Ph.D. in History, Peking University M.A. in History, Sun Yat-sen University M.A. in History, Osaka City University B.A. in History, Shandong University
伴随着明代国家财政运作手段从实物和劳役向白银货币转移,各级政府探索出一些新的财政管理技术来应对新形势,编纂对赋役收支进行量化核算的经制册籍就是其中之一。赋役经制册籍并非出于顶层设计,而是起源于州... more 伴随着明代国家财政运作手段从实物和劳役向白银货币转移,各级政府探索出一些新的财政管理技术来应对新形势,编纂对赋役收支进行量化核算的经制册籍就是其中之一。赋役经制册籍并非出于顶层设计,而是起源于州县官府的治理实践。因此,其扩展也就主要不是依靠中央统一政令在全国范围内自上而下推行,而是基层经验自下而上传导、省域内自上而下推广,与地域间横向传播的结合。本文以浙江赋役册籍编纂经验的形成与传播为例,说明嘉靖时期各地赋役经制册籍的普遍编纂,不仅是由于各地赋役改革的需要,同时也是新的财政管理技术知识的扩展及其对主政者产生 影响的体现。 The compilation of fiscal book,whereby the revenue and expenditure could be quantified,was a response to the silver-associated monetization of national finance in Ming. It was not a top-level design but origina- ted from the local practice. The present paper investigates the practice in Zhejiang,attempting to answer for what reason it was popularized in the reign of Jiajing of Ming.
明洪武到弘治年间,州县官府的赋役管理从基本不依赖核算向需要且能够进行核算的状态转变。洪武、永乐时期,在官府体系内部,只有田赋被部分地纳入核算管理,其他赋役征发则完全或绝大部分无法计量,也没有计划... more 明洪武到弘治年间,州县官府的赋役管理从基本不依赖核算向需要且能够进行核算的状态转变。洪武、永乐时期,在官府体系内部,只有田赋被部分地纳入核算管理,其他赋役征发则完全或绝大部分无法计量,也没有计划性。宣德以降,地方官员吸收民间粮里阶层分担赋役负担的经验,在此基础上进行旨在“均平” 的改革,以确保赋役的可持续征发。在探索均平之道的过程中,不同地方官员多采取量化赋役负担、预定征收计划、将派征对象标准化并进行摊派核算的方式。其中,田赋额等开始扮演摊派对象的角色。这开启了州县层面赋役征收核算体系的发展之路,也导致府、州、县与户、工等部及布政使司之间产生了赋役核算信息不对称,出现了二重会计结构。From Hongwu reign to Hongzhi reign, the administration of land tax and corvée in the county level has changed from a state that is basically independent of accounting to a state that needs manage through accounting. During the Hongwu and Yongle periods, only the land tax was partially included in the accounting management within the government system. Other levies were basically immeasurable or unplanned. From the Xuande period, local officials carried out the tax reform on the basis of absorbing the folk practices of assigning the burden of kinds of levies. They tried to ensure sustainable levy by making the burden “equally” allocated. In the process of exploring the method of equalization, making the levies measurable, putting them under a plan, and standardizing the objects of apportion became the common choice. And the amount of land tax has played the role of basic reference standard of apportionment. This opened up the development path of the accounting system of levies at the county level, and it also caused the asymmetric accounting information between county government and provincial and central governments.
张居正主政期间户部除编纂《万历会计录》清理本衙门负责的经费外,还于万历七年至九年对原本不属于户部核算范围的地方衙门公差、公费( 即“四差银”) 进行了全国性的调查和清理,并且编定了册籍。这一改革... more 张居正主政期间户部除编纂《万历会计录》清理本衙门负责的经费外,还于万历七年至九年对原本不属于户部核算范围的地方衙门公差、公费( 即“四差银”) 进行了全国性的调查和清理,并且编定了册籍。这一改革是明代户部全面掌握地方徭役折银收入的首次系统尝试,是明代财政集权化过程的重要一环。由此产生的数据也可以为我们推断万历初年全国四差银规模提供参考。Under the guidance of grand-secretary ZHANG Juzheng, the household department not only compiled the Wanli Kuaijilu to disentangle the funds directly controlled by it, but also carried out a national-wide investigation of the local governments' Sichaiyin(labor service paid by silver), which didn't belong to the it before. And the household department also asked the local government to reduce the local collection and edit account books to confirm the quota. This reform was the first time that the Ming household department tried to know all the local government's income after the labor services paid by silver. It was one import step in the process of the fiscal centralization in Ming Dynasty. And the data can also help us to infer the scale of the national-wide Sichaiyin in early Wanli period.
