The European Health Data Space (EDHS) aims to revolutionize medical accessibility across EU Membe... more The European Health Data Space (EDHS) aims to revolutionize medical accessibility across EU Member States. The COVID-19 pandemic underscored the need for a collective health data system to improve patient care and track health trends across the EU. While EDHS relies on the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) to safeguard private data, certain cybersecurity issues remain unresolved. Despite multiple EU cybersecurity initiatives, cyber-attacks persist, raising concerns about EDHS’s vulnerability and its potential impact on private and state security. This article explores EDHS’s purpose, the gaps it aims to fill, and GDPR’s role in ensuring data safety. It also examines cybersecurity threats and their broader implications for state sovereignty, defense, and collective health data management within the EU.
This paper examines the evolving dynamics of urban warfare, emphasising the integration of advanc... more This paper examines the evolving dynamics of urban warfare, emphasising the integration of advanced technologies and their profound impact on modern military operations. Through detailed analyses of the battles of Bakhmut and Gaza, the study explores how innovations such as kamikaze drones, precision-guided munitions, and enhanced surveillance systems have transformed the urban battlefield, rendering it both deadlier and less predictable. The research highlights how these technologies have led to the ‘civilianisation’ of high-tech warfare, where cyber operations and sophisticated information campaigns play roles as critical as physical firepower. Additionally, the paper investigates the psychological dimensions of urban combat, focusing on the use of cyber warfare to influence morale and public perception. By synthesising insights from recent conflicts, this study reflects on the operational, ethical, and strategic challenges faced by modern militaries, particularly in densely populated environments. The findings aim to inform future defence strategies, offering valuable perspectives for policymakers and military planners confronting the complexities of post-modern urban warfare.
In light of NATO’s recent focus on logistics in high-intensity, large-scale warfare, this paper e... more In light of NATO’s recent focus on logistics in high-intensity, large-scale warfare, this paper examines the vulnerabilities of the Alliance’s ability to sustain and resupply forces, based on lessons learned from the Russian invasion of Ukraine. It analyses how threats to logistics evolved in modern combat, revealing the critical role of military sustainment within contemporary military strategy and the challenges that NATO must face in supporting and enabling operations on the battlefield.
Trump’s ambition to gain control over Greenland has unsettled Denmark, the people of Greenland, a... more Trump’s ambition to gain control over Greenland has unsettled Denmark, the people of Greenland, and much of Europe. As the world’s largest island, Greenland is an autonomous region within the Kingdom of Denmark with aspirations for independence. This article will analyse Greenland’s legal status and potential path to independence. Additionally, it will explore the various strategies the United States might pursue to assert influence over the island and will examine the potential implications of Greenlandic independence for these efforts.
Current developments in space-to-space kinetic and non-kinetic weapons are changing the nature of... more Current developments in space-to-space kinetic and non-kinetic weapons are changing the nature of military conduct in outer space. Additionally added flexibility, manoeuvrability and sustainability in space operations is made possible by in-orbit refuelling, servicing, assembly and manufacturing capabilities. When coupled with new technologies like military space vehicles, hunter-killer and nesting doll satellites and converged directed energy weapons, the space domain is realigned with more traditional operational domains of warfare. Although the nature of many military systems are by nature classified, one can infer from the current gamut of Western and adversarial projects already implemented but also in development that an operational paradigm shift is taking place in space. As such, European interoperability has never been so crucial - but similarly so is the ability to militarise space while guided by a stern moral compass, where legal accountability is ambiguous. In this vein, the article contends that space is experiencing an operational paradigm shift. Space is now, for all effects and purposes, a battlefield.
