Tüm spor dallarında, elit sporcular ve olimpiyat seviyesinde sporcular yetiştirebilmenin en öneml... more Tüm spor dallarında, elit sporcular ve olimpiyat seviyesinde sporcular yetiştirebilmenin en önemli basamaklarından biri yeteneğin keşfedilmesidir. Geçmişten günümüze yetenek seçimi ile ilgili çok sayıda araştırma yapılmıştır. Bu araştırmaların bir kısmı yetenek seçimini daha iyi ve isabetli şekilde yapabilmeyi sağlayacak model tasarımları üzerinde dururken, bir kısmı yeteneği belirleyen faktörleri, bir kısmı yeteneğin gelişimine yönelik basamakları ve diğer birçok konuyu tartışmaktadır. Uzun yıllardır incelenen ve geliştirilen yetenek seçimi modelleri üzerine yeni modeller de tasarlanmaya başlanmıştır. Bu derlemenin amacı 2020 yılı sonrasında yetenek seçimi üzerinde çalışılan güncel konuları bazı ana başlıklar altında sunmaktır. Bu derlemenin yetenek seçimi alanında araştırmalar yapan bilim insanlarına, antrenörlere, scoutlara, spor kulüplerine ve spor alanında çalışan tüm bireylere, alandaki en güncel durumu özetlemesi hedeflenmiştir.
Covid-19 pandemic dramatically affected soccer. Many competitions played without an audience in t... more Covid-19 pandemic dramatically affected soccer. Many competitions played without an audience in the 2019/2020 season. The aim of this study was to analyze Points (P), Goals Forward (GF), and Goals Away (GA) per game in Turkish Super League (TSL), Premier League, Bundesliga, La Liga, and Serie A before (BP) and After Pandemic restrictions (AP) during the 2019/2020 season separately and together. The tables of five leagues were separated into two terms as BP and AP, and P, GF, and GA were calculated for each period. Average P, GF, and GA per game were statistically compared. Paired samples t-test and paired samples correlations were used for statistical analysis. The obtained results showed that home P and GA increased AP in TSL without statistical significance. In parallel, home P and GF increased AP in Premier League and La Liga and showed significant correlations (p<0.05). In contrast, in Bundesliga and La Liga, home P and GF decreased AP with significant correlation (p<0.05)...
The Covid-19 pandemic affected the entire world as well as football. When the virus reached Europ... more The Covid-19 pandemic affected the entire world as well as football. When the virus reached Europe, it caused the postponement of football matches during the 2019-2020 season. After the postponement, the remaining matches played under Covid-19 restrictions. Some of them affected leagues were the Turkish Super League (TSL), Premier League, La Liga, Bundesliga, and Serie A. In these five leagues before pandemic restrictions, 1269 competitions were played with an audience; under pandemic restrictions, 483 matches were played without an audience. Among Covid-19 restrictions, the most substantial constraint for soccer matches was playing matches without an audience. There are several types of research on audience effects on footballers and referees [1-4]. Previous studies have asserted that home teams have an advantage with the audience majority [1,5-8]. Marek et al. [9] indicated that Super League Greece was the most affected league by home advantage, the least affected was the Football League Fourth Division of England [9]. In 2007, some soccer teams played without an audience owing to safety restrictions. Analysis of that period showed the referee decisions were affected by the audience [10]. The derbies played in the same stadium were analyzed, and the results showed that there was a significant audience effect on players' performance [11]. The results for leagues served as a significant resource for researchers during the 2019/2020 Covid-19 season. Research showed the factors (e.g., particular tactics, referee bias, travel effects, and local conditions) that affected the matches during the Covid-19 season [12]. In Bundesliga, the number of fouls and aerial duels was higher during restriction term matches [13]. Another study on Bundesliga showed that the number of cards that players
ABSTRACT: The aim of the study was to determine the association between body composition, physica... more ABSTRACT: The aim of the study was to determine the association between body composition, physical activity and body image (BI) among Costa Rican models and controls. Participants were female (n = 35) and male (n = 18) models and female (n = 40) and male (n = 42) controls. Participants underwent body composition assessment, completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and gender specific BI scales. Body fat % (BF%) was lower in models than controls and lower in males than females (p ≤ 0.001). BI was similar between female models and controls and between male models and controls. Males showed higher physical activity (PA) levels than females (p = 0.001). Significant correlations were found between weekly PA and BF% (p ≤ 0.001). In conclusion, Costa Rican models are taller and presented lower BF% than controls. Males were more physically active than females and BI perception was similar between genders and groups.La asociación entre la composición corporal, la actividad...
