This article critically examines the intricate relationship between blasphemy laws and freedom of... more This article critically examines the intricate relationship between blasphemy laws and freedom of expression, offering a comparative analysis across diverse legal landscapes. Tracing the historical evolution of blasphemy laws from their ancient origins, the study delves into the varied interpretations and enforcement of these laws in different countries. Through case studies such as the Salman Rushdie affair and the Charlie Hebdo attacks, the article explores the real-world implications of blasphemy laws on the exercise of free speech. The legal frameworks surrounding blasphemy, ranging from total abolition to strict enforcement, are scrutinized, with a focus on countries like the Netherlands and Pakistan. The impact of blasphemy laws on freedom of expression is dissected, revealing a complex interplay that often results in self-censorship and hampers open discourse on religious matters. Drawing on international standards set by organizations such as the United Nations and the European Court of Human Rights, the article assesses the human rights implications of blasphemy laws. The challenges in achieving a delicate balance between religious sensitivities and freedom of expression are discussed, and the article concludes with reflections on potential future directions, advocating for nuanced legal reforms, educational initiatives on tolerance, and the promotion of respectful dialogue in pluralistic societies. This exploration aims to contribute to the ongoing global dialogue surrounding the limits of free speech, religious tolerance, and the imperative of protecting fundamental rights in diverse societies.
Asian Social Studies and Applied Research (ASSAR), 2021
This research article delves into the complex and interconnected nature of discrimination within ... more This research article delves into the complex and interconnected nature of discrimination within the realm of human rights, focusing on the concept of intersectionality. Discrimination is not experienced in isolation; rather, it often manifests at the intersections of various identities and characteristics. This paper explores the significance of understanding and addressing multiple discrimination within the framework of human rights law. It examines the challenges faced by individuals who experience intersecting forms of discrimination and analyzes the legal approaches and mechanisms necessary for effectively safeguarding their rights.
Asian Social Studies and Applied Research (ASSAR) , 2021
This research article explores the foundational concept of state responsibility within the realm ... more This research article explores the foundational concept of state responsibility within the realm of international law. Despite its fundamental role, the application of state responsibility is characterized by complexity and multifaceted challenges. The article delves into the historical development of state responsibility, tracing its evolution through landmark cases and codification efforts. It further investigates the core principles governing state responsibility, emphasizing attribution, breach of obligations, and associated consequences. Additionally, the article addresses contemporary challenges faced in the enforcement of state responsibility, particularly concerning non-state actors and issues of global governance. The overarching objective is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the intricate nature of state responsibility and to propose strategies for bridging existing gaps in its application and enforcement within the framework of international law.
This article explores the intricate relationship between human rights law and the phenomenon of g... more This article explores the intricate relationship between human rights law and the phenomenon of globalization. It delves into the evolution of human rights principles amidst the complexities posed by the globalized world. By examining key historical developments and contemporary challenges, this research aims to elucidate the dynamic interplay between globalization and the advancement of human rights. The article critically analyzes the impact of globalization on the promotion and protection of human rights, considering the opportunities it presents as well as the potential risks and challenges it poses to the fulfillment of these rights. Additionally, it examines the role of international institutions, transnational corporations, and civil society in shaping human rights discourse within the globalized landscape. Through this comprehensive exploration, the article aims to offer insights into the evolving nature of human rights law in the era of globalization.
Gender equality remains a critical global concern, with legal frameworks serving as fundamental i... more Gender equality remains a critical global concern, with legal frameworks serving as fundamental instruments for achieving parity between sexes. This research article explores the progress and persisting challenges in the context of gender equality under Pakistani law. While significant advancements have been made, a myriad of legal, cultural, and social factors continue to impede the full realization of gender equality. This article analyzes key legislative developments, highlights success stories, and identifies persisting gaps and challenges within the Pakistani legal system. Through a comprehensive examination of laws, policies, and their implementation, this research aims to provide insights into the multifaceted nature of gender equality in Pakistan.