This paper aims to demonstrate how EU Defence and Security reflects International Criminal Law (h... more This paper aims to demonstrate how EU Defence and Security reflects International Criminal Law (hereafter ICL). Said link is analysed through the notion of transitional justice, lending itself to the concept of universal jurisdiction. Analysing the latter contributes to highlighting the concrete workings of ICL on a global scale, allowing for a more comprehensive understanding of the security and defence considerations in question. In fact, this paper assesses that it is beneficial for EU Member States to consider undertaking universal jurisdiction within the ambit of their security and defence policies, as such action positively contributes to EU diplomatic relations, contrary to what is commonly believed. Such a finding thus justifies the final observation that EU States should consider exercising universal jurisdiction as part of their defence and security strategies, thereby bolstering the importance of accountability as a global value.
This article assesses the credibility of the current Euro-Atlantic nuclear deterrence in the cont... more This article assesses the credibility of the current Euro-Atlantic nuclear deterrence in the context of 21st century geopolitical and technological challenges. Russia’s ‘escalate to de-escalate’ strategy and modernisation of its nuclear triad pose significant challenges to NATO’s deterrent credibility. Simultaneously, China’s rapid military advancements and growing strategic alliance with Russia complicate the Euro-Atlantic security picture. The advent of disruptive technologies, such as hypersonic missiles and artificial intelligence (AI), creates new vulnerabilities in nuclear command, control, and communication (NC3) systems, increasing worries about decision-making processes and the possibility of catastrophic mistakes. To meet these developing threats, this paper contends that NATO must modernise its nuclear arsenal, strengthen transatlantic coordination, and pursue strong arms control and diplomatic measures. NATO can adapt to the difficulties of great power rivalry by combining conventional, nuclear, and hybrid response techniques, ensuring its sustained position in global security and stability.
The Indian Ocean plays a crucial role in global geopolitics, trade, and security. Serving as a vi... more The Indian Ocean plays a crucial role in global geopolitics, trade, and security. Serving as a vital link between Europe, Asia and Africa, it facilitates the flow of commerce and energy supplies, making a key strategic corridor. The region’s importance is underscored by critical chokepoints that are both essential for global trade and vulnerable to disruption. For European nations, ensuring the stability of these maritime routes is vital for economic and energy security.
The strategic landscape of the Indian Ocean is increasingly shaped by geopolitical competition, particularly with the growing influence of China through infrastructure investments and military expansion. In response, European countries have sought closer security and economic ties with India, a dominant regional player, through military cooperation and strategic engagement. However, the challenge remains in balancing partnerships while addressing the broader implications of China’s presence.
This paper explores the Indian Ocean’s strategic significance to Europe, analysing the key drivers of collaboration, competition, and security challenges. As geopolitical rivalries intensify, European nations must adopt a proactive approach to safeguard their interests and maintain influence in this critical maritime domain.
This article explores the transformative potential of Human-Machine Teaming (HMT) and Human-Auton... more This article explores the transformative potential of Human-Machine Teaming (HMT) and Human-Autonomy Teaming (HAT) in enhancing sustainment operations for European land forces. It examines how these paradigms can revolutionise logistics, battlefield repair, and medical support by combining human adaptability with autonomous precision and efficiency. By exploring the increasing demands of dynamic and contested environments, the paper highlights the strategic importance of adopting these technologies for European militaries to achieve greater resilience and operational effectiveness in future large-scale combat scenarios.
The EU-Japan Security and Defence Partnership marks a transformative chapter in transregional coo... more The EU-Japan Security and Defence Partnership marks a transformative chapter in transregional cooperation, reflecting shared values of democracy, multilateralism, and the rule of law. This paper explores the brief evolution, core components, and strategic implications of the partnership that highlight its significance in addressing contemporary security challenges. Japan’s departure from its pacifist stance and increased integration into global defence frameworks, such as the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QUAD) and NATO interoperability, complement the EU’s aspirations for strategic autonomy and expanded influence in the Indo-Pacific. Key areas of the proposed cooperation include military collaboration, cybersecurity, and space defence. Both actors agree on the alignment of strategic interests to counter threats from authoritarian regimes, regional instabilities, and hybrid warfare. The partnership also emphasises capacity-building initiatives to promote peace and stability globally. The paper argues that this partnership serves as a model for navigating geopolitical tensions in the Pacific theatre, including the challenges posed by China, North Korea, and Russia. Amidst uncertainties, such as the impact of the invasion of Ukraine and foreign policy shifts in the American presidency, the EU-Japan alliance represents a pivotal step toward resilient strategic autonomy in the region.