Background and Study Aim Agility performance, which is a skill related to fast change of directio... more Background and Study Aim Agility performance, which is a skill related to fast change of direction, explosiveness, and quickness, is a vital performance component for team sports. Illuminating factors that affect agility is substantial to understand the ability requirements and improve. This study aims to investigate correlations of the body analyze parameters and agility performance. Material and Methods One hundred twenty three young participants (93 male, 30 female) were included in this research. Height, weight, fat (%), fat (kg), fat-free mass (FFM), muscle mass, total body water (TBW, kg, and %), bone mass, basal metabolic rate (BMR), metabolic age, visceral rating, and body mass index (BMI) measured for all participants. Illinois Agility Test (IAT) was used to analyze agility performance. A questionnaire including questions about the physical activity level of participants was applied to all participants after IAT. Results Results showed that height was a dominant determinant of IAT performance. There were significant positive correlations between height (negative correlation in women), body weight, fat percentage, fat mass, and visceral rating level (p < 0.05). TBW (%) had a negative relation with IAT duration (p < 0.001). There was a statistically significant difference in terms of IAT between the participants who stated their physical activity levels as low, medium and high (p = 0.025*). Increased daily physical activity level and daily step count increased the agility performance (p < 0.05). Conclusions Coaches and athletes should be considered especially body weight, fat (%), hydration status, and daily physical activity level to improve agility performance.
The aim of the research is to evaluate the 7x34.2 m Repeated Straight Sprint Test (RSST) and 7x34... more The aim of the research is to evaluate the 7x34.2 m Repeated Straight Sprint Test (RSST) and 7x34.2 m Repeated Change of Direction Sprint Test (RCST), which are used for improvement, measurement, and evaluation of repeated sprint ability, by using Global Positioning System (GPS). Twenty-two professional soccer players participated in the research voluntarily. Internal and external load data were examined comparatively by using data as before and after the repeated sprint tests. External load data measured by 10 Hz GPS. When the findings of the research are examined, it is seen that values of blood lactate concentrations which are taken after three and five minutes of the RCST are significantly higher than RSST protocol (p < 0.001***, p = 0.042*, respectively). In the study, the value of lactate which is taken five minutes after the RSST was measured as 9.60 ± 2.65 mM, while the value which is taken three minutes after RCST was measured as 9.75 ± 2.51 mM. Nevertheless, whereas there was a difference between the two tests in terms of lactate values, no significant difference was found in terms of perceived exertion. As a conclusion, according to the analyzes made after the RCST and RSST, we can say that the internal and external load performances of the athletes were very different. It has been observed that coaches, athletes, and practitioners can use two different test protocols for different objectives according to the purposes they set.
With compulsory distance education in Turkey during the pandemic, the positive and negative effec... more With compulsory distance education in Turkey during the pandemic, the positive and negative effects of distance education have been investigated. In this study, the views of 256 students (162 males, 94 females) with a mean age of 21.5±3.457, studying in various departments in the primary field of sports sciences at state (n = 95) and foundation (n = 161) universities, on distance education and face-to-face education. It was taken with the Attitudes towards Distance Education Scale and compared statistically. In addition to frequency and distribution analysis, an Independent Sample T-Test was applied for statistical analysis, and the confidence interval was determined as 95% (p < 0.05). As a result of the research, it was seen that the students found face-to-face education more effective. It was noted that students who found face-to-face teaching more effective than other students agreed with the view that distance education is not engaging with a significant difference (p < 0....
