvelo-Wuberi-sakenis xaziT maTi SesaZlo strategiuli Sevi-
wroebis mTavar derefans.
soxumis dacemis Semdeg somxur-afxazuri formirebebi ruseTis aviaciis
daxmarebiT utevdnen kodoris xeobis zemo nawils. gansakuTrebuli
intensivobiT gamoirCeoda 1993w. ori oqtombris, oTxi oqtombris, 23_27
noembrisa da 1994w. 26 maisis Semotevebi.1980 magram adgilobrivi mosaxleobis
gmiruli winaaRmdegobis fasad regionze SenarCunebul iqna saqarTvelos
iurisdiqcia. 2006w. ivlisSi saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros
specqvedanayofebma Tavdacvis saministros xelSewyobiT kodoris xeobis zemo
nawilSi ganaxorcieles Zalismieri antikriminaluri operacia, romlis
Sedegadac saqrTvelos mier kontrolirebad afxazeTis mTianeTs ewoda
oficialuri saxeli `zemo afxazeTi~ da iq ganTavsda avtonomiuri
respublikis legitimuri mTavroba (Tavmjdomare m. akiSbaia) da
administraciuli struqturebi. afxazeTis umaRlesi sabWo (Tavmjdomare T.
mJavia) funqcionirebas kvlav TbilisSi agrZelebs.
afxazeTis `ganTavisuflebas~ sikeTe afxazebisaTvis ar moutania: ekonomika
moSlilia, mosaxleobis umravlesoba umuSevari da socialurad daucvelia,
gabatonebulia antiqarTul-aparteiduli fsiqozi; eTnosi romelmac
saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi arnaxul kulturul aRmavlobas miaRwia, dRes
gadaSenebis safrTxis winaSe dgas. omisSemdgom miRebulma `konstituciam~
qarTul enas yovelgvari iuridiuli uflebebi gauuqma, magram amiT afxazuri
enis mdgomareoba ar gaumjobesebula – oficialuri saqmiswarmoeba mxolod
rusul enaze mimdinareobs, masmediac ZiriTadad rusulad muSaobs, àfxazuri
skolebis~ V-XI klasebSi swavlebis ena kvlavac rusulia, rac masobrivi
denacionalizaciis safrTxis winaSe ayenebs afxaz eTnoss.
afxazeTidan iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa winaSe, romlebic regionis
kanonieri mosaxleobis did umravlesobas Seadgenen, sxva problemebi da
amocanebi dgas, romelTa Soris umTavresia sakuTar saxlebSi usafrTxo da
upirobo dabruneba, afxazeTze saqarTvelos iurisdiqciis aRdgena, afxaz
xalxTan Serigeba.
1980 . g. gasviani, T. gasviani dasax. naSromi, gv. 215.

404
Tavi XXI. Crdilo-dasavleT saqarTvelo ucxoenovan
rukebze
arsebobs uamravi Zveli istoriul-geografiuli da politikuri ruka,
romlebic asaxaven Sesabamisi epoqis an adrindeli xanis saerTaSoriso
politikur vTarebas. rukebis Seqmnas Tavis droze ganapirobebda evropis
qveynebis koloniuri politika, aseve sazRvao da saxmeleTo vaWrobis
ganviTareba, axali bazrebis Ziebis aucilebloba. Tavisi geopolitikuri
mdgomareobis gamo kartografTa interesis sferoSi saqarTveloc moeqca. misi
politikuri sazRvrebi dafiqsirebuli iyo antikuri periodidan. magaliTad,
herodotes (Zv.w. Vs.) mixedviT, uZvelesi qarTuli saxelmwifos, kolxeTis
Crdilo-dasavleTi sazRvrebi meotis (azovis) zRvamde aRwevda (ix. pomponius
melas ruka).
Zvel evropul samefo politikur rukebze saqarTvelos Crdilo-dasavleTi
sazRvari yovelTvis moxazulia jiqeT-afxazeTiTurT, an mxolod
afxazeTiTurT. swored aseT saqarTvelos icnobdnen safrangeTis, inglisis,
portugaliis, italiis, ruseTisa da sxva saxelmwifoebi.
Sua saukuneebisa da gviandeli epoqis evropeli kartografebi mezRvaurebisa
da mogzaurebis mier Sedgenili informaciebisa Tu axali portolanebis
daxmarebiT gadaamowmebdnen xolme saxelmwifoTaSorisi sazRvrebis
mdgomareobas da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, rukebSi koreqtivebi SehqondaT.
politikuri rukebis nawilze miTiTebulia saxelmwifoTaSorisi sazRvrebi,
nawilze ki sazRvrebi dafiqsirebuli ar aris, mxolod geografiuli
nomenklaturaa datanili. aseT SemTxvevaSic Cans, rom afxazeTi yovelTvis iyo
saqarTvelos nawili. kavkasionis mTagrexili Tavidanve iyo saqarTvelos
bunebrivi, aqedan ki politikuri sazRvari CrdiloeTis mxridan. magaliTad,
diego homemis rukaze (1559w.), romelzec aweria mengrelia (anu samegrelo,
daaxl. dRevandel gelenjikTan), mxaris hidrotoponimika warmodgenilia
qarTveluri ena-kiloebidan berZnul-laTinur da sxva evropul enebze evropeli
kartografebis mier Targmnili formebiT. evropelma avtorebma aseve blomad
Caiweres da Semogvinaxes qarTveluri saxelwodebebi. afsuur-afxazuri da
Turquli geografiuli nomenklatura mxareSi Cndeba gvian Sua saukuneebSi,
rusuli ki _ XIX saukuneSi.
warmodgenili evropuli da rusuli kartografiuli masala (ix. agreTve
g.keris `qarTuli provinciebis...~ _ 1732w.) udaod miuTiTebs, rom ara mxolod
jiqeT-afxazeTi, aramed mTeli aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi md.yubanamde da
azovis zRvamde uZvelesi xanidan iyo saqarTvelos ganuyofeli nawili. am faqts
ar cnoben separatistebi, maTi mfarvelebi, magram oponentebs Sesabamisi
kartografiuli da sxva dokumenturi sabuTebi ver moaqvT aseTi masalebis
ararsebobis gamo.
405
pirTa saZiebeli*
abaevi v. 168
abaza-faSa 156
abaSiZe ir. 282
abduSeliSvili m. 173, 176
abo Tbileli 92, 185
abramiSvili g. 118
abramiSvili r. 24
abulasan iobis Ze 117, 128
abulaZe i. 189
abulaZe c. 146, 182, 188
abul-kasimi 101, 102
abusajisZe 101
abuxba 288
agaTangelosi 73
agaTia sqolastikosi 61, 82
agafodori (preobraJenski, sox.ep.) 269
agnezi b. – ruka #6
agrba a. 322
agrba a. 336
agrba v. 285, 293
adamia g. 357, 359
adamia z. 77
adamia i. 196
adleiba b. 337, 340, 343
adriane 58
avag amirspasalari 125, 126
avaliSvili g. 225
avgustusi gaius oqtaviane 4
avdalbekiani x. 294, 295, 298
avitabile p. 153
aviZba a. 106
aviZba s. 270
aieti 28, 29, 53
aixvaldi ed. 235-238
akaba n. 3
akiSbaia m. 367
akiSbaia o. 75
aladaSvili n. 105, 125
alania d. 297, 299, 305, 307, 308
alasania g. 63, 72, 147
aleni p. 186
aleqsandre 133
aleqsandre bagratis Ze 138
aleqsandre batoniSvili 205
aleqsandre makedoneli 80
aleqsandre I (didi) 135, 137
aleqsandre I (rus,) 232, 233
aleqsandre II (rus.) 249-251, 253, 260, 264
aleqsandre III (imer.) 155, 157
aleqsandre oqropiriZe. ix. wm. mRvdelmTavari aleqsandre
aleqsandre ufliswuli 133
aleqsandre (xovanski, sox. ep.) 269
aleqseeva e. 34
aleqseeva t. 176
aleqseevi v. 173, 177
aleqseevi m. 295-297
aleqsi (eqzarq.) 269, 275
aleqsiZe z. 106, 113, 118, 155
ali_arsan begi 199
al-kalkaSandi 133
al-muhibi 132, 133
al-umari 133
ali-faSa 253
amanelisZe 121
ambrosi (xelaia). ix. wm. aRmsarebeli ambrosi
ambrojio di pietro 142
ambrojio de poco 142-143
* Seadgines rusudan xarebavam, salome gamaxariam da sofio gamaxariam