This paper examines the role of economies of scale in addressing inefficiencies within the fragme... more This paper examines the role of economies of scale in addressing inefficiencies within the fragmented European defence sector. Despite ongoing geopolitical challenges, Europe’s defence industry struggles with duplicated efforts, inflated costs, and a lack of standardisation due to its decentralised structure. The analysis explores the historical roots of fragmentation, evaluates current debates on defence spending efficiency, and outlines strategies such as aggregating demand, increasing joint procurement, promoting consolidation, fostering cross-border collaboration, and reinforcing European preference in procurement. Theoretical insights into economies of scale highlight the potential for reducing costs and enhancing production capabilities, particularly through unified procurement and joint industrial efforts. The study further investigates the constraints faced by both major defence contractors and SMEs, as well as recent European Commission initiatives, including coordinated R&D at the pan-European level. Concluding with actionable policy recommendations, the paper provides a roadmap for consolidating Europe’s defence industry, emphasising the necessity of strategic integration and collective investment to enhance the continent’s strategic autonomy and industrial resilience.
Countermeasures are an established mechanism in International Law that allows a State to respond ... more Countermeasures are an established mechanism in International Law that allows a State to respond to the unlawful actions of another. This tool enables the injured State to act in a way that would otherwise be illegal, with the objective of compelling the breaching State to cease its violations. Similarly, the concept of belligerent reprisals refers to a similar mechanism in International Humanitarian Law (IHL), which allows a State to violate IHL rules in response to the previous violations of another State in order to enforce compliance. It has been a part of armed conflicts throughout history, and its codification can be traced back to the earliest iterations of IHL. Over time, the scope and permissibility of reprisals have become significantly more constrained. Today, their regulation is primarily governed by customary International Humanitarian Law (CIHL), which draws upon the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) Customary Rules and established case law. This article will examine the exact legal boundaries of belligerent reprisals and evaluate the practice.
In February 2024, French President Emmanuel Macron sparked an intense debate by suggesting the de... more In February 2024, French President Emmanuel Macron sparked an intense debate by suggesting the deployment of European ground troops to Ukraine. However, other NATO and EU leaders quickly dismissed such an idea. French authorities rushed to frame it as part of a strategic ambiguity policy, emphasising non-combat roles to avoid a public outburst. Although the idea faded, reports in December 2024 revealed renewed Franco-British discussions on deploying Western troops to prevent another Russian aggression in the context of a potential US shift in European priorities under the new Trump administration and announced peace talks. Analysing European leaders’ reactions and future scenarios for possible deployment, this article finds that the suggestion mainly served to signal to other actors that European states are preparing to assume responsibility for guaranteeing Ukraine’s security when a peace agreement is reached. Although such a project is likely to remain in the discussion stage, the existence of the debate itself may help shape European geopolitical actorness at a time of increasing instability throughout the continent.
The incorporation of AI in military applications has transformed contemporary warfare, providing ... more The incorporation of AI in military applications has transformed contemporary warfare, providing unparalleled efficiency, accuracy, and independence abilities. Yet, with the progress of AI systems, the possibility of autonomous weapons collaborating and communicating with each other brings up substantial strategic, ethical, and security issues. This paper seeks to investigate the technological groundwork that allows for AI communication, analysing the latest progress in machine learning and autonomous systems. It will examine how the connectedness could impact battlefield dynamics, decision-making processes, and the potential for emergent behaviours that can improve operational effectiveness or result in unintended consequences.