Research & Investigations in Sports Medicine, 2022
It is an unknown whether participating in the UEFA Champions League (UEFA-CL) and UEFA Europa Lea... more It is an unknown whether participating in the UEFA Champions League (UEFA-CL) and UEFA Europa League (UEFA-EL) is beneficial or detrimental to national league performance given the heavy fixture. In this study, we sought to answer this question by analyzing the six 2021-2022 UEFA-CL and UEFA-EL group matches and the following national league matches. We compared wins, draws, losses, Goals Forward (GF), Goals Away (GA), points, possession, total passes, and pass accuracy statistics of the six international and national matches. Moreover, we analyzed and compared the GF and GA time intervals in international tournaments and the following national matches. Our results showed that the number of wins, GF, points, possession, and total passes were higher in the six subsequent national matches than in the international matches (p < 0.05). The number of losses and GA in national matches was significantly lower than in international (p < 0.01). GF was significantly higher between the 15-30-minute (international: 70, national: 101; p = 0.022*) and 75-90-minute intervals (international: 130, national: 180; p = 0.017*) in national matches than in international. Likewise, GA was significantly higher in the 0-15-minute interval (international: 74, national: 43; p = 0.007**) and 45-60-minute interval (international: 86, national: 56; p = 0.008**) in international matches. This study showed that the teams were more successful following national league matches than UEFA-CL and UEFA-EL matches. The identified intervals to be considered for scoring more goals and conceding fewer goals could help coaches to improve team success.
With compulsory distance education in Turkey during the pandemic, the positive and negative effec... more With compulsory distance education in Turkey during the pandemic, the positive and negative effects of distance education have been investigated. In this study, the views of 256 students (162 males, 94 females) with a mean age of 21.5±3.457, studying in various departments in the primary field of sports sciences at state (n = 95) and foundation (n = 161) universities, on distance education and face-to-face education. It was taken with the Attitudes towards Distance Education Scale and compared statistically. In addition to frequency and distribution analysis, an Independent Sample T-Test was applied for statistical analysis, and the confidence interval was determined as 95% (p < 0.05). As a result of the research, it was seen that the students found face-to-face education more effective. It was noted that students who found face-to-face teaching more effective than other students agreed with the view that distance education is not engaging with a significant difference (p < 0.05). The same students also stated that they disagreed with the opinions that qualified results can be obtained from distance education applications. According to students ‘ opinions, this study provides educators with information about some of the missing points of distance education compared to face-to-face teaching. The minus points of distance education can be detailed with surveys to be made with more participants.
The Covid-19 pandemic affected the entire world as well as football. When the virus reached Europ... more The Covid-19 pandemic affected the entire world as well as football. When the virus reached Europe, it caused the postponement of football matches during the 2019-2020 season. After the postponement, the remaining matches played under Covid-19 restrictions. Some of them affected leagues were the Turkish Super League (TSL), Premier League, La Liga, Bundesliga, and Serie A. In these five leagues before pandemic restrictions, 1269 competitions were played with an audience; under pandemic restrictions, 483 matches were played without an audience. Among Covid-19 restrictions, the most substantial constraint for soccer matches was playing matches without an audience. There are several types of research on audience effects on footballers and referees [1-4]. Previous studies have asserted that home teams have an advantage with the audience majority [1,5-8]. Marek et al. [9] indicated