Background: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has transformed HIV management, but concerns regarding l... more Background: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has transformed HIV management, but concerns regarding liver toxicity persist, particularly with the use of reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs) and integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs). This study aims to assess the impact of tenofovir/lamivudine/dolutegravir (TLD) therapy on liver function in HIV-positive individuals at a military hospital in southern Nigeria. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 170 participants: 120 HIV-positive individuals on TLD and 50 HIV-negative controls, matched for age, sex, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity. Data were collected through questionnaires and blood sampling. Plasma levels of liver function markers, including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), total protein (TP), and albumin (Alb), were analyzed using relevant biochemical methods. We conducted a statistical analysis using SPSS version 23, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: Significant differences were observed in AST, TP, Alb, and GST levels between HIV-positive individuals on TLD and HIV-negative controls. HIV-positive subjects exhibited lower AST and Alb levels but higher TP and GST levels. Further analysis revealed correlations between age, gender, and liver enzymes, highlighting the complex interplay between HIV, liver function, and treatment outcomes. Conclusion: The results suggested that decreased AST levels may indicate a protective effect of TLD on liver integrity, while ALT activity showed minimal impact. Changes in TP, Alb, and GST levels emphasize the importance of monitoring hepatic function and detoxification pathways in HIV-positive individuals on TLD therapy.
Background: The clinicopathological characterization of biomarkers to identify microsatellite ins... more Background: The clinicopathological characterization of biomarkers to identify microsatellite instability in patients with colon cancers has not been fully studied. This study aims to evaluate the spectrum of histopathology of MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2 markers to identify microsatellite instability in patients with colon cancers. Methods: The study analyzed the association between clinicopathological features and immunohistochemistry MLH-1, MSH-2, PMS-2, & MSH-6 expressions in 36 resected colorectal cancer samples. Patients' data were collected retrospectively, including tumor localization, size, the origin of polyp, mucinous differentiation, tumor stage, lymphovascular and perineural invasion, surgical boundary, and lymph node metastases. The primary antibodies, such as MLH-1, MSH-2, PMS-2, & MSH-6, were tested immunohistochemically. Results: The number of male cases was higher than female cases, 63.89% vs. 36.11%. The highest incidence (27.78%) of colorectal cancer was seen in the age group of 51-60 years. Tumors were predominantly adenocarcinoma NOS (69.44%). Moderately differentiated tumors (55.56%) were higher in number than poorly differentiated and well-differentiated ones. The highest stage seen was stage III in 50%. 80.56% of cases showed perineural invasion, 27.78% showed lymphovascular invasion, and 52.78% showed nodal metastasis. Right colon placement was associated with mucinous adenocarcinoma and a mucinous component. The ulcerous tumors were quite small, and their pathological tumor stage was higher. Tumors developing from polyps were large in size and had a lower pathological tumor stage. The study found that deletion of MSH-2 & MSH-6 expressions was substantially associated with right-colon placement and poor differentiation. In poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas, mucinous, lymphovascular, and perineural invasions were common. Tumors with mucinous differentiation showed less lymphovascular invasion and lymph node metastases. Perineural invasion was not noted in the pT1 or pT2 tumor stages. Conclusion: A strong correlation was found between immunohistochemical markers and clinical characteristics of tumors with microsatellite instability. However, these conclusions should be supported by large-scale investigations involving molecular PCR and other approaches.
Background: The supracondylar process of the humerus, also referred to as the supra-epitrochlear ... more Background: The supracondylar process of the humerus, also referred to as the supra-epitrochlear process or supracondylar spur, is a bony protrusion resembling a beak that emerges from the anteromedial surface. It signifies the residual remains of a complete osseous bridge observed in climbing animals. The process is a rare anatomical variation connected inferiorly to the medial epicondyle of the humerus by the ligament of Struthers. Typically presenting unilaterally and located 5-7 cm superior to the medial epicondyle, the supracondylar process holds clinical importance due to its passage it forms with the humerus and the ligament of Struthers. This passage accommodates the median nerve and brachial artery, which may become compressed, leading to neurovascular impingement. The associated symptoms of this compression are exacerbated during hyperextension or pronation of the elbow. Methods: A total of 83 dried humeri were examined at the Department of Anatomy, Goa Medical College, Bambolim, Goa, India. The distal parts of the humeri were assessed for any bony protrusions under daylight conditions. Upon discovery, their dimensions were documented and captured in photographs. Results: Among the 83 dried humeri scrutinized, only one right-sided humerus exhibited an osseous spine on the anteromedial surface. The incidence calculated in this investigation was 1.2%. Conclusion: The supracondylar process has garnered greater attention from anatomists and anthropologists due to its possible implications for the origins and relationships of human races, rather than from clinicians, many of whom are unaware of its infrequent occurrence. The present study, focusing on the Indian population in Goa, reports an incidence of 1.2%, which is relatively high compared to other Indian studies. This data highlights the diversity in the occurrence of the supracondylar process across different ethnic and regional groups, suggesting possible genetic and environmental factors influencing its prevalence.
