The main objective of this paper is to ignite a discussion on the challenges in tour guide traini... more The main objective of this paper is to ignite a discussion on the challenges in tour guide training dilemmas as well as reviewing the tour guide training paradigm with specific reference to Turkey. Also named as interpreters, cultural representatives, cultural brokers, pathfinders and mediators from different perspectives, tour guides have their righteous position in nearly all tourism systems. Turkey, a country boasting about rich cultural heritage, is technically faced with a three-fold tour guide education structure, which is practised at (1) two-year associate’s degree programs, (2) undergraduate programs and (3) certificate programs, offered by the National Union of Tourist Guides’ Chambers. At the end of each program, participants are entitled to be a licensed tour guide, which sparks a fierce debate on who holds the authority. What’s more, notwithstanding the fact that tour guiding is offered at tertiary education level, which is governed by the Higher Education Council, National Union of Tourist Guides’ Chamber, a trade association, at the legal level assumes the responsibility on legislation procedures ranging from tour guiding regulations to curriculum design, where the conflict gets deeper and deeper. Touching on some global tour guiding education systems, this paper sets out to shed some light on the challenges and issues on tour guiding with specific reference to Turkey and seeks an answer to the question of whether an internationally-adopted curriculum framework is feasible.
One puzzling results in the literature on energy consumption-economic growth causality is the var... more One puzzling results in the literature on energy consumption-economic growth causality is the variability of results particularly across sample periods, sample sizes, and model specification. In order overcome these issues this paper analyzes the causal links between energy consumption and economic growth for G-7 countries using bootstrap Granger non-causality tests with fixed size rolling subsamples. The data used includes annual total energy consumption and real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) series from 1960 to 2006 for G-7 countries, excluding Germany, for which the sample period starts from 1971. Using the full sample bootstrap Granger causality test, we find that there is predictive power from energy consumption to economic growth only for Canada. However, parameter instability tests show that none of the estimated models have constant parameters and hence the full sample results are not reliable. Analogous to the full sample results, the results obtained from the bootstrap rolling window estimation indicate no consistent causal links between energy consumption and economic growth. We, however, find that causal links are present between the series in various subsamples. Furthermore, these subsample periods correspond to significant economic events, indicating that the findings are not statistical artefacts, but correspond to real economic changes. Our results encompass previous findings and offer an explanation to varying findings.
The causal link between tourism receipts and GDP has recently become the major focus of some rece... more The causal link between tourism receipts and GDP has recently become the major focus of some recent studies in tourism economics. Results obtained in these studies about the causal link appear to be sensitive with respect to the countries analyzed, sample period and methodology employed. Considering the sensitivity of the causal link, we use the rolling window and time-varying coefficients estimation methods to analyze the Granger causality based on Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). When applied to Turkey for the 1963–2006 periods, this methodology enables us to overcome differences in the outcome of the tests performed in other studies for tourism receipts and GDP. The findings of this paper are as follows: results from the full sample within the VECM model indicate that there is no Granger causality between the series, while the findings from the time-varying coefficients model based on the state-space model and rolling window technique show that GDP has no predictive power for tourism receipts; however, tourism receipts have a positive–predictive content for GDP following early 1980s.
... A number of studies (Arvey et al., 1989; Ezzedeen, 2003; Griffin, 2001; Gu and Siu, 2009; Gun... more ... A number of studies (Arvey et al., 1989; Ezzedeen, 2003; Griffin, 2001; Gu and Siu, 2009; Gunlu et al., 2010; Kuşluvan and Kuşluvan ... Appelbaum, SH, Hebert, D., Leroux, S. (1999), "Empowerment: power, culture and leadership a strategy or fad for the millennium?", Journal of ...
The main objective of this paper is to ignite a discussion on the challenges in tour guide traini... more The main objective of this paper is to ignite a discussion on the challenges in tour guide training dilemmas as well as reviewing the tour guide training paradigm with specific reference to Turkey. Also named as interpreters, cultural representatives, cultural brokers, pathfinders and mediators from different perspectives, tour guides have their righteous position in nearly all tourism systems. Turkey, a country boasting about rich cultural heritage, is technically faced with a three-fold tour guide education structure, which is practised at (1) two-year associate’s degree programs, (2) undergraduate programs and (3) certificate programs, offered by the National Union of Tourist Guides’ Chambers. At the end of each program, participants are entitled to be a licensed tour guide, which sparks a fierce debate on who holds the authority. What’s more, notwithstanding the fact that tour guiding is offered at tertiary education level, which is governed by the Higher Education Council, National Union of Tourist Guides’ Chamber, a trade association, at the legal level assumes the responsibility on legislation procedures ranging from tour guiding regulations to curriculum design, where the conflict gets deeper and deeper. Touching on some global tour guiding education systems, this paper sets out to shed some light on the challenges and issues on tour guiding with specific reference to Turkey and seeks an answer to the question of whether an internationally-adopted curriculum framework is feasible.
