Víctor Fernández-Mallat is Associate Professor of Spanish Linguistics in the Department of Spanish and Portuguese at Georgetown University. His research interests include understanding the internal (linguistic) and external (social) factors that are affecting language variation, and the various ways in which speakers use this variation to project their identities in interaction. His current research explores variation in forms of address, particularly variation that occurs in Chilean Spanish and in dialectal contact situations in the U.S. In his research, he examines the social meaning granted to different forms of address and the role of identity projection and context in the variation of said forms. Address: Bunn Intercultural Center 403A Box 571039 37th and O Streets, N.W., Washington D.C. 20057-1039 Phone: (202) 687-6134 Fax: (202) 687.5786
This study uses an innovative contextualized translation task method and a quantitative variation... more This study uses an innovative contextualized translation task method and a quantitative variationist approach to offer an integrated look at second person singular address forms in Chilean Spanish, a Latin American variety with a tripartite address system that includes tuteo, ustedeo, and voseo forms. Results reveal that ustedeo has remained largely unaffected by recent changes in Chile's address system and that this system's main alternation is between tuteo and voseo, which function as competing variants. Results also provide further evidence that the documented shift towards a preference for voseo forms over tuteo forms in familiar address is led by members of the younger generation, especially men, and has the Central Region of the country as its epicenter. Finally, results suggest that, notwithstanding the shift from tuteo to voseo, the latter is unlikely to completely oust the former from Chile's address system due to both linguistic and social reasons.
In this article, we provide further evidence that Bogotá Spanish is transitioning from being an e... more In this article, we provide further evidence that Bogotá Spanish is transitioning from being an extensively usted-using variety into one in which tú is preferred in informal interaction by analyzing survey data through a quantitative approach, and metalinguistic commentary through a qualitative approach. Our data show that tú is mainly thought of as a productive way to convey proximity. At the same time, our data show that, despite this change in second person preference, usted and sumercé persist in familiar address, albeit at rates considerably lower than tú. Usted is particularly frequent among males in same-gender dyads because it allows them to avoid the possible connotations of effeminacy that tú may have in that specific context. Sumercé is frequently selected in addressing older relatives and individuals from the countryside because it is seen as being capable of conveying respect and affection simultaneously. Moreover, sumercé is seen as a sign of local identity capable of distinguishing Bogotá Spanish from other national varieties with vos, which is marginal in our data. Our findings are best seen through the proposal that address forms may gain specific meanings within their particular context of use, despite having more conventional meanings attached to them.
The study of service encounters in bilingual communities offers opportunities to gain insight int... more The study of service encounters in bilingual communities offers opportunities to gain insight into the factors that influence language choice and accommodation in these interactions and the ways that language may be used to build community. Previous work on bilingual service encounters has found that age, gender, speech turn, and customer ethnicity may all contribute to service providers’ choice of one language over another. This study reexamines language choice and accommodation in Spanish-English service encounters by observing the language use of 96 service providers in 35 Latino-owned restaurants of the Washington metropolitan area. Using data from service encounters between bilingual service providers and Latino and white customers, we explore the extent to which the factors identified in previous studies are relevant in this region. Additionally, we explore whether the increasingly polarized political climate in the United States has impacted language use. We argue that while ...
The study of service encounters in bilingual communities offers opportunities to gain insight int... more The study of service encounters in bilingual communities offers opportunities to gain insight into the factors that influence language choice and accommodation in these interactions and the ways that language may be used to build community. Previous work on bilingual service encounters has found that age, gender, speech turn, and customer ethnicity may all contribute to service providers’ choice of one language over another. This study reexamines language choice and accommodation in Spanish-English service encounters by observing the language use of 96 service providers in 35 Latino-owned restaurants of the Washington metropolitan area. Using data from service encounters between bilingual service providers and Latino and white customers, we explore the extent to which the factors identified in previous studies are relevant in this region. Additionally, we explore whether the increasingly polarized political climate in the U.S. has impacted language use. We argue that while customer ethnicity is the main deciding factor to start an interaction, service providers always accommodate to customer language subsequently. This demonstrates the importance of both language as a community builder – even in the face of social pressures which sanction the use of Spanish in public spaces – and the power differential that exists between workers and customers in determining language use.