Background: The onset of obesity-associated renal injury is insidious and asymptomatic. Therefore... more Background: The onset of obesity-associated renal injury is insidious and asymptomatic. Therefore, finding an early marker will be extremely useful in its detection. Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) can be evaluated as an early marker for renal injury in obese children. Methods: This case control study involved two groups: a case group of 45 Egyptian overweight/obese children and a control group of 45 non-obese peers. Anthropometry and blood pressure were measured in both groups. Additionally, KIM-1 and serum creatinine levels were assessed. Results: Compared to the control group, the case group showed a significantly higher systolic (P-value 0.000) and diastolic (P-value 0.002) blood pressure. A significantly higher serum creatinine (P=0.007) and KIM-1 (P=0.001) were also found. Conclusion: It is inferred that obesity impacts renal hemodynamics early in childhood. Thus, identifying a screening marker like KIM-1 is useful for the early diagnosis of renal injury.
Background: The number of people experiencing a type of anemia in Nigeria is on the rise. Hence, ... more Background: The number of people experiencing a type of anemia in Nigeria is on the rise. Hence, this study examines the comparative impact of Justicia secunda hydro-methanolic leaf extract and astymin on hematologic indices and antioxidant markers in phenylhydrazine (PHZ)-induced anemic male Wister rats. Methods: Twenty rats weighing between 90g and 170g were divided into five groups (A-E), with four rats in each group. The first group served as control; groups B to E received PHZ, PHZ + astymin (0.5mg/kg), PHZ + J. secunda (0.2mg/kg), and PHZ + J. secunda (0.5mg/kg), respectively. All animals in groups B to E received 2mg/kg PHZ intra-peritoneally for two days, and after that, administration of astymin and J. secunda commenced for 14 days using gavage. Results: The PCV, RBC, and HB significantly (p<0.01) increased in PHZ + J. secunda treated groups compared to the control. MCHC significantly decreased in PHZ + astymin compared to the control. Total WBC and neutrophil significantly reduced in groups administered with extract compared to control. Monocytes increased significantly in the treated groups compared to the control group. Eosinophils significantly increased in PHZ negative control compared to control. Urea and creatinine increased significantly in the treated groups compared to control. Total Bilirubin increased significantly in groups that received the extract compared to the control group. Conjugated bilirubin was increased significantly in PHZ control and PHZ + astymin compared to control. Total protein significantly increased in PHZ + J. secunda (0.5mg/kg) than control. Lymphocytes, platelets, MCV, MCHC, and albumin concentrations showed no statistically significant alternations. Serum GSH and GPx significantly increased in treated groups compared to control. Catalase significantly (p<0.001) decreased in treated groups than control. Superoxide dismutase significantly increased in the PHZ + astymin group compared to the control group. MDA significantly decreased in the PHZ + astymin group compared to the control group. Conclusion: PHZ treatment caused toxicity of blood parameters and altered biochemical markers, while astymin and J. secunda treatment had ameliorative effects. Hence, J. secunda may provide benefits in managing anemia and oxidative stress if our findings are confirmed in human subjects.