随着白银财政的展开,明末东南地区田赋征收中出现了以白银为标准的新科则,但清初又变回实物与白银并列的科则形式。这是否意味着白银在田赋征收中重要性的退却? 通过剖析田赋管理运作中户部坐派、州县会计、... more 随着白银财政的展开,明末东南地区田赋征收中出现了以白银为标准的新科则,但清初又变回实物与白银并列的科则形式。这是否意味着白银在田赋征收中重要性的退却? 通过剖析田赋管理运作中户部坐派、州县会计、编派、征收、解运、入仓交纳等6 个环节,可以发现无论明末还是清初,都有部分田赋项目的坐派形态,也就是入仓形态规定是本色,但实际上州县官府都采取向百姓征银,交付里长或差役买本色送仓上纳的做法,田赋运作方式并未因王朝鼎革而改变。但由于记载田赋科则的文献———赋役全书的性质发生改变,即从明末地方官府的自我财政管理工具变成清初户部实现财政集权的手段,其记载重点从州县实征转向入仓入库,新科则从用于实征的税率变为册籍上的派征率,故有前述形式变化。这提示我们要正确理解明清财政文献中的名词和数字含义,要仔细辨析这些文献的生产机制及其在制度运作中的作用。 The land tax rate with silver standard appeared in the southeast China late Ming as the development of silver finance,but the land tax rate with rice standard returned in Early Qing. Does it mean that the importance of silver retreated in the collection of land tax? By analyze the process from the ministry of revenue's allocation,through county's accounting,apportionment,collection,transportation and finally warehousing,we could find that there were items of rice according to ministry of revenue's allocation ( ie. the form for warehousing) both in late Ming and early Qing. However,the county government levied silver on the people rather than rice. Then the government gave these silvers to village chief and made them purchase rice to put in storage,which lasted from the late Ming to the early Qing without any hanges. The change of form of land tax rate lied in the change of the nature of Fuyiquanshu ( Complete Book of Land Tax and Labor Service ) which recorded it. Fuyiquanshu developed from the self-managing tool of local government to the method of centralization conducted by the ministry of revenue. So the emphasis of its record turned from collection of county government to warehousing controlled by the ministry of revenue. And the land tax rate appeared in late Ming changed from tax rate used in real collection to nominal tax rate in accounting of apportionment accordingly. This case study shows that we should analyze the producing process and function of fiscal literatures in order to understand the nouns and numbers recorded in these materials.
本文梳理了中國史學界“歷史人類學”所繼承的學術傳統和發展脈絡,介紹了其在區域社會是領域的具體研究成果,並討論了其理念和方法及未來走向。在與人類學者的合作與互動的過程中,社會史研究出現了從制度取向... more 本文梳理了中國史學界“歷史人類學”所繼承的學術傳統和發展脈絡,介紹了其在區域社會是領域的具體研究成果,並討論了其理念和方法及未來走向。在與人類學者的合作與互動的過程中,社會史研究出現了從制度取向到文化取向的轉變,這一群體採取“歷史人類學”的自稱開展工作。通過對珠江三角洲、韓江流域、莆田平原及其他地區研究的概觀可見這些研究已具有了使我們重新認識傳統中國、特別是明清中國的可能。近年歷史人類學致力於從區域社會史出發,研究中國地方傳統多元性和文化大一統之間的關係,分析明清時期各個區域的地方傳統如何整合起來。此研究取向已經取得了相當成績,但在空間和時間層面上都亟需拓展,並且針對新課題探究新的研究手法。
中山大学图书馆藏徽州文书具有归户性,为考察一个家族赋役应对方式的历时性变化提供了可能。文章研究中山大学图书馆藏徽州文书中B22006,发现在顺治、康熙、乾嘉时期,程世芳家族依次采取合会、生息基金... more 中山大学图书馆藏徽州文书具有归户性,为考察一个家族赋役应对方式的历时性变化提供了可能。文章研究中山大学图书馆藏徽州文书中B22006,发现在顺治、康熙、乾嘉时期,程世芳家族依次采取合会、生息基金、各房津贴、共同应役田产等家族赋役应对措施。研究过程体现了归户文书的价值和全面编目著录对揭示徽州文书信息的意义。The highly systematic Huizhou Documents collected by the Library of Sun Yat-sen University made it possible to study the diachronic changes of certain clans'countermeasures of fighting taxation. The research on Huizhou Documents B22006 reveals that the clan of CHENG Shi-fang use different methods such as ROSCA interest bearing fund alternate allowance and common reserved land to fight taxation in different periods of Qing Dynasty. This study is expressive of the value of household documents and the importance of complete cataloguing of each document.