This Info Flash discusses the implications of Tech-Infusion of Soldiers on the Military Landscape... more This Info Flash discusses the implications of Tech-Infusion of Soldiers on the Military Landscape and inferentially on the political world. In doing so, the IF first covers how tech-infusion has taken hold of the soldier and what the developments have specifically entailed before applying these findings in a wider, political scope in the second section. It finds that a lot of the developments in the area of tech-infusion are based on surpassing the boundaries of the human body and, therefore, attempting to make reality easier, and even rearrange the boundaries of reality itself. Yet one must conclude that the growing investment into tech-infusion must equally be understood in the context of the changing military and political landscape of increasing uncertainty and conflict.
This paper explores the evolving role of decoys in military deception (MILDEC), examining their h... more This paper explores the evolving role of decoys in military deception (MILDEC), examining their historical significance, current applications across the kinetic and non-kinetic spectrum, and their technological evolution in response to modern detection, recognition, and identification threats. The objective is to evaluate the challenges posed by advanced detection systems, which significantly improve battlefield situational awareness, and to identify how modern Western decoy strategies are adapting rapidly to maintain their relevance within military deception.
The Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 has exposed the critical state of the European U... more The Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 has exposed the critical state of the European Union’s defence and security strategies. At the same time, the EU’s Strategic Compass outlined a vision for greater defence integration, long-standing divides among member states persist, hindering coherent action. The initial unified response to Russia’s aggression has faded into a strategic divergence, with contrasting national priorities. The prospect of a Trump administration in 2025 exacerbates Europe’s security vulnerabilities, as Ukraine remains heavily dependent on US military aid. The failure to prepare for a US withdrawal leaves the EU strategically paralysed, risking both Kyiv’s sovereignty and Europe’s future security. This study explores the consequences of this strategic void and underlines the importance for the EU to develop a unified defence strategy.
From conventional missiles to more experimental hypersonic platforms, Russia is redefining missil... more From conventional missiles to more experimental hypersonic platforms, Russia is redefining missile warfare. On November 21st, Russia launched the Oreshnik missile in Ukraine, marking the first-ever use of a hypersonic intermediate-range ballistic missile that can also carry a nuclear warhead. These advanced systems—capable of evading air defences and delivering precision strikes—are being tested extensively in Ukraine. They are not just battlefield tools; they are strategic signals to NATO and Europe about Russia’s evolving military might and a form of geopolitical blackmailing. The lack of adequate air defences to deter hypersonic missiles creates a new security dilemma for Europe. This Info Flash analyses the greater implications of Oreshnik in Russian missile strategy and, more importantly, what it means for Ukraine and its allies in the long-term.
In the absence of a judicial body that would specifically deal with International Humanitarian La... more In the absence of a judicial body that would specifically deal with International Humanitarian Law (IHL), the role of its interpretation and enforcement often falls on human rights bodies, like the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). This article will begin by recalling the theories developed by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). An analysis will then be conducted on the interplay between human rights and international humanitarian law within the European Court of Human Rights Jurisprudence. The Court’s judgments in the Al-Jedda and Hassan cases will be examined to understand how ECtHR interprets the relationship between human rights and IHL and, subsequently how this affects the protection granted to individuals by the European Convention on Human Rights.
The European Health Data Space (EDHS) aims to revolutionize medical accessibility across EU Membe... more The European Health Data Space (EDHS) aims to revolutionize medical accessibility across EU Member States. The COVID-19 pandemic underscored the need for a collective health data system to improve patient care and track health trends across the EU. While EDHS relies on the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) to safeguard private data, certain cybersecurity issues remain unresolved. Despite multiple EU cybersecurity initiatives, cyber-attacks persist, raising concerns about EDHS’s vulnerability and its potential impact on private and state security. This article explores EDHS’s purpose, the gaps it aims to fill, and GDPR’s role in ensuring data safety. It also examines cybersecurity threats and their broader implications for state sovereignty, defense, and collective health data management within the EU.