Background: Anemia is a significant health concern around the world, and it is particularly preva... more Background: Anemia is a significant health concern around the world, and it is particularly prevalent in developing nations like India. A red blood cell (RBC) histogram is a graphic representation of particle size distribution (cell frequencies vs size). The goal of this study was to examine various types of anemia in patients and compare RBC histograms and results from peripheral smears. Methods: The study involved a total of 600 anemic patients. A histogram was produced with the use of a 5-part differential automated analyzer, following the complete mixing of the 3 mL of the EDTA blood sample. Additionally, a peripheral smear was prepared simultaneously and stained using Giemsa stain per standard operating procedures (SOP). The peripheral smear findings were then correlated with the histogram charts from the cell counter, taking into account the relevant clinical history. Results: Out of 600 cases, 339 were females, with a female-to-male ratio of 1.3:1. The 56.2% showed moderate anemia, 31.3 % showed mild anemia, and 12.5 % showed severe anemia. Among the histogram patterns, 52.7% exhibited a left shift, 35.5% showed the normal curve, 8.6% showed a broad base curve, 1.8% showed a right shift, and 1.3% showed a bimodal curve. Blood samples were evaluated along with the corresponding peripheral smear findings. The type of anemia was diagnosed by peripheral smear. 32.8 % of the cases were normocytic normochromic anemia, and 57.0% were microcytic hypochromic anemia. Macrocytic anemia was observed only in 2.5 % of cases, and dimorphic anemia was observed only in 8.0 % of cases diagnosed with PBS. The majority of times, peripheral smear findings and histogram patterns corresponded in cases of normocytic normochromic, microcytic hypochromic, and macrocytic anemias. In 600 cases, 420 had typing findings that accorded with those of the 2 methods, while 180 had discordant typing. Conclusion: Through its graphical representation of anemia typing, the automated analyzer helps decrease the total burden; nonetheless, it should always be verified through microscopy. As a result, it is concluded that in the era of molecular analysis and automation, the histogram alone could be used as a screening method. When combined with PBS findings, they act as a useful supplement, and by correlating the results of both methods, we could diagnose the majority of anemias.
Background: Hypothyroidism is a significant contributor to complications in various metabolic and... more Background: Hypothyroidism is a significant contributor to complications in various metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Thyroid hormones, including lipids, play a crucial role in macromolecule metabolism. C-reactive protein (CRP) is a key marker for cardiovascular diseases and hypothyroidism independently. This study aimed to evaluate serum high-sensitivity CRP (Hs-CRP) levels, lipid profiles, and their relationship with thyroid hormones in patients with hypothyroidism compared to a control group. Methods: This case-control study included 90 participants (45 hypothyroid patients and 45 healthy controls). Blood samples were collected, centrifuged to separate serum, and analyzed using commercial kits. ELISA measured T3, T4, TSH, and Hs-CRP, while TG, HDL, LDL, VLDL, and total cholesterol were measured by spectroscopy. Results: The findings revealed higher Hs-CRP levels in hypothyroid patients compared to controls, although not statistically significant (P-value = 0.09). Hs-CRP positively correlated with TSH, T3, and TG but negatively correlated with T4, total cholesterol, VLDL, and HDL in hypothyroid subjects. These correlations were only significant between Hs-CRP and TG and Hs-CRP and LDL (P-value < 0.05). Conclusion: The positive correlation between Hs-CRP and TSH in hypothyroidism highlights a potential link between hypothyroidism and cardiovascular disease.
Background: Umbilicus visceral manipulation is an effective medical practice in the treatment of ... more Background: Umbilicus visceral manipulation is an effective medical practice in the treatment of a wide range of diseases, including abdominal pain, as described in traditional Persian medicine (TPM) texts. Case description: A 35-year-old married female (G2P2Ab0L2NVD2) from Gorgan, Iran, presented to the TPM health care center affiliated with Golestan University of Medical Sciences on February 21, 2022, due to abdominal pain, obesity, and increased appetite. Conclusion: Tailoring the treatment to the individual characteristics of the client and incorporating TPM measures, such as manual procedures, in conjunction with modern medicine, can play a crucial role in the overall treatment process.
Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant medical concern, with post-traumatic ep... more Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant medical concern, with post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) being one of its consequences. Epilepsy, with a global prevalence of 1%, is the third most common neurological disorder after stroke and Alzheimer’s disease. Trauma accounts for 20% of symptomatic epilepsy cases. Understanding the prevalence of PTE and the factors influencing it can aid in diagnosis and treatment. This study aims to investigate the relationship between epilepsy prevalence, age, gender, and post-traumatic brain injuries. Methods: This retrospective descriptive study analyzed data from 135 epilepsy patients hospitalized between 2018 and 2021. Statistical analysis involved reviewing relevant data and creating tables and graphs. Results: The findings indicate that epilepsy is more prevalent in men than in women, with the most affected age group being 20-29 years old. Post-traumatic epilepsy emerged as the most common factor among the patients. The prevalence of PTE in this study was 9.6%, closely aligning with the global rate of 7.8%. Conclusion: The prevalence of post-traumatic epilepsy is significantly influenced by geographical conditions and living environments. In developing countries, the high volume of road traffic and increased accident rates contribute to a higher incidence of post-traumatic epilepsy.
