Cours5 Revision DC EM Intro
Cours5 Revision DC EM Intro
Cours5 Revision DC EM Intro
Géophysique appliquée 2
1
Révision des méthodes électriques
La loi d’Ohm
La loi d’Ohm nous dit comment le courant se réparti dans le sol
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2
Révision des méthodes électriques
Potentiel spontané
Les mécanismes en PP sont analogues aux mécanismes causant des différences
de potentiel naturelles. La polarisation résulte de la séparation de charges.
Sens du courant
O2 gazeux
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Surface
HFeO2 O2 dissous
Fe++
Fe+++ -
OH- H2O2 table
OH- d'eau
Électrons
H+
oxydation
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Fe(OH)2 H+
anode
Fe(OH)3 Fe++
FeS2
+ Fe(OH)3
3
Révision des méthodes électriques
Polarisation spontanée
i q ue
rm
e the
Dériv
4
Révision des méthodes électriques
Mécanismes de conduction
Pour comprendre l’effet PP, il faut comprendre comment les mécanismes de
conduction électrique.
Conduction ionique
Potentiel d’électrodes
Potentiel de membrane
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: Porosité
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: Saturation en eau
5
Révision des méthodes électriques
Déviation du potentiel
Les inhomogénéités du sol dévient les lignes de courant et les équipotentiels.
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6
Révision des méthodes électriques
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Ligne de
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courant
Équipotentielles
7
Révision des méthodes électriques
À l’interface, un portion k du
Medium (1) Medium (2)
courant sera réfléchie. 1
Lumière Image 2
C1 C l1
X r1 r2
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P
l
XP
P r3
Le coefficient de réflection P
l
8
Révision des méthodes électriques
Résistivité apparente
La mesure du potentiel permet d’obtenir un estimé de la résistivité du sol, la
résistivité apparente.
I
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V
où K est le facteur géométrique,
C1 A P1 M P2 N C2 B
propre à chaque configuration
r1 r2
d’électrode
r3 r4
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9
Révision des méthodes électriques
Profondeur d’investigation
La résistivité apparente est une mesure moyennée sur la profondeur. La
profondeur des lignes de courant dépend de l’écartement des électrodes.
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10
Révision des méthodes électriques
Profondeur d’investigation
La résistivité apparente est une mesure moyennée sur la profondeur. La
profondeur des lignes de courant dépend de l’écartement des électrodes.
<latexit sha1_base64="PjQvaAfYCUuxU6NbbV2Xo8kql3g=">AAADoHiclVLbahRBEK3NeInrbaOPvgxZBBFcZpaIvggLviQgmICbBLPr0tPpjU3mRk/Pmjj0j/g1vuof+Af6F56unZWIBLWbmak6Ved0VU0nZaorG0XfOmvBlavXrq/f6N68dfvO3d7Gvf2qqI1UY1mkhTlMRKVSnaux1TZVh6VRIktSdZCcvvTxg4UylS7yN/a8VNNMnOR6rqWwgGa9rcncCNnszM5cs+PCF+HSH7pmUmo3sSJ/1zyJ4S3hj6555dys148Gw6cRVvinEQ8iXn1q126x0XlMEzqmgiTVlJGinCzslARV2EcUU0QlsCk1wAwszXFFjrrg1shSyBBAT/E+gXfUojl8r1kxW+KUFI8BM6SH4BTIM7D9aSHHa1b26GXaDWv62s7xTVqtDKil90D/xltl/ivP92JpTs+5B42eSkZ8d7JVqXkqvvLwQlcWCiUwbx8jbmBLZq7mHDKn4t79bAXHv3OmR70v29yafrRV5kA+8LQyrj+HegPcZy5Qkf9nU0a8zpzP8LoJGGeMe8WKq1S/JuDxBWf+P7OPE92F3cU9XF228HJjfziIo0G8t9UfjdobuU4PaJMeQe8ZjWibdmmMCj7RZ/pCX4PNYDt4HewtU9c6Lec+/baCtz8BbeTFOA==</latexit>
11
Révision des méthodes électriques
Sondages électriques
Pour retrouver la résistivité vraie des couches, il faut faire plusieurs mesures qui
sont sensibles à différentes profondeurs du sol.