406
amiane marcelinusi 45, 48, 49
amiranaSvili S. 111
amiCba g. 123
amfiste (amfistosi, amfistratosi) 4, 48, 49
ana dedofali 181, 184, 189
anania Sirakaci 93
anastasi apokrisiari 75, 85
anastasi II (artemi) 86
andria pirvelwodebuli 76, 128, 170
andria (uxtomski, sox.ep.) 279
anTelava i. 121, 152, 154, 156, 169, 199, 203, 206, 207
anTelava n. 65
anonimi (Vs.) 45, 49, 59, 62, 73, 139
anonimi (XIIIs.) 74
anua iuri (giorgi) 77
anua t. 284
anqiale 58
anCabaZe v. 299,303, 306, 307
anCabaZe z. 34, 39, 42, 45, 46, 50, 51, 61, 62, 69, 70, 74, 83, 88, 92, 94, 96, 121, 122, 124, 138, 141, 154, 258
anCabaZe l. 214
anCabaZe (dadiani) maSo 274, 281
anCabaZe p. 284
anCabaZe x. 214
anCabaZe j. 321
apiane 28, 48, 54
apolonios rodoseli 28, 29
arabuli a. 169
araxamia g. 119
arboliSvili l. 46, 48, 54, 57
ardaSelia c. 281
ariane flaviusi 29, 45, 46, 56, 58, 59, 60, 62, 67, 72, 73, 75
aristakes lastivertci _ 119
aristarxi 54
aristotele 29, 46
arseni (izitovi, som. ep) 268, 269, 275
artemidore 48, 75
arCil stefanozis Ze 85-88, 91
arCil II 158, 159
arZinba v. 345, 350-352, 354, 356, 358, 366
asaTiani l. 151
asaTiani n. 129, 170, 190
autlevi p. 28
afaqiZe a. 25
afaqiZe j. 18, 24, 25
afsirte 28
afxazava n. 71
afxazi iv. 231
afxazosi 65
aqirTava k. 299
aqirTava n. 308, 309, 315, 323
aqsianova g. 173
aqurTava bazux... 214
aSvamba s. 328
aSxvawaa s. 32, 68, 281, 286, 297
aCugba T. 3
axalaZe l. 87, 95, 96, 97, 99, 100, 102, 105, 106, 108-110, 117, 119, 121, 127, 128, 193
axvlediani g. 36, 69, 70
axuba j. 336
ajamovi a. 273
ajamovi g. 286, 288, 297
ajinjali e. 3, 84, 85, 104
bagafSi s. 354, 366
bagafSi 321
bagrat I (afx.) 97, 100, 101, 119
bagrat I (kurapalati) 98
bagrat II – 106, 108, 117
bagrat II (imer.) 149
bagrat III 92, 97, 108, 117-121, 128
bagrat III (imer.) 148
bagrat IV 122, 123, 126-128
bagrat VI 137, 138
bagrat giorgis Ze 107
bagrat demetres Ze 99
407
bagrat konstantines Ze 104
bagrat miqelis Ze 131
bagrati 137
bagrationi aSoti 98, 99
bagrationi vaxuSti 6, 63-65,
91, 93, 94, 97, 98, 104, 120, 121,
130, 133, 135, 136, 137, 146, 147,
155-159, 162, 167, 169, 194, 198,
200, 202
bagrationi Teimuraz 65
baTiaSvili i. 363
bakuraZe n. 173
balardi m. 142-144
baramiZe m. 9, 13, 15, 17, 20, 21-26
barTolomei i. 257, 258, 325, 327
bariatinski a. 248, 250
barnaveli T. 121
barcic k. 288, 299
basaevi S. 355, 356
basaria s. 32, 68, 270, 285, 286,
289, 292, 293, 298
basilis Ze giorgi 2, 127
basilisZe demetre 128
basilisZe Tevdore 128
basilisZe merkile 128
baqraZe d. 65, 66, 94
baRaTuria n. 186
baxia 239
baxtaZe m. 120, 121
bebia i. 196
bebuTovi v. 239
beliakovi a. 308
belokurovi s. 151, 152, 155, 156,
169
belocerkovskaia v. 116
beninkazi an. 139
beraZe T. 29, 30, 38, 55, 78, 80,
82, 83, 85, 86, 95, 129, 131, 132, 134,
137, 140, 141, 143, 144, 146-148, 156,
159, 164, 165, ruka #13
beria l. 319, 325, 331, 337
beriZe v. 111-115, 121
bernardo moro 131
bertold voli 142
berulava k. 134
berulava m. 299, 307
berulava n. 38, 47, 53-55, 72
berZeniSvili i. 113
berZeniSvili n. 9, 60, 68-70, 89,
161, 163, 168, 214, 215, 336
besarion Wyondideli 208, 215
bessa 81
bianko 139
biCi 296
blaixStaineri l. 69
blarambergi i. 194
blievi m. 223
bogveraZe a. 80
bJania v. 9, 13, 15
bragvaZe z. 89
bregaZe b. 91
breJnevi l. 335, 337
brigsi 301
bronevski s. 45, 188
brose m. 28, 66, 164
bruni T. 139, 161, 162
buava m. 328
budbergi a. 210, 211
bukia m. 196
bunaki v. 173, 177
buraCkovi 43
burWulaZe e. 247
burjanaZe S. 164, 166, 197-199,
408
220
bRaJba m. 334, 335
bRaJba o. 3, 12, 23, 24, 26, 28, 32, 46, 53, 79, 81, 88, 94-96, 100, 103, 106, 110, 121, 122, 124, 125, 212, 214, 217, 265, 275, 283, 286,
287, 289, 291-293, 295, 297, 298, 301-304, 306, 309, 311, 315, 319, 321, 322, 339, 340, 352, 358
bRaJba x. 69, 109, 110, 168, 326
gabaSvili besarion 204
gabedava m. 289
gabisqiria g. 359, 364
gabriel episkoposi ix: wm. mRvdelmTavari gabrieli
gabunia 239
gabunia a. 274
gabunia g. 118
gamaxaria j. 33, 43, 45, 48, 49, 57, 59, 64-66, 68, 71-73, 76, 77, 81, 84, 87, 90, 94-96, 104, 107, 109, 127, 139, 140, 148, 149, 155,
170, 171-186, 193, 201, 202, 204, 205, 242, 243, 246, 247, 251, 252, 253, 256, 261, 264, 265, 267-269, 271, 278, 281, 283, 284-295, 297-
300, 302-308, 310-316, 319-321, 342, 345, 347, 362, 363, ruka ##7-10, 13-15
gamba f. 232
gamsaxurdia z. 41, 315, 343, 345-351, 353, 362, 363
gamyreliZe al. 57
gamyreliZe g. 54
gamyreliZe T. 28, 30, 66, 71, 186, 188
gasviani g. 45, 47, 62, 68, 70, 71, 74, 82, 176, 242, 323, 353, 355, 358, 360, 363, 367
gasviani T. 353, 355, 358, 360, 363, 367
gastaldi jak. 4, 186, ruka #11
gegia iv. 268, 273, 281, 287
gegia ioane 257
gegenava gabrieli 169
gegeSiZe g. 331
gegeWkori e. 287, 295, 296, 300
gevorkiani m. 59
geimani v. 254-256, 260
gelasi kesarieli 76, 77
gelasi kvizireli 76
gelaSvili g. 235
gelbi i. 35
gelenava i. 272, 274
gelovani p. 297, 299
gelceri h. 67
genadi (pavlinski, sox. ep.) 269
genseliusi – ruka #14
gerberStaini s. 63
geria n. 328
germane (gogelaSvili, afx. ep.) 246
gerSelmani T. 68, 263, 270
gese k. 241
geCi aslanbei 199
gvazava g. 287-305
gvancelaZe T. 31, 65, 71, 74-76, 109, 169, 185, 186, 192, 193, 195, 196, 257, 265, 326, 327, 329, ruka #13
gvaramia a. 341
gvaramia a. 338
gibali p. 225
gigineiSvili b. 47
giliarova o. 173
giorgaZe b. 151-154
giorgaZe g. 291
giorgaZe gr. 35-37
giorgi I (afx.) 97-100, 119
giorgi I 122
giorgi II (afx.) 97, 104-109, 117, 119-121, 128
giorgi II 123, 126, 128
giorgi III 106, 124
giorgi IV laSa 123-126
giorgi V brwyinvale 131, 134
giorgi VII 134, 135
giorgi VIII 136, 137