历史数据库是数字技术与史学观念相互激荡的产物,它既是史学研究方法的技术载体,又改进、创新着研究方法。典藏检索型数据库的研发基于传统实证史学理念和文献考据方法,量化分析型数据库的设计则植根于历史研... more 历史数据库是数字技术与史学观念相互激荡的产物,它既是史学研究方法的技术载体,又改进、创新着研究方法。典藏检索型数据库的研发基于传统实证史学理念和文献考据方法,量化分析型数据库的设计则植根于历史研究的社会科学化与统计学方法,而数据库又使这两种史学方法得到改进,发挥出最大效能。近年来,在数字人文这一技术革命下催生的数据库给史学方法创新提供了可能,并且与注重文本脉络与历史脉络交错关系的当下史学趋势暗合。 Historical database is the merging result of digital technology and historical research. It is the technological carrier of historical research method while it also renews and advocates the historical methodology. The digital archive and retrieval system are developed based on the positivist historiography and textual research method, while the designing of quantitative database follows the notion of social science’s historical analysis and statistical method. Recently,the database designed on the notion of digital humanities provide possibility of innovation in historical methodology. And there is a coincidence of opinions between the technology trend and academic turn of historical study.
文书是官僚行政的工具,宋代以降官文书一般用装叙法行文,层层嵌套摘引每一个经手衙署的处理意见并交代传递关系和行移文类,这使我们有可能通过对一件文书结构分析来复原一件公务的整个行政流程。对缺乏系统档... more 文书是官僚行政的工具,宋代以降官文书一般用装叙法行文,层层嵌套摘引每一个经手衙署的处理意见并交代传递关系和行移文类,这使我们有可能通过对一件文书结构分析来复原一件公务的整个行政流程。对缺乏系统档案资料的明朝而言,这不失为考察行政流程细节的可行办法,但利用官文书资料需要注意文书的留存形态差异。本文以《山东经会录》卷首公移为例,考辨文书术语,辨析承转层次,揭示了明代省级财政册籍编纂的行政流程。 The use of documents is critical to the operation of Chinese bureaucracy system. From the Song Dynasty, the official documents are organized by citation form, which include all the relevant officers’ settlement advises in every procedure. Such form enables us to reconstruct the work process by analysis of the structure of document. For Ming dynasty, where systematic archives rarely remained, it is an applicable method to explore the details of administrative process. But difference among different remaining forms of documents should be considered. By applying this method to Shandong Jinghuilu, this paper shows the process of compiling provincial fiscal books in the Ming Dynasty.
明代赋役改革导致徭役折银定额化,但里甲役仍需亲身承担,是一项不确定的负担。针对不同负担,编户发展出不同应役方式,在家族组织不同层次上订立共同应役合同或者委托承揽契约,通过多层次复合性应对策略分散... more 明代赋役改革导致徭役折银定额化,但里甲役仍需亲身承担,是一项不确定的负担。针对不同负担,编户发展出不同应役方式,在家族组织不同层次上订立共同应役合同或者委托承揽契约,通过多层次复合性应对策略分散了风险、减轻了官方改革残余的徭役负担不确定性对生活的影响。应对策略所遵循的明晰权责、细化收益风险分担的原则显示出户内赋役应对本质上是一种具有很强“可计算性”的契约关系。
In the early twentieth century, the investigation of customary law made people aware of the impor... more In the early twentieth century, the investigation of customary law made people aware of the importance of contract used in daily life. At the same time, accompanied with the renovation of cultural notion, folk documents began to be collected and studied. In the past century, three changes occurred in the methodology of collecting, sorting out and studying folk documents: In-situ conservation replaced taking the documents out of its original place; record of the status quo took place of the classification by contents; and simple literature study developed into the combination of fieldwork and literature survey. The existing studies had manifested the uniqueness of folk historical documents and accumulated many experiences, which made it possible to systemize the methodology of collecting and studying these literatures and create a new academic sphere.