This article delves into the intricate web of constitutional challenges that Pakistan has grapple... more This article delves into the intricate web of constitutional challenges that Pakistan has grappled with since its inception. The dynamic interplay between parliamentary supremacy and judicial independence, federalprovincial relations, protection of religious minorities' rights, the military's role in politics, electoral reforms, provincial autonomy, women's rights, and gender equality are examined. Each challenge highlights the delicate balance between fostering a stable democracy and safeguarding the diverse rights and interests of Pakistan's citizens. The article underscores the need for a comprehensive approach involving various stakeholders to address these constitutional conundrums and pave the way for a more just and inclusive Pakistan.
ASR: Chiang Mai University Journal of social Sciences and Humanities, 2024
Trade as we know it will change. This is because the fourth industrial revolution-a period of rap... more Trade as we know it will change. This is because the fourth industrial revolution-a period of rapid digital technological advancement-is beginning to impact the world. Coined in Germany as Industry 4.0, despite its name, this revolution is a process of emerging technologies established on older ones. Industry 4.0 represents the fusion of primarily digital developing technologies. This article examines the effects of Industry 4.0 and its revolutionary changes on the volume and nature of global trade, and identifies its quantitative, structural, and comparative impacts on countries and corporations using qualitative methods.. Implementing the core developments of Industry 4.0 will significantly change international trade volume and structure. There will be a significant shift toward services. The goods to gain prominence due to digitalization will mainly be those with high transportation, logistics, data, legislation, and transaction costs. Applying new technologies will also significantly alter the terms of trade.
Asian Social Studies and Applied Research (ASSAR) , 2022
This research article explores the dynamic intersection between the digital economy and the World... more This research article explores the dynamic intersection between the digital economy and the World Trade Organization (WTO). As the global economy undergoes a profound transformation driven by digital technologies, the WTO faces the challenge of adapting its frameworks to accommodate the complexities of the digital era. This paper examines the impact of the digital economy on international trade, identifies challenges posed by the digitalization of commerce, and assesses the role of the WTO in shaping the regulatory landscape for digital trade.
Artificial intelligence and technological advancements have headed to the development of robots c... more Artificial intelligence and technological advancements have headed to the development of robots capable of performing various functions. One of the purposes of robots is to replace human soldiers on battlefields. Killer robots, referred to as "autonomous weapon systems," pose a threat to the principles of human accountability that underpin the international criminal justice system and the current law of war that has arisen to support and enforce it. It poses a challenge to the Law of War's conceptual framework. In the worst-case scenario, it might encourage the development of weapons systems specifically to avoid liability for the conduct of the war by both the government and individuals. Furthermore, killer robots cannot comply with the fundamental law of war principles like the principle of responsibility. The accountability of autonomous
ASR: Chiang Mai University. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2022
The contemporary digital era cannot be imagined without information and communication technologie... more The contemporary digital era cannot be imagined without information and communication technologies already permeating and releasing all aspects of the community and the economy. The production of electronic commodities and ecommerce are the foundations of the digital economy. E-sport is one of the digital economy's components. China is the most significant e-sports industry globally, with profits estimated to reach 385 million US Dollars in 2021. Compared to the world, where revenue is expected to reach just 252.5 million US Dollars, it is clear that China represents the future of e-sports gaming in the world. The importance of e-sports in China's digital economy is becoming more evident over time. This article looked at e-sports from all angles. It provided a detailed explanation, starting from the historical background of e-sports to the current situation of e-sports in China.
ASR: Chiang Mai University Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2022
There has been a slow response by the World Trade Organization, especially those pertaining to in... more There has been a slow response by the World Trade Organization, especially those pertaining to integrating the digital economy among countries. Because of the complex, multidimensional electronic commerce environment, diverse interests, and conflicts among states on internet regulation and electronic development. However, the agreement, specifically at the World Trade Organization forum, acts as intermediary responsibility in forming a safe, sure, and reliable guiding structure for electronic commerce. Thus, it requires restructured early enough and significant way to facilitate the advancement of the electronic economy. This paper focuses on the overhaul of the World Trade Organization to be in line and able to handle challenging contemporary trade treaties. Currently, there is no all-inclusive change program for the World Trade Organization.