giorgi aleqsandres Ze 134
giorgi galatozi 128
giorgi kedrene 73
giorgi megreli 140
giorgi mTavarepiskoposi 121, 127
giorgi mTawmindeli 122, 123, 191
giorgi mwerali 150
giorgi mcire 123
giorgi rusi 124
409
giorgi singelozi 73
giorgi 128
giorgi 198
giorgi (mTavarep.) 127
gloveli S. 92, 93, 109
gobejiSvili g. 25
gogebaSvili i. 262, 274, 279, 282
gogelaSvili i. 285, 294, 295, 297
gogia b. 33, 43, 45-48, 49-51, 57, 59, 62, 64-68, 71-73, 90, 94, 95, 107, 139, 140, 148, 155, 170, 186, 193, 251, 252, 265, 274, 278,
285-300, 302-308, 310-316, 319-321, ruka ##1-15
gogiZe s. 3
gogolaZe d. 71, 74
gogoxia d. 337
gogua a. 344
goguaZe v. 353
gozaliSvili g. 54
golenko k. 39
golicini g. 269, 275
golovini e. 243
golubcovi g. 284
gonglibaisZe miqael 127
gonglibaisZe nikoloz 127
gonglibaisZe sofron 127
gorbaCovi m. 339, 345, 349
gordeziani r. 30
gorki m. 248
gorCakovi p. 227, 228, 230-237
granJie l. 163, 165
graCovi p. 363
gracki 273
grigol galatozuxucesi 128
grigol (lorTqifaniZe, afx. kaT.) 167, 171, 201
grigol xanZTeli 41, 99, 109
grigoli (magistrosi) 85
grigoli (caiSeli) 201, 215
grigoli (IXs.) 98
grigolia g. 9, 22
grigolia k. 152, 155, 156
grigolia g. 305
grigorasi n. 73
grove 255
grozni b. 73
grZeliSvili i. 24
grZeliZe r. 285, 286
guaram mamfali 101
gubaz I 179
gubaz II 80-82, 179
gubaz taoeli 124
gudoviCi i. 210-213
gulia d. 31, 32, 36, 45, 46, 49, 51, 62, 68, 69, 72, 94, 110, 273, 278, 282, 288, 293, 300, 304, 306, 325, 326, 329
gulua g. 359
gunba m. 3, 94, 107, 110, 118, 121, 122, 124, 125
gurgeni 106, 117, 120
gurieli mamia 137
gurieli mamia I 147
gurieli simon 154
guranduxti (VIIIs.) 88
guranduxti (Xs.) 106, 107
gurgenisZe g. 121, 127, 128
guruli v. 313
dadiani antoni (ep.) 242
dadiani bedan I 137
dadiani bedan II 129, 130
dadiani beJani 198
dadiani giorgi 128
dadiani giorgi I 130, 131
dadiani giorgi 203
dadiani giorgi 147, 148
dadiani giorgi (grigolis
Ze) 225, 226
dadiani giorgi 248
dadiani grigol 204-207
dadiani david 245
410
dadiani vamey I 144
dadiani vamey II 133, 134, 138
dadiani iosebi 154
dadiani kacia II 201, 203
dadiani levan I 147, 148
dadiani levan II 151-158, 161, 162,
169, 170
dadiani levan III 158
dadiani levan IV-158
dadiani levan V 207, 208, 215,
216, 220-225, 230, 231, 234, 236, 238,
239, 243, 245
dadiani liparit I 144
dadiani liparit II 135, 137, 138
dadiani liparit 157
dadiani mamia I 131, 132
dadiani mamia II 135
dadiani mamia III 147, 192
dadiani mamia IV 147, 148
dadiani manuCar 128, 151, 152, 157
dadiani manuCar 204
dadiani niko 157, 201, 203-205,
207, 212, 213, 215, 220-222, 224,
229-234
dadiani nikolozi 238-239
dadiani nino 209, 212, 213, 215,
217, 219
dadiani s.305
dadiani q. 234
dadiani Samadavle 144, 145, 149
dadiani S. 274
dadiani cotne 125, 126, 128, 129
daviT III (taoeli) 117, 118
daviT IV aRmaSenebeli 124-127
daviT VII laSas Ze 129
daviT IX 135
daviT giorgis Ze (imer.) 204,
205
daviT VI narini 126, 129, 130,
133
daviT soslani 124
daviTi (nemsaZe, afx. kaT.) 149,
167-171
daviTi (argveTi) 87
daviTi (wereTeli, mitr.) 242
daviTi (qorep.) 120
davlianiZe-tatiSvili l. 119
daTuaSvili p. 357
dalaqiSvili s. 173
damenia o. 336
danieli (maTavarep.) 128, 130
darsalia d. 3
dbari d. 3, 85
de vilhelmi d. 186
de viti fr. 186
debeci g. 174
degoevi v. 223
delba m. 323, 326, 331
demetre I 99
demetre II (afx.) 98-100, 109
demetre III (afx.) 107-108
demetre (ufliswuli) 122
demianovi a. 298
demianovi m. 356
denikini a. 295-298, 300, 301,
308
diakonovi i. 28, 33, 34
diasamiZe b. 77, 81, 84
diasamiZe T. 346
diaCkov-tarasovi a. 43, 46, 67, 167, 168, 234, 239, 241, 245, 259, 261
diaCkov-tarasovi n. 67, 259
dili S. 91
dimitri (sperovski, sox. ep.) 279
411
diodore sicilieli 29, 30
dionise periegeti 40, 45
diri a. 188
diubua de monpere frederik 29, 39, 45, 65, 194, ruka #2
diuvali p. ruka #12
diulCerti anj. ruka #5
doliZe g. 296
doliZe i. 147, 164
domiciane 56
domnusi 77
dondukov-korsakovi a. 264
dosiTeosi (ierus. patr.) 84, 154, 158, 170
doti 216
docenko 288
dragomirovi a. 296
dubrovini n. 227, 229-233, 235-237
dubecki i. 233, 235-237
duka 135
dumbaZe m. 204, 206, 245
dunaevskaia i. 33, 34
durnovo n. 284
egnataSvili (beri) 145, 155
egrosi 63, 65, 70, 75, 87, 181
eduard mefe 132
evagre sicilieli 76
evdemon (CxetiZe, afx. kaT.) 149
evmelos korinTeli 29
evstaTi antioqeli 73
evstaTi kesarieli 62
evstaTi netari 87
ezuxbaia b. 284
ekaterine II (rus.) 204
eliava g. 163, 165
eliava S. 310, 314, 317
elcini b. 349, 351, 352
elhaj omeri 197
emidio dorteli de askoli 155
emuxvari b. 258
emuxvari dimitri (arzayani) 288, 297-300, 302, 304, 305, 307
emuxvari v. 292
emuxvari m. 284, 287
enuqiZe a. 313
epifane kvipreli 73, 74, 76
epifane konstantinopoleli 76, 92, 93
epSteini 310
erekle (imp.) ix. herakle
erekle II 200, 205
erisTavi g. 249
ermolovi a. 223, 226, 227, 229, 233, 234, 237, 238
esaZe s. 216, 223, 246, 248, 250, 256
esvanjia v. 288
efrem mawyvereli 41
efrem mcire 76
eqvTime aToneli 74, 76, 191
eqvTime I sayvareliZe (afxaz. kaT.) 150
eSba g. 273, 282
eSba e. 286, 288, 292, 293, 308-311, 314
eSba T. 273, 282
eSba r. 364
eSba s. 257
valerius flaviusi 45
varam msaxurTuxucesi 125
vardan arevelci 94
vardan filipikosi 85
varsimaSvili i. 115
varsqeni 41
vasilisko 77
vaCe protospaTari da ipatosi 123
vaCnaZe m. 313
vaWriZe g. 217
vaxtang gorgasali 77, 80, 94, 189
vaxtang V (Sahnavazi) 158, 159
vaxtang VI 198
412
vedenski a. 262
veidenbaumi e. 226, 227, 258
vekua v. 340, 341
vekua n. 273, 281
veiliaminovi a. 225, 227-229, 233, 235
vereSagini a. 258, 259, 263
veskonte petrus 139
vigrianovi i. 308
vitzeni n. 194