V
A M N B
12
Révision des méthodes électriques
13
Révision des méthodes électriques
• <latexit sha1_base64="Rv4eZE2vT7T57f5F9i+7UDyocRc=">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</latexit>
• <latexit sha1_base64="IiD/S7FNAhQxFAk55E4c4O0ypZ8=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="l9UDggn7fbi2zqApd8N8DV+HfV4=">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</latexit>
• <latexit sha1_base64="aaFuR335hzrrT36K/IAtvlWPmAA=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="6q4e6R4hfZFxXDHpMK9jQHoXwL4=">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</latexit>
Alors:
<latexit sha1_base64="Ddg+RuHQ4QdQwybfG0Ekggd6bN8=">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</latexit>
14
Révision des méthodes électriques
Tomographie
En général, on utilise la tomographie pour retrouver la distribution de résistivité
dans le sol.
15
Révision des méthodes électriques
Schlumberger
16
Révision des méthodes électriques
<latexit sha1_base64="A8ehZkNMQvZrTx09qmckas6sHZA=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="KoU+j/3Mb6u3dW3hiIWkxMFL6pw=">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</latexit>
17
Révision des méthodes électriques
Résistivité moyenne
Attention: La direction de mesure peut grandement affecter les valeurs obtenues
de résistivité apparente.
(résistances en série)
<latexit sha1_base64="7McoEKRYTDE+rwRX1yXNAQS0PSs=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="txzjIpGLeQ2D2yVP6Fy4gx6YczU=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="IXh4IFOttYk5vBedvQWffVEb2lc=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="yMp3lx8IF0FBYppWkNRLRVFW0LU=">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</latexit>
(résistances en parallèle)
<latexit sha1_base64="WRNZr9rPV0g0qm6eN6h9XwuDlDQ=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="8XRGVjTSXLyZAyDMhA4vMUBNPCA=">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</latexit>
18
Révision des méthodes électriques
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Profondeur
Profondeur
Seul le produit Seul le produit résistivité-
conductivité-épaisseur épaisseur peut être
peut être déterminé déterminé
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19
Révision des méthodes électriques
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Profondeur
Profondeur
20
Révision des méthodes électriques
21
Méthodes électromagnétiques
22
Méthodes électromagnétiques
Mesures électriques vs EM
23
Méthodes électromagnétiques
Mesures électriques vs EM
Inconvénients Inconvénients
• Mise en oeuvre ardue • Interprétation souvent qualitative
• Échelle régionale impossible • Inversion doit absolument être
• Nécessite l’accès au site contrainte
• Profondeur dépend de la • Très sensible au bruit culturel
longueur du dispositif
24
Méthodes électromagnétiques
25
Méthodes électromagnétiques
Types de méthodes
Méthodes à champ uniforme (non vues dans ce cours)
• VLF (very low frequency): Utilise le champ magnétique créé par des antennes
radios lointaines de très basses fréquences.
• AMT (Audio magnetotelluric): Même principe que la MT, utilise les sphérics
produits par les éclaires.
26
Méthodes électromagnétiques
Types de méthodes
Méthodes à champs dipolaire (vues dans ce cours)
• TEM ou TDEM (Time Domain EM): Regroupe les méthodes utilisants une
boucle émettrice et une boucle réceptrice dont le courant est une impulsion
dans le temps.
27
Méthodes électromagnétiques
Types de méthodes
Méthodes à champs dipolaire (vues dans ce cours)
• TEM ou TDEM (Time Domain EM): Regroupe les méthodes utilisants un boucle
émettrice et une boucle réceptrice dont le courant est une impulsion dans le
temps
28
Différentes méthodes selon la fréquence
Profondeur (m)
Fréquence (Hz)
(Pellerin et Wannamaker, 2005)
29
Méthodes électromagnétiques
Bonne références
Voir le site de UBC sur le EM: https://em.geosci.xyz/index.html
30
Méthodes électromagnétiques
31
Propagation des ondes électromagnétiques
32
Propagation des ondes électromagnétiques
Équations de Maxwell
Les équations de Maxwell sont à la base des méthodes EM!