In recent years, the World Trade Organization (WTO), the multilateral trading system, has faced m... more In recent years, the World Trade Organization (WTO), the multilateral trading system, has faced many difficulties and challenges due to the great vows of anti-globalisation and trade protectionism. The appellate body, as a significant portion of the Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSU) of the WTO, has been suffering from an unprecedented crisis of suspension because the United States continues to prevent the appointment of vacant members. Now to save the World Trade Organization from an unprecedented crisis of survival reform has become a consensus. However, each member has a different opinion concerning the basic principle and specific contents of WTO reforms. In general, it is proposed to increase the flexibility of the negotiation mechanism and break the deadlock in multilateral negotiations caused by "consensus" and advocate the system in terms of substantive rules. It is proposed to establish new trade regulations, strengthen trade fairness, and eliminate investment Obstacles; in terms of disciplinary constraints, it advocates better use of the WTO's review and supervision functions and strengthens the constraints on members' compliance with transparency and notification obligations. In dispute settlement, it proposes to amend the relevant agreements as soon as possible To break the deadlock in the selection of judges of the Appellate Body and ensure the regular operation of the World Trade Organization. China clarifies its primary position and fundamental concerns, based on the existing paper, and introducing specific reform programs to participate more effectively in the WTO reform process. Qualitative research methodology has been applied to the following article.
International Journal of Social Sciences Perspectives, 2021
At present, the WTO's multilateral trading system faces the acute challenge of adapting to the di... more At present, the WTO's multilateral trading system faces the acute challenge of adapting to the digital and commercial economies' rapid evolution. The recent regional trade agreements embody the corresponding achievements of the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA), and the United States Mexico Canada Agreement (USMCA) in facilitating the free flow of data and regulating digital barriers to trade. The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) has also developed several new norms for promoting free data flow and protecting personal data privacy. The new regional trade agreements fulfil the digital trade threshold, prohibit delocalization by the data center and establish organized frameworks for cross-border data flow and personal privacy protection. In the negotiations on trade services agreements, China should focus on implementing a new management structure, speeding up domestic legislation and legislative reforms, and establishing a legal framework that promotes the free flow of data, fair competition, and personal information among corporations.
Journal of Humanities, Social and Management Sciences (JHSMS) Vol. 2, No. 1 (January-June 2021), 50-62, 2021
The World Trade Organization's (WTO's) dispute settlement mechanism, known as the "pearl in the c... more The World Trade Organization's (WTO's) dispute settlement mechanism, known as the "pearl in the crown," is stalled due to United States (U.S.) obstruction, which prevents appellate body members from being ordained. This situation continues, and the WTO's dispute settlement function is paralyzed since 2019. The WTO has faced a crisis in recent years, and the trade legislation has stagnated. The dispute settlement body was also blocked due to U.S. interference, which led to the failure of the appellate body's members to be selected. The data has been gathered for this descriptive study using secondary research method, including different newspaper articles and the internet, which were outlined and noted. This paper presents and evaluates several existing proposals on how to get out of the impasse. This paper points out whether the existing WTO members can choose to join or not participate in establishing a new appellate body. On this basis, it makes its own relatively unique proposal, namely, to establish a substantial dispute settlement mechanism outside the WTO, parallel to the existing dispute settlement mechanism, and it demonstrates the legal feasibility of the proposal. Immediately, the states should begin negotiations on the significant agreements required for this new appellate body. It will effectively solve the deadlock in the dispute settlement mechanism caused by the United States, blocking the appointment of members of the appellate body.