volkova n. 34, 35, 188
volxovski b. 308
vorobiovi n. 68, 296
voronovi a. 173
voronovi i. 9, 12, 24, 46, 116, 121, 162
voronovi l. 68, 279
voroncovi m. 246
voroncov-daSkovi i. 275, 278
vostorgovi i. 275, 279
zavadski m. 257
zaidlici n. 265
zamiatnini s. 9, 10, 13
zanTaraia x. 266.
zarandia i. 323
zariZe g. 266
zaqaraia p. 115
zaqaria mitileneli 72
zaqaria mxargrZeli 125
zaxarievi p. 151, 152
zaxarova b. 285
zaxarovi d. 285, 298, 307
zebede (diakv.) 150
zevakini e. 141
zenubia edgin... 214
zefisSvili levan 214
zefisSvili narCou 214
zisermani a. 248-250
zuxba a. 336
zuxba s. 169
zuxbaia g. 299, 306, 307
zuxbaia v. 164, 266, 268
TavdgiriZe e. 283
TavdgiriZe n. 276, 285
Taiar-faSa 208-211
TakalanZe n. 239, 247
Tamar mefe 123-125
TamaraSvili m. 33, 137, 152, 155, 158, 162, 163, 165, 166, 169, 171
Tamari (dedofali) 158
Targamosi 74, 181
Tarnava m. 283, 286, 290, 293, 296, 299, 305-308
TayaiSvili e. 109, 134, 167, 171
Tevdore tironi 77
Teimuraz I 155
Temur lengi 133-135
Teodore kvireli 79
Teodosi (`mwuxare~) 107, 108, 118
Teodosi II (afx.) 98, 100
Teodosi 77
Teodosi gangreli 6, 75, 85
Terdeti 81
Teofane JamTaaRmwereli 86,
87
Teofilaqte antioqeli 84
TogoSvili g. 103
Todria s. 321
Todua T. 54, 56, 78
ToiZe l. 302, 306, 314-317, 321
Toma (somexi) 103
TofCiSvili r. 42, 45
ToxaZe b. 357
TumaniSvili d. 113, 116
Tumanovi g. 294, 297
iazikovi 200
iakobsoni a. 113
413
iakob xucesi 41
iakovlevi n. 325, 327
iakub-xani 138
iansoni i. 186
iasnovi m. 337
iasoni (iazoni) 28
iafeti 73
iahia de kremona 131
ignatievi n. 253
idesi ev. ruka #10
ivane axalcixeli 125
ivanicki 310
ivanovi v. 308
ivanovi viaC. 30, 34
iziaslav II 64
ilia II (kaT-patr.) 77
imnaiSvili i. 94
inalisSvili narCou ... 214
inal-ifa a. 284, 295, 297
inal-ifa (inalisSvili)
giorgi 224, 230, 231
inalifa (inalisSvili)
arukel 224
inal-ifa k. (XIXs.) 258
inal-ifa k. 308
inal-ifa (inaliSvili)
narCou 224, 230, 231, 235
inal-ifa saraluf 242
inal-ifa S. 34, 52, 53, 61, 72,
94, 118, 121, 124, 168, 199, 257, 270
inaniSvili g. 24
inaZe m. 37, 39, 42, 45-50, 52-55, 57,
58, 62, 63, 70-72
ingoroyva p. 44-46, 50, 51, 62,
68-70, 74, 83-88, 91-93, 95, 96, 134,
164, 333, 334, 336
interiano j. 147
ioane antioqeli 174
ioane bedieli 127
ioane drasxanakerteli 95, 103,
113
ioane zonara 73
ioane Tomas Ze 82
ioane minCxi 109
ioane mwignobarTuxucesi 123
ioane sabanisZe 92, 93, 185
ioane oqropiri 76, 79
ioane Wyondideli 123
ioane (VIIIs.) 88, 91
ioane (kaT.) 84
ioane 191
ioane (somexi) 103
ioanisiani a. 211
iovakime (afx. kaT.) 149
iona (egzarq.) 242
iordaniSvili s. 155
ioseb flaviusi 56
ioseliani a. 354
ioseliani ioane 214, 237
ioseliani j. 350, 353, 354
ipolite romaeli 62, 63
irine 92
irinei 76
isami 87
isamberi m. 65
italinski 207
iuiruk bairaxdari 209
iuliane 58
iulius keisari 54
iustiniane II 86
kavadi 80
kavkasos 181
kakabaZe s. 30, 163, 164, 116, 167
414
kakuba r. 291, 294, 295, 299
kalandaZe a. 9, 25
kalandaZe k. 12
kalandia g. 127
kalisto III 136
kamenhuberi a. 34
kandelaki k. 278
kapanaZe d. 39, 126, 144
kargarodskaia m. 309
karpovi s. 140
kartozia s. 314
karcovi a. 251, 254
kapitonovi i. 338
kasteli qr. 45, 151, 153, 154, 156, 157, 160-162, 164, 165, 170
kastori 4, 48
kacia a. 116, 121
kacia b. 328
kacia r. 141, 162
kaWarava d. 45, 59
kaWarava i. 225
kaxaZe o. 186, 189, 190
kaxaber kaxaberisZe 129
kedia sp. 305
kekeliZe k. 74, 92, 93
kereseliZe ioane 268
kereseliZe 301
keri g. 368, ruka #15
keSelava i. 359
keWaymaZe n. 29, 45, 58, 60, 62
kvantaliani g. 338
kvaracxelia n. 3
kvaracxelia t. 299
kvarWelia r. 336
kvarWia v. 329
kvaSnini a. 356
kvaWantiraZe e. 94, 119
kvezereli-kopaZe n. 49
kvintus kurcius rufusi 49
kvirike (qorep.) 101, 102
kvirike II 107
kvirkvelia d. 45, 59
kviwinia p. 173
kiknaZe v. 132
kiniapina n. 227
kirzoRlu m. 135
kirion I (kaT.) 113
kirion episkoposi. ix. wm. mRvdelmowame kirion II
kirovi s. 308, 309
kislingi 46, 69
kitovani T. 350, 352-354
klavdios ptolemaiosi 45, 48, 56, 59, 62, 67, 73, ruka #3
klaproTi i. 64., 65
klementi romaeli 76
klibanovi a. 256
klimenti palmosi 76
kobaxia v. 336, 338, 342
kobiZe d. 70, 119
kovensi i. ruka #10
kozenkovi v. 20
kokievi g. 43
kokovi j. 188, 189
kolesnikovi m. 357
kondratievi g. 357
koniari 252
koniaSvili 298
konradini 216
konjaria v. 195
konstantine daviT narinis Ze 128-131
konstantine I 77
konstantine II 137, 138
konstantine II (afx.) 103
konstantine III (afx.) 95, 97, 101-104, 106, 109, 119, 120
konstantine (ufliswuli) 134, 135
415
konstantine (argveTi) 87
korobkovi n. 9
koroliovi v. 299, 305, 307
kostava m. 340, 342
koCievi r. 173
koxi k. 167
kravCenko p. 260
krekasi - ix. telxiusi
krilovi a. 344
krupnovi e. 20, 28, 177
kudava b. 81, 83, 84, 96, 120
kudriavcevi k. 28, 45, 118, 121, 141, 217
kuznecovi a. 329
kurnatovski i. 224, 225
kutievi 222
kuftini b. 9, 15, 18, 45
kuSnariova k. 26
kuxaleiSvili s. 308
labaxua a. 331
ladaria i. 173
ladaria n. 278
lavrovi l. 28, 188
lakerbaia e. 285
lakerbaia Tulafsu... 214
lakerbaia i. 273
lakvari urusi 234
lakoba i. 344
lakoba m. 308
lakoba n. 285, 293, 308-311, 313, 315-317, 320-323
lakoba s. 3, 12, 23, 24, 26, 28, 32, 46, 53, 79, 81, 88, 94-96, 100-103, 106, 110, 116, 121, 122, 124, 125, 152, 171, 212, 214, 217, 244,
263, 265, 275, 276, 283, 286, 287, 289, 291-293, 295, 297, 298, 301-304, 306, 309, 311, 315, 319, 321, 322, 339, 340, 352
lakrba gid 235
lakriba Tlafs 224
lakriba jamleT 224
lamberti arq. 45, 151-154, 156, 157, 160, 161, 163_165, 169, 171, 186, 194, ruka #13
lasuria a. 329
latiSevi v. 222, 73, 94
lebarnikiosi 85
legrani 314
levini m. 174
leiba 203