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• Loi de Faraday: •
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(magnétique)
33
Propagation des ondes électromagnétiques
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34
Propagation des ondes électromagnétiques
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35
Propagation des ondes électromagnétiques
<latexit sha1_base64="51oh/zq50jwiRLfN8XB7Si61iIU=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="AfXY0N8g9Jxx5N2nGKm/xpO4SqU=">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</latexit>
où <latexit sha1_base64="Gd0A+1MBlsXj/aY02n1Fb0CZCo4=">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</latexit>
est la fréquence angulaire <latexit sha1_base64="kj4r9cN/F43qdAZgHxWCIAH3Udk=">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</latexit>
.
36
Propagation des ondes électromagnétiques
Approximations possibles
Différentes figures de cas sont possible selon les fréquences utilisées
<latexit sha1_base64="51oh/zq50jwiRLfN8XB7Si61iIU=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="JUxzRxJCe5JWr//YjfE0Os++YcE=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="ALJZsUpwvLH2GUyyCLJ/a30ev9M=">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</latexit>
37
Propagation des ondes électromagnétiques
Approximation quasi-statique
Différentes figures de cas sont possible selon les fréquences utilisées
<latexit sha1_base64="51oh/zq50jwiRLfN8XB7Si61iIU=">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</latexit>
quasi-statique:
<latexit sha1_base64="ALJZsUpwvLH2GUyyCLJ/a30ev9M=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="c2AfbsS9nhVWiOP2IWKnwo+ETy0=">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</latexit>
38
Propagation des ondes électromagnétiques
<latexit sha1_base64="uqKfKklxdWUG2KpEbh3K8mZxBkc=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="gutJWLgxg6PogZYls3cGmeu9hos=">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</latexit>
39
Propagation des ondes électromagnétiques
<latexit sha1_base64="gutJWLgxg6PogZYls3cGmeu9hos=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="1naEeFafyHpDA7HuI+kqs4aWYrk=">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</latexit>
40
Propagation des ondes électromagnétiques
41
Propagation des ondes électromagnétiques
Onde atténuée
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42
Propagation des ondes électromagnétiques
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T1
La vitesse de propagation est:
T2
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43
Propagation des ondes électromagnétiques
44
Propagation des ondes électromagnétiques
Propagation en fréquence
Les applications de UBC sont une belle façon de comprendre la physique de la
propagation en fréquence ! Voir le notebook FDEM_Planewave_Wholespace.
45
https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/geoscixyz/em_apps/master
Propagation des ondes électromagnétiques
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46
Propagation des ondes électromagnétiques
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47
Propagation des ondes électromagnétiques
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48
Propagation des ondes électromagnétiques
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49
Propagation des ondes électromagnétiques
50
https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/geoscixyz/em_apps/master
Principes des mesures EM
51
Principes des mesures EM
52
Principes des mesures EM
Boucle émettrice
La loi de Biot-Savart: Production d’un champ magnétique par une boucle de
courant
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<latexit sha1_base64="I4tTJHPt5es0mpKNUKbHkQfFrqk=">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</latexit>
53
Principes des mesures EM
Boucle émettrice
La champ produit par une boucle à un point quelconque de l’espace est plus
complexe à dériver, et est donné par:
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surface
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54
Principes des mesures EM
Boucle émettrice
55
Principes des mesures EM
Boucle émettrice
56
Principes des mesures EM
Boucle émettrice
Les émetteurs en EM:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Magnetic_field_due_to_current.svg
57
Propagation des ondes électromagnétiques
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• Loi de Faraday: •
<latexit sha1_base64="szhmjWGf8lGaRGlLEglutgV86M0=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="DVltlhBALWTfK+EvE23y6XkQNtU=">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</latexit>
(magnétique)
58
Propagation des ondes électromagnétiques
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59
Principes des mesures EM
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60
Principes des mesures EM
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Le flux dépend:
• De la grandeur de la surface
• De l’orientation de la surface
par rapport au champ
magnétique
• De la force du champ
61
Principes des mesures EM
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62
Principes des mesures EM
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https://youtu.be/N7tIi71-AjA
63
Principes des mesures EM
Boucle réceptrice
La boucle réceptrice mesure un voltage proportionnel à la variation du champ
magnétique total.