本文旨在梳理二十世纪以来民间历史文献收集整理方法的变迁及其学术背景。20世纪初,随着对民间惯习的法律调查,民间契约合同受到重视;同时,伴随着文史学界相应的观念更新,民间文献开始成为了研究、典藏的对象。而后,随着研究的深入,近一个世纪以来,学界在整理利用民间历史文献的方向上产生了三个转变:在收集方面,从“文献搬家”走向了“就地保存原件、复制副本”;在整理方面,从“打散文书、内容分类”走向了“现状记录,保持文献固有系统性”;在研究方面,从“就文献论文献”走向了“结合田野调查在文献留存现场解读文献,构建多元史料群”。既有学术研究揭示出民间历史文献的特性,也积累了相当的经验,这使对民间历史文献的搜集、整理、解读方法进行系统化,构建民间历史文献学成为了可能。
伴随着明代国家财政运作手段从实物和劳役向白银货币转移,各级政府探索出一些新的财政管理技术来应对新形势,编纂对赋役收支进行量化核算的经制册籍就是其中之一。赋役经制册籍并非出于顶层设计,而是起源于州... more 伴随着明代国家财政运作手段从实物和劳役向白银货币转移,各级政府探索出一些新的财政管理技术来应对新形势,编纂对赋役收支进行量化核算的经制册籍就是其中之一。赋役经制册籍并非出于顶层设计,而是起源于州县官府的治理实践。因此,其扩展也就主要不是依靠中央统一政令在全国范围内自上而下推行,而是基层经验自下而上传导、省域内自上而下推广,与地域间横向传播的结合。本文以浙江赋役册籍编纂经验的形成与传播为例,说明嘉靖时期各地赋役经制册籍的普遍编纂,不仅是由于各地赋役改革的需要,同时也是新的财政管理技术知识的扩展及其对主政者产生 影响的体现。 The compilation of fiscal book,whereby the revenue and expenditure could be quantified,was a response to the silver-associated monetization of national finance in Ming. It was not a top-level design but origina- ted from the local practice. The present paper investigates the practice in Zhejiang,attempting to answer for what reason it was popularized in the reign of Jiajing of Ming.
明洪武到弘治年间,州县官府的赋役管理从基本不依赖核算向需要且能够进行核算的状态转变。洪武、永乐时期,在官府体系内部,只有田赋被部分地纳入核算管理,其他赋役征发则完全或绝大部分无法计量,也没有计划... more 明洪武到弘治年间,州县官府的赋役管理从基本不依赖核算向需要且能够进行核算的状态转变。洪武、永乐时期,在官府体系内部,只有田赋被部分地纳入核算管理,其他赋役征发则完全或绝大部分无法计量,也没有计划性。宣德以降,地方官员吸收民间粮里阶层分担赋役负担的经验,在此基础上进行旨在“均平” 的改革,以确保赋役的可持续征发。在探索均平之道的过程中,不同地方官员多采取量化赋役负担、预定征收计划、将派征对象标准化并进行摊派核算的方式。其中,田赋额等开始扮演摊派对象的角色。这开启了州县层面赋役征收核算体系的发展之路,也导致府、州、县与户、工等部及布政使司之间产生了赋役核算信息不对称,出现了二重会计结构。From Hongwu reign to Hongzhi reign, the administration of land tax and corvée in the county level has changed from a state that is basically independent of accounting to a state that needs manage through accounting. During the Hongwu and Yongle periods, only the land tax was partially included in the accounting management within the government system. Other levies were basically immeasurable or unplanned. From the Xuande period, local officials carried out the tax reform on the basis of absorbing the folk practices of assigning the burden of kinds of levies. They tried to ensure sustainable levy by making the burden “equally” allocated. In the process of exploring the method of equalization, making the levies measurable, putting them under a plan, and standardizing the objects of apportion became the common choice. And the amount of land tax has played the role of basic reference standard of apportionment. This opened up the development path of the accounting system of levies at the county level, and it also caused the asymmetric accounting information between county government and provincial and central governments.
张居正主政期间户部除编纂《万历会计录》清理本衙门负责的经费外,还于万历七年至九年对原本不属于户部核算范围的地方衙门公差、公费( 即“四差银”) 进行了全国性的调查和清理,并且编定了册籍。这一改革... more 张居正主政期间户部除编纂《万历会计录》清理本衙门负责的经费外,还于万历七年至九年对原本不属于户部核算范围的地方衙门公差、公费( 即“四差银”) 进行了全国性的调查和清理,并且编定了册籍。这一改革是明代户部全面掌握地方徭役折银收入的首次系统尝试,是明代财政集权化过程的重要一环。由此产生的数据也可以为我们推断万历初年全国四差银规模提供参考。Under the guidance of grand-secretary ZHANG Juzheng, the household department not only compiled the Wanli Kuaijilu to disentangle the funds directly controlled by it, but also carried out a national-wide investigation of the local governments' Sichaiyin(labor service paid by silver), which didn't belong to the it before. And the household department also asked the local government to reduce the local collection and edit account books to confirm the quota. This reform was the first time that the Ming household department tried to know all the local government's income after the labor services paid by silver. It was one import step in the process of the fiscal centralization in Ming Dynasty. And the data can also help us to infer the scale of the national-wide Sichaiyin in early Wanli period.
