feat(rust): Support jumping into a debugger breakpoint on errors

[itamarst]

Currently POLARS_PANIC_ON_ERR turns an error into a panic. This PR extends that functionality to allow jumping into a debugger breakpoint instead of panicking.

This is a nicer than panic plus setting a breakpoint on rust_panic, because it doesn't distort the way the code runs, you can poke around, then tell the debugger to continue and the program runs as usual.

$ export POLARS_PANIC_ON_ERR=breakpoint
$ rust-gdb  --args python ../9188.py 
...
(gdb) run
Starting program: /home/itamarst/devel/polars/.venv/bin/python ../9188.py
[Thread debugging using libthread_db enabled]
Using host libthread_db library "/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libthread_db.so.1".
original shape: (2,)
Series: 's' [list[i64]]
[
        [1, 2]
        [3]
]

Program received signal SIGTRAP, Trace/breakpoint trap.
0x00007ffff5094824 in polars_error::{impl#0}::from<alloc::string::String> (msg=...) at crates/polars-error/src/lib.rs:31
31                      unsafe { std::intrinsics::breakpoint(); }
(gdb) up
#1  0x00007ffff509a4fe in core::convert::{impl#3}::into<alloc::string::String, polars_error::ErrString> (self=...)
    at /rustc/3cb521a4344f0b556b81c55eec8facddeb1ead83/library/core/src/convert/mod.rs:759
759             U::from(self)
(gdb) up
#2  0x00007ffff3e25356 in polars_core::series::series_trait::private::PrivateSeries::add_to<polars_core::series::implementations::SeriesWrap<polars_core::chunked_array::ChunkedArray<polars_core::datatypes::ListType>>> (self=0x7fffe66562d0, 
    _rhs=0x7ffff6d37040) at crates/polars-core/src/series/series_trait.rs:145
145                 polars_bail!(opq = add, self._dtype());
(gdb) up
#3  0x00007ffff424f546 in polars_core::series::arithmetic::borrowed::{impl#7}::add (
    self=0x7ffff6d37040, rhs=0x7ffff6d37040)
    at crates/polars-core/src/series/arithmetic/borrowed.rs:503
503                     lhs.add_to(rhs.as_ref())
(gdb) c
Continuing.
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/itamarst/devel/polars/py-polars/../9188.py", line 5, in <module>
    added = s + s
  File "/home/itamarst/devel/polars/py-polars/polars/series/series.py", line 1053, in __add__
    return self._arithmetic(other, "add", "add_<>")
  File "/home/itamarst/devel/polars/py-polars/polars/series/series.py", line 1000, in _arithmetic
    return self._from_pyseries(getattr(self._s, op_s)(other._s))
polars.exceptions.InvalidOperationError: `add` operation not supported for dtype `list[i64]`
[Inferior 1 (process 861482) exited with code 01]

[itamarst]

If there's any interest I'll figure out how to do the conditional compilation bit for stable, otherwise I'll just close.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 83.33333% with 1 line in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 80.50%. Comparing base (c537ba3) to head (e774f62).

Files	Patch %	Lines
crates/polars-error/src/lib.rs	83.33%	1 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main   #17849      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   80.50%   80.50%   -0.01%     
==========================================
  Files        1504     1504              
  Lines      197162   197167       +5     
  Branches     2806     2806              
==========================================
- Hits       158732   158724       -8     
- Misses      37909    37922      +13     
  Partials      521      521              

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