that Super League Greece was the most affected league by home advantage, the least affected was the Football League Fourth Division of England [9]. In 2007, some soccer teams played without an audience owing to safety restrictions. Analysis of that period showed the referee decisions were affected by the audience [10]. The derbies played in the same stadium were analyzed, and the results showed that there was a significant audience effect on players' performance [11]. The results for leagues served as a significant resource for researchers during the 2019/2020 Covid-19 season. Research showed the factors (e.g., particular tactics, referee bias, travel effects, and local conditions) that affected the matches during the Covid-19 season [12]. In Bundesliga, the number of fouls and aerial duels was higher during restriction term matches [13]. Another study on Bundesliga showed that the number of cards that players
Günümüzde oldukça popüler spor branşlarının başında gelen futbolda sıkça kullanılan dar alan oyun... more Günümüzde oldukça popüler spor branşlarının başında gelen futbolda sıkça kullanılan dar alan oyunlarının (DAO) belirli parametrelerinin değiştirilmesi sonucu antrenman şiddetinde azalma ya da artma olmaktadır. Bu araştırma, DAO’nun fizyolojik ve fiziksel performans etkileri göz önünde bulundurularak güncel çalışmaların bir sentezini yapıp, DAO’ya etki eden birçok parametrenin (saha boyutu, oyuncu sayıları, antrenör desteği, kural değişikliği vb.) genel yapısı hakkında bilgi vermek amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bilimsel araştırmalar incelendiğinde oyuncu sayılarında yapılan değişikler, sporcuların kalp atım hızı (KAH), laktat (La) ve algılanan zorluk derecesi puanı (AZD) değerlerinde belirgin farklılıklar yaratmaktadır. DAO’da oyuncu sayılarının az olması belirtilen değerleri yükseltirken oyuncu sayılarının artmasıyla bu değerlerin düştüğü gözlenmiştir. DAO içerisindeki saha ölçülerinde yapılan değişiklikler de birçok performans parametresini etkilemektedir. Antrenörlerin amacına uygun olarak planlanması gereken saha boyutlarında KAH, La ve AZD gibi değerlerin yükseltilebilmesi için saha boyutlarının arttırılması gerektiği ancak teknik taleplerin arttırılabilmesi içinse saha boyutlarının küçültülmesi gerektiği araştırmalar sonucunda anlaşılmıştır. Ayrıca yetersiz sayıdaki araştırmalar gösteriyor ki antrenör desteğinin bulunduğu oyunlarda KAH, La ve AZD gibi değerlerin arttığı belirtilmektedir. Antrenörlerin sözel desteği etkili bir biçimde kullanabilmeleri gerektiği ancak çok yoğun ve şiddetli geri bildirimlerin AZD puanlarını arttırmasına rağmen sporcuların oyun performansında düşmelere sebep olduğu görülmektedir. Sporcuların fizyolojik, fiziksel, teknik ve taktik gelişimlerinde etkili olması ve müsabaka şartlarına benzer olması, DAO’yu oldukça önemli araştırma konusu haline getirmektedir. Ancak içerisinde bulunan farklı parametrelerin sistemli ve kapsamlı bir şekilde araştırılması gerekmektedir. İleri araştırmalarla elde edilecek sonuçlar DAO'yu antrenman içerisinde kullanmak isteyen antrenörler için daha aydınlatıcı bilgiler ortaya koyabilir. DAO'nun sporcuların performans ihtiyaçlarını nasıl karşılayacağına yönelik daha fazla araştırmaya ihtiyaç bulunmaktadır.
Tüm spor dallarında, elit sporcular ve olimpiyat seviyesinde sporcular yetiştirebilmenin en öneml... more Tüm spor dallarında, elit sporcular ve olimpiyat seviyesinde sporcular yetiştirebilmenin en önemli basamaklarından biri yeteneğin keşfedilmesidir. Geçmişten günümüze yetenek seçimi ile ilgili çok sayıda araştırma yapılmıştır. Bu araştırmaların bir kısmı yetenek seçimini daha iyi ve isabetli şekilde yapabilmeyi sağlayacak model tasarımları üzerinde dururken, bir kısmı yeteneği belirleyen faktörleri, bir kısmı yeteneğin gelişimine yönelik basamakları ve diğer birçok konuyu tartışmaktadır. Uzun yıllardır incelenen ve geliştirilen yetenek seçimi modelleri üzerine yeni modeller de tasarlanmaya başlanmıştır. Bu derlemenin amacı 2020 yılı sonrasında yetenek seçimi üzerinde çalışılan güncel konuları bazı ana başlıklar altında sunmaktır. Bu derlemenin yetenek seçimi alanında araştırmalar yapan bilim insanlarına, antrenörlere, scoutlara, spor kulüplerine ve spor alanında çalışan tüm bireylere, alandaki en güncel durumu özetlemesi hedeflenmiştir.
