Antzinako Iparraldeko Eurasiarrak

Arkeogenetikan, Antzinako Iparraldeko Eurasiarrak (ingelesez: Ancient North Eurasian, ANE) terminoa antzinako osagai bati ematen zaion izena da, Mal'ta-Buret' kulturako herrien leinua irudikatzen duena (c. 24.000 BP) eta horiekin hertsiki lotutako populazioei, Siberiako Afontova Gora Goi Paleolitoko banakoak kasu^[3]^[4]. Azterketa genetikoek, halaber, ANEak aurreko Yana kulturaren (c. 32.000 BP) hondarrekin estuki ahaidetuta daudela erakutsi zuten, Iparraldeko Siberiar Zaharrak (ANS) izena eman zaien taldea. Antzinako Iparraldeko Eurasiarrak, nagusiki, mendebaldeko jatorri euroasiarrekoak dira (Europako Cro Magnonak eta Mendebaldeko Asiako antzinako eta egungo herriekin zerikusia dutenak), Siberiara «iparraldeko bidetik» iritsi zirenak, baina beren jatorriaren (1/3) kopuru esanguratsu bat ere ekialdeko iturri euroasiar batetik eratortzen dute, Siberiara «hegoaldeko bidetik» iritsi zirelarik^[5].

Duela 20.000 eta 25.000 urte artean, Antzinako Iparraldeko Erasiarren adar bat Antzinako Ekialdeko Asiarrekin nahastu zen, eta, horren ondorioz, Antzinako Amerikako Jatorrizko Herriak, Antzinako Beringiarrak eta Antzinako Paleosiberiarrak agertu ziren. Ez dakigu zehazki non gertatu zen populazio-nahasketa hori, eta kontrako bi teoriak migrazio-agertoki ezberdinak proposatu dituzte, Antzinako Iparraldeko Eurasiarrak eta Antzinako Ekialdeko Asiarren populazioak batu zituztenak^[6]. Geroago, ANEko populazioak Europako mendebaldera emigratu zuten eta Mendebaldeko Ehiztari-Biltzaileekin (WHG) zerikusia zuten talde europarrekin nahastu ziren, Ekialdeko Ehiztari-Biltzaileen (EHG) taldea osatzeko, geroago Kaukasoko Ehiztari-Biltzaileekin nahastu zena Mendebaldeko Estepako Artzainen taldea osatzeko. Talde hau nabarmen hedatu zen Eurasian barrena Brontze Aroan^[7].

ANEren jatorria Eurasian eta Amerikan hedatu da Goi Paleolitotik egindako hainbat migraziotan, eta gaur egungo munduko populazioaren erdia baino gehiago Antzinako Iparraldeko Eurasiarren genometaren %5-42 bitarte dauka^[8]. Amerikako natiboetan, bai eta Europan, Hegoaldeko Asian, Erdialdeko Asian eta Siberian ere, ANEen jatorri esanguratsu bat aurki daiteke. Iradoki izan da haren mitologian sar daitezkeela kultura indoeuroparrek zein amerindiar batzuek partekatutako kontakizunak, hala nola munduko zuhaitz metafisiko baten existentzia eta txakur batek beste bizitzarako bidea gordetzen duen fabula bat^[9]. KITLG genean emandako mutazio batek ilehoria ekarri zuen^[10]^[11]^[12], eta mutazio hau zuen gizakirik zaharrena ANE populazioko Afontova Gora aztarnategiko emakumezko bat zen^[13].

Irudi galeria

Mal'ta–Buret' kulturako bolizko figuratxoak, orain dela 24.000 - 15.000 urte ingurukoak^[14].
Mal'tako estatuatxoa bat.
Xiaoheko Printzesa, orain dela 3.800 urteko momia natural bat. Ikerlarien ustez, populazio horren ordezkaria zen, nahiz eta 14.000 urte beranduago bizi^[15].
Ile horiaren eta azal argiaren bidea.