This paper examines the evolving dynamics of urban warfare, emphasising the integration of advanc... more This paper examines the evolving dynamics of urban warfare, emphasising the integration of advanced technologies and their profound impact on modern military operations. Through detailed analyses of the battles of Bakhmut and Gaza, the study explores how innovations such as kamikaze drones, precision-guided munitions, and enhanced surveillance systems have transformed the urban battlefield, rendering it both deadlier and less predictable. The research highlights how these technologies have led to the ‘civilianisation’ of high-tech warfare, where cyber operations and sophisticated information campaigns play roles as critical as physical firepower. Additionally, the paper investigates the psychological dimensions of urban combat, focusing on the use of cyber warfare to influence morale and public perception. By synthesising insights from recent conflicts, this study reflects on the operational, ethical, and strategic challenges faced by modern militaries, particularly in densely populated environments. The findings aim to inform future defence strategies, offering valuable perspectives for policymakers and military planners confronting the complexities of post-modern urban warfare.
In light of NATO’s recent focus on logistics in high-intensity, large-scale warfare, this paper e... more In light of NATO’s recent focus on logistics in high-intensity, large-scale warfare, this paper examines the vulnerabilities of the Alliance’s ability to sustain and resupply forces, based on lessons learned from the Russian invasion of Ukraine. It analyses how threats to logistics evolved in modern combat, revealing the critical role of military sustainment within contemporary military strategy and the challenges that NATO must face in supporting and enabling operations on the battlefield.
Trump’s ambition to gain control over Greenland has unsettled Denmark, the people of Greenland, a... more Trump’s ambition to gain control over Greenland has unsettled Denmark, the people of Greenland, and much of Europe. As the world’s largest island, Greenland is an autonomous region within the Kingdom of Denmark with aspirations for independence. This article will analyse Greenland’s legal status and potential path to independence. Additionally, it will explore the various strategies the United States might pursue to assert influence over the island and will examine the potential implications of Greenlandic independence for these efforts.
Current developments in space-to-space kinetic and non-kinetic weapons are changing the nature of... more Current developments in space-to-space kinetic and non-kinetic weapons are changing the nature of military conduct in outer space. Additionally added flexibility, manoeuvrability and sustainability in space operations is made possible by in-orbit refuelling, servicing, assembly and manufacturing capabilities. When coupled with new technologies like military space vehicles, hunter-killer and nesting doll satellites and converged directed energy weapons, the space domain is realigned with more traditional operational domains of warfare. Although the nature of many military systems are by nature classified, one can infer from the current gamut of Western and adversarial projects already implemented but also in development that an operational paradigm shift is taking place in space. As such, European interoperability has never been so crucial - but similarly so is the ability to militarise space while guided by a stern moral compass, where legal accountability is ambiguous. In this vein, the article contends that space is experiencing an operational paradigm shift. Space is now, for all effects and purposes, a battlefield.
This paper aims to demonstrate how EU Defence and Security reflects International Criminal Law (h... more This paper aims to demonstrate how EU Defence and Security reflects International Criminal Law (hereafter ICL). Said link is analysed through the notion of transitional justice, lending itself to the concept of universal jurisdiction. Analysing the latter contributes to highlighting the concrete workings of ICL on a global scale, allowing for a more comprehensive understanding of the security and defence considerations in question. In fact, this paper assesses that it is beneficial for EU Member States to consider undertaking universal jurisdiction within the ambit of their security and defence policies, as such action positively contributes to EU diplomatic relations, contrary to what is commonly believed. Such a finding thus justifies the final observation that EU States should consider exercising universal jurisdiction as part of their defence and security strategies, thereby bolstering the importance of accountability as a global value.
