Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances

ΔH
∘
f
(kJ mol– ΔG
∘
f
(kJ mol– S° (J K–1 mol–
1) 1) 1)
Substance

aluminum

Al(s) 0 0 28.3

Al(g) 324.4 285.7 164.54

Al3+(aq) –531 –485 –321.7

Al2O3(s) –1676 –1582 50.92

AlF3(s) –1510.4 –1425 66.5

AlCl3(s) –704.2 –628.8 110.67

AlCl3·6H2O(s) –2691.57 –2269.40 376.56

Al2S3(s) –724.0 –492.4 116.9

Al2(SO4)3(s) –3445.06 –3506.61 239.32

antimony

Sb(s) 0 0 45.69

Sb(g) 262.34 222.17 180.16

Sb4O6(s) –1440.55 –1268.17 220.92

SbCl3(g) –313.8 –301.2 337.80

SbCl5(g) –394.34 –334.29 401.94

Sb2S3(s) –174.89 –173.64 182.00

SbCl3(s) –382.17 –323.72 184.10

SbOCl(s) –374.0 — —

arsenic

As(s) 0 0 35.1
 ΔH
∘
f
(kJ mol– ΔG
∘
f
(kJ mol– S° (J K–1 mol–
Substance 1) 1) 1)

As(g) 302.5 261.0 174.21

As4(g) 143.9 92.4 314

As4O6(s) –1313.94 –1152.52 214.22

As2O5(s) –924.87 –782.41 105.44

AsCl3(g) –261.50 –248.95 327.06

As2S3(s) –169.03 –168.62 163.59

AsH3(g) 66.44 68.93 222.78

H3AsO4(s) –906.3 — —

barium

Ba(s) 0 0 62.5

Ba(g) 180 146 170.24

Ba2+(aq) –537.6 –560.8 9.6

BaO(s) –548.0 –520.3 72.1

BaCl2(s) –855.0 –806.7 123.7

BaSO4(s) –1473.2 –1362.3 132.2

beryllium

Be(s) 0 0 9.50

Be(g) 324.3 286.6 136.27

BeO(s) –609.4 –580.1 13.8

bismuth

Bi(s) 0 0 56.74

Bi(g) 207.1 168.2 187.00

 ΔH
∘
f
(kJ mol– ΔG
∘
f
(kJ mol– S° (J K–1 mol–
Substance 1) 1) 1)

Bi2O3(s) –573.88 –493.7 151.5

BiCl3(s) –379.07 –315.06 176.98

Bi2S3(s) –143.1 –140.6 200.4

boron

B(s) 0 0 5.86

B(g) 565.0 521.0 153.4

B2O3(s) –1273.5 –1194.3 53.97

B2H6(g) 36.4 87.6 232.1

H3BO3(s) –1094.33 –968.92 88.83

BF3(g) –1136.0 –1119.4 254.4

BCl3(g) –403.8 –388.7 290.1

B3N3H6(l) –540.99 –392.79 199.58

HBO2(s) –794.25 –723.41 37.66

bromine

Br2(l) 0 0 152.23

Br2(g) 30.91 3.142 245.5

Br(g) 111.88 82.429 175.0

Br–(aq) –120.9 –102.82 80.71

BrF3(g) –255.60 –229.45 292.42

HBr(g) –36.3 –53.43 198.7

cadmium

Cd(s) 0 0 51.76
 ΔH
∘
f
(kJ mol– ΔG
∘
f
(kJ mol– S° (J K–1 mol–
Substance 1) 1) 1)

Cd(g) 112.01 77.41 167.75

Cd2+(aq) –75.90 –77.61 –73.2

CdO(s) –258.2 –228.4 54.8

CdCl2(s) –391.5 –343.9 115.3

CdSO4(s) –933.3 –822.7 123.0

CdS(s) –161.9 –156.5 64.9

calcium

Ca(s) 0 0 41.6

Ca(g) 178.2 144.3 154.88

Ca2+(aq) –542.96 –553.04 –55.2

CaO(s) –634.9 –603.3 38.1

Ca(OH)2(s) –985.2 –897.5 83.4

CaSO4(s) –1434.5 –1322.0 106.5

CaSO4·2H2O(s) –2022.63 –1797.45 194.14

CaCO3(s) (calcite) –1220.0 –1081.4 110.0

CaSO3·H2O(s) –1752.68 –1555.19 184.10

carbon

C(s) (graphite) 0 0 5.740

C(s) (diamond) 1.89 2.90 2.38

C(g) 716.681 671.2 158.1

CO(g) –110.52 –137.15 197.7

CO2(g) –393.51 –394.36 213.8

 ΔH
∘
f
(kJ mol– ΔG
∘
f
(kJ mol– S° (J K–1 mol–
1 1 1
Substance ) ) )