This study uses an innovative translation task method to explore second person singular (2PS) add... more This study uses an innovative translation task method to explore second person singular (2PS) address patterns in New York City Spanish (NYCS), a new dialect that formed in contact with English and among multiple dialects of Spanish. Results reveal more continuity than disruption in address choice with source varieties of Spanish, unlike some other diasporic language communities that show radical simplification in address systems. However, there was acceleration of trends found in most Spanishspeaking regions with greater use of the familiar tuteo variant over the formal ustedeo in apparent time. Our findings also point to spending adolescence in NYC as a key predictor of conformity to NYCS patterns. This finding contrasts with studies of formal features in new dialect formation that have found middle childhood to be when conformity to local patterns mostly occurs.
International Journal of the Sociology of Language
Two concurrent discourses on the presence of non-national languages such as Spanish and its speak... more Two concurrent discourses on the presence of non-national languages such as Spanish and its speakers circulate in Switzerland’s public sphere: one that conceives this presence positively and another that considers it negatively. Following a multimodal discursive-interactive approach, in this study I seek to determine which of these discourses is reproduced in the individual, private accounts of five Swiss nationals. My results show that these individuals echo both of the readily available dominant discourses, meaning that they construct contrasting attitudes related to said presence, regardless of whether these attitudes are deployed as part of their own set of beliefs or that of other Swiss nationals like them. These results build on prior research that shows that the private attitudes of individuals are often strongly affected by various elements of the situational context (e.g., dominant discourses, the immediate surroundings, etc.) and, as a consequence of this, variable by natu...
Resumen Basándome en datos naturales, en este estudio contribuyo al ámbito metodológico de los es... more Resumen Basándome en datos naturales, en este estudio contribuyo al ámbito metodológico de los estudios que se interesan por la manera en que las personas interactúan con las señales del paisaje lingüístico que las rodea. Mientras que en estudios previos se han desarrollado e implementado métodos para suscitar que las personas expresen sus actitudes, en el presente desarrollo e implemento una propuesta para analizarlas. Para efectos de ilustrar su implementación, tomo como estudio de caso las actitudes que migrantes de habla hispana radicados en Basilea – una ciudad de tradición germánica – expresan ante la presencia del español en el paisaje lingüístico de su lugar de acogida.
The educational turn in linguistic and semiotic landscapes studies is advanced through this volum... more The educational turn in linguistic and semiotic landscapes studies is advanced through this volume’s broad and detailed analyses. Empirical examinations of interconnections among language, signs, space and practices combine with action research on mobilising linguistic landscapes as pedagogical resources to address scholars and practitioners alike.
En los discursos político y popular suizos, las poblaciones migrantes suelen ser concebidas como ... more En los discursos político y popular suizos, las poblaciones migrantes suelen ser concebidas como un sector demográfico que se integra difícilmente a la llamada sociedad local, tanto lingüística como culturalmente. En este estudio, con base en los autorretratos lingüístico-culturales de siete hablantes bilingües del español, muestro que tales discursos no reflejan las maneras en las que estas personas conciben sus prácticas idiomático-culturales cotidianas. Más bien, las prácticas que describen ponen de relieve que han desarrollado habilidades bilingües y biculturales sin par que les permiten, entre otras cosas, dar relevancia a ciertos aspectos de los repertorios lingüísticos e identidades culturales propios en función de elementos contextuales. Estas observaciones se alinean con estudios previos que, con base en datos censales y discursivos, muestran que el desarrollo de tales habilidades no se limita a la población migrante de la segunda generación; también se observan destrezas s...
Few studies to date have considered the agency of readers in reinterpreting the cultural, histori... more Few studies to date have considered the agency of readers in reinterpreting the cultural, historical, political, and social background of the linguistic landscape (LL; visible language in public space) and the ways in which individual and collective identities are discursively conceptualised through the LL. In this article, we present results from a study involving participants from three self-described sociolinguistic identities (Francophone, Anglophone, and Bilingual), reading signs found in the LL of Montreal. Using photographic prompts, we questioned participants about the probable location of signs, their languages, and the languages’ placement on monolingual (French or English) and bilingual (French–English) signs emanating from both governmental and private entities. Further discussions about their emotive responses to the signs presented and the possible responses of “others” reveal the relative degrees of importance attached to these linguistic elements in constructing, neg...
