Env 7055
Env 7055
Env 7055
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Jurisdicción:Comunitario
Cuestión prejudicial /
Ponente:J. Malenovsky
En el asunto C-157/15,
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que tiene por objeto una petición de decisión prejudicial planteada, con arreglo al
artículo 267 TFUE (RCL 2009, 2300) , por el Hof van Cassatie (Tribunal de Casación,
Bélgica), mediante resolución de 9 de marzo de 2015, recibida en el Tribunal de
Justicia el 3 de abril de 2015, en el procedimiento entre
Samira Achbita ,
– en nombre de G4S Secure Solutions NV, por las Sras. S. Raets e I. Verhelst,
advocaten;
– en nombre del Gobierno belga, por las Sras. L. Van den Broeck y M. Jacobs, en
calidad de agentes;
– en nombre del Gobierno del Reino Unido, por las Sras. J. Kraehling, S. Simmons
y C.R. Brodie, en calidad de agentes, asistidas por el Sr. A. Bates, Barrister;
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dicta la siguiente
Sentencia
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La petición de decisión prejudicial tiene por objeto la interpretación del artículo 2,
apartado 2, letra a), de la Directiva 2000/78/CE (LCEur 2000, 3383) del Consejo, de
27 de noviembre de 2000, relativa al establecimiento de un marco general para la
igualdad de trato en el empleo y la ocupación (DO 2000, L 303, p. 16).
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Esta petición se ha planteado en el contexto de un litigio entre la Sra. Samira
Achbita y el Centrum voor gelijkheid van kansen en voor racismebestrijding (Centro
para la Igualdad de Oportunidades y la Lucha contra el Racismo; en lo sucesivo,
«Centro»), por un lado, y G4S Secure Solutions NV (en lo sucesivo, «G4S»),
sociedad con domicilio en Bélgica, por otro lado, relativo a la prohibición impuesta por
G4S a sus trabajadores de llevar signos visibles de sus convicciones políticas,
filosóficas o religiosas y de observar cualquier rito relacionado con dichas
convicciones en el lugar de trabajo.
Marco jurídico
«(1) De conformidad con el artículo 6 del Tratado de la Unión Europea (RCL 1999,
1205 bis) , la Unión Europea se basa en los principios de libertad, democracia,
respeto de los derechos humanos y de las libertades fundamentales y el Estado de
Derecho, principios que son comunes a todos los Estados miembros[,] y respeta los
derechos fundamentales tal y como se garantizan en el Convenio Europeo para la
Protección de los Derechos Humanos y de las Libertades Fundamentales (RCL 1999,
1190, 1572) y tal como resultan de las tradiciones constitucionales comunes a los
Estados miembros, como principios generales del Derecho comunitario.
[...]
(4) El derecho de toda persona a la igualdad ante la ley y a estar protegida contra la
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«La presente Directiva tiene por objeto establecer un marco general para luchar
contra la discriminación por motivos de religión o convicciones, de discapacidad, de
edad o de orientación sexual en el ámbito del empleo y la ocupación, con el fin de que
en los Estados miembros se aplique el principio de igualdad de trato.»
a) existirá discriminación directa cuando una persona sea, haya sido o pudiera ser
tratada de manera menos favorable que otra en situación análoga por alguno de los
motivos mencionados en el artículo 1;
[...]
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[...]
[...]».
Derecho belga
La wet ter bestrijding van discriminatie en tot wijziging van de wet van 15 februari
1993 tot oprichting van een Centrum voor gelijkheid van kansen en voor
racismebestrijding (Ley de lucha contra la discriminación y por la que se modifica la
Ley de 15 de febrero de 1993 de creación de un Centro para la Igualdad de
Oportunidades y la Lucha contra el Racismo), de 25 de febrero de 2003 ( Belgisch
Staatsblad , 17 de marzo de 2003, p. 12844), tiene por objeto, en particular,
transponer las disposiciones de la Directiva 2000/78 (LCEur 2000, 3383) .
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En abril de 2006, la Sra. Achbita comunicó a sus superiores jerárquicos que, a partir
de entonces, tenía la intención de llevar un pañuelo islámico durante las horas de
trabajo.