CO3 2–(aq) –677.1 –527.8 –56.9

CH4(g) –74.6 –50.5 186.3

CH3OH(l) –239.2 –166.6 126.8

CH3OH(g) –201.0 –162.3 239.9

CCl4(l) –128.2 –62.5 214.4

CCl4(g) –95.7 –58.2 309.7

CHCl3(l) –134.1 –73.7 201.7

CHCl3(g) –103.14 –70.34 295.71

CS2(l) 89.70 65.27 151.34

CS2(g) 116.9 66.8 238.0

C2H2(g) 227.4 209.2 200.9

C2H4(g) 52.4 68.4 219.3

C2H6(g) –84.0 –32.0 229.2

CH3CO2H(l) –484.3 –389.9 159.8

CH3CO2H(g) –434.84 –376.69 282.50

C2H5OH(l) –277.6 –174.8 160.7

C2H5OH(g) –234.8 –167.9 281.6

HCO3 –(aq) –691.11 –587.06 95

C3H8(g) –103.8 –23.4 270.3

C6H6(g) 82.927 129.66 269.2

C6H6(l) 49.1 124.50 173.4

CH2Cl2(l) –124.2 –63.2 177.8

 ΔH
∘
f
(kJ mol– ΔG
∘
f
(kJ mol– S° (J K–1 mol–
1 1 1
Substance ) ) )

CH2Cl2(g) –95.4 –65.90 270.2

CH3Cl(g) –81.9 –60.2 234.6

C2H5Cl(l) –136.52 –59.31 190.79

C2H5Cl(g) –112.17 –60.39 276.00

C2N2(g) 308.98 297.36 241.90

HCN(l) 108.9 125.0 112.8

HCN(g) 135.5 124.7 201.8

cesium

Cs+(aq) –248 –282.0 133

chlorine

Cl2(g) 0 0 223.1

Cl(g) 121.3 105.70 165.2

Cl–(aq) –167.2 –131.2 56.5

ClF(g) –54.48 –55.94 217.78

ClF3(g) –158.99 –118.83 281.50

Cl2O(g) 80.3 97.9 266.2

Cl2O7(l) 238.1 — —

Cl2O7(g) 272.0 — —

HCl(g) –92.307 –95.299 186.9

HClO4(l) –40.58 — —

chromium

Cr(s) 0 0 23.77
 ΔH
∘
f
(kJ mol– ΔG
∘
f
(kJ mol– S° (J K–1 mol–
1 1 1
Substance ) ) )

Cr(g) 396.6 351.8 174.50

CrO4 2–(aq) –881.2 –727.8 50.21

Cr2O7 2–(aq) –1490.3 –1301.1 261.9

Cr2O3(s) –1139.7 –1058.1 81.2

CrO3(s) –589.5 — —

(NH4)2Cr2O7(s) –1806.7 — —

cobalt

Co(s) 0 0 30.0

Co2+(aq) –67.4 –51.5 –155

Co3+(aq) 92 134 –305.0

CoO(s) –237.9 –214.2 52.97

Co3O4(s) –910.02 –794.98 114.22

Co(NO3)2(s) –420.5 — —

copper

Cu(s) 0 0 33.15

Cu(g) 338.32 298.58 166.38

Cu+(aq) 51.9 50.2 –26

Cu2+(aq) 64.77 65.49 –99.6

CuO(s) –157.3 –129.7 42.63

Cu2O(s) –168.6 –146.0 93.14

CuS(s) –53.1 –53.6 66.5

Cu2S(s) –79.5 –86.2 120.9

 ΔH
∘
f
(kJ mol– ΔG
∘
f
(kJ mol– S° (J K–1 mol–
1 1 1
Substance ) ) )