Está ampliamente aceptado que, en intercambios orales con, por ejemplo, familiares, amigos y cole... more Está ampliamente aceptado que, en intercambios orales con, por ejemplo, familiares, amigos y colegas de trabajo, los hablantes de la modalidad chilena del español alternan entre formas verbales tuteantes y formas verbales voseantes. En este trabajo, basándome en un corpus de interacciones conversacionales entre familiares y amigos oriundos de Santiago, examino, primero, la frecuencia relativa con la que estas personas recurren al voseo verbal en relación con el tuteo verbal y, segundo, los posibles factores de tipo social y lingüístico que condicionan la variación, prestando particular atención a los parámetros que inciden en el uso del voseo. Igualmente, comparo las distribuciones observadas aquí con las que se observan en estudios
previos a este que basan sus corpus en contextos comunicativos menos naturales. Los resultados indican que, en interacciones conversacionales espontáneas, los hablantes recurren al voseo verbal con una frecuencia mucho mayor que con la que recurren al tuteo verbal y que las frecuencias observadas en estudios previos. Esto, y
el hecho de que el voseo esté condicionado por una interacción entre el género y la edad de los hablantes, así como por la especificidad de sus interlocutores, pone en evidencia que los hablantes del español chileno originarios de Santiago asignan al voseo verbal un prestigio encubierto.
This study uses an innovative contextualized translation task method and a quantitative variation... more This study uses an innovative contextualized translation task method and a quantitative variationist approach to offer an integrated look at second person singular address forms in Chilean Spanish, a Latin American variety with a tripartite address system that includes tuteo, ustedeo, and voseo forms. Results reveal that ustedeo has remained largely unaffected by recent changes in Chile's address system and that this system's main alternation is between tuteo and voseo, which function as competing variants. Results also provide further evidence that the documented shift towards a preference for voseo forms over tuteo forms in familiar address is led by members of the younger generation, especially men, and has the Central Region of the country as its epicenter. Finally, results suggest that, notwithstanding the shift from tuteo to voseo, the latter is unlikely to completely oust the former from Chile's address system due to both linguistic and social reasons.
In this article, we provide further evidence that Bogotá Spanish is transitioning from being an e... more In this article, we provide further evidence that Bogotá Spanish is transitioning from being an extensively usted-using variety into one in which tú is preferred in informal interaction by analyzing survey data through a quantitative approach, and metalinguistic commentary through a qualitative approach. Our data show that tú is mainly thought of as a productive way to convey proximity. At the same time, our data show that, despite this change in second person preference, usted and sumercé persist in familiar address, albeit at rates considerably lower than tú. Usted is particularly frequent among males in same-gender dyads because it allows them to avoid the possible connotations of effeminacy that tú may have in that specific context. Sumercé is frequently selected in addressing older relatives and individuals from the countryside because it is seen as being capable of conveying respect and affection simultaneously. Moreover, sumercé is seen as a sign of local identity capable of distinguishing Bogotá Spanish from other national varieties with vos, which is marginal in our data. Our findings are best seen through the proposal that address forms may gain specific meanings within their particular context of use, despite having more conventional meanings attached to them.
The study of service encounters in bilingual communities offers opportunities to gain insight int... more The study of service encounters in bilingual communities offers opportunities to gain insight into the factors that influence language choice and accommodation in these interactions and the ways that language may be used to build community. Previous work on bilingual service encounters has found that age, gender, speech turn, and customer ethnicity may all contribute to service providers’ choice of one language over another. This study reexamines language choice and accommodation in Spanish-English service encounters by observing the language use of 96 service providers in 35 Latino-owned restaurants of the Washington metropolitan area. Using data from service encounters between bilingual service providers and Latino and white customers, we explore the extent to which the factors identified in previous studies are relevant in this region. Additionally, we explore whether the increasingly polarized political climate in the United States has impacted language use. We argue that while ...
The study of service encounters in bilingual communities offers opportunities to gain insight int... more The study of service encounters in bilingual communities offers opportunities to gain insight into the factors that influence language choice and accommodation in these interactions and the ways that language may be used to build community. Previous work on bilingual service encounters has found that age, gender, speech turn, and customer ethnicity may all contribute to service providers’ choice of one language over another. This study reexamines language choice and accommodation in Spanish-English service encounters by observing the language use of 96 service providers in 35 Latino-owned restaurants of the Washington metropolitan area. Using data from service encounters between bilingual service providers and Latino and white customers, we explore the extent to which the factors identified in previous studies are relevant in this region. Additionally, we explore whether the increasingly polarized political climate in the U.S. has impacted language use. We argue that while customer ethnicity is the main deciding factor to start an interaction, service providers always accommodate to customer language subsequently. This demonstrates the importance of both language as a community builder – even in the face of social pressures which sanction the use of Spanish in public spaces – and the power differential that exists between workers and customers in determining language use.