Covid-19 pandemic dramatically affected soccer. Many competitions played without an audience in t... more Covid-19 pandemic dramatically affected soccer. Many competitions played without an audience in the 2019/2020 season. The aim of this study was to analyze Points (P), Goals Forward (GF), and Goals Away (GA) per game in Turkish Super League (TSL), Premier League, Bundesliga, La Liga, and Serie A before (BP) and After Pandemic restrictions (AP) during the 2019/2020 season separately and together. The tables of five leagues were separated into two terms as BP and AP, and P, GF, and GA were calculated for each period. Average P, GF, and GA per game were statistically compared. Paired samples t-test and paired samples correlations were used for statistical analysis. The obtained results showed that home P and GA increased AP in TSL without statistical significance. In parallel, home P and GF increased AP in Premier League and La Liga and showed significant correlations (p<0.05). In contrast, in Bundesliga and La Liga, home P and GF decreased AP with significant correlation (p<0.05)...
The Covid-19 pandemic affected the entire world as well as football. When the virus reached Europ... more The Covid-19 pandemic affected the entire world as well as football. When the virus reached Europe, it caused the postponement of football matches during the 2019-2020 season. After the postponement, the remaining matches played under Covid-19 restrictions. Some of them affected leagues were the Turkish Super League (TSL), Premier League, La Liga, Bundesliga, and Serie A. In these five leagues before pandemic restrictions, 1269 competitions were played with an audience; under pandemic restrictions, 483 matches were played without an audience. Among Covid-19 restrictions, the most substantial constraint for soccer matches was playing matches without an audience. There are several types of research on audience effects on footballers and referees [1-4]. Previous studies have asserted that home teams have an advantage with the audience majority [1,5-8]. Marek et al. [9] indicated that Super League Greece was the most affected league by home advantage, the least affected was the Football League Fourth Division of England [9]. In 2007, some soccer teams played without an audience owing to safety restrictions. Analysis of that period showed the referee decisions were affected by the audience [10]. The derbies played in the same stadium were analyzed, and the results showed that there was a significant audience effect on players' performance [11]. The results for leagues served as a significant resource for researchers during the 2019/2020 Covid-19 season. Research showed the factors (e.g., particular tactics, referee bias, travel effects, and local conditions) that affected the matches during the Covid-19 season [12]. In Bundesliga, the number of fouls and aerial duels was higher during restriction term matches [13]. Another study on Bundesliga showed that the number of cards that players
ABSTRACT: The aim of the study was to determine the association between body composition, physica... more ABSTRACT: The aim of the study was to determine the association between body composition, physical activity and body image (BI) among Costa Rican models and controls. Participants were female (n = 35) and male (n = 18) models and female (n = 40) and male (n = 42) controls. Participants underwent body composition assessment, completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and gender specific BI scales. Body fat % (BF%) was lower in models than controls and lower in males than females (p ≤ 0.001). BI was similar between female models and controls and between male models and controls. Males showed higher physical activity (PA) levels than females (p = 0.001). Significant correlations were found between weekly PA and BF% (p ≤ 0.001). In conclusion, Costa Rican models are taller and presented lower BF% than controls. Males were more physically active than females and BI perception was similar between genders and groups.La asociación entre la composición corporal, la actividad...
