la tuberculosis 1.6
la tuberculosis 1.6
la tuberculosis 1.6
Fecha: 26/09/2024
Introducción
La tuberculosis (TB) es una de las enfermedades más antiguas conocidas por la humanidad y
continúa siendo un grave problema de salud pública, particularmente en países en desarrollo. Es
causada por la bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis, que generalmente afecta los pulmones pero
también puede involucrar otros órganos. A pesar de los avances médicos, la tuberculosis sigue
cobrando millones de vidas cada año. La exposición que sigue tiene el propósito de abordar los
aspectos esenciales de la tuberculosis, analizando no solo los factores médicos sino también el
impacto social y los desafíos contemporáneos en la lucha contra esta enfermedad.
Objetivos
Objetivo General:
Conocer en profundidad la enfermedad de la tuberculosis, sus causas, efectos y la importancia de
su prevención y tratamiento.
Objetivos Específicos:
Desarrollo
Nombre de la Enfermedad:
Definición de la Enfermedad:
Agente Causal:
Mycobacterium bovis: Esta bacteria suele afectar al ganado pero también puede infectar a los
humanos, principalmente a través del consumo de productos lácteos no pasteurizados.
Mycobacterium africanum: Esta variedad se encuentra principalmente en África occidental y
afecta tanto a humanos como a animales.
Reservorio:
El reservorio natural principal de Mycobacterium tuberculosis es el ser humano. Las personas con
tuberculosis activa (particularmente la pulmonar) son las principales fuentes de transmisión de la
enfermedad. Aunque en raras ocasiones, animales como el ganado vacuno pueden actuar como
reservorios de Mycobacterium bovis.
Huésped:
Modo de Transmisión:
La tuberculosis se transmite principalmente de persona a persona a través del aire. Cuando una
persona con tuberculosis pulmonar activa tose, estornuda, habla o canta, expulsa pequeñas
gotitas que contienen bacterias al aire. Estas gotitas pueden ser inhaladas por otras personas,
quienes pueden infectarse si las bacterias llegan a los pulmones.
Período de Incubación:
La tuberculosis afecta a personas de todas las edades, pero existen ciertos factores que aumentan
la susceptibilidad:
● Factores de riesgo:
● Resistencia:
La tuberculosis es una enfermedad tratable, pero en los últimos años ha emergido una
preocupación importante con el desarrollo de cepas de tuberculosis resistente a los
medicamentos (TB-MDR) y tuberculosis extremadamente resistente (TB-XDR). Estas
cepas no responden a los medicamentos de primera línea como la isoniazida y la
rifampicina, lo que hace que el tratamiento sea mucho más difícil y prolongado.
Signos y Síntomas
Signos:
● Fiebre persistente: Fiebre de bajo grado que se mantiene durante semanas o meses.
Síntomas:
● Tos persistente: Uno de los síntomas más comunes es una tos que persiste por más de
tres semanas.
● Dolor en el pecho: Sensación de presión o dolor en el área torácica, que se agrava al toser
o respirar profundamente.
Medios de Diagnóstico
2. Radiografía de tórax:
Para detectar anomalías en los pulmones, como cavidades o lesiones granulomatosas que
son características de la tuberculosis.
3. Examen de esputo:
La muestra de esputo es examinada bajo un microscopio tras ser teñida para observar la
presencia de bacilos acidorresistentes (BAAR).
5. Pruebas genotípicas:
Se utilizan para determinar la resistencia a los medicamentos. Estas pruebas permiten
identificar mutaciones específicas que confieren resistencia a los antibióticos utilizados en
el tratamiento de la tuberculosis.
Tratamiento
● Isoniazida (INH)
● Rifampicina (RIF)
● Pirazinamida (PZA)
● Etambutol (EMB)
4. Educación sanitaria:
La población debe estar bien informada sobre la tuberculosis, especialmente en áreas
donde la enfermedad es endémica.
Recomendaciones:
● Acceso a pruebas y tratamiento: Es crucial que los gobiernos aseguren el acceso universal
a pruebas diagnósticas y medicamentos para combatir la tuberculosis, especialmente en
áreas rurales y de bajos recursos.
Conclusión
La tuberculosis sigue siendo una de las principales causas de muerte a nivel mundial, a pesar de
ser una enfermedad prevenible y tratable. Es esencial seguir promoviendo la investigación, el
acceso a tratamiento, y la educación pública sobre la importancia de la prevención. Solo con un
esfuerzo conjunto se podrá erradicar esta enfermedad.