This study uses an innovative translation task method to explore second person singular (2PS) add... more This study uses an innovative translation task method to explore second person singular (2PS) address patterns in New York City Spanish (NYCS), a new dialect that formed in contact with English and among multiple dialects of Spanish. Results reveal more continuity than disruption in address choice with source varieties of Spanish, unlike some other diasporic language communities that show radical simplification in address systems. However, there was acceleration of trends found in most Spanishspeaking regions with greater use of the familiar tuteo variant over the formal ustedeo in apparent time. Our findings also point to spending adolescence in NYC as a key predictor of conformity to NYCS patterns. This finding contrasts with studies of formal features in new dialect formation that have found middle childhood to be when conformity to local patterns mostly occurs.
International Journal of the Sociology of Language
Two concurrent discourses on the presence of non-national languages such as Spanish and its speak... more Two concurrent discourses on the presence of non-national languages such as Spanish and its speakers circulate in Switzerland’s public sphere: one that conceives this presence positively and another that considers it negatively. Following a multimodal discursive-interactive approach, in this study I seek to determine which of these discourses is reproduced in the individual, private accounts of five Swiss nationals. My results show that these individuals echo both of the readily available dominant discourses, meaning that they construct contrasting attitudes related to said presence, regardless of whether these attitudes are deployed as part of their own set of beliefs or that of other Swiss nationals like them. These results build on prior research that shows that the private attitudes of individuals are often strongly affected by various elements of the situational context (e.g., dominant discourses, the immediate surroundings, etc.) and, as a consequence of this, variable by natu...
Resumen Basándome en datos naturales, en este estudio contribuyo al ámbito metodológico de los es... more Resumen Basándome en datos naturales, en este estudio contribuyo al ámbito metodológico de los estudios que se interesan por la manera en que las personas interactúan con las señales del paisaje lingüístico que las rodea. Mientras que en estudios previos se han desarrollado e implementado métodos para suscitar que las personas expresen sus actitudes, en el presente desarrollo e implemento una propuesta para analizarlas. Para efectos de ilustrar su implementación, tomo como estudio de caso las actitudes que migrantes de habla hispana radicados en Basilea – una ciudad de tradición germánica – expresan ante la presencia del español en el paisaje lingüístico de su lugar de acogida.
The educational turn in linguistic and semiotic landscapes studies is advanced through this volum... more The educational turn in linguistic and semiotic landscapes studies is advanced through this volume’s broad and detailed analyses. Empirical examinations of interconnections among language, signs, space and practices combine with action research on mobilising linguistic landscapes as pedagogical resources to address scholars and practitioners alike.
En los discursos político y popular suizos, las poblaciones migrantes suelen ser concebidas como ... more En los discursos político y popular suizos, las poblaciones migrantes suelen ser concebidas como un sector demográfico que se integra difícilmente a la llamada sociedad local, tanto lingüística como culturalmente. En este estudio, con base en los autorretratos lingüístico-culturales de siete hablantes bilingües del español, muestro que tales discursos no reflejan las maneras en las que estas personas conciben sus prácticas idiomático-culturales cotidianas. Más bien, las prácticas que describen ponen de relieve que han desarrollado habilidades bilingües y biculturales sin par que les permiten, entre otras cosas, dar relevancia a ciertos aspectos de los repertorios lingüísticos e identidades culturales propios en función de elementos contextuales. Estas observaciones se alinean con estudios previos que, con base en datos censales y discursivos, muestran que el desarrollo de tales habilidades no se limita a la población migrante de la segunda generación; también se observan destrezas s...
Few studies to date have considered the agency of readers in reinterpreting the cultural, histori... more Few studies to date have considered the agency of readers in reinterpreting the cultural, historical, political, and social background of the linguistic landscape (LL; visible language in public space) and the ways in which individual and collective identities are discursively conceptualised through the LL. In this article, we present results from a study involving participants from three self-described sociolinguistic identities (Francophone, Anglophone, and Bilingual), reading signs found in the LL of Montreal. Using photographic prompts, we questioned participants about the probable location of signs, their languages, and the languages’ placement on monolingual (French or English) and bilingual (French–English) signs emanating from both governmental and private entities. Further discussions about their emotive responses to the signs presented and the possible responses of “others” reveal the relative degrees of importance attached to these linguistic elements in constructing, neg...