leTodiani d. 62, 79, 81, 184
lengi d. 144
lenini v. 310-312
leon I (afx.) 86-89, 91
leon II (afx.) 91-96, 98, 100
leon III (afx.) 97, 107, 108, 119, 120
leon gramatikosi 73
leon didi 80
leon (lev) III isavrieli (leon spaTari) 84-87
leoniZe g. 155
leonide (oqropiriZe) 278
leonti mroveli 74, 76, 91, 181, 184, 189
leJava g. 317, 333, 336-338
liaki 310
lindenfeldi 237
lioniZe solomon 204
lipartiani giorgi 151, 152
lipartiani vamey III 157, 158
litvinovi p. 207, 208
loginovi v. 344
lolaSvili i. 123
lolua Zuku 274
lomTaZe e. 186, 190
lomTaTiZe q. 36, 174, 179, 180, 186, 187, 192
lominaZe b. 149, 170
lominaZe beso 315
lominaZe g. 356
lominaZe r. 205
lomouri n. 37-41, 45, 47, 48, 51,
58, 59, 61-63, 70-72, 78, 79, 89, 91,
119, 168
lomsaZe gabriel 150
416
lopatinski l. 188
lorTqifaniZe g. 57
lorTqifaniZe i. 299
lorTqifaniZe m. 31, 38, 70, 91,
92, 94-100, 103, 105, 109, 117, 159
lorTqifaniZe o. 29, 31, 38, 39,
43, 55
ludoviko bolonieli 136
ludoviko IX 129
ludoviko XIV 201
luka j. 151, 152, 156, 160, 161, 163,
169
lukini a. 9
lukomski a. 296
lulie l. 188
maevski v. 260
mazniaSvili g. 291-294, 296
maTua 318
maieri ed. 33
makariosi (ierus.patr.) 84, 151,
162, 170
malasa 58
malaqia I (abaSiZe, afx. kaT.) 149
malaqia II (gurieli, afx. kaT.)
154
maleni g. 129
mamacaSvili l. 167
mamisTvalaSvili l. 141
mandevili j. 186
manuel porfirogeneti 74
maraCevski 236
margiSvili ioane (ep.) 303
mari n. 31, 32, 46, 50, 51, 62, 66-69,
76, 90, 152, 178, 179, 186-188, 261,
283, 325, 327
marine, mariane - ix. miri
marixi 128
markvarti J. 68
markovini v. 34
maruxba i. 3
maruSiani zviad 107
maruSisZe ioane 117, 118
marRania a. 328
marRania aslanbeg 214
marRania beJani 214
marRania d. 278
marRania Tlafs 238
marRania i. 296, 297, 299, 305,
306
marRania kac 224, 235, 236, 238
marRania levani 214
marRania n. 284, 287
marRania rostomi 214
marRania t. 258
marRania xitu 214
marRania jambulat 214
marSania d. 294
marSania zerefsu 222, 223
marSania TaflasTan 254
marSania k. 273, 282
marSania kvaji 254
marSania levani 255
marSania loriki 339, 359
marSania m. 258
marSania misoust 222, 223
marSania n. 297
marSania rebiaxanum 213, 214,
219, 221, 224, 228
marSania saraluf 222, 223, 231,
235
marSania t. 289, 295
marSania fsxubei 254
marSania yalibeg 235
417
marSania Sirinbei 254
marSania xinkuras 235
masistios siromitresis Ze 41
maqsime aRmsarebeli 84, 85
maqsime II (abaSiZe, afx. kaT.) 204
maqsime quTaTeli 200
maWavariani daviTi (dek.) 268
maWavariani k. 66, 67, 199, 200, 268, 270, 273, 282, 325, 327
maWavariani n. 195
maWaraZe v. 200
majolo jak. ruka #8
mgalobliSvili n. 340
mgalobliSvili m. 63, 232
mgelaZe a. 330, 331
mgelaZe m. 308
mdivani b. 314
mdivani s. 304
megreliZe S. 261
medea 28, 29, 45
mediCi-bJiSkiani m. 64, 69
meliqiSvili g. 29, 31-33, 36, 44, 46, 47, 49, 52-54, 56, 58, 60-62, 70, 78, 79
meliqiSvili d. 41
menTeSaSvili a. 288, 290, 291, 295, 301, 302, 304-306, 310, 320
meretukovi k. 75
merkatori 186
merlini s. 221
merCule giorgi 41, 45, 50, 51, 52, 68-70, 74, 91, 92, 95, 99, 133, 134
mesxi s. 362
mesxi k. 287
mesxia n. 354
metreveli e. 123, 130, 226
metreveli r. 118
mefariSvili l. 158
mefisaSvili r. 101, 113
mehmed II 135
mehmed raSidi 197
mibCuani T. 46, 47, 62, 68, 71, 74, 79, 82, 274
miTridate VI pontoeli 50, 51, 53, 54, 61
miTridate umcrosi 53
miklaSevskaia e. 173
mileri v. 137
miliutini d. 250
milni 300
miminoSvili iv. 274
miri (marine, mariane ) 85-88
mirneli m. 282
miqael sabaZmindeli 109
miqaeli (ierus. patr.) 149
miqaeli 128
miqambia SalamaTi... 214
miqelaZe T. 15, 17, 18, 20, 38, 51
miqeli daviT narinis Ze 130, 131
mixailovski-danilevski a. 216
mixelsoni i. 295
mixini 229, 234, 235
moaferne 53
mogilianski p. 226-228
moizi 217
mortieri korn. ruka #10
mose xorenaci 93
mJavanaZe v. 334, 336
mJavia T. 367
muzikantski 308
muraviovi n. 244
murvan yru 86-88
murzakeviCi n. 141
muromcevi s. 278
musxeliSvili d. 36, 52, 71, 74, 75, 83
nabedi 81
nadareiSvili T. 354, 357, 359
nadirovi solomoni 237
namitoki a. 69
naneiSvili 305
418
nasri guaramisZe 101
nafotaZe saba 150
naWyebia g. 338
naWyebia i. 208
naxoragani 82
nebieriZe l. 12
nepliuevi i. 198
neroni 56
niania novelisimosi 128
niketa xoniate 74
nikifore (mitr.) 155
nikoloz I (rus.) 240
nikoloz II (rus.) 266, 275
nikoloz bedieli 130
nikoloz mistikosi 104, 105
nikoloz paseki 142
nikonor aleqsandrieli 28
nino kabadokieli 76, 77
ninua d. 248
nodia a. 269
norakiZe g. 274
norakiZe sp. 268
nucubiZe lika (Teona) 3
odisevsi 29
odiSeli j. 155
ovidius nazoni 29
oTirba a. 335
oTirba g. 3
okujava k. 156, 157, 164
oldenburgeli a. (princi) 266, 274
olonecki a. 260, 262
oniani a. 180
oraxelaSvili m. 317
orbeli i. 46, 61
orbeliani d. 215
orbeliani s-s. 30, 35, 42, 49, 74, 75, 191, 194, 201, 202
orbeliani st. 119
orentiosi 76
orjonikiZe a. 13
orjonikiZe s. 309-311, 315, 320
osiZe e. 186
ofsite 28
ofsite 81
pavle alepoeli 156, 170, 190
paiWaZe g. 188, 198, 214
paiWaZe d. 137
palasi simeon 64
palefate abidoseli 40, 50
palmerstoni h. 247
pankratovi n. 242
papasqiri z. 43, 68, 69, 91, 92, 94, 96, 100, 109, 117, 118, 119, 122, 141, 184, 214, 269, 271, 276, 277, 304, 315, 319, 321, 322, 325,
327, 331, 337, 346, 352, 356, 357
paskeviCi i. 238-241
pateifa n. 278
patkanovi k. 66, 90
pafnoti (xoziaSvili, arq.) 205
paxomovi a. 203, 210
penCko n. 141
peskina m. 173
pesteli p. 240
petre I (rus.) 197
petre (drugovi, sox. ep.) 269
petrik patriki 122, 123
petrus geraldi 131, 132, 142
piTodorisi 56
pilenko d. 259
pineli j. 135
platoni (egzarq.) 284
plinius ufrosi 45, 48, 49, 54,
56-59, 63, 67, 72, 75
