feat(bump_rule): add BumpRule, VersionIncrement, Prerelease Enum

[bearomorphism]

Related issue: #129
Original PR: #1431

Description

Please see bump_rule.py, bump.py, cz/base.py, version_scheme.py and commands/bump.py (~350 lines).
The rest 1000+ lines are just tests and renaming.

• Rewrote the bump pattern matching mechanism to make the algorithm more strict and maintainable.
• Maintained backward compatibility with CustomBumpRule.
• Simplified code.
• Added a new Enum class SemVerIncrement and replace MAJOR, MINOR, PATCH with the Enum.
• Now Prerelease is Enum.
• Simplify find_increment logic in SemVerIncrement.get_highest_by_messages.
  • find_increment was the combination of 2 features: "finding the highest semantic version increment" and "parsing the semantic version increment from each git commit message".

Checklist

• I have read the contributing guidelines

Code Changes

• Add test cases to all the changes you introduce
• Run poetry all locally to ensure this change passes linter check and tests
• Manually test the changes:
  • Verify the feature/bug fix works as expected in real-world scenarios
  • Test edge cases and error conditions
  • Ensure backward compatibility is maintained
  • Document any manual testing steps performed
• Update the documentation for the changes

Documentation Changes

• Run poetry doc locally to ensure the documentation pages renders correctly

Expected Behavior

Steps to Test This Pull Request

Additional Context

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

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Additional details and impacted files

@@              Coverage Diff               @@
##             v4-9-0-test    #1518   +/-   ##
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  Coverage               ?   98.01%           
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  Files                  ?       59           
  Lines                  ?     2768           
  Branches               ?        0           
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  Hits                   ?     2713           
  Misses                 ?       55           
  Partials               ?        0           

Flag	Coverage Δ
unittests	98.01% <100.00%> (?)

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