Liberal Arts & Social Sciences International Journal (LASSIJ) Vol. 5, No. 1, (January-June 2021): 433-443, 2021
Over the last few years, international criminal law has included an internationally recognized de... more Over the last few years, international criminal law has included an internationally recognized definition of the crime of aggression. One may sight the respective portion from part two (jurisdiction, admissibility and applicable laws) article 08 of the respective document. The purpose of this research represents the historical background of individual criminal responsibility under international law and the concept of individual criminal accountability for the crimes falling under the ambit of international criminal law committed by persons. Whereas the idea of how an individual could be brought to justice, for one of the core crimes of ICC's statutes, i.e., crime of aggression, was recently adopted and envisaged into Rome statutes, after the Kampala conference 2010. The concept of individual criminal responsibility for the crime of aggression faced many difficulties in at-least adopting its proper definition, which was leftover for future when Rome statue was formulated. To keep pace, this concept needs further evolution. Such an evolution demands such a condition wherein while granting the characteristics of adaptability with the contextual conditions and principles of criminal law. This article explores the anatomy of the crime of aggression and highlights issues that remain to be resolved.
Journal of Law and Political Sciences Vol. 28, No. 03, 2021
Computer networks are widely used in digital work across the globe, and easy access to the world ... more Computer networks are widely used in digital work across the globe, and easy access to the world wide web has led to widespread information of all the digital form sectors. In digital form, such abundance of information has given so many benefits to the countries such as publishing, creating, using, distributing, and reusing has become so easy compared to the past decades. Therefore, the good thing is the information enrichment, which benefits the people as individuals and society as a whole. However, the bad news is it also to misuse and illegally copying, distributing, and using of information illegally. Therefore, the paper aims to address the international intellectual property treaties and agreements, which led to the digital divide in the digital economy. Qualitative data analysis is used in this paper as a research method to define the concept of the digital divide in the context of the digital economy and illustrate the role of international intellectual property in the digital world. The research also sheds light on stakeholders' perspectives in order to stem the digital economy. The researcher also explores this digital divide's reasons while looking at gaps between policies and their implementation in the digital world. The research comes to an end while concluding that all the international intellectual property agreements and policies have failed in their implementation, which has further widened this digital gap.
International Journal of Social Sciences Perspectives, 2021
At present, the WTO's multilateral trading system faces the acute challenge of adapting to the di... more At present, the WTO's multilateral trading system faces the acute challenge of adapting to the digital and commercial economies' rapid evolution. The recent regional trade agreements embody the corresponding achievements
The scope of this research paper deceptive marketing practices in electronic media of Pakistan pr... more The scope of this research paper deceptive marketing practices in electronic media of Pakistan protecting the business interests of competitors is basically an attempt to provide guidelines to both of the regulators CCP and PEMRA, to establish rules, regulations and guidelines enforcing competition in Electronic Media Industry specifically related to the doctrines of "information lacking reasonable basis" 1 ('ILRB') and "inconsistent comparison of products" ('ICP') which are extracted from the doctrine of "deceptive marketing practices". The contentious area of this research paper is that, "whether directly or indirectly harming the business of competitors in the Industry of Pakistan by disseminating information lacking reasonable basis and inconsistent comparison of services constitutes deceptive marketing practice. Furthermore, resolving procedural implications shall also clear the depiction for the Industry and PEMRA that to what extent CCP has been mandated and empowered to ensure and enforce competition law.
This article critically examines the intricate relationship between blasphemy laws and freedom of... more This article critically examines the intricate relationship between blasphemy laws and freedom of expression, offering a comparative analysis across diverse legal landscapes. Tracing the historical evolution of blasphemy laws from their ancient origins, the study delves into the varied interpretations and enforcement of these laws in different countries. Through case studies such as the Salman Rushdie affair and the Charlie Hebdo attacks, the article explores the real-world implications of blasphemy laws on the exercise of free speech. The legal frameworks surrounding blasphemy, ranging from total abolition to strict enforcement, are scrutinized, with a focus on countries like the Netherlands and Pakistan. The impact of blasphemy laws on freedom of expression is dissected, revealing a complex interplay that often results in self-censorship and hampers open discourse on religious matters. Drawing on international standards set by organizations such as the United Nations and the European Court of Human Rights, the article assesses the human rights implications of blasphemy laws. The challenges in achieving a delicate balance between religious sensitivities and freedom of expression are discussed, and the article concludes with reflections on potential future directions, advocating for nuanced legal reforms, educational initiatives on tolerance, and the promotion of respectful dialogue in pluralistic societies. This exploration aims to contribute to the ongoing global dialogue surrounding the limits of free speech, religious tolerance, and the imperative of protecting fundamental rights in diverse societies.