Background: Many environmental chemicals are implicated in causing serious adverse health effects... more Background: Many environmental chemicals are implicated in causing serious adverse health effects on the reproductive system. Some medicinal plants taken traditionally for different ailments are particularly toxic to the reproductive organs. This study was undertaken to evaluate the reproductive toxicity of the ethanol leaf extract of Panicum maximum on adult male rats. Methods: The leaves were randomly collected. Ground and powdered leaves were extracted by cold maceration using ethanol. Sixteen adult male rats (130-200 g) were divided into 4 groups. The negative control group (group I) was given 10 mL/kg distilled water, while Group II-IV received 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg of Panicum maximum leaf extract for 21 days. The animals were sacrificed and analyzed for some reproductive parameters at the end of the 21 days. Results: There was a decrease in the body weight of the rats, as well as the testis at 200 mg/kg when compared to the control within the treatment period. Sperm analysis showed a significant decrease in normal sperm cells, sperm variability, active sperm cells, and sperm count in all groups given Panicum maximum leaf extract. There was a significant increase in abnormal and dead sperm cells. Hormonal analysis showed a decrease in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone (TST) levels, which was significant. The histology of the testis also indicated toxicity of the extract, and it was dose-dependent. Conclusion: Ethanol leaf extract of Panicum maximum is relatively toxic to the male reproductive system.
Background: The prevalence of skin diseases varies geographically due to factors, such as etiolog... more Background: The prevalence of skin diseases varies geographically due to factors, such as etiology, environment, genetics, and lifestyle. The current study aimed to determine the incidence and distribution of skin disorders and to provide a description of the histomorphological spectrum. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted over a period of two years, from June 2021 to May 2023. A total of 202 skin biopsy samples were evaluated. The histopathological examination of the lesions categorized them into eight groups based on the site, pattern of involvement, and cytological features, according to the Lever’s Histopathology of the Skin. Group 1 consisted of diseases limited to the epidermis and stratum corneum; group 2 consisted of diseases with localized superficial epidermal or melanocytic proliferation; group 3 consisted of diseases of the superficial cutaneous reactive unit; group 4 included diseases with acantholytic, vesicular, and pustular morphology; group 5 included diseases with perivascular, diffuse, and granulomatous infiltrate of the reticular dermis; group 6 included tumors and cysts of the dermis and subcutis; group 7 consisted of inflammatory disorders of skin appendages; and group 8 consisted of disorders of the subcutis. Results: A total of 202 skin biopsies were collected from individuals aged 8-87 years. The majority of the cases belonged to the age group of 31-40 years. The male-to-female ratio was 1.2:1. The trunk was the most common site of biopsy, accounting for 40% of the cases, followed by the upper limb in 25% of the cases. Histopathological lesions were categorized into eight groups based on the site, pattern, and cytological features. Neoplastic lesions, both benign and malignant, accounted for 10.9% of the cases. The majority of the lesions were related to group 6, accounting for 38.1% of the cases, with the epidermal cyst being the most common lesion (7.92%). Basal cell carcinoma, observed in 2.97% of the cases, was the most common lesion among the neoplastic lesions. Group 5 lesions were the third most common (19.8%), with leprosy accounting for 9.4% of these cases. Conclusion: Histopathological examination of skin biopsies is considered the gold standard for diagnosis, and it is often supported by ancillary techniques. Leprosy was the most common disease identified in this study, which underscores the importance of effective preventive measures for control.