CuSO4(s) –771.36 –662.2 109.2

Cu(NO3)2(s) –302.9 — —

fluorine

F2(g) 0 0 202.8

F(g) 79.4 62.3 158.8

F–(aq) –332.6 –278.8 –13.8

F2O(g) 24.7 41.9 247.43

HF(g) –273.3 –275.4 173.8

hydrogen

H2(g) 0 0 130.7

H(g) 217.97 203.26 114.7

H+(aq) 0 0 0

OH–(aq) –230.0 –157.2 –10.75

H3O+(aq) –285.8 69.91

H2O(l) –285.83 –237.1 70.0

H2O(g) –241.82 –228.59 188.8

H2O2(l) –187.78 –120.35 109.6

H2O2(g) –136.3 –105.6 232.7

HF(g) –273.3 –275.4 173.8

HCl(g) –92.307 –95.299 186.9

HBr(g) –36.3 –53.43 198.7

HI(g) 26.48 1.70 206.59

 ΔH
∘
f
(kJ mol– ΔG
∘
f
(kJ mol– S° (J K–1 mol–
1 1 1
Substance ) ) )

H2S(g) –20.6 –33.4 205.8

H2Se(g) 29.7 15.9 219.0

HNO3 –206.64 — —

iodine

I2(s) 0 0 116.14

I2(g) 62.438 19.3 260.7

I(g) 106.84 70.2 180.8

I–(aq) –55.19 –51.57 11.13

IF(g) 95.65 –118.49 236.06

ICl(g) 17.78 –5.44 247.44

IBr(g) 40.84 3.72 258.66

IF7(g) –943.91 –818.39 346.44

HI(g) 26.48 1.70 206.59

iron

Fe(s) 0 0 27.3

Fe(g) 416.3 370.7 180.5

Fe2+(aq) –89.1 –78.90 –137.7

Fe3+(aq) –48.5 –4.7 –315.9

Fe2O3(s) –824.2 –742.2 87.40

Fe3O4(s) –1118.4 –1015.4 146.4

Fe(CO)5(l) –774.04 –705.42 338.07

Fe(CO)5(g) –733.87 –697.26 445.18

 ΔH
∘
f
(kJ mol– ΔG
∘
f
(kJ mol– S° (J K–1 mol–
1 1 1
Substance ) ) )

FeCl2(s) –341.79 –302.30 117.95

FeCl3(s) –399.49 –334.00 142.3

FeO(s) –272.0 –255.2 60.75

Fe(OH)2(s) –569.0 –486.5 88.

Fe(OH)3(s) –823.0 –696.5 106.7

FeS(s) –100.0 –100.4 60.29

Fe3C(s) 25.10 20.08 104.60

lead

Pb(s) 0 0 64.81

Pb(g) 195.2 162. 175.4

Pb2+(aq) –1.7 –24.43 10.5

PbO(s) (yellow) –217.32 –187.89 68.70

PbO(s) (red) –218.99 –188.93 66.5

Pb(OH)2(s) –515.9 — —

PbS(s) –100.4 –98.7 91.2

Pb(NO3)2(s) –451.9 — —

PbO2(s) –277.4 –217.3 68.6

PbCl2(s) –359.4 –314.1 136.0

lithium

Li(s) 0 0 29.1

Li(g) 159.3 126.6 138.8

Li+(aq) –278.5 –293.3 13.4

 ΔH
∘
f
(kJ mol– ΔG
∘
f
(kJ mol– S° (J K–1 mol–
Substance 1) 1) 1)

LiH(s) –90.5 –68.3 20.0

Li(OH)(s) –487.5 –441.5 42.8

LiF(s) –616.0 –587.5 35.7

Li2CO3(s) –1216.04 –1132.19 90.17

magnesium

Mg2+(aq) –466.9 –454.8 –138.1

manganese

Mn(s) 0 0 32.0

Mn(g) 280.7 238.5 173.7

Mn2+(aq) –220.8 –228.1 –73.6

MnO(s) –385.2 –362.9 59.71

MnO2(s) –520.03 –465.1 53.05

Mn2O3(s) –958.97 –881.15 110.46

Mn3O4(s) –1378.83 –1283.23 155.64

MnO4 –(aq) –541.4 –447.2 191.2

MnO4 2–(aq) –653.0 –500.7 59

mercury

Hg(l) 0 0 75.9

Hg(g) 61.4 31.8 175.0

Hg2+(aq) 164.8

Hg2+(aq) 172.4 153.9 84.5

HgO(s) (red) –90.83 –58.5 70.29

 ΔH
∘
f
(kJ mol– ΔG
∘
f
(kJ mol– S° (J K–1 mol–
1 1 1
Substance ) ) )