plutarqe 89
pobedonoscevi k. 269
polemon I 56
419
polemon II 56
polidevke (poluqsi) 4, 48
polivanovi n. 285
poluqsi - ix. polidevke
pompeusi 54, 61
pomponius mela 45, 48, 50, 56, 57,
75, 368, ruka #1
poskrebiSevi a. 330, 331
potocki Jan 64
progulbicki v. 275
prokopi kesarieli 36, 37, 50,
51, 62, 65, 67, 73, 77, 79
promeTeosi 58
puto 161, 169
puSkini a. 223
JamTaaRmwereli 125, 126, 129
Jan georg da rejobusi 142
Jan pol franciskeli 142
Jvania d. 3
Jvania i. 308, 309
Joberi a. 208
Jordania T. 66
Jordania n. 287, 295, 298, 301,
305-307
Jordania o. 266, 304
Jordania simeon 237
JuanisZe antoni 127, 150
JuanisZe kirile 127
Juze p. 151, 162, 170
rabia (afx.) 137
raevi b. 116
raevski n. 244
rakoci 232
ramiSvili a. 24
ramiSvili n. 301, 304
ramiSvili is. 293, 294, 297,
300
ransimeni 135
ratiani z. 71, 75
rafava a. 323
rafava d. 330
raWveliSvili qr. 288
rekasi - ix. telxiusi
resmaga 58
rexviaSvili m. 204
rikhofi i. 207, 209, 213
riJovi k. 54
riSelie e. 210
riCardi J. 131
robert hintelsxani 142
rogava giorgi 195
rogava g. 238, 242, 243, 270
rozeni g. 241, 243
romanovi mixeil 250, 251, 253
romanovi n. n. 284
romanovski i. 296
rostombegi 198
roSa 128
rtiSevi n. 219-222
rubrukusi v. 129
rusTaveli SoTa 30, 41
rufinus avieniusi 73
rusudan mefe 125, 126, 128
ruckoi a. 356
rCeuliSvili l. 113, 115
saakaSvili m. 367
sagduxti 128
savlaki 53
saiTiZe g. 278
salamatina n. 173
salia m. 194
samxaraZe a. 282
sanaZe m. 30, 85, 86, 95
420
sanikiZe l. 28, 53
sansoni g. ruka #9
sanudo m. ruka #4
saria S. 216
sarjvelaZe z. 42
saRaria b. 310, 328
sayvareliZe p. 287, 305
saxokia T. 266, 268, 273, 274, 279, 281
sajaia a. 309
sebastini 211
severovi n. 114
seid suleiman-faSa 221
selezniovi m. 64, 154, 158, 170, 171, 239
semi 73
serafime (CiCagovi, sox. ep.) 269, 275
sergi (petrovi, sox. ep.) 279, 302, 303
sergi barnukis Ze 85, 95
sesostrisi 41
svaniZe m. 135
svaniZe n. 308
sverdlovi v. 308, 309
sviatopolk mirski d. 251, 252, 258
svimeon galatozuxucesi 128
svimeon Wyondideli-mwignobarTuxucesi 127
svimon kananeli 76, 77, 270
sigua T. 350, 353
sigutkini i. 356
silogava v. 99, 105, 106, 108, 117, 121, 123, 126
simonoviCi T. 216, 217, 219
sitini p. 309, 311
siWinava r. 359
skeparna 81
skimnos qioseli 40
skirnevski T. 211, 212
smiri g. 238
smirnovi n. 244
sobinini (sabinini) g. 92
sokolovski n. 312
soleri 139
solinusi 48
soloviova v. 173
soloviovi l. 9, 13, 15, 24, 34
solomon I 200, 201, 204
solomon II 204-206, 216
sonRulaSvili a. 71
soselia o. 153
soslanbekovi i. 355
soteriqe 82
sofron bedieli 130
spadaga 58
spenseri e. 167
stalini i. 42, 310, 311, 313, 317-321, 324, 325, 330, 331
stefane bizantieli 43, 45, 62
stefane sananoisZe 109
stefanoz III 85, 86, 91, 93
straboni 43_45, 48, 49, 51-54, 56, 58, 67, 75
stratanovski g. 43
stratofile 77
sturua d. 334-337
suliaSvili d. 288
sumbat bagratuni 101, 103
sumbat daviTisZe 92, 97, 119
suslovi m. 330, 335
tabataZe k. 119
tabaRua i. 151-153, 157, 161, 163, 169, 197, 201
tabiZe m. 257
taleirani 211
tania i. 323
tatiSCevi v. 64, 167
telxiusi (telxiosi, rekasi, krekasi) 48-50
tinine 100
toliaSvili k. 270
tolstoi m. 254
421
tolConovi 155
tormasovi a. 214-217
tornau T. 199
toroSeliZe m. 310
totlebeni 200
traiane 62
trafSi m. 116
trirogovi v. 257
trogus iustinusi 49
trofimova v. 174
turCaninovi g. 28
tuRuSi a. 75, 202
ubiria m. 305-307
uvarova p. 94, 141
uzun-hasani 137
urban VIII 153, 155
uridia m. 81
uruSaZe a. 28, 29, 40, 47, 89
uslari p. 28, 256-258, 325, 326
utCenko s. 43
uSakovi p. 46, 47
uCaZe z. 357, 359
uxtanesi 89, 106, 107
fadeevi a. 32, 141, 168, 223, 239
falda (qorep.) 107
favstos buzandi 59
fanaskerteli z. 35
fanCuliZe i. 215
faradavla Toreli 126
farasmani 86
farnavazi 53, 75, 93
farnake 54
farsmani 58
faRava m. 239
faSalidi i. 294, 295, 297, 298, 307
faCulia v. 116
faCulia v. 328-330
feSangi 155, 161
filipiki 86
filipsoni g. 235, 249
fircxalava s. 283, 284
fifia g. 72
fon-kresi 295
fon-losovi 290
forestie uokeri 300
formozovi a. 14
fsametixebi 28
fsevdo skilaks kariandeli 39, 40, 45, 48, 52, 75,
fsevdo Sapux bagratuni 95
fselosi mix. 28
fuTuriZe g. 151
fuTuriZe v. 185
fureli r. 173
futkaraZe t. 30, 43, 45, 71. 90, 180, 186, 190
fxakaZe g. 13, 15-17
qavTaraZe ioane 237
qavTaraZe s. 310
qami 73
qardava x. 3
qarCava g. 331
qarcivaZe n. 287
qaSibaZe v. 173
qebulaZe r. 126
qelbaqiani d. 281
qvaraia v. 359
qirTbaia n. 273, 282
qiria c. 216
qorTua n. 207, 208, 210, 211, 213, 215, 216, 219, 221
qoriZe d. 24, 25
qoriZe T. 96
qorqia l. 9
qoColava giorgi 121, 127
qristoforo de kanevale 145
422
qurcikiZe g. 257
quCuk Celebi zade 198
quji 53, 75
Rurjua v. 295, 297, 298, 304, 305,
307
yarabei 169
yaryaraSvili g. 357, 363
yauxCiSvili T. 28-30, 40, 41, 43,
45-49, 51-55, 56-58, 61, 75, 122
yauxCiSvili s. 30, 50, 55, 62, 63,
69, 70, 81, 82, 87, 181, 184, 186, 263
yifSiZe i. 186
yolbaia v. 342, 354
yoranaSvili g. 28
yubaneiSvili s. 185
Savliani adarnase 101
Savliani ioane 101
Salva axalcixeli 125, 126
Samba o. 336
Samba s. 3, 126, 344
Sanibovi m. 355
SaniZe a. 94, 326
SanSe mandaturTuxucesi 125
SanSievi g. 297
Sarapovi s. 263
SaraSeniZe l. 352
Sardeni Jan. 63, 152, 158, 163, 172,
194
SarvaSiZe a.g. 274, 276, 284,
285-287, 295, 300
SarvaSiZe a.k. 304
SarvaSiZe ali-bei (aleqsandre)
213, 219, 224, 230, 231, 238, 241
SarvaSiZe arzayani 157, 158
SarvaSiZe aslan-bei 209, 212,
215-217, 219, 221, 229-232, 234, 235,
237
SarvaSiZe bagrati (saustan) 158
SarvaSiZe baTal-bei 213, 216,
228, 230
SarvaSiZe beJan 212, 213
SarvaSiZe beslako 156
SarvaSiZe beqir-bei 200, 203, 219,
223
SarvaSiZe g.d. 278
SarvaSiZe g.k. 284