Asian Social Studies and Applied Research (ASSAR), 2021
This research article delves into the complex and interconnected nature of discrimination within ... more This research article delves into the complex and interconnected nature of discrimination within the realm of human rights, focusing on the concept of intersectionality. Discrimination is not experienced in isolation; rather, it often manifests at the intersections of various identities and characteristics. This paper explores the significance of understanding and addressing multiple discrimination within the framework of human rights law. It examines the challenges faced by individuals who experience intersecting forms of discrimination and analyzes the legal approaches and mechanisms necessary for effectively safeguarding their rights.
Asian Social Studies and Applied Research (ASSAR) , 2021
This research article explores the foundational concept of state responsibility within the realm ... more This research article explores the foundational concept of state responsibility within the realm of international law. Despite its fundamental role, the application of state responsibility is characterized by complexity and multifaceted challenges. The article delves into the historical development of state responsibility, tracing its evolution through landmark cases and codification efforts. It further investigates the core principles governing state responsibility, emphasizing attribution, breach of obligations, and associated consequences. Additionally, the article addresses contemporary challenges faced in the enforcement of state responsibility, particularly concerning non-state actors and issues of global governance. The overarching objective is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the intricate nature of state responsibility and to propose strategies for bridging existing gaps in its application and enforcement within the framework of international law.
This article explores the intricate relationship between human rights law and the phenomenon of g... more This article explores the intricate relationship between human rights law and the phenomenon of globalization. It delves into the evolution of human rights principles amidst the complexities posed by the globalized world. By examining key historical developments and contemporary challenges, this research aims to elucidate the dynamic interplay between globalization and the advancement of human rights. The article critically analyzes the impact of globalization on the promotion and protection of human rights, considering the opportunities it presents as well as the potential risks and challenges it poses to the fulfillment of these rights. Additionally, it examines the role of international institutions, transnational corporations, and civil society in shaping human rights discourse within the globalized landscape. Through this comprehensive exploration, the article aims to offer insights into the evolving nature of human rights law in the era of globalization.
Gender equality remains a critical global concern, with legal frameworks serving as fundamental i... more Gender equality remains a critical global concern, with legal frameworks serving as fundamental instruments for achieving parity between sexes. This research article explores the progress and persisting challenges in the context of gender equality under Pakistani law. While significant advancements have been made, a myriad of legal, cultural, and social factors continue to impede the full realization of gender equality. This article analyzes key legislative developments, highlights success stories, and identifies persisting gaps and challenges within the Pakistani legal system. Through a comprehensive examination of laws, policies, and their implementation, this research aims to provide insights into the multifaceted nature of gender equality in Pakistan.
This article delves into the intricate web of constitutional challenges that Pakistan has grapple... more This article delves into the intricate web of constitutional challenges that Pakistan has grappled with since its inception. The dynamic interplay between parliamentary supremacy and judicial independence, federalprovincial relations, protection of religious minorities' rights, the military's role in politics, electoral reforms, provincial autonomy, women's rights, and gender equality are examined. Each challenge highlights the delicate balance between fostering a stable democracy and safeguarding the diverse rights and interests of Pakistan's citizens. The article underscores the need for a comprehensive approach involving various stakeholders to address these constitutional conundrums and pave the way for a more just and inclusive Pakistan.
ASR: Chiang Mai University Journal of social Sciences and Humanities, 2024
Trade as we know it will change. This is because the fourth industrial revolution-a period of rap... more Trade as we know it will change. This is because the fourth industrial revolution-a period of rapid digital technological advancement-is beginning to impact the world. Coined in Germany as Industry 4.0, despite its name, this revolution is a process of emerging technologies established on older ones. Industry 4.0 represents the fusion of primarily digital developing technologies. This article examines the effects of Industry 4.0 and its revolutionary changes on the volume and nature of global trade, and identifies its quantitative, structural, and comparative impacts on countries and corporations using qualitative methods.. Implementing the core developments of Industry 4.0 will significantly change international trade volume and structure. There will be a significant shift toward services. The goods to gain prominence due to digitalization will mainly be those with high transportation, logistics, data, legislation, and transaction costs. Applying new technologies will also significantly alter the terms of trade.