Background: There is currently a scarcity of population-based records related to the prevalence o... more Background: There is currently a scarcity of population-based records related to the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in India. There were various recommendations for screening and diagnostic tests for GDM, and no uniform standard has yet been established. Hence, a comparative study was conducted to assess the usefulness of the glucose challenge test (GCT) and fasting blood glucose (FBG)/post-prandial blood glucose (PPBG) test for the screening of GDM in pregnant women attending the prenatal clinic outpatient department. Methods: This is a comparative observational study involving 300 apparently normal pregnant who were randomly allocated to GCT and FBG/PPBG cohorts of 150 each. The tests were performed at 4 intervals: 8 to 10 weeks, 16 to 20 weeks, 24 to 28 weeks, and 32 to 36 weeks. All diagnosed GDM cases were appropriately handled. Results: Gestational diabetes mellitus was seen in 2.67% of the FBG/PPBG cohort and 5.34% of the GCT cohort. The GCT test identified 25% of GDM subjects before 24 weeks of gestation, 50% in 24 and 28 weeks, and 25% in > 32 weeks of gestation. The highest prevalence of GDM was noted in the 26–30-year age group. The highest prevalence of GDM was noted in pregnant women with ≥ 26 kg/m2 of body mass index (BMI), with 75% in the FBG/PPBG group and 62.5% in the GCT group. The incidence of GDM was higher in primigravida, 75% in the FBG/PPBG group, and 50% in the GCT group. A higher prevalence was observed in pregnant women of class 4 of socioeconomic status, and it was 75% in the FBG/PPBG group and 75% in the GCT group. A higher prevalence was noted in those with higher secondary education. The majority of GDM cases gave birth at term by labor, and there were no assisted vaginal births in this group. Moreover, 75% of GDM cases in the FBG/PPBG cohort and 62.5% of GDM cases in the GCT cohort had Caesarean section. Besides, 50% of infants from GDM mothers in the FBG/PPBG cohort were hospitalized, while 12.75% were admitted in the GCT cohort. The birth weight of neonates from GDM mothers was 3.09 ± 0.5 kg, 3.11 ± 0.6 kg in normal mothers, 2.98 ± 0.6 kg in the FBG/PPBG cohort, and 2.9 ± 0.5 kg in the GCT cohort. Conclusion: Irrespective of the last meal, the GCT in all pregnant women is an effective and easy screening approach for 1-step screening for the early diagnosis of GDM for subsequent management at the early gestational pregnancy, which can minimize the adverse obstetric and perinatal outcomes.
Background: Non-secretory multiple myeloma is a sporadic type of multiple myeloma with the prolif... more Background: Non-secretory multiple myeloma is a sporadic type of multiple myeloma with the proliferation of monoclonal plasmocytes in the bone marrow that cannot secrete or synthesize immunoglobulins. Its prevalence as a hematologic malignancy is low, and it is usually diagnosed by demonstration of monoclonal plasma cells ≥ 10% in the bone marrow with negative results on serum and urine electrophoresis and immunofixation studies. Methods: We present a case report where the patient's serum and whole blood samples were received in the study laboratory to evaluate the complete hemogram and metabolic profile. The metabolic and hematological profiles were deranged, subsequent to which the patient's clinical history was obtained from the treating clinician. It was discovered that the patient had presented with long-term weakness and back ache and was advised routine investigations along with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the spine, which revealed the presence of osteolytic lesions. Following this, a gammopathy panel was requested. Results: Serum protein capillary electrophoresis and immunofixation electrophoresis revealed a normal pattern without any noticeable bands, distortions, or suspicious regions. However, the findings of the comprehensive gammopathy panel were suggestive of non-secretory multiple myeloma. Conclusion: In the absence of a detailed and meticulous work-up, a case of non-secretory multiple myeloma can be easily misdiagnosed. Here, we discuss the case in detail, the diagnostic pitfalls associated with it, and the role of serum free light chain assays in its diagnosis.
Background: Overconsumption of high-calorie foods not only causes obesity and metabolic disorders... more Background: Overconsumption of high-calorie foods not only causes obesity and metabolic disorders but also affects some activities of the nervous system, such as cognitive processes. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of a cafeteria diet from post-weaning to adolescence on the cognitive performance of rats. Methods: Pregnant Wistar rats were fed a normal diet and water from the day of delivery to 20 days postpartum. Male offspring were then assigned to one of 3 groups: a cafeteria diet (sausages, cakes, raisin cookies, carrots, white milk chocolate, and chocolate milk) (CAF), a cafeteria diet with simvastatin (CAF-S), or a control group (CTRL). After the treatments were completed, the cognitive performance of the rats was evaluated using the Morris water maze test. Results: The CAF group showed reduced learning compared to the other two groups, and they took longer to find the hidden platform on all days of the experiment (P ≤ 0.001). The CAF-S group, which received simvastatin at a dose of 50 mg/kg, had a significantly shorter time to find the hidden platform compared to the CAF group (P ≤ 0.05). During the memory recall phase, after removing the platform, the CAF-S group spent less time in the target quadrant compared to the CTRL and CAF-S groups (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: The results indicated that the cafeteria diet decreased the rats' learning and long-term memory. This effect is likely due to the high-fat content in the cafeteria diet. However, simvastatin prevented this decrease in the rats fed a cafeteria diet. These findings suggest that interventions targeting the metabolic pathways affected by a cafeteria diet may have potential therapeutic benefits for cognitive disorders.