随着白银财政的展开,明末东南地区田赋征收中出现了以白银为标准的新科则,但清初又变回实物与白银并列的科则形式。这是否意味着白银在田赋征收中重要性的退却? 通过剖析田赋管理运作中户部坐派、州县会计、... more 随着白银财政的展开,明末东南地区田赋征收中出现了以白银为标准的新科则,但清初又变回实物与白银并列的科则形式。这是否意味着白银在田赋征收中重要性的退却? 通过剖析田赋管理运作中户部坐派、州县会计、编派、征收、解运、入仓交纳等6 个环节,可以发现无论明末还是清初,都有部分田赋项目的坐派形态,也就是入仓形态规定是本色,但实际上州县官府都采取向百姓征银,交付里长或差役买本色送仓上纳的做法,田赋运作方式并未因王朝鼎革而改变。但由于记载田赋科则的文献———赋役全书的性质发生改变,即从明末地方官府的自我财政管理工具变成清初户部实现财政集权的手段,其记载重点从州县实征转向入仓入库,新科则从用于实征的税率变为册籍上的派征率,故有前述形式变化。这提示我们要正确理解明清财政文献中的名词和数字含义,要仔细辨析这些文献的生产机制及其在制度运作中的作用。 The land tax rate with silver standard appeared in the southeast China late Ming as the development of silver finance,but the land tax rate with rice standard returned in Early Qing. Does it mean that the importance of silver retreated in the collection of land tax? By analyze the process from the ministry of revenue's allocation,through county's accounting,apportionment,collection,transportation and finally warehousing,we could find that there were items of rice according to ministry of revenue's allocation ( ie. the form for warehousing) both in late Ming and early Qing. However,the county government levied silver on the people rather than rice. Then the government gave these silvers to village chief and made them purchase rice to put in storage,which lasted from the late Ming to the early Qing without any hanges. The change of form of land tax rate lied in the change of the nature of Fuyiquanshu ( Complete Book of Land Tax and Labor Service ) which recorded it. Fuyiquanshu developed from the self-managing tool of local government to the method of centralization conducted by the ministry of revenue. So the emphasis of its record turned from collection of county government to warehousing controlled by the ministry of revenue. And the land tax rate appeared in late Ming changed from tax rate used in real collection to nominal tax rate in accounting of apportionment accordingly. This case study shows that we should analyze the producing process and function of fiscal literatures in order to understand the nouns and numbers recorded in these materials.
本文梳理了中國史學界“歷史人類學”所繼承的學術傳統和發展脈絡,介紹了其在區域社會是領域的具體研究成果,並討論了其理念和方法及未來走向。在與人類學者的合作與互動的過程中,社會史研究出現了從制度取向... more 本文梳理了中國史學界“歷史人類學”所繼承的學術傳統和發展脈絡,介紹了其在區域社會是領域的具體研究成果,並討論了其理念和方法及未來走向。在與人類學者的合作與互動的過程中,社會史研究出現了從制度取向到文化取向的轉變,這一群體採取“歷史人類學”的自稱開展工作。通過對珠江三角洲、韓江流域、莆田平原及其他地區研究的概觀可見這些研究已具有了使我們重新認識傳統中國、特別是明清中國的可能。近年歷史人類學致力於從區域社會史出發,研究中國地方傳統多元性和文化大一統之間的關係,分析明清時期各個區域的地方傳統如何整合起來。此研究取向已經取得了相當成績,但在空間和時間層面上都亟需拓展,並且針對新課題探究新的研究手法。
中山大学图书馆藏徽州文书具有归户性,为考察一个家族赋役应对方式的历时性变化提供了可能。文章研究中山大学图书馆藏徽州文书中B22006,发现在顺治、康熙、乾嘉时期,程世芳家族依次采取合会、生息基金... more 中山大学图书馆藏徽州文书具有归户性,为考察一个家族赋役应对方式的历时性变化提供了可能。文章研究中山大学图书馆藏徽州文书中B22006,发现在顺治、康熙、乾嘉时期,程世芳家族依次采取合会、生息基金、各房津贴、共同应役田产等家族赋役应对措施。研究过程体现了归户文书的价值和全面编目著录对揭示徽州文书信息的意义。The highly systematic Huizhou Documents collected by the Library of Sun Yat-sen University made it possible to study the diachronic changes of certain clans'countermeasures of fighting taxation. The research on Huizhou Documents B22006 reveals that the clan of CHENG Shi-fang use different methods such as ROSCA interest bearing fund alternate allowance and common reserved land to fight taxation in different periods of Qing Dynasty. This study is expressive of the value of household documents and the importance of complete cataloguing of each document.