Asian Social Studies and Applied Research (ASSAR) , 2022
This research article explores the dynamic intersection between the digital economy and the World... more This research article explores the dynamic intersection between the digital economy and the World Trade Organization (WTO). As the global economy undergoes a profound transformation driven by digital technologies, the WTO faces the challenge of adapting its frameworks to accommodate the complexities of the digital era. This paper examines the impact of the digital economy on international trade, identifies challenges posed by the digitalization of commerce, and assesses the role of the WTO in shaping the regulatory landscape for digital trade.
Artificial intelligence and technological advancements have headed to the development of robots c... more Artificial intelligence and technological advancements have headed to the development of robots capable of performing various functions. One of the purposes of robots is to replace human soldiers on battlefields. Killer robots, referred to as "autonomous weapon systems," pose a threat to the principles of human accountability that underpin the international criminal justice system and the current law of war that has arisen to support and enforce it. It poses a challenge to the Law of War's conceptual framework. In the worst-case scenario, it might encourage the development of weapons systems specifically to avoid liability for the conduct of the war by both the government and individuals. Furthermore, killer robots cannot comply with the fundamental law of war principles like the principle of responsibility. The accountability of autonomous
ASR: Chiang Mai University. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2022
The contemporary digital era cannot be imagined without information and communication technologie... more The contemporary digital era cannot be imagined without information and communication technologies already permeating and releasing all aspects of the community and the economy. The production of electronic commodities and ecommerce are the foundations of the digital economy. E-sport is one of the digital economy's components. China is the most significant e-sports industry globally, with profits estimated to reach 385 million US Dollars in 2021. Compared to the world, where revenue is expected to reach just 252.5 million US Dollars, it is clear that China represents the future of e-sports gaming in the world. The importance of e-sports in China's digital economy is becoming more evident over time. This article looked at e-sports from all angles. It provided a detailed explanation, starting from the historical background of e-sports to the current situation of e-sports in China.
ASR: Chiang Mai University Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2022
There has been a slow response by the World Trade Organization, especially those pertaining to in... more There has been a slow response by the World Trade Organization, especially those pertaining to integrating the digital economy among countries. Because of the complex, multidimensional electronic commerce environment, diverse interests, and conflicts among states on internet regulation and electronic development. However, the agreement, specifically at the World Trade Organization forum, acts as intermediary responsibility in forming a safe, sure, and reliable guiding structure for electronic commerce. Thus, it requires restructured early enough and significant way to facilitate the advancement of the electronic economy. This paper focuses on the overhaul of the World Trade Organization to be in line and able to handle challenging contemporary trade treaties. Currently, there is no all-inclusive change program for the World Trade Organization.
In recent years, the World Trade Organization (WTO), the multilateral trading system, has faced m... more In recent years, the World Trade Organization (WTO), the multilateral trading system, has faced many difficulties and challenges due to the great vows of anti-globalisation and trade protectionism. The appellate body, as a significant portion of the Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSU) of the WTO, has been suffering from an unprecedented crisis of suspension because the United States continues to prevent the appointment of vacant members. Now to save the World Trade Organization from an unprecedented crisis of survival reform has become a consensus. However, each member has a different opinion concerning the basic principle and specific contents of WTO reforms. In general, it is proposed to increase the flexibility of the negotiation mechanism and break the deadlock in multilateral negotiations caused by "consensus" and advocate the system in terms of substantive rules. It is proposed to establish new trade regulations, strengthen trade fairness, and eliminate investment Obstacles; in terms of disciplinary constraints, it advocates better use of the WTO's review and supervision functions and strengthens the constraints on members' compliance with transparency and notification obligations. In dispute settlement, it proposes to amend the relevant agreements as soon as possible To break the deadlock in the selection of judges of the Appellate Body and ensure the regular operation of the World Trade Organization. China clarifies its primary position and fundamental concerns, based on the existing paper, and introducing specific reform programs to participate more effectively in the WTO reform process. Qualitative research methodology has been applied to the following article.