Está ampliamente aceptado que, en intercambios orales con, por ejemplo, familiares, amigos y cole... more Está ampliamente aceptado que, en intercambios orales con, por ejemplo, familiares, amigos y colegas de trabajo, los hablantes de la modalidad chilena del español alternan entre formas verbales tuteantes y formas verbales voseantes. En este trabajo, basándome en un corpus de interacciones conversacionales entre familiares y amigos oriundos de Santiago, examino, primero, la frecuencia relativa con la que estas personas recurren al voseo verbal en relación con el tuteo verbal y, segundo, los posibles factores de tipo social y lingüístico que condicionan la variación, prestando particular atención a los parámetros que inciden en el uso del voseo. Igualmente, comparo las distribuciones observadas aquí con las que se observan en estudios
previos a este que basan sus corpus en contextos comunicativos menos naturales. Los resultados indican que, en interacciones conversacionales espontáneas, los hablantes recurren al voseo verbal con una frecuencia mucho mayor que con la que recurren al tuteo verbal y que las frecuencias observadas en estudios previos. Esto, y
el hecho de que el voseo esté condicionado por una interacción entre el género y la edad de los hablantes, así como por la especificidad de sus interlocutores, pone en evidencia que los hablantes del español chileno originarios de Santiago asignan al voseo verbal un prestigio encubierto.
Lingüística del castellano chileno: Estudios sobre variación, innovación, contacto e identidad, 2021
El español chileno es reconocido como una variedad con escasa variación regional en la que, para ... more El español chileno es reconocido como una variedad con escasa variación regional en la que, para los hablantes, tienen mayor relevancia las llamadas variedades sociales ‘culta’ y ‘popular’. Siguiendo la técnica imitativa, en este estudio nos interesamos por las distintas representaciones sociomentales que la gente se hace de los usuarios de estas dos modalidades respecto a sus niveles de superioridad y simpatía. Nuestros resultados ponen de manifiesto que la muestra vinculada al habla culta genera evaluaciones más favorables que la muestra asociada al habla popular, tanto en lo que atañe a su nivel de superioridad como en lo tocante a su nivel de simpatía. Los conocimientos emergentes de nuestro análisis pueden ayudar a comprender mejor la dimensión sociolingüística de desigualdades en oportunidades y accesos que afectan a la sociedad chilena.
Spanish across Domains in the United States: Education, Public Space, and Social Media, 2020
Common and widespread characterizations of the linguistic profiles of American Spanish-English bi... more Common and widespread characterizations of the linguistic profiles of American Spanish-English bilinguals—elsewhere heritage speakers of Spanish—often portray them as English-dominant bilinguals, meaning that they are believed to use English far more frequently than Spanish and thus to be more linguistically proficient in the former than in the latter. Using Facebook posts written by five second-generation bilingual speakers of Spanish born and raised in Washington State and residents of the Seattle metropolitan area at the moment of the data collection, in this study, I seek to determine if the language practices of these individuals on the aforementioned popular social networking platform are consistent or not with said characterizations. Through close analysis of their Facebook posts, I show that these individuals carefully control the language that they use depending on the rapport or lack of rapport of the persons that they address on their status updates to the Spanish-English bilingual community with which they have ties. In doing so, I point out the problematic nature of associating the relative frequency with which a language is used with dominance or weakness in that language. Further proof of these speakers’ manifest abilities in both Spanish and English is illustrated by their aptitude in choosing mostly neutralizing terms and structures of Spanish when using this language, their competencies in alternating between one language and the other or codeswitching, and their capability to accomplish pragmatic functions such as topic shifting, emphasizing their message, clarifying content, reporting what someone else said, making metalinguistic comments, and conveying solidarity with group members through codeswitching. These results bring to light the need to stop assuming that all bilingual speakers of Spanish have English as a dominant language: some may simply feel that it is more appropriate to use one language for certain purposes and the other language for other purposes.
Linguistic Landscapes and Educational Spaces, Dec 20, 2022
How do written and other signs shape our educational spaces and practices; and how, in turn, are ... more How do written and other signs shape our educational spaces and practices; and how, in turn, are these written and other signs shaped by the educational spaces and practices they inhabit? Building on inquiries into the linguistic landscapes of public spaces, this volume addresses these questions and thereby further advances the educational turn in linguistic and semiotic landscapes studies. Prompted by social changes associated with migration and superdiversity, as well as imperatives to promote pluri- and multilingualism, the studies collected here speak to the interest of researchers and practitioners in educational linguistics and educational sciences. They confirm the value of combining empirical analyses of linguistic and semiotic educationscapes with action research on mobilising linguistic landscapes as pedagogical resources to promote multilingual equality.