历史数据库是数字技术与史学观念相互激荡的产物,它既是史学研究方法的技术载体,又改进、创新着研究方法。典藏检索型数据库的研发基于传统实证史学理念和文献考据方法,量化分析型数据库的设计则植根于历史研... more 历史数据库是数字技术与史学观念相互激荡的产物,它既是史学研究方法的技术载体,又改进、创新着研究方法。典藏检索型数据库的研发基于传统实证史学理念和文献考据方法,量化分析型数据库的设计则植根于历史研究的社会科学化与统计学方法,而数据库又使这两种史学方法得到改进,发挥出最大效能。近年来,在数字人文这一技术革命下催生的数据库给史学方法创新提供了可能,并且与注重文本脉络与历史脉络交错关系的当下史学趋势暗合。 Historical database is the merging result of digital technology and historical research. It is the technological carrier of historical research method while it also renews and advocates the historical methodology. The digital archive and retrieval system are developed based on the positivist historiography and textual research method, while the designing of quantitative database follows the notion of social science’s historical analysis and statistical method. Recently,the database designed on the notion of digital humanities provide possibility of innovation in historical methodology. And there is a coincidence of opinions between the technology trend and academic turn of historical study.
文书是官僚行政的工具,宋代以降官文书一般用装叙法行文,层层嵌套摘引每一个经手衙署的处理意见并交代传递关系和行移文类,这使我们有可能通过对一件文书结构分析来复原一件公务的整个行政流程。对缺乏系统档... more 文书是官僚行政的工具,宋代以降官文书一般用装叙法行文,层层嵌套摘引每一个经手衙署的处理意见并交代传递关系和行移文类,这使我们有可能通过对一件文书结构分析来复原一件公务的整个行政流程。对缺乏系统档案资料的明朝而言,这不失为考察行政流程细节的可行办法,但利用官文书资料需要注意文书的留存形态差异。本文以《山东经会录》卷首公移为例,考辨文书术语,辨析承转层次,揭示了明代省级财政册籍编纂的行政流程。 The use of documents is critical to the operation of Chinese bureaucracy system. From the Song Dynasty, the official documents are organized by citation form, which include all the relevant officers’ settlement advises in every procedure. Such form enables us to reconstruct the work process by analysis of the structure of document. For Ming dynasty, where systematic archives rarely remained, it is an applicable method to explore the details of administrative process. But difference among different remaining forms of documents should be considered. By applying this method to Shandong Jinghuilu, this paper shows the process of compiling provincial fiscal books in the Ming Dynasty.
明代赋役改革导致徭役折银定额化,但里甲役仍需亲身承担,是一项不确定的负担。针对不同负担,编户发展出不同应役方式,在家族组织不同层次上订立共同应役合同或者委托承揽契约,通过多层次复合性应对策略分散... more 明代赋役改革导致徭役折银定额化,但里甲役仍需亲身承担,是一项不确定的负担。针对不同负担,编户发展出不同应役方式,在家族组织不同层次上订立共同应役合同或者委托承揽契约,通过多层次复合性应对策略分散了风险、减轻了官方改革残余的徭役负担不确定性对生活的影响。应对策略所遵循的明晰权责、细化收益风险分担的原则显示出户内赋役应对本质上是一种具有很强“可计算性”的契约关系。
In the early twentieth century, the investigation of customary law made people aware of the impor... more In the early twentieth century, the investigation of customary law made people aware of the importance of contract used in daily life. At the same time, accompanied with the renovation of cultural notion, folk documents began to be collected and studied. In the past century, three changes occurred in the methodology of collecting, sorting out and studying folk documents: In-situ conservation replaced taking the documents out of its original place; record of the status quo took place of the classification by contents; and simple literature study developed into the combination of fieldwork and literature survey. The existing studies had manifested the uniqueness of folk historical documents and accumulated many experiences, which made it possible to systemize the methodology of collecting and studying these literatures and create a new academic sphere.