One puzzling results in the literature on energy consumption-economic growth causality is the var... more One puzzling results in the literature on energy consumption-economic growth causality is the variability of results particularly across sample periods, sample sizes, and model specification. In order overcome these issues this paper analyzes the causal links between energy consumption and economic growth for G-7 countries using bootstrap Granger non-causality tests with fixed size rolling subsamples. The data used includes annual total energy consumption and real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) series from 1960 to 2006 for G-7 countries, excluding Germany, for which the sample period starts from 1971. Using the full sample bootstrap Granger causality test, we find that there is predictive power from energy consumption to economic growth only for Canada. However, parameter instability tests show that none of the estimated models have constant parameters and hence the full sample results are not reliable. Analogous to the full sample results, the results obtained from the bootstrap rolling window estimation indicate no consistent causal links between energy consumption and economic growth. We, however, find that causal links are present between the series in various subsamples. Furthermore, these subsample periods correspond to significant economic events, indicating that the findings are not statistical artefacts, but correspond to real economic changes. Our results encompass previous findings and offer an explanation to varying findings.
The causal link between tourism receipts and GDP has recently become the major focus of some rece... more The causal link between tourism receipts and GDP has recently become the major focus of some recent studies in tourism economics. Results obtained in these studies about the causal link appear to be sensitive with respect to the countries analyzed, sample period and methodology employed. Considering the sensitivity of the causal link, we use the rolling window and time-varying coefficients estimation methods to analyze the Granger causality based on Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). When applied to Turkey for the 1963–2006 periods, this methodology enables us to overcome differences in the outcome of the tests performed in other studies for tourism receipts and GDP. The findings of this paper are as follows: results from the full sample within the VECM model indicate that there is no Granger causality between the series, while the findings from the time-varying coefficients model based on the state-space model and rolling window technique show that GDP has no predictive power for tourism receipts; however, tourism receipts have a positive–predictive content for GDP following early 1980s.
... A number of studies (Arvey et al., 1989; Ezzedeen, 2003; Griffin, 2001; Gu and Siu, 2009; Gun... more ... A number of studies (Arvey et al., 1989; Ezzedeen, 2003; Griffin, 2001; Gu and Siu, 2009; Gunlu et al., 2010; Kuşluvan and Kuşluvan ... Appelbaum, SH, Hebert, D., Leroux, S. (1999), "Empowerment: power, culture and leadership a strategy or fad for the millennium?", Journal of ...
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Also named as interpreters, cultural representatives, cultural brokers, pathfinders and mediators from different perspectives, tour guides have their righteous position in nearly all tourism systems. Turkey, a country boasting about rich cultural heritage, is technically faced with a three-fold tour guide education structure, which is practised at (1) two-year associate’s degree programs, (2) undergraduate programs and (3) certificate programs, offered by the National Union of Tourist Guides’ Chambers. At the end of each program, participants are entitled to be a licensed tour guide, which sparks a fierce debate on who holds the authority. What’s more, notwithstanding the fact that tour guiding is offered at tertiary education level, which is governed by the Higher Education Council, National Union of Tourist Guides’ Chamber, a trade association, at the legal level assumes the responsibility on legislation procedures ranging from tour guiding regulations to curriculum design, where the conflict gets deeper and deeper.
Touching on some global tour guiding education systems, this paper sets out to shed some light on the challenges and issues on tour guiding with specific reference to Turkey and seeks an answer to the question of whether an internationally-adopted curriculum framework is feasible.
Also named as interpreters, cultural representatives, cultural brokers, pathfinders and mediators from different perspectives, tour guides have their righteous position in nearly all tourism systems. Turkey, a country boasting about rich cultural heritage, is technically faced with a three-fold tour guide education structure, which is practised at (1) two-year associate’s degree programs, (2) undergraduate programs and (3) certificate programs, offered by the National Union of Tourist Guides’ Chambers. At the end of each program, participants are entitled to be a licensed tour guide, which sparks a fierce debate on who holds the authority. What’s more, notwithstanding the fact that tour guiding is offered at tertiary education level, which is governed by the Higher Education Council, National Union of Tourist Guides’ Chamber, a trade association, at the legal level assumes the responsibility on legislation procedures ranging from tour guiding regulations to curriculum design, where the conflict gets deeper and deeper.
Touching on some global tour guiding education systems, this paper sets out to shed some light on the challenges and issues on tour guiding with specific reference to Turkey and seeks an answer to the question of whether an internationally-adopted curriculum framework is feasible.