Erreferentziak

↑ (Ingelesez) Yang, Melinda A.. (2022-01-06). «A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia» Human Population Genetics and Genomics 2 (1) doi:10.47248/hpgg2202010001. ISSN 2770-5005. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-14).
↑ (Ingelesez) Willerslev, Eske; Meltzer, David J.. (2021-06). «Peopling of the Americas as inferred from ancient genomics» Nature 594 (7863): 356–364. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03499-y. ISSN 1476-4687. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-14).
↑ (Ingelesez) Flegontov, Pavel; Changmai, Piya; Zidkova, Anastassiya; Logacheva, Maria D.; Altınışık, N. Ezgi; Flegontova, Olga; Gelfand, Mikhail S.; Gerasimov, Evgeny S. et al.. (2016-02-11). «Genomic study of the Ket: a Paleo-Eskimo-related ethnic group with significant ancient North Eurasian ancestry» Scientific Reports 6 (1): 20768. doi:10.1038/srep20768. ISSN 2045-2322. PMID 26865217. PMC PMC4750364. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-14).
↑ (Ingelesez) Jeong, Choongwon; Balanovsky, Oleg; Lukianova, Elena; Kahbatkyzy, Nurzhibek; Flegontov, Pavel; Zaporozhchenko, Valery; Immel, Alexander; Wang, Chuan-Chao et al.. (2019-06). «The genetic history of admixture across inner Eurasia» Nature Ecology & Evolution 3 (6): 966–976. doi:10.1038/s41559-019-0878-2. ISSN 2397-334X. PMID 31036896. PMC PMC6542712. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-14).
↑
Hainbat iturri:
- (Ingelesez) Grebenyuk, Pavel S.; Fedorchenko, Alexander Yu.; Dyakonov, Viktor M.; Lebedintsev, Alexander I.; Malyarchuk, Boris A.. (2022). Bocharnikov, Vladimir N. ed. «Ancient Cultures and Migrations in Northeastern Siberia» Humans in the Siberian Landscapes: Ethnocultural Dynamics and Interaction with Nature and Space (Springer International Publishing): 89–133. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-90061-8_4. ISBN 978-3-030-90061-8. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-14).
- (Ingelesez) Villalba-Mouco, Vanessa; van de Loosdrecht, Marieke S.; Rohrlach, Adam B.; Fewlass, Helen; Talamo, Sahra; Yu, He; Aron, Franziska; Lalueza-Fox, Carles et al.. (2023-04). «A 23,000-year-old southern Iberian individual links human groups that lived in Western Europe before and after the Last Glacial Maximum» Nature Ecology & Evolution 7 (4): 597–609. doi:10.1038/s41559-023-01987-0. ISSN 2397-334X. PMID 36859553. PMC PMC10089921. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-14).
- (Ingelesez) Sikora, Martin; Pitulko, Vladimir V.; Sousa, Vitor C.; Allentoft, Morten E.; Vinner, Lasse; Rasmussen, Simon; Margaryan, Ashot; de Barros Damgaard, Peter et al.. (2019-06). «The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene» Nature 570 (7760): 182–188. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1279-z. ISSN 1476-4687. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-14).
- Vallini, Leonardo; Marciani, Giulia; Aneli, Serena; Bortolini, Eugenio; Benazzi, Stefano; Pievani, Telmo; Pagani, Luca. (2022-04-01). «Genetics and Material Culture Support Repeated Expansions into Paleolithic Eurasia from a Population Hub Out of Africa» Genome Biology and Evolution 14 (4): evac045. doi:10.1093/gbe/evac045. ISSN 1759-6653. PMID 35445261. PMC PMC9021735. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-14).
- (Ingelesez) Lipson, Mark; Reich, David. (2017-01-10). «A working model of the deep relationships of diverse modern human genetic lineages outside of Africa» Molecular Biology and Evolution: msw293. doi:10.1093/molbev/msw293. ISSN 0737-4038. PMID 28074030. PMC PMC5400393. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-14).