SarvaSiZe g.m. 109, 155, 251, 275,
283
SarvaSiZe g. (safar-bei) 209,
210, 212-222, 224-227, 230, 245
SarvaSiZe grigol 258
SarvaSiZe dardin 126
SarvaSiZe dim. 227, 229-234
SarvaSiZe varlam 285, 292, 293,
296-299, 307, 308
SarvaSiZe zegnay 159
SarvaSiZe zurab 199-201, 203
SarvaSiZe Taiar-bei 228, 230
SarvaSiZe (dadiani) Tamari 209,
226-230, 233-235, 237, 239, 242
SarvaSiZe Tula 214
SarvaSiZe iv. 274
SarvaSiZe (dadiani) kesaria
224
SarvaSiZe konst. 234, 258, 274
SarvaSiZe l. 201, 208, 220, 221
SarvaSiZe manuCari 199-200
SarvaSiZe manuCar (samurzay.)
208, 209, 215, 216, 219-221, 234
SarvaSiZe mixeili 233-239, 241,
242, 244-248, 250-252
SarvaSiZe oTaRo WaWas Ze 121,
122
423
SarvaSiZe pr. 272
SarvaSiZe rostomi 159
SarvaSiZe rostom-bei 228, 230,
234, 235
SarvaSiZe seteman 153, 156
SarvaSiZe solomon 156_158
SarvaSiZe sorex (savarex) 158
SarvaSiZe soslan-bei 219, 223
SarvaSiZe qeleS-bei 200, 201, 203-213
SarvaSiZe quCuq-bei 215
SarvaSiZe yvapu 159, 167, 171
SarvaSiZe Servan 199, 200
SarvaSiZe weTanuria (darejan) 152, 153
SarvaSiZe xutunia 220
SarvaSiZe jiqeSia 159, 199
SarvaSiZe joto 292
SarvaSiZe xasan-bei 213, 216, 224, 226-229, 237-239, 241
Saria gr. 281
Saria p. 326
Sartava J. 364
Satilovi p. 251, 252
Sayrili k. 33, 195, 329
Sayrili t. 336
SevardnaZe e. 338, 350, 351, 353-356, 359, 361, 363, 367
Sengelaia leo (qiaCeli) 303
Sengelia n. 197-199
Sengelia v. 186
Serbatovi a. 240
ServaSiZe l. 106, 113, 133
ServaSiZe m. 282
Seripovi aslan-bek 286, 292
Serozia r. 186, 190, 257
Sinquba b. 329
Slateri n. 297
Smali v. 345
Smerlingi r. 96, 116
Snirelmani v. 28, 32, 38, 68, 286, 291, 295, 302
Sopeni iv. 65
SoSiaSvili n. 94, 99, 103, 117, 119
Sulgini v. 296
Surta 107
SuSaniki 241
Cabaluxa Temuryva 214
Cabaluxa vomeri 214
Cagava d. 326
Cakraborti r. 173
Caragua x. 336
Carkviani k. 330
Celebi evlia 151, 156, 160-162, 168
Celebi qaTib 63, 192, 194, 198
Cervonnaia s. 294, 345
Cerniavski v. 66, 139, 176
CigoSvili T. 21, 22
Cindarovi r. 356, 363
Cirikba v. 3, 186
Citaia d. 266, 285, 290, 292, 295, 298, 300
Citaia g. 51, 64, 69
Ciqobava arn. 31, 69, 75, 182, 196
Ciqovani m. 337
CijavaZe d. 157
CoCievi v. 197
ColoyaSvili d. 274
CubinaSvili g. 105, 106, 112-114, 118
CubinaSvili d. 35, 49
Cukbari a. 274, 283, 284
Cuxua m. 28, 30, 180
Cqotua daviT 274
Cqotua manuCari 238
Cqotua rafieli 287, 295-299
CxataraiSvili q. 117, 197-199, 201
Cxenkeli ak. 278, 285-287
Cxenkeli ioane (mRvd.) 268
Cxetia S. 254
424
CxetiZe germane 127, 150
CxikviSvili benia 285, 288, 297, 298, 304
caava m. 288, 305
cagareiSvili e. 103, 119, 185
cagareli a. 200
caguria b. 287
caguria m. 288, 299, 305, 307, 308
camba edigei 235
cariova 285
cincaZe z. 245, 273
cincaZe i. 155
cincaZe n. 150
cicianovi p. 205, 207
ciciSvili i. 111
cqitiSvili g. 121
cxadaia p. 75
Zampi m. 158, 165, 171
ZafSba T. 3
ZiZaria g. 203, 206, 208, 212, 216, 225, 244, 245, 250-255, 259, 260, 261, 266, 282, 285, 295, 310, 329
ZiZaria k. 288
ZiZaria o. 194, 195
ZiZiguri l. 25
ZiZiguri S. 30
Zkuia d. 299
waTe I 80
waTe II 82
wereTeli l. 9_11
wesubia Seramet... 214
wvinaria i. 13, 15, 24
wivwivaZe 285
wm. aRmsarebeli ambrosi 66, 67, 75, 268, 269, 279, 284, 285, 292, 296, 303, 320
wm. mRvdelmTavari aleqsandre 246, 254, 256
wm. mRevdelmTavari gabrieli 256, 260, 267, 269, 270, 282
wm. mRvdelmowame kirion II 260, 266, 278, 279, 285
wulukiZe m. 307
wurwumia z. 204
WavWavaZe d. 254, 256
WavWavaZe z. 340
WavWavaZe i. 66, 274, 341, 342
Wanba s. 283, 285, 299
Wania v. 343
Wanturia r. 75, 257, 264
Waraia p. 262, 273, 281
Wedia n. 273
WiWinaZe T. 159, 167
WoWua a. 273, 282, 289, 326, 329
WumburiZe d. 264
Wyonia a. 151
xazaraZe n. 35, 50, 51
xaindrava g. 357
xan-girei 188
xarebava r. 287
xasaia a. 300
xasaia n. 295
xasbulatovi r. 356
xaSba a. 326
xaSba m. 326, 329
xaCiZe l. 109
xaxanaSvili a. 33, 67
xaxutaiSvili d. 24
xajinba r. 366
xvarckia m. 336
xvingia a. 273
xvistani r. 113, 116
xiTi b. 173
ximSiaSvili l. 115
xinTba v. 337
xioti i. 308
xonelia r. 107
xorava b. 43, 127, 147, 148, 157,
158, 165, 172, 193, 199, 200, 201, 205, 218, 226, 241-245, 249-251, 254-256
xomutovi 229
xotelaSvili m. 113
425
xoStaria n. 24
xoStaria-brose e. 68, 69, 71, 81
xoWolava m. 305
xruSkova l. 96, 116, 125, 126
xruSCovi n. 333-335
xundaZe a. 281
xundaZe tr. 271
jaiani m. 167
jalal-ed-dini 125
javaxiSvili iv. 30, 32, 33, 36,
44-46, 50-52, 60, 67, 104, 117, 118,
138, 184, 302
janaSvili m. 30
janaSia niko 257, 264, 273, 281,
284
janaSia niko (laSa) 93
janaSia s. 32, 33, 36, 37, 45, 46,
58, 60-62, 68, 71, 78, 83, 85, 92,
105, 109, 113, 152, 168, 186, 188, 189,
251, 326
janberiZe g. 173, 175, 177
jangvelaZe z. 114
jandieri l. 275
jafariZe anania 76, 77, 81, 84,
90, 96
jafariZe g. 91, 119
jafariZe d. 354
jafariZe o. 9, 11, 12, 17, 20, 21,
25, 30, 34, 71
jayeli aRbuRa 136
jayeli sargis 126
jayeli yvaryvare 126
jayeli yvaryvare II 136, 137
jayeli yvaryvare III 138
jiblaZe l. 15, 17
jiqia s. 198
jonua a. 329
jonua W. 329
jorbenaZe b. 192
jojua d. 301
jojua v. 75
juanSeri 88, 91
juanSeri (memat.) 91, 183, 185,
189
judiCe juzepe 154, 163
juReli anT. 263, 266, 268, 273,
281
juReli v. 289, 292
hagba v. 3
haidar-faSa 148
heidi u. 142
hekaTe mileTeli 39, 40, 45
helanike mitileneli 39, 40,
43, 45, 50, 51
herakle (erekle) 83, 84
heraklide lembusi 45, 46
herode agripa 56
herodore herakleli 41
herodote 30, 39, 40, 43, 51, 52,
368
hefesto 58
hiuiti j. 94, 186
holud-al-alemi 185
homemi diego. ruka #7
homerosi 29, 30
hondiusi 186
426
kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa
simon gogiZe
xaTuna gogiZe
427