En este libro, Virginia Bertolotti se plantea tres objetivos centrales. Primero, se propone prese... more En este libro, Virginia Bertolotti se plantea tres objetivos centrales. Primero, se propone presentar las diversas formas de tratamiento pronominales y verbales que caracterizan el español hablado en América. Segundo, ofrece una mirada histórica sobre la procedencia de estas formas de tratamiento y su desarrollo en el contexto americano, haciendo especial hincapié en la continuidad del voseo y los cambios que este ha experimentado. Por último, se concentra en el caso concreto de los tratamientos vigentes en el español uruguayo del siglo XIX. El libro consta pues de tres partes: “El tratamiento y los sistemas de tratamiento del español en América”, “Historia de los sistemas de tratamiento en el español preamericano y americano”, y “Diacronía de los verbos y pronombres alocutivos en el español en Uruguay”. En lo que sigue, me propongo llevar a cabo noticia y examen de cada una de estas partes.
Within the framework of the communication accommodation theory, the present study evaluates the e... more Within the framework of the communication accommodation theory, the present study evaluates the extent to which Spanish-speaking migrants from the Bolivian Andes to San Pedro de Atacama (Chile) accommodate their speech to Chilean Spanish, using a comparative sociolinguistics methodology. Four distinctive grammatical features of Andean Spanish were selected for the analysis: the use of the double possessive adjectives (e.g. He ido a su casa de mi marido), the use of adverbs of place as adjuncts of the Spanish preposition en (e.g. Entonces he vivido en allá así como diez años), the preference for the present perfect over the simple past to express the perfective aspect (e.g. El año pasado he ido a visitar a mi madre), and the exclusive use of standard verbal forms to express the second person singular (e.g. Tú puedes estar comiendo tu hamburguesa). Results were obtained from a statistical analysis of variation in the empirical data, which were collected through interviews, and compared with a non-migrant Bolivian control group. The data reveal that, while these migrants maintain a practically unaltered use of both the double possessive adjectives and the adverbs of place as adjuncts of the Spanish preposition en (this is understood as “divergence”), they gradually develop a preference for the present perfect over the simple past to express the perfective aspect by a predilection for the simple past over the present perfect (e.g. Esta mañana fui a la playa), and they progressively adopt an alternation between standard forms and vernacular ones (i.e. voseo) to express the second person singular (e.g. Cuando tu flotái… y no te sumerges hacia adentro), as occurs in Chilean Spanish (this is understood as “convergence”). In other words, the migrants have incorporated new linguistic resources into their speech, while they have simultaneously maintained others without any significant change. The dialect contact situation caused by migrants from the Bolivian Andes to Chile, therefore, has undeniable linguistic consequences, which bring out the dynamic character of the language. Indeed, the fact that these migrants integrate new linguistic resources into their speech while simultaneously maintaining others without serious changes highlights that the processes of dialectal convergence and divergence are not exclusive, but rather inclusive. That is, they can occur simultaneously within the same linguistic community. In conclusion, the fact that these migrants henceforth speak a dialect that is equivalent neither to their original dialect nor to the host dialect supports the claim that they speak a kind of new dialect.
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Papers by Víctor Fernández-Mallat
previos a este que basan sus corpus en contextos comunicativos menos naturales. Los resultados indican que, en interacciones conversacionales espontáneas, los hablantes recurren al voseo verbal con una frecuencia mucho mayor que con la que recurren al tuteo verbal y que las frecuencias observadas en estudios previos. Esto, y
el hecho de que el voseo esté condicionado por una interacción entre el género y la edad de los hablantes, así como por la especificidad de sus interlocutores, pone en evidencia que los hablantes del español chileno originarios de Santiago asignan al voseo verbal un prestigio encubierto.
previos a este que basan sus corpus en contextos comunicativos menos naturales. Los resultados indican que, en interacciones conversacionales espontáneas, los hablantes recurren al voseo verbal con una frecuencia mucho mayor que con la que recurren al tuteo verbal y que las frecuencias observadas en estudios previos. Esto, y
el hecho de que el voseo esté condicionado por una interacción entre el género y la edad de los hablantes, así como por la especificidad de sus interlocutores, pone en evidencia que los hablantes del español chileno originarios de Santiago asignan al voseo verbal un prestigio encubierto.