Pour
Force un champ plan
électromotrice Loi de Faraday
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<latexit sha1_base64="FB7/axM8ey52aJI51EvzyZu/SGk=">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</latexit>
Flux magnétique
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<latexit sha1_base64="5Et2w6gVufJ3Xu2U3/jXFDqjz6Q=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="bBn6pf4pji8fIpPxqiYkSfD8D/4=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="aJyFkaLsXj3cL58GqMw0YQnFTzU=">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</latexit>
64
Principes des mesures EM
Boucles réceptrices
• La loi de Faraday décrit comment
la variation temporel d’un champ
magnétique peut être mesuré par le
courant induit dans une boucle
• La loi de Lenz indique le sens du
courant induit dans le récepteur
Boucle émettrice
• Le flux magnétique est la Tx
composante du champ magnétique
Boucle réceptrice
normal à la surface de la boucle
Rx
• Pour mesurer le champ, le
couplage du récepteur avec le
champ mesuré est important
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Magnetic_field_due_to_current.svg
65
Détection d’une anomalie
66
Détecter une anomalie
67
Détecter une anomalie
68
Détecter une anomalie
Le circuit équivalent
Réponse de la
sous-surface
(Butler, 2005)
69
secondaire
Détecter une anomalie
+
+
Forme de l’anomalie
T R T R T R
Lecture positive
P, Q % Lecture positive
Lecture négative
+10
+
0
-30
Conducteur
70
Détecter une anomalie
Forme de l’anomalie
Rx Rx
+ -
71
secondaire
Détecter une anomalie
+
+
Forme de l’anomalie
T R T R T R
Lecture positive
P, Q % Lecture positive
Lecture négative
+10
+
0
-30
Conducteur
+ -
72
secondaire
Détecter une anomalie
+
+
Forme de l’anomalie
T R T R T R
Lecture positive
P, Q % Lecture positive Tx Rx
Lecture négative
+10
+
0
-30
Conducteur
+ -
73
secondaire
Détecter une anomalie
+
+
Forme de l’anomalie
T R T R T R
Lecture positive
P, Q % Lecture positive
Lecture négative
+10
+
0
-30
Conducteur
+ -
74
secondaire
Détecter une anomalie
+
+
Forme de l’anomalie
T R T R T R
Lecture positive
P, Q % Lecture positive Tx Rx
Lecture négative
+10
+
0
-30
Conducteur
+ -
75
secondaire
Détecter une anomalie
+
+
Forme de l’anomalie
T R T R T R
Lecture positive
P, Q % Lecture positive
Lecture négative
+10
+
0
-30
Conducteur
+ -
76
secondaire
Détecter une anomalie
+
+
Forme de l’anomalie
T R T R T R
Lecture positive
P, Q % Lecture positive
Tx Lecture négativeRx
+10
+
0
-30
Conducteur
+ -
77
secondaire
Détecter une anomalie
+
+
Forme de l’anomalie
T R T R T R
Lecture positive
P, Q % Lecture positive
Lecture négative
+10
+
0
-30
Conducteur
+ -
78
secondaire
Détecter une anomalie
+
+
Forme de l’anomalie
T R T R T R
Lecture positive
P, Q % Lecture positive
Tx Rx Lecture négative
+10
+
0
-30
Conducteur
+ -
79
secondaire
Détecter une anomalie
+
+
Forme de l’anomalie
T R T R T R
Lecture positive
P, Q % Lecture positive
Lecture négative
+10
+
0
-30
Conducteur
+ -
80
secondaire
Détecter une anomalie
+
+
Forme de l’anomalie
T R T R T R
Lecture positive
P, Q % Lecture positive
Lecture négative
Tx Rx
+10
+
0
-30
Conducteur
+ -
81
Détecter une anomalie
Tx Rx
Tx Rx
Tx Rx
82
Résumé
• Une boucle émet un champ
magnétique (le champ primaire)
• Le champ primaire se propage dans
le sol
• Le champ primaire induit un courant
dans le sol
• Le courant produit un champ
magnétique secondaire
• La boucle émettrice mesure les
champs primaires et secondaires
• La mesure dépend du couplage
entre les boucles et entre les
anomalies présentes dans le sol.
83