Introduction
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the oldest diseases known to mankind and remains a serious public
health problem, particularly in developing countries. It is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium
tuberculosis, which usually affects the lungs but can also involve other organs. Despite medical
advances, tuberculosis continues to claim millions of lives each year. The following presentation
aims to address the essential aspects of tuberculosis, analyzing not only the medical factors but
also the social impact and contemporary challenges in the fight against this disease.
Objectives:
General Objective:
To understand in depth the disease of tuberculosis, its causes, effects and the importance of its
prevention and treatment.
Specific Objectives:
Development
Causal Agent:
Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a microorganism that
belongs to the group of mycobacteria. These bacteria are strict aerobic bacilli and have a lipid-rich
cell envelope, making them resistant to many common disinfectants and antibiotics.
Mycobacterium bovis: This bacterium usually affects cattle but can also infect humans, mainly
through the consumption of unpasteurized dairy products.
Mycobacterium africanum: This strain is found mainly in West Africa and affects both humans and
animals.
Reservoir:
The main natural reservoir of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is humans. People with active
tuberculosis (particularly pulmonary tuberculosis) are the main sources of transmission of the
disease. Although in rare cases, animals such as cattle can act as reservoirs for Mycobacterium
bovis.
Host:
The most common host of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is humans, and the disease affects people
of all ages, although certain groups are more susceptible, such as:
Mode of Transmission:
Tuberculosis is transmitted mainly from person to person through the air. When a person with
active pulmonary tuberculosis coughs, sneezes, speaks or sings, they expel small droplets
containing bacteria into the air. These droplets can be inhaled by other people, who can become
infected if the bacteria reach the lungs.
Incubation Period:
The incubation period for tuberculosis varies widely. From exposure to the development of active
disease, it can take between 2 and 12 weeks. However, in many cases the bacteria remains
dormant for years or even a lifetime, not manifesting until the immune system weakens.
Tuberculosis affects people of all ages, but there are certain factors that increase susceptibility:
• Risk factors:
1. Immunosuppression: People with HIV, cancer or under steroid treatment have a higher risk of
developing active tuberculosis.
3. Advanced age: Aging reduces the immune system's ability to fight infections.
4. Genetic factors: Some populations may be more vulnerable due to genetic predispositions.
• Resistance:
Tuberculosis is a treatable disease, but in recent years a major concern has emerged with the
development of drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis
(XDR-TB) strains. These strains do not respond to first-line drugs.
Like isoniazid and rifampicin, making treatment much more difficult and time-consuming.
Signs:
• General tiredness: Constant fatigue and weakness that does not improve with rest.
Symptoms:
• Persistent cough: One of the most common symptoms is a cough that persists for more than
three weeks.
• Chest pain: Feeling of pressure or pain in the chest area, which worsens when coughing or
breathing deeply.
Diagnostic Tools
A small extract of purified protein (derived from the bacteria) is injected under the skin of the
forearm. If there is an immune response (induration), it is considered positive for latent
tuberculosis infection.
2. Chest X-ray:
To detect abnormalities in the lungs, such as cavities or granulomatous lesions that are
characteristic of tuberculosis.
3. Sputum examination:
The sputum sample is examined under a microscope after being stained to observe the presence
of acid-fast bacilli (AFB).
5. Genotypic tests:
These are used to determine drug resistance. These tests identify specific mutations that confer
resistance to antibiotics used in the treatment of tuberculosis.
Treatment
Treatment of tuberculosis involves the use of a combination of antibiotics for a prolonged period
of time (usually 6 to 9 months). The most commonly used drugs are:
• Isoniazid (INH)
• Rifampicin (RIF)
• Pyrazinamide (PZA)
• Ethambutol (EMB)
1. BCG Vaccination:
The BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) vaccine is the most widely used vaccine for preventing severe
forms of tuberculosis in children. However, its effectiveness in adults is variable.
It is essential to regularly test people in close contact with patients with active TB, and to treat
latent infection before it develops into active disease.
To prevent the spread in health facilities, it is important to implement strict control measures,
such as adequate ventilation of rooms and the use of masks.
4. Health education:
The population must be well informed about tuberculosis, especially in areas where the disease is
endemic.
Recommendations:
• Improve hygiene and living conditions: Tuberculosis spreads more quickly in overcrowded and
poorly ventilated conditions.
• Access to testing and treatment: It is crucial that governments ensure universal access to
diagnostic tests and drugs to combat tuberculosis, especially in rural and low-resource areas.
Conclusión
Tuberculosis remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, despite being a preventable
and treatable disease. It is essential to continue promoting research, access to treatment, and
public education on the importance of prevention. Only with a joint effort can this disease be
eradicated.