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A tenor del artículo 2, apartado 1, de la Directiva 2000/78 (LCEur 2000, 3383) , «se
entenderá por principio de igualdad de trato la ausencia de toda discriminación directa
o indirecta basada en cualquiera de los motivos mencionados en el artículo 1» de la
Directiva. El artículo 2, apartado 2, letra a), de dicha Directiva puntualiza que, a
efectos de lo dispuesto en el artículo 2, apartado 1, de ésta, existe discriminación
directa cuando una persona es tratada de manera menos favorable en relación con
otra persona en situación análoga por alguno de los motivos mencionados en el
artículo 1 de la misma Directiva, entre los que se incluye la religión.
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Dado que el CEDH (RCL 1999, 1190, 1572) y, posteriormente, la Carta (LCEur
2007, 2329) recogen una acepción amplia del concepto de «religión», ya que incluyen
en él la libertad de las personas de manifestar su religión, cabe considerar que el
legislador de la Unión siguió el mismo enfoque al adoptar la Directiva 2000/78 (LCEur
2000, 3383) , de modo que procede interpretar que el concepto de «religión» que
figura en el artículo 1 de la Directiva cubre tanto el forum internum , a saber, el hecho
de tener convicciones, como el forum externum , a saber, la manifestación pública de
la fe religiosa.
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A este respecto, de los autos que obran en poder del Tribunal de Justicia no se
desprende que la aplicación de la norma interna controvertida en el litigio principal a la
Sra. Achbita haya sido diferente de la aplicación de esta norma a cualquier otro
trabajador.
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Por lo tanto, procede concluir que una norma interna como la norma controvertida
en el litigio principal no establece una diferencia de trato basada directamente en la
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No obstante, con arreglo al artículo 2, apartado 2, letra b), inciso i), de la Directiva
2000/78 (LCEur 2000, 3383) , tal diferencia de trato no constituirá una discriminación
indirecta, en el sentido del artículo 2, apartado 2, letra b), de dicha Directiva, si puede
justificarse objetivamente con una finalidad legítima y si los medios para la
consecución de esta finalidad son adecuados y necesarios.
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autos del asunto principal y en las observaciones escritas y orales que se le han
presentado, que permitan a ese juez resolver el litigio concreto del que conoce.
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– En cambio, tal norma interna de una empresa privada puede constituir una
discriminación indirecta en el sentido del artículo 2, apartado 2, letra b), de la Directiva
2000/78 si se acredita que la obligación aparentemente neutra que contiene
ocasiona, de hecho, una desventaja particular a aquellas personas que profesan una
religión o tienen unas convicciones determinadas, salvo que pueda justificarse
objetivamente con una finalidad legítima, como el seguimiento por parte del
empresario de un régimen de neutralidad política, filosófica y religiosa en las
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relaciones con sus clientes, y que los medios para la consecución de esta finalidad
sean adecuados y necesarios, extremos que corresponderá comprobar al tribunal
remitente.
Costas
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Dado que el procedimiento tiene, para las partes del litigio principal, el carácter de
un incidente promovido ante el órgano jurisdiccional remitente, corresponde a éste
resolver sobre las costas. Los gastos efectuados por quienes, no siendo partes del
litigio principal, han presentado observaciones ante el Tribunal de Justicia no pueden
ser objeto de reembolso.
En cambio, tal norma interna de una empresa privada puede constituir una
discriminación indirecta en el sentido del artículo 2, apartado 2, letra b), de la
Directiva 2000/78 (LCEur 2000, 3383) si se acredita que la obligación
aparentemente neutra que contiene ocasiona, de hecho, una desventaja
particular a aquellas personas que profesan una religión o tienen unas
convicciones determinadas, salvo que pueda justificarse objetivamente con
una finalidad legítima, como el seguimiento por parte del empresario de un
régimen de neutralidad política, filosófica y religiosa en las relaciones con sus
clientes, y que los medios para la consecución de esta finalidad sean
adecuados y necesarios, extremos que corresponderá comprobar al órgano
jurisdiccional remitente.
Firmas
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