Background and Study Aim Agility performance, which is a skill related to fast change of directio... more Background and Study Aim Agility performance, which is a skill related to fast change of direction, explosiveness, and quickness, is a vital performance component for team sports. Illuminating factors that affect agility is substantial to understand the ability requirements and improve. This study aims to investigate correlations of the body analyze parameters and agility performance. Material and Methods One hundred twenty three young participants (93 male, 30 female) were included in this research. Height, weight, fat (%), fat (kg), fat-free mass (FFM), muscle mass, total body water (TBW, kg, and %), bone mass, basal metabolic rate (BMR), metabolic age, visceral rating, and body mass index (BMI) measured for all participants. Illinois Agility Test (IAT) was used to analyze agility performance. A questionnaire including questions about the physical activity level of participants was applied to all participants after IAT. Results Results showed that height was a dominant determinant of IAT performance. There were significant positive correlations between height (negative correlation in women), body weight, fat percentage, fat mass, and visceral rating level (p < 0.05). TBW (%) had a negative relation with IAT duration (p < 0.001). There was a statistically significant difference in terms of IAT between the participants who stated their physical activity levels as low, medium and high (p = 0.025*). Increased daily physical activity level and daily step count increased the agility performance (p < 0.05). Conclusions Coaches and athletes should be considered especially body weight, fat (%), hydration status, and daily physical activity level to improve agility performance.
The aim of the research is to evaluate the 7x34.2 m Repeated Straight Sprint Test (RSST) and 7x34... more The aim of the research is to evaluate the 7x34.2 m Repeated Straight Sprint Test (RSST) and 7x34.2 m Repeated Change of Direction Sprint Test (RCST), which are used for improvement, measurement, and evaluation of repeated sprint ability, by using Global Positioning System (GPS). Twenty-two professional soccer players participated in the research voluntarily. Internal and external load data were examined comparatively by using data as before and after the repeated sprint tests. External load data measured by 10 Hz GPS. When the findings of the research are examined, it is seen that values of blood lactate concentrations which are taken after three and five minutes of the RCST are significantly higher than RSST protocol (p < 0.001***, p = 0.042*, respectively). In the study, the value of lactate which is taken five minutes after the RSST was measured as 9.60 ± 2.65 mM, while the value which is taken three minutes after RCST was measured as 9.75 ± 2.51 mM. Nevertheless, whereas there was a difference between the two tests in terms of lactate values, no significant difference was found in terms of perceived exertion. As a conclusion, according to the analyzes made after the RCST and RSST, we can say that the internal and external load performances of the athletes were very different. It has been observed that coaches, athletes, and practitioners can use two different test protocols for different objectives according to the purposes they set.
With compulsory distance education in Turkey during the pandemic, the positive and negative effec... more With compulsory distance education in Turkey during the pandemic, the positive and negative effects of distance education have been investigated. In this study, the views of 256 students (162 males, 94 females) with a mean age of 21.5±3.457, studying in various departments in the primary field of sports sciences at state (n = 95) and foundation (n = 161) universities, on distance education and face-to-face education. It was taken with the Attitudes towards Distance Education Scale and compared statistically. In addition to frequency and distribution analysis, an Independent Sample T-Test was applied for statistical analysis, and the confidence interval was determined as 95% (p < 0.05). As a result of the research, it was seen that the students found face-to-face education more effective. It was noted that students who found face-to-face teaching more effective than other students agreed with the view that distance education is not engaging with a significant difference (p < 0....
Research & Investigations in Sports Medicine, 2022
It is an unknown whether participating in the UEFA Champions League (UEFA-CL) and UEFA Europa Lea... more It is an unknown whether participating in the UEFA Champions League (UEFA-CL) and UEFA Europa League (UEFA-EL) is beneficial or detrimental to national league performance given the heavy fixture. In this study, we sought to answer this question by analyzing the six 2021-2022 UEFA-CL and UEFA-EL group matches and the following national league matches. We compared wins, draws, losses, Goals Forward (GF), Goals Away (GA), points, possession, total passes, and pass accuracy statistics of the six international and national matches. Moreover, we analyzed and compared the GF and GA time intervals in international tournaments and the following national matches. Our results showed that the number of wins, GF, points, possession, and total passes were higher in the six subsequent national matches than in the international matches (p < 0.05). The number of losses and GA in national matches was significantly lower than in international (p < 0.01). GF was significantly higher between the 15-30-minute (international: 70, national: 101; p = 0.022*) and 75-90-minute intervals (international: 130, national: 180; p = 0.017*) in national matches than in international. Likewise, GA was significantly higher in the 0-15-minute interval (international: 74, national: 43; p = 0.007**) and 45-60-minute interval (international: 86, national: 56; p = 0.008**) in international matches. This study showed that the teams were more successful following national league matches than UEFA-CL and UEFA-EL matches. The identified intervals to be considered for scoring more goals and conceding fewer goals could help coaches to improve team success.