- Posth, Cosimo; Nakatsuka, Nathan; Lazaridis, Iosif; Skoglund, Pontus; Mallick, Swapan; Lamnidis, Thiseas C.; Rohland, Nadin; Nägele, Kathrin et al.. (2018-11). «Reconstructing the Deep Population History of Central and South America» Cell 175 (5): 1185–1197.e22. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.10.027. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 30415837. PMC PMC6327247. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-14).
- (Ingelesez) Allentoft, Morten E.; Sikora, Martin; Refoyo-Martínez, Alba; Irving-Pease, Evan K.; Fischer, Anders; Barrie, William; Ingason, Andrés; Stenderup, Jesper et al.. (2024-01). «Population genomics of post-glacial western Eurasia» Nature 625 (7994): 301–311. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06865-0. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 38200295. PMC PMC10781627. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-14).
- (Ingelesez) Massilani, Diyendo; Skov, Laurits; Hajdinjak, Mateja; Gunchinsuren, Byambaa; Tseveendorj, Damdinsuren; Yi, Seonbok; Lee, Jungeun; Nagel, Sarah et al.. (2020-10-30). «Denisovan ancestry and population history of early East Asians» Science 370 (6516): 579–583. doi:10.1126/science.abc1166. ISSN 0036-8075. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-14).
- (Ingelesez) Yang, Melinda A.. (2022-01-06). «A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia» Human Population Genetics and Genomics 2 (1) doi:10.47248/hpgg2202010001. ISSN 2770-5005. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-14).
↑ Raff, Jennifer. (2022). Origin: a genetic history of the Americas. (First edition. argitaraldia) Twelve ISBN 978-1-5387-4970-8. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-14).
↑ (Ingelesez) Posth, Cosimo; Yu, He; Ghalichi, Ayshin; Rougier, Hélène; Crevecoeur, Isabelle; Huang, Yilei; Ringbauer, Harald; Rohrlach, Adam B. et al.. (2023-03). «Palaeogenomics of Upper Palaeolithic to Neolithic European hunter-gatherers» Nature 615 (7950): 117–126. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-05726-0. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 36859578. PMC PMC9977688. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-14).
↑ (Ingelesez) School), David Reich (Of Harvard Medical. (2018). Who We are and how We Got Here: Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human Past. Oxford University Press ISBN 978-0-19-882125-0. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-14).
↑ (Ingelesez) Olsen, Birgit Anette; Olander, Thomas; Kristiansen, Kristian. (2019-08-23). Tracing the Indo-Europeans: New evidence from archaeology and historical linguistics. Oxbow Books ISBN 978-1-78925-273-6. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-14).
↑ (Ingelesez) Hanel, Andrea; Carlberg, Carsten. (2020-09). «Skin colour and vitamin D: An update» Experimental Dermatology 29 (9): 864–875. doi:10.1111/exd.14142. ISSN 0906-6705. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-14).
↑ (Ingelesez) «KITLG makes you white skinned?» Discover Magazine (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-14).
↑ «UniProt» www.uniprot.org (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-14).
↑ Evans, Gavin. (2019). Skin deep: journeys in the divisive science of race. Oneworld Publications ISBN 978-1-78607-623-6. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-14).
↑ (Ingelesez) Bednarik, Robert G.. (2013-06). «Pleistocene Palaeoart of Asia» Arts 2 (2): 46–76. doi:10.3390/arts2020046. ISSN 2076-0752. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-14).
↑ (Ingelesez) Zhang, Fan; Ning, Chao; Scott, Ashley; Fu, Qiaomei; Bjørn, Rasmus; Li, Wenying; Wei, Dong; Wang, Wenjun et al.. (2021-11). «The genomic origins of the Bronze Age Tarim Basin mummies» Nature 599 (7884): 256–261. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04052-7. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 34707286. PMC PMC8580821. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-14).