International Journal of Social Sciences Perspectives, 2021
At present, the WTO's multilateral trading system faces the acute challenge of adapting to the di... more At present, the WTO's multilateral trading system faces the acute challenge of adapting to the digital and commercial economies' rapid evolution. The recent regional trade agreements embody the corresponding achievements of the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA), and the United States Mexico Canada Agreement (USMCA) in facilitating the free flow of data and regulating digital barriers to trade. The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) has also developed several new norms for promoting free data flow and protecting personal data privacy. The new regional trade agreements fulfil the digital trade threshold, prohibit delocalization by the data center and establish organized frameworks for cross-border data flow and personal privacy protection. In the negotiations on trade services agreements, China should focus on implementing a new management structure, speeding up domestic legislation and legislative reforms, and establishing a legal framework that promotes the free flow of data, fair competition, and personal information among corporations.
Journal of Humanities, Social and Management Sciences (JHSMS) Vol. 2, No. 1 (January-June 2021), 50-62, 2021
The World Trade Organization's (WTO's) dispute settlement mechanism, known as the "pearl in the c... more The World Trade Organization's (WTO's) dispute settlement mechanism, known as the "pearl in the crown," is stalled due to United States (U.S.) obstruction, which prevents appellate body members from being ordained. This situation continues, and the WTO's dispute settlement function is paralyzed since 2019. The WTO has faced a crisis in recent years, and the trade legislation has stagnated. The dispute settlement body was also blocked due to U.S. interference, which led to the failure of the appellate body's members to be selected. The data has been gathered for this descriptive study using secondary research method, including different newspaper articles and the internet, which were outlined and noted. This paper presents and evaluates several existing proposals on how to get out of the impasse. This paper points out whether the existing WTO members can choose to join or not participate in establishing a new appellate body. On this basis, it makes its own relatively unique proposal, namely, to establish a substantial dispute settlement mechanism outside the WTO, parallel to the existing dispute settlement mechanism, and it demonstrates the legal feasibility of the proposal. Immediately, the states should begin negotiations on the significant agreements required for this new appellate body. It will effectively solve the deadlock in the dispute settlement mechanism caused by the United States, blocking the appointment of members of the appellate body.
Liberal Arts & Social Sciences International Journal (LASSIJ) Vol. 5, No. 1, (January-June 2021): 433-443, 2021
Over the last few years, international criminal law has included an internationally recognized de... more Over the last few years, international criminal law has included an internationally recognized definition of the crime of aggression. One may sight the respective portion from part two (jurisdiction, admissibility and applicable laws) article 08 of the respective document. The purpose of this research represents the historical background of individual criminal responsibility under international law and the concept of individual criminal accountability for the crimes falling under the ambit of international criminal law committed by persons. Whereas the idea of how an individual could be brought to justice, for one of the core crimes of ICC's statutes, i.e., crime of aggression, was recently adopted and envisaged into Rome statutes, after the Kampala conference 2010. The concept of individual criminal responsibility for the crime of aggression faced many difficulties in at-least adopting its proper definition, which was leftover for future when Rome statue was formulated. To keep pace, this concept needs further evolution. Such an evolution demands such a condition wherein while granting the characteristics of adaptability with the contextual conditions and principles of criminal law. This article explores the anatomy of the crime of aggression and highlights issues that remain to be resolved.
Journal of Law and Political Sciences Vol. 28, No. 03, 2021
Computer networks are widely used in digital work across the globe, and easy access to the world ... more Computer networks are widely used in digital work across the globe, and easy access to the world wide web has led to widespread information of all the digital form sectors. In digital form, such abundance of information has given so many benefits to the countries such as publishing, creating, using, distributing, and reusing has become so easy compared to the past decades. Therefore, the good thing is the information enrichment, which benefits the people as individuals and society as a whole. However, the bad news is it also to misuse and illegally copying, distributing, and using of information illegally. Therefore, the paper aims to address the international intellectual property treaties and agreements, which led to the digital divide in the digital economy. Qualitative data analysis is used in this paper as a research method to define the concept of the digital divide in the context of the digital economy and illustrate the role of international intellectual property in the digital world. The research also sheds light on stakeholders' perspectives in order to stem the digital economy. The researcher also explores this digital divide's reasons while looking at gaps between policies and their implementation in the digital world. The research comes to an end while concluding that all the international intellectual property agreements and policies have failed in their implementation, which has further widened this digital gap.