With compulsory distance education in Turkey during the pandemic, the positive and negative effec... more With compulsory distance education in Turkey during the pandemic, the positive and negative effects of distance education have been investigated. In this study, the views of 256 students (162 males, 94 females) with a mean age of 21.5±3.457, studying in various departments in the primary field of sports sciences at state (n = 95) and foundation (n = 161) universities, on distance education and face-to-face education. It was taken with the Attitudes towards Distance Education Scale and compared statistically. In addition to frequency and distribution analysis, an Independent Sample T-Test was applied for statistical analysis, and the confidence interval was determined as 95% (p < 0.05). As a result of the research, it was seen that the students found face-to-face education more effective. It was noted that students who found face-to-face teaching more effective than other students agreed with the view that distance education is not engaging with a significant difference (p < 0.05). The same students also stated that they disagreed with the opinions that qualified results can be obtained from distance education applications. According to students ‘ opinions, this study provides educators with information about some of the missing points of distance education compared to face-to-face teaching. The minus points of distance education can be detailed with surveys to be made with more participants.
The Covid-19 pandemic affected the entire world as well as football. When the virus reached Europ... more The Covid-19 pandemic affected the entire world as well as football. When the virus reached Europe, it caused the postponement of football matches during the 2019-2020 season. After the postponement, the remaining matches played under Covid-19 restrictions. Some of them affected leagues were the Turkish Super League (TSL), Premier League, La Liga, Bundesliga, and Serie A. In these five leagues before pandemic restrictions, 1269 competitions were played with an audience; under pandemic restrictions, 483 matches were played without an audience. Among Covid-19 restrictions, the most substantial constraint for soccer matches was playing matches without an audience. There are several types of research on audience effects on footballers and referees [1-4]. Previous studies have asserted that home teams have an advantage with the audience majority [1,5-8]. Marek et al. [9] indicated that Super League Greece was the most affected league by home advantage, the least affected was the Football League Fourth Division of England [9]. In 2007, some soccer teams played without an audience owing to safety restrictions. Analysis of that period showed the referee decisions were affected by the audience [10]. The derbies played in the same stadium were analyzed, and the results showed that there was a significant audience effect on players' performance [11]. The results for leagues served as a significant resource for researchers during the 2019/2020 Covid-19 season. Research showed the factors (e.g., particular tactics, referee bias, travel effects, and local conditions) that affected the matches during the Covid-19 season [12]. In Bundesliga, the number of fouls and aerial duels was higher during restriction term matches [13]. Another study on Bundesliga showed that the number of cards that players
Günümüzde oldukça popüler spor branşlarının başında gelen futbolda sıkça kullanılan dar alan oyun... more Günümüzde oldukça popüler spor branşlarının başında gelen futbolda sıkça kullanılan dar alan oyunlarının (DAO) belirli parametrelerinin değiştirilmesi sonucu antrenman şiddetinde azalma ya da artma olmaktadır. Bu araştırma, DAO’nun fizyolojik ve fiziksel performans etkileri göz önünde bulundurularak güncel çalışmaların bir sentezini yapıp, DAO’ya etki eden birçok parametrenin (saha boyutu, oyuncu sayıları, antrenör desteği, kural değişikliği vb.) genel yapısı hakkında bilgi vermek amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bilimsel