HgO(s) (yellow) –90.46 –58.43 71.13

HgCl2(s) –224.3 –178.6 146.0

Hg2Cl2(s) –265.4 –210.7 191.6

HgS(s) (red) –58.16 –50.6 82.4

HgS(s) (black) –53.56 –47.70 88.28

HgSO4(s) –707.51 –594.13 0.00

nickel

Ni2+(aq) –64.0 –46.4 –159

nitrogen

N2(g) 0 0 191.6

N(g) 472.704 455.5 153.3

NO(g) 90.25 87.6 210.8

NO2(g) 33.2 51.30 240.1

N2O(g) 81.6 103.7 220.0

N2O3(g) 83.72 139.41 312.17

NO3 –(aq) –205.0 –108.7 146.4

N2O4(g) 11.1 99.8 304.4

N2O5(g) 11.3 115.1 355.7

NH3(g) –45.9 –16.5 192.8

NH4 +(aq) –132.5 –79.31 113.4

N2H4(l) 50.63 149.43 121.21

N2H4(g) 95.4 159.4 238.5

 ΔH
∘
f
(kJ mol– ΔG
∘
f
(kJ mol– S° (J K–1 mol–
1 1 1
Substance ) ) )

NH4NO3(s) –365.56 –183.87 151.08

NH4Cl(s) –314.43 –202.87 94.6

NH4Br(s) –270.8 –175.2 113.0

NH4I(s) –201.4 –112.5 117.0

NH4NO2(s) –256.5 — —

HNO3(l) –174.1 –80.7 155.6

HNO3(g) –133.9 –73.5 266.9

oxygen

O2(g) 0 0 205.2

O(g) 249.17 231.7 161.1

O3(g) 142.7 163.2 238.9

phosphorus

P4(s) 0 0 164.4

P4(g) 58.91 24.4 280.0

P(g) 314.64 278.25 163.19

PH3(g) 5.4 13.5 210.2

PCl3(g) –287.0 –267.8 311.78

PCl5(g) –374.9 –305.0 364.4

P4O6(s) –1640.1 — —

P4O10(s) –2984.0 –2697.0 228.86

PO4 3–(aq) –1277 –1019 –222

HPO3(s) –948.5 — —
 ΔH
∘
f
(kJ mol– ΔG
∘
f
(kJ mol– S° (J K–1 mol–
Substance 1) 1) 1)

HPO4 2–(aq) –1292.1 –1089.3 –33

H2PO4 2–(aq) –1296.3 –1130.4 90.4

H3PO2(s) –604.6 — —

H3PO3(s) –964.4 — —

H3PO4(s) –1279.0 –1119.1 110.50

H3PO4(l) –1266.9 –1124.3 110.5

H4P2O7(s) –2241.0 — —

POCl3(l) –597.1 –520.8 222.5

POCl3(g) –558.5 –512.9 325.5

potassium

K(s) 0 0 64.7

K(g) 89.0 60.5 160.3

K+(aq) –252.4 –283.3 102.5

KF(s) –576.27 –537.75 66.57

KCl(s) –436.5 –408.5 82.6

rubidium

Rb+(aq) –246 –282.2 124

silicon

Si(s) 0 0 18.8

Si(g) 450.0 405.5 168.0

SiO2(s) –910.7 –856.3 41.5

SiH4(g) 34.3 56.9 204.6

 ΔH
∘
f
(kJ mol– ΔG
∘
f
(kJ mol– S° (J K–1 mol–
Substance 1) 1) 1)

H2SiO3(s) –1188.67 –1092.44 133.89

H4SiO4(s) –1481.14 –1333.02 192.46

SiF4(g) –1615.0 –1572.8 282.8

SiCl4(l) –687.0 –619.8 239.7

SiCl4(g) –662.75 –622.58 330.62

SiC(s, beta cubic) –73.22 –70.71 16.61

SiC(s, alpha hexagonal) –71.55 –69.04 16.48

silver

Ag(s) 0 0 42.55

Ag(g) 284.9 246.0 172.89

Ag+(aq) 105.6 77.11 72.68

Ag2O(s) –31.05 –11.20 121.3

AgCl(s) –127.0 –109.8 96.3

Ag2S(s) –32.6 –40.7 144.0

sodium

Na(s) 0 0 51.3

Na(g) 107.5 77.0 153.7

Na+(aq) –240.1 –261.9 59

Na2O(s) –414.2 –375.5 75.1

NaCl(s) –411.2 –384.1 72.1

strontium

Sr2+(aq) –545.8 –557.3 –32.6

 ΔH
∘
f
(kJ mol– ΔG
∘
f
(kJ mol– S° (J K–1 mol–
1 1 1
Substance ) ) )