Kanpo estekak

Datuak: Q60790291
Multimedia: Ancient North Eurasian / Q60790291

[1] (Ingelesez) Yang, Melinda A.. (2022-01-06). «A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia» Human Population Genetics and Genomics 2 (1) doi:10.47248/hpgg2202010001. ISSN 2770-5005. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-14).

[2] (Ingelesez) Willerslev, Eske; Meltzer, David J.. (2021-06). «Peopling of the Americas as inferred from ancient genomics» Nature 594 (7863): 356–364. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03499-y. ISSN 1476-4687. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-14).

[3] (Ingelesez) Flegontov, Pavel; Changmai, Piya; Zidkova, Anastassiya; Logacheva, Maria D.; Altınışık, N. Ezgi; Flegontova, Olga; Gelfand, Mikhail S.; Gerasimov, Evgeny S. et al.. (2016-02-11). «Genomic study of the Ket: a Paleo-Eskimo-related ethnic group with significant ancient North Eurasian ancestry» Scientific Reports 6 (1): 20768. doi:10.1038/srep20768. ISSN 2045-2322. PMID 26865217. PMC PMC4750364. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-14).

[4] (Ingelesez) Jeong, Choongwon; Balanovsky, Oleg; Lukianova, Elena; Kahbatkyzy, Nurzhibek; Flegontov, Pavel; Zaporozhchenko, Valery; Immel, Alexander; Wang, Chuan-Chao et al.. (2019-06). «The genetic history of admixture across inner Eurasia» Nature Ecology & Evolution 3 (6): 966–976. doi:10.1038/s41559-019-0878-2. ISSN 2397-334X. PMID 31036896. PMC PMC6542712. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-14).

[5] Hainbat iturri:
(Ingelesez) Grebenyuk, Pavel S.; Fedorchenko, Alexander Yu.; Dyakonov, Viktor M.; Lebedintsev, Alexander I.; Malyarchuk, Boris A.. (2022). Bocharnikov, Vladimir N. ed. «Ancient Cultures and Migrations in Northeastern Siberia» Humans in the Siberian Landscapes: Ethnocultural Dynamics and Interaction with Nature and Space (Springer International Publishing): 89–133. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-90061-8_4. ISBN 978-3-030-90061-8. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-14).

(Ingelesez) Villalba-Mouco, Vanessa; van de Loosdrecht, Marieke S.; Rohrlach, Adam B.; Fewlass, Helen; Talamo, Sahra; Yu, He; Aron, Franziska; Lalueza-Fox, Carles et al.. (2023-04). «A 23,000-year-old southern Iberian individual links human groups that lived in Western Europe before and after the Last Glacial Maximum» Nature Ecology & Evolution 7 (4): 597–609. doi:10.1038/s41559-023-01987-0. ISSN 2397-334X. PMID 36859553. PMC PMC10089921. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-14).

(Ingelesez) Sikora, Martin; Pitulko, Vladimir V.; Sousa, Vitor C.; Allentoft, Morten E.; Vinner, Lasse; Rasmussen, Simon; Margaryan, Ashot; de Barros Damgaard, Peter et al.. (2019-06). «The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene» Nature 570 (7760): 182–188. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1279-z. ISSN 1476-4687. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-14).

Vallini, Leonardo; Marciani, Giulia; Aneli, Serena; Bortolini, Eugenio; Benazzi, Stefano; Pievani, Telmo; Pagani, Luca. (2022-04-01). «Genetics and Material Culture Support Repeated Expansions into Paleolithic Eurasia from a Population Hub Out of Africa» Genome Biology and Evolution 14 (4): evac045. doi:10.1093/gbe/evac045. ISSN 1759-6653. PMID 35445261. PMC PMC9021735. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-14).

(Ingelesez) Lipson, Mark; Reich, David. (2017-01-10). «A working model of the deep relationships of diverse modern human genetic lineages outside of Africa» Molecular Biology and Evolution: msw293. doi:10.1093/molbev/msw293. ISSN 0737-4038. PMID 28074030. PMC PMC5400393. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-14).