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3. gvianbrinjao – adrerkinis xana (Zv.w. XVI-VIIss.)

Zv.w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevridan faqtobrivad mTel kavkasiaSi SeiniSneba

23 . T. CigoSvili. dasax. naSromi, gv. 134.

45 . d. qoriZe. dasax. naSromi; l. saxarova. dasax. naSromi; l. jafariZe. miwaTmoqmedebis iaraRebi

49 . О. Бгажба, С. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 48, 50-54.

Tavi III. Tanamedrove afxazeTis miwa-wyali Zveli egrisis

63 . ak. uruSaZe. Zveli kolxeTi argonavtebis TqmulebaSi, gv.195.

83 . o. lorTqifaniZe. kolxuri eTnokulturuli sistemis ganiTareba. _ qarTveli xalxis eTnogenezi. Tb.,

. _ , 1916, 5, gv. 154. n.maris mosazrebaTa kritika ix.: T.gvancelaZe. mosazrebani

Воронцовской пещеры. – Труды АБНИИ, т. ХХ1 . , 1958, . 163-165.

119 .asxarbaia/aSxarbaia, eluria/iluria, ciTaxaria (mTa), gaxaria/qaxaria (dasaxleba), faTxaria, faTalia,

127 . Д. Гулиа. dasax. naSromi, gv. 76-77.

2. eTnopolitikuri viTareba Zv. w. VI-I ss.

Zv.w. VI saukunis dasasrulisaTvis Savi zRvis sanapiroebi berZnuli

3. T. beraZe. Zveli egrisis (kolxeTis) samefo, gv. 34.

163 . З. В. Анчабадзе. Очерк..., gv. 27-28.

175 . Г. Меликишвили. К истории древней Грузии, gv. 83.

182 .iv. javaxiSvili. saqarTvelos, kavkasiis..., gv. 12.

Абхазии. Сухуми, 1974; misive: Диоскурия-Себастополис – Цхум. М., 1980 da a.S.

209 . p. ingoroyva. giorgi merCule, gv. 129, 134-136.

222 . n. lomouri. berZeni logografosebis cnobebi..., gv. 24.

233 . apiane. miTridates omebis istoria, gv. 195.

241 . s.-s. orbeliani. leqsikoni qarTuli, I, gv. 367.

256 . Н. Марр. История термина «Абхаз», gv. 704.

274 . iv. javaxiSvili. saqarTvelos, kavkasiisa..., gv. 12.

сентября; О. Х. Бгажба, С. З. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 60-84 da sxv.

283 . iqve, gv. 22.

upataka: `mivedi, vnaxe, gavimarjve~ ( . Р . . ., 1998, gv. 604).

Tavi IV. Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoria I saukunidan

Колхиды. – Вестник Древней Истории, 1957, #4, gv. 97.