本文旨在梳理二十世纪以来民间历史文献收集整理方法的变迁及其学术背景。20世纪初,随着对民间惯习的法律调查,民间契约合同受到重视;同时,伴随着文史学界相应的观念更新,民间文献开始成为了研究、典藏的对象。而后,随着研究的深入,近一个世纪以来,学界在整理利用民间历史文献的方向上产生了三个转变:在收集方面,从“文献搬家”走向了“就地保存原件、复制副本”;在整理方面,从“打散文书、内容分类”走向了“现状记录,保持文献固有系统性”;在研究方面,从“就文献论文献”走向了“结合田野调查在文献留存现场解读文献,构建多元史料群”。既有学术研究揭示出民间历史文献的特性,也积累了相当的经验,这使对民间历史文献的搜集、整理、解读方法进行系统化,构建民间历史文献学成为了可能。
There are two groups of scholars in the academic area of Qing dynasty in Japan: the scholars of “... more There are two groups of scholars in the academic area of Qing dynasty in Japan: the scholars of “Shindai Shi” who completely depend on Chinese materials and the scholars of “Shincho Shi” who mainly depend on Manchu materials. Recently, based on the previous solid text-critical study on Manchu materials and research about political history, the scholars of “Shincho Shi” began to discuss the state structure of the Daicing Gurun and its status in historical process of Eurasia continent. They maintain that the Daicing Gurun should be considered in the context of world history. The Daicing Gurun is viewed as continent empire appeared in the Post-Mongolia Era. By studies on Manchu, Chinese, Mongol and Tibetan materials, they emphasize the multiple compounded nature of Daicing’s state structure and the diversity of its governing order. According to their research, the Daicing Gurun is constructed via flexible autocracy which combined the rigid principle with eight banners system as its core and flexible use of ruling skills. This paper makes a retrospective survey of the “Shincho Shi” studies in japan and reviews its opinions centering on the book what is Shincho. 日本清史学界存在完全依靠汉语史料的“清代史”和主要依托满语史料的“清朝史”两个群体。近年来“清朝史”群体学者在此前扎实的满语史料译注考证和清初政治史、制度史研究的基础上,开始探讨清朝国家特质及其在亚欧大陆历史进程上地位的问题。他们主张将清朝放在世界史发展中加以认知,把清朝定位为亚欧大陆上后蒙古时代的大陆帝国。他们通过对满文、汉文、蒙文及藏文史料的研究,强调清朝国家结构多元复合的特征和统治秩序的多样性,认为大清帝国是以八旗制为中核的刚性原则与统治手段的柔性运用的结合,是一种满洲型柔性专制。本文回顾清朝史的学术脉络,通过其最新代表作《清朝とは何か》评述其基本学术理念。
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影响的体现。
The compilation of fiscal book,whereby the revenue and expenditure could be quantified,was a response to the silver-associated monetization of national finance in Ming. It was not a top-level design but origina- ted from the local practice. The present paper investigates the practice in Zhejiang,attempting to answer for what reason it was popularized in the reign of Jiajing of Ming.
The land tax rate with silver standard appeared in the southeast China late Ming as the development of silver finance,but the land tax rate with rice standard returned in Early Qing. Does it mean that the importance of silver retreated in the collection of land tax? By analyze the process from the ministry of revenue's allocation,through county's accounting,apportionment,collection,transportation and finally warehousing,we could find that there were items of rice according to ministry of revenue's allocation ( ie. the form for warehousing) both in late Ming and early Qing. However,the county government levied silver on the people rather than rice. Then the government gave these silvers to village chief and made them purchase rice to put in storage,which lasted from the late Ming to the early Qing without any hanges. The change of form of land tax rate lied in the change of the nature of Fuyiquanshu ( Complete Book of Land Tax and Labor Service ) which recorded it. Fuyiquanshu developed from the self-managing tool of local government to the method of centralization conducted by the ministry of revenue. So the emphasis of its record turned from collection of county government to warehousing controlled by the ministry of revenue. And the land tax rate appeared in late Ming changed from tax rate used in real collection to nominal tax rate in accounting of apportionment accordingly. This case study shows that we should analyze the producing process and function of fiscal literatures in order to understand the nouns and numbers recorded in these materials.
Historical database is the merging result of digital technology and historical research. It is the technological carrier of historical research method while it also renews and advocates the historical methodology. The digital archive and retrieval system are developed based on the positivist historiography and textual research method, while the designing of quantitative database follows the notion of social science’s historical analysis and statistical method. Recently,the database designed on the notion of digital humanities provide possibility of innovation in historical methodology. And there is a coincidence of opinions between the technology trend and academic turn of historical study.
The use of documents is critical to the operation of Chinese bureaucracy system. From the Song Dynasty, the official documents are organized by citation form, which include all the relevant officers’ settlement advises in every procedure. Such form enables us to reconstruct the work process by analysis of the structure of document. For Ming dynasty, where systematic archives rarely remained, it is an applicable method to explore the details of administrative process. But difference among different remaining forms of documents should be considered. By applying this method to Shandong Jinghuilu, this paper shows the process of compiling provincial fiscal books in the Ming Dynasty.
本文旨在梳理二十世纪以来民间历史文献收集整理方法的变迁及其学术背景。20世纪初,随着对民间惯习的法律调查,民间契约合同受到重视;同时,伴随着文史学界相应的观念更新,民间文献开始成为了研究、典藏的对象。而后,随着研究的深入,近一个世纪以来,学界在整理利用民间历史文献的方向上产生了三个转变:在收集方面,从“文献搬家”走向了“就地保存原件、复制副本”;在整理方面,从“打散文书、内容分类”走向了“现状记录,保持文献固有系统性”;在研究方面,从“就文献论文献”走向了“结合田野调查在文献留存现场解读文献,构建多元史料群”。既有学术研究揭示出民间历史文献的特性,也积累了相当的经验,这使对民间历史文献的搜集、整理、解读方法进行系统化,构建民间历史文献学成为了可能。
影响的体现。
The compilation of fiscal book,whereby the revenue and expenditure could be quantified,was a response to the silver-associated monetization of national finance in Ming. It was not a top-level design but origina- ted from the local practice. The present paper investigates the practice in Zhejiang,attempting to answer for what reason it was popularized in the reign of Jiajing of Ming.
