Geology

The present land use land cover investigation made by using Recent and High resolution data IRS-Resource sat 2, L4FX. In this study proposes a 2014 land use land cover assessment of the study area. Based on land use land cover classification, the study area contains a seven type of classes. The Seven classes are Deciduous Forests, Build up/Mine area, Agriculture/ crop land areas, Evergreen and Semi evergreen forests, Cultivation and Plantation, Barren Land and Water bodies are occupying areas of 27%,18%,18%, 16%,15%, 6%, 0.4% respectively. Classified image was carried into accuracy assessment. The accuracy assessment gives a result of overall accuracy - 90%, Kappa Accuracy - 88%, Producer Accuracy - 90% and User Accuracy - 91%.

The present study deals about the geomorphologic changes of the study area during the year 1992 to
2010. The methodology explains the precise study of the application of remote sensing and GIS. The
climate, bedrock and time span are the main reason for the geomorphologic changes. The changes
were noticed in the study area. During the 18 year gap the denutaional- dissected hills and valleys,
dissected upper plateau, water bodies, structural – dissected hills and valley areas are decreased. The
pediment and pediplain and anthropogenic origin areas are increased.

The present study provides the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index of the study area. The
main aim of this study is to evaluate the vegetation index using Lands at image. NDVI map
prepared by using ENVI Image processing software. The study area NDVI map gives the
Maximum value of 0.7 and Minimum Value of-0.06. The result depicts following types of
vegetation index like Water bodies, Barren and Rocks, Shrub and Grass land, Moderate Green,
Very green area, dense forests, Temperature and Tropical Rainforests. The NDVI cover type of
water bodies are very less at the same time the Barren areas, Rock surface, shrub and Grass land
are mostly occupying the Eastern part of the study area. Remaining cover types are occupying the
highly elevated areas.

The present study reveals that, to assess the Land use Land cover changes using remote sensing and GIS technology. The Land use/Land cover map prepared based on NRSC classification using ERDAS IMAGINE software using of supervised classification. Urbanization and development are the most crucial causes for land changes at the study area. The current scenario shows the socio-economic development but its affect the water resources, mineral wealth and ecosystems. The study finding shows that the maximum changes were noticed in Built-up-Land at central part of study area and near to down ship area. Other changes also were noticed in the study area and brought this spatial distribution.

The present study deals about the quality of
water for assessing purpose of domestic use.
The study area is covering 1278 km2 in 14
panchayats. We analyzed the different
pysico-chemical parameters during premonsoon
season in the year 2013 to 2014.
The analyzed physic – chemical parameters
are Fluoride, Iron, Chloride, Nitrate,
Sulphate, pH, TDS, Hardness and Alkalinity.
All the parameters are coming under the
desirable limit of drinking water except
TDS. Two panchayats are having above the
permissible limits of Hardness.

Ground water is an important resource of water. However, over exploitation has affected
the groundwater quality and quantity. Assessing the ground water potential zone is very
important for the protection of water and management of groundwater system. Recent
trends are showing the systematic planning to stop the over exploitation of groundwater
and shrinking natural resources. Geo-spatial technology is very useful to study about the
groundwater in detail. In the present study delineate the possible groundwater potential
zones in the Salem district using geo-spatial technology. The thematic layers considered
in this present study, which are geomorphology, drainage density, lineament density.
These thematic layers are integrated for identify the groundwater potential zone.
Therefore, five different groundwater potential zones were identified, which are very
good, good, moderate, poor and very poor. Finally, it concluded that the Geo-spatial
technology is very efficient and useful for the identification of groundwater potential
zones.

The present study represents the application of geospatial technology for land use land cover, accuracy assessment and change detection with the use of satellite image. A Landsat image has been used in two difference years, which were acquired in USGS website. ERDAS imaging software has been used and the supervised classification method applied to classify the land use land cover pattern.

The water quality study of Salem district, Tamil
Nadu has been carried out to assess the water quality for
domestic and irrigation purposes. For this purpose, 59
groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for pH,
electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS),
major anions (HCO
3
-
,CO
3
-
-
,F
-
,Cl
,NO
2
-
,
and SO
4
2-
), major cations (Ca
2?
Mg
2?
,Na
?
),
alkalinity (ALK), and hardness (HAR). To assess the water
quality, the following chemical parameters were calculated
based on the analytical results, such as Piper plot, water
quality index (WQI), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR),
magnesium hazard (MH), Kelly index (KI), and residual
sodium carbonate (RSC). Wilcox diagram represents that
23% of the samples are excellent to good, 40% of the
samples are good to permissible, 10% of the samples are
permissible to doubtful, 24% of the samples are doubtful
unsuitable, and only 3% of the samples are unsuitable for
irrigation. SAR values shows that 52% of the samples
indicate high-to-very high and low-to-medium alkali water.
KI values indicate good quality (30%) and not suitable
(70%) for irrigation purposes. RSC values indicate
that 89% of samples are suitable for irrigation purposes.
MH reveals that 17% suitable and 83% samples are not
suitable for irrigation purposes and for domestic purposes
the excellent (8%), good (48%), and poor (44%). The
agricultural waste, fertilizer used, soil leaching, urban
runoff, livestock waste, and sewages are the sources of