This article assesses the credibility of the current Euro-Atlantic nuclear deterrence in the cont... more This article assesses the credibility of the current Euro-Atlantic nuclear deterrence in the context of 21st century geopolitical and technological challenges. Russia’s ‘escalate to de-escalate’ strategy and modernisation of its nuclear triad pose significant challenges to NATO’s deterrent credibility. Simultaneously, China’s rapid military advancements and growing strategic alliance with Russia complicate the Euro-Atlantic security picture. The advent of disruptive technologies, such as hypersonic missiles and artificial intelligence (AI), creates new vulnerabilities in nuclear command, control, and communication (NC3) systems, increasing worries about decision-making processes and the possibility of catastrophic mistakes. To meet these developing threats, this paper contends that NATO must modernise its nuclear arsenal, strengthen transatlantic coordination, and pursue strong arms control and diplomatic measures. NATO can adapt to the difficulties of great power rivalry by combining conventional, nuclear, and hybrid response techniques, ensuring its sustained position in global security and stability.
The Indian Ocean plays a crucial role in global geopolitics, trade, and security. Serving as a vi... more The Indian Ocean plays a crucial role in global geopolitics, trade, and security. Serving as a vital link between Europe, Asia and Africa, it facilitates the flow of commerce and energy supplies, making a key strategic corridor. The region’s importance is underscored by critical chokepoints that are both essential for global trade and vulnerable to disruption. For European nations, ensuring the stability of these maritime routes is vital for economic and energy security.
The strategic landscape of the Indian Ocean is increasingly shaped by geopolitical competition, particularly with the growing influence of China through infrastructure investments and military expansion. In response, European countries have sought closer security and economic ties with India, a dominant regional player, through military cooperation and strategic engagement. However, the challenge remains in balancing partnerships while addressing the broader implications of China’s presence.
This paper explores the Indian Ocean’s strategic significance to Europe, analysing the key drivers of collaboration, competition, and security challenges. As geopolitical rivalries intensify, European nations must adopt a proactive approach to safeguard their interests and maintain influence in this critical maritime domain.
This article explores the transformative potential of Human-Machine Teaming (HMT) and Human-Auton... more This article explores the transformative potential of Human-Machine Teaming (HMT) and Human-Autonomy Teaming (HAT) in enhancing sustainment operations for European land forces. It examines how these paradigms can revolutionise logistics, battlefield repair, and medical support by combining human adaptability with autonomous precision and efficiency. By exploring the increasing demands of dynamic and contested environments, the paper highlights the strategic importance of adopting these technologies for European militaries to achieve greater resilience and operational effectiveness in future large-scale combat scenarios.
The EU-Japan Security and Defence Partnership marks a transformative chapter in transregional coo... more The EU-Japan Security and Defence Partnership marks a transformative chapter in transregional cooperation, reflecting shared values of democracy, multilateralism, and the rule of law. This paper explores the brief evolution, core components, and strategic implications of the partnership that highlight its significance in addressing contemporary security challenges. Japan’s departure from its pacifist stance and increased integration into global defence frameworks, such as the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QUAD) and NATO interoperability, complement the EU’s aspirations for strategic autonomy and expanded influence in the Indo-Pacific. Key areas of the proposed cooperation include military collaboration, cybersecurity, and space defence. Both actors agree on the alignment of strategic interests to counter threats from authoritarian regimes, regional instabilities, and hybrid warfare. The partnership also emphasises capacity-building initiatives to promote peace and stability globally. The paper argues that this partnership serves as a model for navigating geopolitical tensions in the Pacific theatre, including the challenges posed by China, North Korea, and Russia. Amidst uncertainties, such as the impact of the invasion of Ukraine and foreign policy shifts in the American presidency, the EU-Japan alliance represents a pivotal step toward resilient strategic autonomy in the region.