The land tax rate with silver standard appeared in the southeast China late Ming as the development of silver finance,but the land tax rate with rice standard returned in Early Qing. Does it mean that the importance of silver retreated in the collection of land tax? By analyze the process from the ministry of revenue's allocation,through county's accounting,apportionment,collection,transportation and finally warehousing,we could find that there were items of rice according to ministry of revenue's allocation ( ie. the form for warehousing) both in late Ming and early Qing. However,the county government levied silver on the people rather than rice. Then the government gave these silvers to village chief and made them purchase rice to put in storage,which lasted from the late Ming to the early Qing without any hanges. The change of form of land tax rate lied in the change of the nature of Fuyiquanshu ( Complete Book of Land Tax and Labor Service ) which recorded it. Fuyiquanshu developed from the self-managing tool of local government to the method of centralization conducted by the ministry of revenue. So the emphasis of its record turned from collection of county government to warehousing controlled by the ministry of revenue. And the land tax rate appeared in late Ming changed from tax rate used in real collection to nominal tax rate in accounting of apportionment accordingly. This case study shows that we should analyze the producing process and function of fiscal literatures in order to understand the nouns and numbers recorded in these materials.
Historical database is the merging result of digital technology and historical research. It is the technological carrier of historical research method while it also renews and advocates the historical methodology. The digital archive and retrieval system are developed based on the positivist historiography and textual research method, while the designing of quantitative database follows the notion of social science’s historical analysis and statistical method. Recently,the database designed on the notion of digital humanities provide possibility of innovation in historical methodology. And there is a coincidence of opinions between the technology trend and academic turn of historical study.
The use of documents is critical to the operation of Chinese bureaucracy system. From the Song Dynasty, the official documents are organized by citation form, which include all the relevant officers’ settlement advises in every procedure. Such form enables us to reconstruct the work process by analysis of the structure of document. For Ming dynasty, where systematic archives rarely remained, it is an applicable method to explore the details of administrative process. But difference among different remaining forms of documents should be considered. By applying this method to Shandong Jinghuilu, this paper shows the process of compiling provincial fiscal books in the Ming Dynasty.
本文旨在梳理二十世纪以来民间历史文献收集整理方法的变迁及其学术背景。20世纪初,随着对民间惯习的法律调查,民间契约合同受到重视;同时,伴随着文史学界相应的观念更新,民间文献开始成为了研究、典藏的对象。而后,随着研究的深入,近一个世纪以来,学界在整理利用民间历史文献的方向上产生了三个转变:在收集方面,从“文献搬家”走向了“就地保存原件、复制副本”;在整理方面,从“打散文书、内容分类”走向了“现状记录,保持文献固有系统性”;在研究方面,从“就文献论文献”走向了“结合田野调查在文献留存现场解读文献,构建多元史料群”。既有学术研究揭示出民间历史文献的特性,也积累了相当的经验,这使对民间历史文献的搜集、整理、解读方法进行系统化,构建民间历史文献学成为了可能。
围绕着这一成果,本文讨论了三个问题: 首先,对《会计录》的性质提出一些补充意见,进一步解释了《会计录》
所载数字反映的是户部会计职责范围内的财政收支情况,指出《会计录》虽不是预算,但具有提供财政计划成例的意义。其次,针对数据整理,特别是财政规模、结构与白银货币化程度的估算,分析了推算方法的合理性,同时也提出了进一步改善的可能方向。最后,在梳理万明从讨论白银货币化到白银财政的学术理路基础上,提出今后的研究需要注意考察市场机制与贡赋体系的关联,探索中国式市场经济的脱嵌机制。
日本清史学界存在完全依靠汉语史料的“清代史”和主要依托满语史料的“清朝史”两个群体。近年来“清朝史”群体学者在此前扎实的满语史料译注考证和清初政治史、制度史研究的基础上,开始探讨清朝国家特质及其在亚欧大陆历史进程上地位的问题。他们主张将清朝放在世界史发展中加以认知,把清朝定位为亚欧大陆上后蒙古时代的大陆帝国。他们通过对满文、汉文、蒙文及藏文史料的研究,强调清朝国家结构多元复合的特征和统治秩序的多样性,认为大清帝国是以八旗制为中核的刚性原则与统治手段的柔性运用的结合,是一种满洲型柔性专制。本文回顾清朝史的学术脉络,通过其最新代表作《清朝とは何か》评述其基本学术理念。