Mohammed Kabir, Ph.D

Abstract
“The Menace of Human Trafficking and HIV/AIDS in the 21st Century, With Particular Reference to Some States; A Challenge to the Nigerian Nation”. This is a research work conducted for the reconstruction of the Social History of the episodes associated with the two interwoven subject matters of study mentioned above. The focus of the study centers on their causes, implications and impact on Nigerian Society. In the course of conducting the study relevant materials, quantitative and qualitative techniques of data collection, presentation and analysis were used aimed examining and highlighting how problematic, chronic, frustrating, destructive and disastrous the studied variables are to the social, biological, political, economic, cultural, religious and geographical life of the Nigerian people and society. The study argues that Human Trafficking greatly contributes in depopulating and under developing the Nigerian economy and state at large. It is a major violation of Children Rights for it generates exploitative child labor since it involves agents for the illegal movement of Human Beings for illicit commercial and business dealings. Nigeria has been ranked as a major supplier and the simplest transit route for Human Trafficking. Recent studies have proved that about 8. Million Nigerian Children are engaged in exploitive child labor as 43% of them are based in the southern border towns of places like Calabar, Port-Harcourt and Owerri to state but a few. The study also shows that 80% of children trafficked to Italy are from Africa and 60% out of them are Nigerians. Furthermore, Nigeria with an estimated population of 160, Million is second to South Africa in the number of people living with HIV/AIDS world-wide i.e representing 9% of the Global burden of the HIV/AIDS prevalence rate, by the year 2001 was 5.8%. Among the causes of Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Nigerian area include; poor quality of Health Care Services, in equities, chronic and debilitating poverty and the persistence of HIV/AIDS related stigma and discrimination, and are also factors that forced many Agencies to morally and financially become committed aimed at combating against HIV/AIDS; namely UNICEF, UK,DFID, UNIFEM, HRD, NACA and International Religious Bodies. Finally, this is an incisive critism and attempt for Social Historical reconstruction and a call for the Nigerian Policy Makers to rise to the responsibility alongside by creating full scale employment opportunities for the betterment and normal survival of the Nigerians as a way forward.
Keywords: Menace, Women, Trafficking, HIV/AIDS, 21st Century, Nigeria, Challenges, Forward.

Terrorists activities in modern world are rampant, sporadical in nature, very threat and disastrous to the existence of man and his society. The increasing rate of these activities of the terrorists is strongly associated with the negative role of international politics, diplomacy and the western tactics and strategies of isolation, sanctions and conspiracy. But in any event the policy makers of the third world nations' in particular must be criticized of their failure to rise to the responsibility, alongside, failure to provide security to the lives and properties of their deluded masses, demand for the satisfaction of long term plans, political, economic, social and ideological interests. However, it is against this backdrop this study titled "Terrorism and International Politics in the 21 st century; The way forward" is carried out to examine the genesis/causes, motives and effects of this subject matter of our write-ups. In this study many published and unpublished materials as well as informants were consulted. The interest of the study is to acquaint the students, general reading public and world at large with the prevalence of various uprising, terrorists' activities in various ramifications and the concerted efforts of the governments concerned to overcome the unfortunate state of affairs which is nasty and disastrous in nature. Further to the above, it highlights the nature, character and manifestations of insurgencies and has on the other hand draws into light that radical Islamic terrorism shares many characteristics with ethnic, economic and political violence and rightly observed that all forms of terrorists activities are Islamically illegal and contrary to the law of Islam, inhumane and irreligious movements because are not purely on religious foundations. To the study, terrorism is no more but a despicable crime, since one person's terrorist is another's freedom fighter and terrorists are enemies that are not easily traceable, with myriad of complex motivations, as individuals and as groups. Terrorism is mysterious phenomena, a form of political violence, a tactic, not a movement, which represents the final escalation in the process of political violence. It is an act that cannot exist, if other non-violent are those of reform and conflict resolution were available to the dissidents. At the tail end, the study proffers solution to the challenges confronting security to lives and properties in the 21 st century.

Abstract

This study titled “An Appraisal of Colonial Policies And Girl Child Education in Katsina Emirate Under British Administration; 1948-1960 A.D.” has been initiated purely to examine and assess for a proper historical reconstruction of the major developments associated with the subject matter mentioned above. The concept of Educational Policy means Government’s way of realization that part of the National goals can be achieved by using education as a tool. No educational Policy could be formulated without first identifying the overall philosophy and goals of the Authority concerned. In the course of conducting the study many published and unpublished works were interacted with for accurate data collection. The study found that the policies were only longer in words but shorter in action; the motives behind their implementation were partially achieved, because throughout the colonial period there was neither a concrete evidence of the acceptance of Christianity among Katsina Schools’ Girls, nor single Mission school established and dedicated in the Emirate. Both the implemented policies and Girl-Child Education have generated a change in outlook with regards to the socio-cultural, religious and economic life of the first generation of educated Girl-Child, the policies were also found somehow irrelevant and inappropriate to teaching learning processes. By 1903, Girl-Child Education was not the priority of the British colonial Authority and was as a result largely funded by Katsina Native Authority Treasury Department. This brand of Education began to gather momentum in the late 1940’s and early part of the 1950’s for example, Provincial Girls’ School, Katsina was established in 1954. The study justifies that the first generation of expatriate teachers were found ignorant of their learners socio political, economic, religious, geographical and cultural background and there by retarding the Educational Department of Girl-Child in the Emirate. Beyond 1958, there was no any Colonial Educational Policy implemented rather than the Structural Adjustment Exercise carried. This studied subject matter has confronted many challenges among which include; Socio- Cultural and religious factors i.e Muslims’ strong opposition against the plans for its introduction, concubine, early marriage, institutional fragmentation and failure of some parents and colonial Administration to rise to the responsibility. Post-colonial Educational Policies and Girl-Child Education after Nation’s Political Independence also got a boost as a result of the intervention of some International Agencies; such as Human Resource Development (HRD), and United Kingdom, Department for International Development (UK, DFID) and others to offer moral and financial supports.   







Keywords:- Appraisal, Colonial,  Policies, Girl, Education, Katsina, Emirate, British, Administration.