International Journal of Social Sciences Perspectives, 2021
At present, the WTO's multilateral trading system faces the acute challenge of adapting to the di... more At present, the WTO's multilateral trading system faces the acute challenge of adapting to the digital and commercial economies' rapid evolution. The recent regional trade agreements embody the corresponding achievements
The scope of this research paper deceptive marketing practices in electronic media of Pakistan pr... more The scope of this research paper deceptive marketing practices in electronic media of Pakistan protecting the business interests of competitors is basically an attempt to provide guidelines to both of the regulators CCP and PEMRA, to establish rules, regulations and guidelines enforcing competition in Electronic Media Industry specifically related to the doctrines of "information lacking reasonable basis" 1 ('ILRB') and "inconsistent comparison of products" ('ICP') which are extracted from the doctrine of "deceptive marketing practices". The contentious area of this research paper is that, "whether directly or indirectly harming the business of competitors in the Industry of Pakistan by disseminating information lacking reasonable basis and inconsistent comparison of services constitutes deceptive marketing practice. Furthermore, resolving procedural implications shall also clear the depiction for the Industry and PEMRA that to what extent CCP has been mandated and empowered to ensure and enforce competition law.
Robots are no longer fictional as they used to be years ago. Technological advancements and devel... more Robots are no longer fictional as they used to be years ago. Technological advancements and developments in artificial intelligence (AI) development have allowed innovation of robots that carry out diverse functions. Among these are robot innovations aimed at replacing soldiers in battle fields. These robots have been argued to be more ethical and clinical than human soldiers by some scholars. Others have argued that the increasing level of autonomy in these robots leading to innovation of fully autonomous weapons should be banned. They argue that the ability of these weapons to differentiate between civilians and combatants and thus may cause unnecessary death of civilians. This book discusses how difficult it is for the law of war (international humanitarian law ) to be applied by the algorithm by discussing how killer robots (also known as autonomous weapons system) cannot comply to the basic law of war principles like distinction, proportionality and precaution. These principles call for unquantifiable decisions which need human-like characters which killer robots do not possess. The book also argues how humanitarian law accepts responsibility for a human agency, making it difficult to determine responsibility in cases involving killer robots.
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Papers by Asif Khan
people as individuals and society as a whole. However, the bad news is it also
to misuse and illegally copying, distributing, and using of information
illegally. Therefore, the paper aims to address the international intellectual
property treaties and agreements, which led to the digital divide in the digital
economy. Qualitative data analysis is used in this paper as a research method
to define the concept of the digital divide in the context of the digital economy
and illustrate the role of international intellectual property in the digital
world. The research also sheds light on stakeholders' perspectives in order to
stem the digital economy. The researcher also explores this digital divide's
reasons while looking at gaps between policies and their implementation in
the digital world. The research comes to an end while concluding that all the
international intellectual property agreements and policies have failed in their
implementation, which has further widened this digital gap.
people as individuals and society as a whole. However, the bad news is it also
to misuse and illegally copying, distributing, and using of information
illegally. Therefore, the paper aims to address the international intellectual
property treaties and agreements, which led to the digital divide in the digital
economy. Qualitative data analysis is used in this paper as a research method
to define the concept of the digital divide in the context of the digital economy
and illustrate the role of international intellectual property in the digital
world. The research also sheds light on stakeholders' perspectives in order to
stem the digital economy. The researcher also explores this digital divide's
reasons while looking at gaps between policies and their implementation in
the digital world. The research comes to an end while concluding that all the
international intellectual property agreements and policies have failed in their
implementation, which has further widened this digital gap.