Posth, Cosimo; Nakatsuka, Nathan; Lazaridis, Iosif; Skoglund, Pontus; Mallick, Swapan; Lamnidis, Thiseas C.; Rohland, Nadin; Nägele, Kathrin et al.. (2018-11). «Reconstructing the Deep Population History of Central and South America» Cell 175 (5): 1185–1197.e22. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.10.027. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 30415837. PMC PMC6327247. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-14).

(Ingelesez) Allentoft, Morten E.; Sikora, Martin; Refoyo-Martínez, Alba; Irving-Pease, Evan K.; Fischer, Anders; Barrie, William; Ingason, Andrés; Stenderup, Jesper et al.. (2024-01). «Population genomics of post-glacial western Eurasia» Nature 625 (7994): 301–311. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06865-0. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 38200295. PMC PMC10781627. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-14).

(Ingelesez) Massilani, Diyendo; Skov, Laurits; Hajdinjak, Mateja; Gunchinsuren, Byambaa; Tseveendorj, Damdinsuren; Yi, Seonbok; Lee, Jungeun; Nagel, Sarah et al.. (2020-10-30). «Denisovan ancestry and population history of early East Asians» Science 370 (6516): 579–583. doi:10.1126/science.abc1166. ISSN 0036-8075. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-14).

(Ingelesez) Yang, Melinda A.. (2022-01-06). «A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia» Human Population Genetics and Genomics 2 (1) doi:10.47248/hpgg2202010001. ISSN 2770-5005. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-14).

[6] (Ingelesez) Grebenyuk, Pavel S.; Fedorchenko, Alexander Yu.; Dyakonov, Viktor M.; Lebedintsev, Alexander I.; Malyarchuk, Boris A.. (2022). Bocharnikov, Vladimir N. ed. «Ancient Cultures and Migrations in Northeastern Siberia» Humans in the Siberian Landscapes: Ethnocultural Dynamics and Interaction with Nature and Space (Springer International Publishing): 89–133. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-90061-8_4. ISBN 978-3-030-90061-8. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-14).

[7] (Ingelesez) Villalba-Mouco, Vanessa; van de Loosdrecht, Marieke S.; Rohrlach, Adam B.; Fewlass, Helen; Talamo, Sahra; Yu, He; Aron, Franziska; Lalueza-Fox, Carles et al.. (2023-04). «A 23,000-year-old southern Iberian individual links human groups that lived in Western Europe before and after the Last Glacial Maximum» Nature Ecology & Evolution 7 (4): 597–609. doi:10.1038/s41559-023-01987-0. ISSN 2397-334X. PMID 36859553. PMC PMC10089921. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-14).

[8] (Ingelesez) Sikora, Martin; Pitulko, Vladimir V.; Sousa, Vitor C.; Allentoft, Morten E.; Vinner, Lasse; Rasmussen, Simon; Margaryan, Ashot; de Barros Damgaard, Peter et al.. (2019-06). «The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene» Nature 570 (7760): 182–188. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1279-z. ISSN 1476-4687. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-14).

[9] Vallini, Leonardo; Marciani, Giulia; Aneli, Serena; Bortolini, Eugenio; Benazzi, Stefano; Pievani, Telmo; Pagani, Luca. (2022-04-01). «Genetics and Material Culture Support Repeated Expansions into Paleolithic Eurasia from a Population Hub Out of Africa» Genome Biology and Evolution 14 (4): evac045. doi:10.1093/gbe/evac045. ISSN 1759-6653. PMID 35445261. PMC PMC9021735. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-14).

[10] (Ingelesez) Lipson, Mark; Reich, David. (2017-01-10). «A working model of the deep relationships of diverse modern human genetic lineages outside of Africa» Molecular Biology and Evolution: msw293. doi:10.1093/molbev/msw293. ISSN 0737-4038. PMID 28074030. PMC PMC5400393. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-14).