This paper examines the role of economies of scale in addressing inefficiencies within the fragme... more This paper examines the role of economies of scale in addressing inefficiencies within the fragmented European defence sector. Despite ongoing geopolitical challenges, Europe’s defence industry struggles with duplicated efforts, inflated costs, and a lack of standardisation due to its decentralised structure. The analysis explores the historical roots of fragmentation, evaluates current debates on defence spending efficiency, and outlines strategies such as aggregating demand, increasing joint procurement, promoting consolidation, fostering cross-border collaboration, and reinforcing European preference in procurement. Theoretical insights into economies of scale highlight the potential for reducing costs and enhancing production capabilities, particularly through unified procurement and joint industrial efforts. The study further investigates the constraints faced by both major defence contractors and SMEs, as well as recent European Commission initiatives, including coordinated R&D at the pan-European level. Concluding with actionable policy recommendations, the paper provides a roadmap for consolidating Europe’s defence industry, emphasising the necessity of strategic integration and collective investment to enhance the continent’s strategic autonomy and industrial resilience.
Countermeasures are an established mechanism in International Law that allows a State to respond ... more Countermeasures are an established mechanism in International Law that allows a State to respond to the unlawful actions of another. This tool enables the injured State to act in a way that would otherwise be illegal, with the objective of compelling the breaching State to cease its violations. Similarly, the concept of belligerent reprisals refers to a similar mechanism in International Humanitarian Law (IHL), which allows a State to violate IHL rules in response to the previous violations of another State in order to enforce compliance. It has been a part of armed conflicts throughout history, and its codification can be traced back to the earliest iterations of IHL. Over time, the scope and permissibility of reprisals have become significantly more constrained. Today, their regulation is primarily governed by customary International Humanitarian Law (CIHL), which draws upon the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) Customary Rules and established case law. This article will examine the exact legal boundaries of belligerent reprisals and evaluate the practice.
In February 2024, French President Emmanuel Macron sparked an intense debate by suggesting the de... more In February 2024, French President Emmanuel Macron sparked an intense debate by suggesting the deployment of European ground troops to Ukraine. However, other NATO and EU leaders quickly dismissed such an idea. French authorities rushed to frame it as part of a strategic ambiguity policy, emphasising non-combat roles to avoid a public outburst. Although the idea faded, reports in December 2024 revealed renewed Franco-British discussions on deploying Western troops to prevent another Russian aggression in the context of a potential US shift in European priorities under the new Trump administration and announced peace talks. Analysing European leaders’ reactions and future scenarios for possible deployment, this article finds that the suggestion mainly served to signal to other actors that European states are preparing to assume responsibility for guaranteeing Ukraine’s security when a peace agreement is reached. Although such a project is likely to remain in the discussion stage, the existence of the debate itself may help shape European geopolitical actorness at a time of increasing instability throughout the continent.
The incorporation of AI in military applications has transformed contemporary warfare, providing ... more The incorporation of AI in military applications has transformed contemporary warfare, providing unparalleled efficiency, accuracy, and independence abilities. Yet, with the progress of AI systems, the possibility of autonomous weapons collaborating and communicating with each other brings up substantial strategic, ethical, and security issues. This paper seeks to investigate the technological groundwork that allows for AI communication, analysing the latest progress in machine learning and autonomous systems. It will examine how the connectedness could impact battlefield dynamics, decision-making processes, and the potential for emergent behaviours that can improve operational effectiveness or result in unintended consequences.
This Info Flash discusses the implications of Tech-Infusion of Soldiers on the Military Landscape... more This Info Flash discusses the implications of Tech-Infusion of Soldiers on the Military Landscape and inferentially on the political world. In doing so, the IF first covers how tech-infusion has taken hold of the soldier and what the developments have specifically entailed before applying these findings in a wider, political scope in the second section. It finds that a lot of the developments in the area of tech-infusion are based on surpassing the boundaries of the human body and, therefore, attempting to make reality easier, and even rearrange the boundaries of reality itself. Yet one must conclude that the growing investment into tech-infusion must equally be understood in the context of the changing military and political landscape of increasing uncertainty and conflict.
