Fix fallback behavior when server sends an ERROR early at startup

With sslmode=prefer, the desired behavior is to completely fail the
connection attempt, *not* fall back to a plaintext connection, if the
server responds to the SSLRequest with an error ('E') response instead
of rejecting SSL with an 'N' response. This was broken in commit
05fd30c.

Reported-by: Jacob Champion
Reviewed-by: Michael Paquier
Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/CAOYmi%2Bnwvu21mJ4DYKUa98HdfM_KZJi7B1MhyXtnsyOO-PB6Ww%40mail.gmail.com
Backpatch-through: 17

Author: hlinnaka

src/interfaces/libpq/fe-connect.c

@@ -3521,6 +3521,12 @@ PQconnectPoll(PGconn *conn)
 						 * byte here.
 						 */
 						conn->status = CONNECTION_AWAITING_RESPONSE;
+
+						/*
+						 * Don't fall back to a plaintext connection after
+						 * reading the error.
+						 */
+						conn->failed_enc_methods |= conn->allowed_enc_methods & (~conn->current_enc_method);
 						goto keep_going;
 					}
 					else
@@ -3612,6 +3618,13 @@ PQconnectPoll(PGconn *conn)
 						 * into AWAITING_RESPONSE state and let the code there
 						 * deal with it.  Note we have *not* consumed the "E"
 						 * byte here.
+						 *
+						 * Note that unlike on an error response to
+						 * SSLRequest, we allow falling back to SSL or
+						 * plaintext connection here.  GSS support was
+						 * introduced in PostgreSQL version 12, so an error
+						 * response might mean that we are connecting to a
+						 * pre-v12 server.
 						 */
 						conn->status = CONNECTION_AWAITING_RESPONSE;
 						goto keep_going;
@@ -3659,6 +3672,10 @@ PQconnectPoll(PGconn *conn)
 				}
 				else if (pollres == PGRES_POLLING_FAILED)
 				{
+					/*
+					 * GSS handshake failed.  We will retry with an SSL or
+					 * plaintext connection, if permitted by the options.
+					 */
 					CONNECTION_FAILED();
 				}
 				/* Else, return POLLING_READING or POLLING_WRITING status */