[11] Posth, Cosimo; Nakatsuka, Nathan; Lazaridis, Iosif; Skoglund, Pontus; Mallick, Swapan; Lamnidis, Thiseas C.; Rohland, Nadin; Nägele, Kathrin et al.. (2018-11). «Reconstructing the Deep Population History of Central and South America» Cell 175 (5): 1185–1197.e22. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.10.027. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 30415837. PMC PMC6327247. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-14).

[12] (Ingelesez) Allentoft, Morten E.; Sikora, Martin; Refoyo-Martínez, Alba; Irving-Pease, Evan K.; Fischer, Anders; Barrie, William; Ingason, Andrés; Stenderup, Jesper et al.. (2024-01). «Population genomics of post-glacial western Eurasia» Nature 625 (7994): 301–311. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06865-0. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 38200295. PMC PMC10781627. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-14).

[13] (Ingelesez) Massilani, Diyendo; Skov, Laurits; Hajdinjak, Mateja; Gunchinsuren, Byambaa; Tseveendorj, Damdinsuren; Yi, Seonbok; Lee, Jungeun; Nagel, Sarah et al.. (2020-10-30). «Denisovan ancestry and population history of early East Asians» Science 370 (6516): 579–583. doi:10.1126/science.abc1166. ISSN 0036-8075. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-14).

[14] (Ingelesez) Yang, Melinda A.. (2022-01-06). «A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia» Human Population Genetics and Genomics 2 (1) doi:10.47248/hpgg2202010001. ISSN 2770-5005. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-14).

[6] Raff, Jennifer. (2022). Origin: a genetic history of the Americas. (First edition. argitaraldia) Twelve ISBN 978-1-5387-4970-8. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-14).

[7] (Ingelesez) Posth, Cosimo; Yu, He; Ghalichi, Ayshin; Rougier, Hélène; Crevecoeur, Isabelle; Huang, Yilei; Ringbauer, Harald; Rohrlach, Adam B. et al.. (2023-03). «Palaeogenomics of Upper Palaeolithic to Neolithic European hunter-gatherers» Nature 615 (7950): 117–126. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-05726-0. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 36859578. PMC PMC9977688. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-14).

[8] (Ingelesez) School), David Reich (Of Harvard Medical. (2018). Who We are and how We Got Here: Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human Past. Oxford University Press ISBN 978-0-19-882125-0. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-14).

[9] (Ingelesez) Olsen, Birgit Anette; Olander, Thomas; Kristiansen, Kristian. (2019-08-23). Tracing the Indo-Europeans: New evidence from archaeology and historical linguistics. Oxbow Books ISBN 978-1-78925-273-6. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-14).

[10] (Ingelesez) Hanel, Andrea; Carlberg, Carsten. (2020-09). «Skin colour and vitamin D: An update» Experimental Dermatology 29 (9): 864–875. doi:10.1111/exd.14142. ISSN 0906-6705. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-14).

[11] (Ingelesez) «KITLG makes you white skinned?» Discover Magazine (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-14).

[12] «UniProt» www.uniprot.org (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-14).

[13] Evans, Gavin. (2019). Skin deep: journeys in the divisive science of race. Oneworld Publications ISBN 978-1-78607-623-6. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-14).

[14] (Ingelesez) Bednarik, Robert G.. (2013-06). «Pleistocene Palaeoart of Asia» Arts 2 (2): 46–76. doi:10.3390/arts2020046. ISSN 2076-0752. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-14).

[15] (Ingelesez) Zhang, Fan; Ning, Chao; Scott, Ashley; Fu, Qiaomei; Bjørn, Rasmus; Li, Wenying; Wei, Dong; Wang, Wenjun et al.. (2021-11). «The genomic origins of the Bronze Age Tarim Basin mummies» Nature 599 (7884): 256–261. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04052-7. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 34707286. PMC PMC8580821. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-14).

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