araştırmalar incelendiğinde oyuncu sayılarında yapılan değişikler, sporcuların kalp atım hızı (KAH), laktat (La) ve algılanan zorluk derecesi puanı (AZD) değerlerinde belirgin farklılıklar yaratmaktadır. DAO’da oyuncu sayılarının az olması belirtilen değerleri yükseltirken oyuncu sayılarının artmasıyla bu değerlerin düştüğü gözlenmiştir. DAO içerisindeki saha ölçülerinde yapılan değişiklikler de birçok performans parametresini etkilemektedir. Antrenörlerin amacına uygun olarak planlanması gereken saha boyutlarında KAH, La ve AZD gibi değerlerin yükseltilebilmesi için saha boyutlarının arttırılması gerektiği ancak teknik taleplerin arttırılabilmesi içinse saha boyutlarının küçültülmesi gerektiği araştırmalar sonucunda anlaşılmıştır. Ayrıca yetersiz sayıdaki araştırmalar gösteriyor ki antrenör desteğinin bulunduğu oyunlarda KAH, La ve AZD gibi değerlerin arttığı belirtilmektedir. Antrenörlerin sözel desteği etkili bir biçimde kullanabilmeleri gerektiği ancak çok yoğun ve şiddetli geri bildirimlerin AZD puanlarını arttırmasına rağmen sporcuların oyun performansında düşmelere sebep olduğu görülmektedir. Sporcuların fizyolojik, fiziksel, teknik ve taktik gelişimlerinde etkili olması ve müsabaka şartlarına benzer olması, DAO’yu oldukça önemli araştırma konusu haline getirmektedir. Ancak içerisinde bulunan farklı parametrelerin sistemli ve kapsamlı bir şekilde araştırılması gerekmektedir. İleri araştırmalarla elde edilecek sonuçlar DAO'yu antrenman içerisinde kullanmak isteyen antrenörler için daha aydınlatıcı bilgiler ortaya koyabilir. DAO'nun sporcuların performans ihtiyaçlarını nasıl karşılayacağına yönelik daha fazla araştırmaya ihtiyaç bulunmaktadır.
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Twenty-two professional soccer players participated in the research voluntarily. Internal and external load data were examined comparatively by using data as before and after the repeated sprint tests. External load data measured by 10 Hz GPS.
When the findings of the research are examined, it is seen that values of blood lactate concentrations which are taken after three and five minutes of the RCST are significantly higher than RSST protocol (p < 0.001***, p = 0.042*, respectively). In the study, the value of lactate which is taken five minutes after the RSST was measured as 9.60 ± 2.65 mM, while the value which is taken three minutes after RCST was measured as 9.75 ± 2.51 mM. Nevertheless, whereas there was a difference between the two tests in terms of lactate values, no significant difference was found in terms of perceived exertion. As a conclusion, according to the analyzes made after the RCST and RSST, we can say that the internal and external load performances of the athletes were very different. It has been observed that coaches, athletes, and practitioners can use two different test protocols for different objectives according to the purposes they set.
Twenty-two professional soccer players participated in the research voluntarily. Internal and external load data were examined comparatively by using data as before and after the repeated sprint tests. External load data measured by 10 Hz GPS.
When the findings of the research are examined, it is seen that values of blood lactate concentrations which are taken after three and five minutes of the RCST are significantly higher than RSST protocol (p < 0.001***, p = 0.042*, respectively). In the study, the value of lactate which is taken five minutes after the RSST was measured as 9.60 ± 2.65 mM, while the value which is taken three minutes after RCST was measured as 9.75 ± 2.51 mM. Nevertheless, whereas there was a difference between the two tests in terms of lactate values, no significant difference was found in terms of perceived exertion. As a conclusion, according to the analyzes made after the RCST and RSST, we can say that the internal and external load performances of the athletes were very different. It has been observed that coaches, athletes, and practitioners can use two different test protocols for different objectives according to the purposes they set.