This paper explores the evolving role of decoys in military deception (MILDEC), examining their h... more This paper explores the evolving role of decoys in military deception (MILDEC), examining their historical significance, current applications across the kinetic and non-kinetic spectrum, and their technological evolution in response to modern detection, recognition, and identification threats. The objective is to evaluate the challenges posed by advanced detection systems, which significantly improve battlefield situational awareness, and to identify how modern Western decoy strategies are adapting rapidly to maintain their relevance within military deception.
The Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 has exposed the critical state of the European U... more The Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 has exposed the critical state of the European Union’s defence and security strategies. At the same time, the EU’s Strategic Compass outlined a vision for greater defence integration, long-standing divides among member states persist, hindering coherent action. The initial unified response to Russia’s aggression has faded into a strategic divergence, with contrasting national priorities. The prospect of a Trump administration in 2025 exacerbates Europe’s security vulnerabilities, as Ukraine remains heavily dependent on US military aid. The failure to prepare for a US withdrawal leaves the EU strategically paralysed, risking both Kyiv’s sovereignty and Europe’s future security. This study explores the consequences of this strategic void and underlines the importance for the EU to develop a unified defence strategy.
From conventional missiles to more experimental hypersonic platforms, Russia is redefining missil... more From conventional missiles to more experimental hypersonic platforms, Russia is redefining missile warfare. On November 21st, Russia launched the Oreshnik missile in Ukraine, marking the first-ever use of a hypersonic intermediate-range ballistic missile that can also carry a nuclear warhead. These advanced systems—capable of evading air defences and delivering precision strikes—are being tested extensively in Ukraine. They are not just battlefield tools; they are strategic signals to NATO and Europe about Russia’s evolving military might and a form of geopolitical blackmailing. The lack of adequate air defences to deter hypersonic missiles creates a new security dilemma for Europe. This Info Flash analyses the greater implications of Oreshnik in Russian missile strategy and, more importantly, what it means for Ukraine and its allies in the long-term.
In the absence of a judicial body that would specifically deal with International Humanitarian La... more In the absence of a judicial body that would specifically deal with International Humanitarian Law (IHL), the role of its interpretation and enforcement often falls on human rights bodies, like the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). This article will begin by recalling the theories developed by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). An analysis will then be conducted on the interplay between human rights and international humanitarian law within the European Court of Human Rights Jurisprudence. The Court’s judgments in the Al-Jedda and Hassan cases will be examined to understand how ECtHR interprets the relationship between human rights and IHL and, subsequently how this affects the protection granted to individuals by the European Convention on Human Rights.
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Papers by Mario Blokken - Finabel
The strategic landscape of the Indian Ocean is increasingly shaped by geopolitical competition, particularly with the growing influence of China through infrastructure investments and military expansion. In response, European countries have sought closer security and economic ties with India, a dominant regional player, through military cooperation and strategic engagement. However, the challenge remains in balancing partnerships while addressing the broader implications of China’s presence.
This paper explores the Indian Ocean’s strategic significance to Europe, analysing the key drivers of collaboration, competition, and security challenges. As geopolitical rivalries intensify, European nations must adopt a proactive approach to safeguard their interests and maintain influence in this critical maritime domain.
The strategic landscape of the Indian Ocean is increasingly shaped by geopolitical competition, particularly with the growing influence of China through infrastructure investments and military expansion. In response, European countries have sought closer security and economic ties with India, a dominant regional player, through military cooperation and strategic engagement. However, the challenge remains in balancing partnerships while addressing the broader implications of China’s presence.
This paper explores the Indian Ocean’s strategic significance to Europe, analysing the key drivers of collaboration, competition, and security challenges. As geopolitical rivalries intensify, European nations must adopt a proactive approach to safeguard their interests and maintain influence in this critical maritime domain.