sulfur

S8(s) (rhombic) 0 0 256.8

S(g) 278.81 238.25 167.82

S2–(aq) 41.8 83.7 22

SO2(g) –296.83 –300.1 248.2

SO3(g) –395.72 –371.06 256.76

SO4 2–(aq) –909.3 –744.5 20.1

S2O3 2–(aq) –648.5 –522.5 67

H2S(g) –20.6 –33.4 205.8

HS–(aq) –17.7 12.6 61.1

H2SO4(l) –813.989 –690.00 156.90

HSO4 2–(aq) –885.75 –752.87 126.9

H2S2O7(s) –1273.6 — —

SF4(g) –728.43 –684.84 291.12

SF6(g) –1220.5 –1116.5 291.5

SCl2(l) –50 — —

SCl2(g) –19.7 — —

S2Cl2(l) –59.4 — —

S2Cl2(g) –19.50 –29.25 319.45

SOCl2(g) –212.55 –198.32 309.66

SOCl2(l) –245.6 — —

SO2Cl2(l) –394.1 — —
 ΔH
∘
f
(kJ mol– ΔG
∘
f
(kJ mol– S° (J K–1 mol–
Substance 1) 1) 1)

SO2Cl2(g) –354.80 –310.45 311.83

tin

Sn(s) 0 0 51.2

Sn(g) 301.2 266.2 168.5

SnO(s) –285.8 –256.9 56.5

SnO2(s) –577.6 –515.8 49.0

SnCl4(l) –511.3 –440.1 258.6

SnCl4(g) –471.5 –432.2 365.8

titanium

Ti(s) 0 0 30.7

Ti(g) 473.0 428.4 180.3

TiO2(s) –944.0 –888.8 50.6

TiCl4(l) –804.2 –737.2 252.4

TiCl4(g) –763.2 –726.3 353.2

tungsten

W(s) 0 0 32.6

W(g) 849.4 807.1 174.0

WO3(s) –842.9 –764.0 75.9

zinc

Zn(s) 0 0 41.6

Zn(g) 130.73 95.14 160.98

Zn2+(aq) –153.9 –147.1 –112.1

 ΔH
∘
f
(kJ mol– ΔG
∘
f
(kJ mol– S° (J K–1 mol–
Substance 1) 1) 1)

ZnO(s) –350.5 –320.5 43.7

ZnCl2(s) –415.1 –369.43 111.5

ZnS(s) –206.0 –201.3 57.7

ZnSO4(s) –982.8 –871.5 110.5

ZnCO3(s) –812.78 –731.57 82.42

complexes

[Co(NH3)4(NO2)2]NO3, cis –898.7 — —

[Co(NH3)4(NO2)2]NO3,
–896.2 — —
trans

NH4[Co(NH3)2(NO2)4] –837.6 — —

[Co(NH3)6]
–2733.0 — —
[Co(NH3)2(NO2)4]3

[Co(NH3)4Cl2]Cl, cis –874.9 — —

[Co(NH3)4Cl2]Cl, trans –877.4 — —

[Co(en)2(NO2)2]NO3, cis –689.5 — —

[Co(en)2Cl2]Cl, cis –681.2 — —

[Co(en)2Cl2]Cl, trans –677.4 — —

[Co(en)3](ClO4)3 –762.7 — —

[Co(en)3]Br2 –595.8 — —

[Co(en)3]I2 –475.3 — —

[Co(en)3]I3 –519.2 — —

[Co(NH3)6](ClO4)3 –1034.7 –221.1 615

[Co(NH3)5NO2](NO3)2 –1088.7 –412.9 331

 ΔH
∘
f
(kJ mol– ΔG
∘
f
(kJ mol– S° (J K–1 mol–
1 1 1
Substance ) ) )

[Co(NH3)6](NO3)3 –1282.0 –524.5 448

[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 –1017.1 –582.5 366.1

[Pt(NH3)4]Cl2 –725.5 — —

[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 –994.1 — —

[Ni(NH3)6]Br2 –923.8 — —

[Ni(NH3)6]I2 –808.3 — —

Table
G1