Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1972
The results of two experiments involving the matching of unfamiliar, nameless shapes (Gibson form... more The results of two experiments involving the matching of unfamiliar, nameless shapes (Gibson forms) indicated that a visual representation of a brief (30–100 ms) stimulus survives in a Short-Term Visual Memory (STVM) for 6 s or more after the onset of a pattern mask. On the basis of these results a possible alternative to Sperling's (1967) model for short-term memory for visual stimuli was presented. In this model it is assumed that recognition processes occupy several hundred milliseconds and continue after the arrival of the mask using the information available in STVM.
The paper is concerned with the characteristics of an ideal natural language understanding system... more The paper is concerned with the characteristics of an ideal natural language understanding system. It is suggested that in addition to processing new linguistic input, such a system should be capable of monitoring the output from a natural language generating (NLG) component in a comprehensive system. In order to perform these two functions efficiently, it is argued that the NLU system should process sentences and texts in exactly the same way that humans do. This points to the need for close co-operation between system designers and psycholinguists in work of this kind
The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, 1981
In two experiments using a self-paced reading task we explored how readers schedule the processes... more In two experiments using a self-paced reading task we explored how readers schedule the processes involved in representing text. Experiment I showed that processes concerned with increasing the coherence of the representation occur at the ends of sentences. Experiment II provided evidence that readers can modify and evaluate their representation before a sentence boundary, contrary to the type of processing scheme exemplified by H. H. Clark's Given-New strategy (Clark and Clark, 1977). A modification of the strategy is considered which renders it compatible with the data.
... Fischler, I. and Bloom, PA, 1979. Automatic and attentional processes in the effects of sente... more ... Fischler, I. and Bloom, PA, 1979. Automatic and attentional processes in the effects of sentence contexts on word recognition. ... Gordon, B., 1983. Lexical access and lexical decision: Mechanisms of frequency sensitivity. ... Grice, HP, 1957. Meaning. Philosophical Review 66, pp. ...
... 178210. Abstract | PDF (1838 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (297). Hakes, D... more ... 178210. Abstract | PDF (1838 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (297). Hakes, DT, 1971. Does verb structure affect comprehension?. Perception & Psychophysics 10, pp. 229232. Holmes, VM, 1984. Parsing strategies and discourse context. ...
Abstract 1. Addresses the idea of a syntactic parser as a bridge between word recognition and tex... more Abstract 1. Addresses the idea of a syntactic parser as a bridge between word recognition and text comprehension. It is demonstrated that lexical effects comparable to those used in the study by G. Flores d'Arcais (1990) occur in Dutch, disproving the claim that parsing biases in this kind of material support the theory that late closure is a universal strategy. 24 native Dutch speakers participated in a series of 4 reading experiments, consisting of 4 sentences embedded in filler sentences. 25 filler sentences were followed by a question ...
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1994
ABSTRACT Questions concerning relatively immediate determinants of syntactic analysis can be tack... more ABSTRACT Questions concerning relatively immediate determinants of syntactic analysis can be tackled by comparing the reading times within crucial regions of subject- and object-relative clauses. Using such a comparison, G. T. Altmann et al (see record 1994-24172-001) have presented data which they interpreted as evidence for a discourse-driven account of parsing. This article reexamines this evidence and highlights a number of potential artifacts in the data. An experiment was conducted to demonstrate that at least some of these artifacts may have introduced distortions which were large enough to be of practical concern. It is concluded that the findings of the Altmann et al experiment failed to provide unambiguous support for the discourse-driven model of parsing and that, overall, structure-driven models still offer a better account of the data. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1992
Two subject-paced reading experiments were carried out to examine the way in which discourse info... more Two subject-paced reading experiments were carried out to examine the way in which discourse information exerts its influence in sentence comprehension. The results show that whereas prior discourse context appears to affect the way in which sentences are ultimately parsed, ...
ABSTRACT The present study addresses the question of whether structural analyses of verb-argument... more ABSTRACT The present study addresses the question of whether structural analyses of verb-arguments are postponed up until the head verb has been processed (head-driven parsing accounts) or initiated prior to the appearance of the verb (pre-head attachment accounts). To explore this question in relation to a head-final language, a Japanese dative argument attachment ambiguity was examined in both a questionnaire study (Experiment 1) and a self-paced reading test (Experiment 2). The data suggested that the dative argument attachment ambiguity is resolved in the manner predicted by pre-head attachment accounts. The results were incompatible with most variants of the head-driven parsing model, and were not of the form currently predicted by constraint-satisfaction models. We end by discussing the general theoretical implications of the findings.
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1972
The results of two experiments involving the matching of unfamiliar, nameless shapes (Gibson form... more The results of two experiments involving the matching of unfamiliar, nameless shapes (Gibson forms) indicated that a visual representation of a brief (30–100 ms) stimulus survives in a Short-Term Visual Memory (STVM) for 6 s or more after the onset of a pattern mask. On the basis of these results a possible alternative to Sperling's (1967) model for short-term memory for visual stimuli was presented. In this model it is assumed that recognition processes occupy several hundred milliseconds and continue after the arrival of the mask using the information available in STVM.
The paper is concerned with the characteristics of an ideal natural language understanding system... more The paper is concerned with the characteristics of an ideal natural language understanding system. It is suggested that in addition to processing new linguistic input, such a system should be capable of monitoring the output from a natural language generating (NLG) component in a comprehensive system. In order to perform these two functions efficiently, it is argued that the NLU system should process sentences and texts in exactly the same way that humans do. This points to the need for close co-operation between system designers and psycholinguists in work of this kind
The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, 1981
In two experiments using a self-paced reading task we explored how readers schedule the processes... more In two experiments using a self-paced reading task we explored how readers schedule the processes involved in representing text. Experiment I showed that processes concerned with increasing the coherence of the representation occur at the ends of sentences. Experiment II provided evidence that readers can modify and evaluate their representation before a sentence boundary, contrary to the type of processing scheme exemplified by H. H. Clark's Given-New strategy (Clark and Clark, 1977). A modification of the strategy is considered which renders it compatible with the data.
... Fischler, I. and Bloom, PA, 1979. Automatic and attentional processes in the effects of sente... more ... Fischler, I. and Bloom, PA, 1979. Automatic and attentional processes in the effects of sentence contexts on word recognition. ... Gordon, B., 1983. Lexical access and lexical decision: Mechanisms of frequency sensitivity. ... Grice, HP, 1957. Meaning. Philosophical Review 66, pp. ...
... 178210. Abstract | PDF (1838 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (297). Hakes, D... more ... 178210. Abstract | PDF (1838 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (297). Hakes, DT, 1971. Does verb structure affect comprehension?. Perception & Psychophysics 10, pp. 229232. Holmes, VM, 1984. Parsing strategies and discourse context. ...
Abstract 1. Addresses the idea of a syntactic parser as a bridge between word recognition and tex... more Abstract 1. Addresses the idea of a syntactic parser as a bridge between word recognition and text comprehension. It is demonstrated that lexical effects comparable to those used in the study by G. Flores d'Arcais (1990) occur in Dutch, disproving the claim that parsing biases in this kind of material support the theory that late closure is a universal strategy. 24 native Dutch speakers participated in a series of 4 reading experiments, consisting of 4 sentences embedded in filler sentences. 25 filler sentences were followed by a question ...
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1994
ABSTRACT Questions concerning relatively immediate determinants of syntactic analysis can be tack... more ABSTRACT Questions concerning relatively immediate determinants of syntactic analysis can be tackled by comparing the reading times within crucial regions of subject- and object-relative clauses. Using such a comparison, G. T. Altmann et al (see record 1994-24172-001) have presented data which they interpreted as evidence for a discourse-driven account of parsing. This article reexamines this evidence and highlights a number of potential artifacts in the data. An experiment was conducted to demonstrate that at least some of these artifacts may have introduced distortions which were large enough to be of practical concern. It is concluded that the findings of the Altmann et al experiment failed to provide unambiguous support for the discourse-driven model of parsing and that, overall, structure-driven models still offer a better account of the data. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1992
Two subject-paced reading experiments were carried out to examine the way in which discourse info... more Two subject-paced reading experiments were carried out to examine the way in which discourse information exerts its influence in sentence comprehension. The results show that whereas prior discourse context appears to affect the way in which sentences are ultimately parsed, ...
ABSTRACT The present study addresses the question of whether structural analyses of verb-argument... more ABSTRACT The present study addresses the question of whether structural analyses of verb-arguments are postponed up until the head verb has been processed (head-driven parsing accounts) or initiated prior to the appearance of the verb (pre-head attachment accounts). To explore this question in relation to a head-final language, a Japanese dative argument attachment ambiguity was examined in both a questionnaire study (Experiment 1) and a self-paced reading test (Experiment 2). The data suggested that the dative argument attachment ambiguity is resolved in the manner predicted by pre-head attachment accounts. The results were incompatible with most variants of the head-driven parsing model, and were not of the form currently predicted by constraint-satisfaction models. We end by discussing the general theoretical implications of the findings.
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