Background: The literal meaning of halal is "permissible" in Arabic, which refers to a mandatory ... more Background: The literal meaning of halal is "permissible" in Arabic, which refers to a mandatory set of dietary guidelines and Islamic law principles. Halal food is made following the Islamic dietary regulations, ensuring specific standards of cleanliness, hygiene, animal welfare, and the prohibition of the inclusion of harmful chemicals. The emphasis on cleanliness, animal welfare, prohibition of harmful substances, nutritional value, and ethical sourcing contributes to a healthier and more sustainable food system. Methods: An extensive online literature search for articles was performed using various search engines and databases with keywords halal food, food hygiene, and Islamic dietary principles. The reference lists of all the retrieved publications were also explored. Results: Our search was limited to English articles that seemed relevant to this review, and the draft was prepared. Conclusion: The health benefits of halal eating extend beyond religious grounds. Halal food consumption provides a safer option and minimizes the potential for food contamination and the associated health risks. By adhering to halal dietary guidelines, individuals can make conscious choices that promote their well-being while fostering a sense of responsibility towards animals, the environment, and the community at large. Halal food offers a holistic approach to nutrition and health, providing safer, balanced, and ethical food choices.
Background: Hepatic veins, which are a link between portal and systemic circulation, traverse the... more Background: Hepatic veins, which are a link between portal and systemic circulation, traverse the liver substance and drain different segments into the inferior vena cava (IVC). This venous outflow is important for adequate functioning of liver homeostasis. The knowledge of the variations in the number and pattern of openings of the hepatic veins into the floor of IVC is necessary, especially during liver resection and liver transplantation, particularly to decide the method that would be adopted for these aforesaid procedures. Methods: A total of 84 livers present in the Department of Anatomy, Goa Medical College, Goa, were used, from which 9 were excluded. The livers were formalin-fixed and were obtained from donated cadavers. The posterior wall of a retro-hepatic segment of IVC was incised to examine the count of hepatic venous vasculature and the pattern of their openings. Results: The number of hepatic vein openings ranged from 3 to 8. The majority of the livers (32%) had 6 openings. The incidence of the right major hepatic vein was 97.3%, the middle major hepatic vein was 73.3%, and the left major hepatic venous vasculature was 86.6%. The majority of the specimens (n = 25) showed a double opening pattern with 1 separate opening for the hepatic vein of the right side and the middle and left hepatic vein opened by a single trunk. Conclusion: Hepatic venous vasculature showed numerous variations in its draining pattern in the IVC. Understanding these variations is important for hepatic surgeries to improve post-operative outcomes.
Background: Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) cause progressive neuronal loss, resulting in morbi... more Background: Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) cause progressive neuronal loss, resulting in morbidity and mortality. Research is continued on treatment strategies that can tackle the disease's pathophysiology and cease its progression. Considering the anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective properties of apelin, we hypothesized that apelin-13 could be a therapeutic solution for Alzheimer's disease and similar NDDs. Therefore, we evaluated its effect on scopolamine-treated rats. Methods: Male rats (n=40) were assigned to 5 groups of 8. No intervention was considered for the control group. The scopolamine group received stereotaxic surgery and was treated with 3 mg/kg scopolamine intraperitoneally. The treatment groups were treated with scopolamine plus intraventricular injection of apelin-13 (1.25, 2.5, and 5 µg) into the right lateral ventricles for 7 days. For evaluating the memory impairment, the passive avoidance reactions of the animals, except the control group, were assessed 24 hours following the last injection. Regarding histological analysis, Congo red staining of the hippocampal sections was done, and immunoblotting was used to determine apoptotic biochemical markers, including caspase 3, cytochrome C, and congophilic amyloid-beta plaques. Results: Apelin–13 alleviated scopolamine-related passive avoidance memory impairment and reduced the number of congophilic amyloid-beta plaques in the hippocampus (all P<0.001). It attenuated the decrease in the mean levels of hippocampal apoptotic proteins (caspase 3, cytochrome C) in animals treated with scopolamine (all P<0.05). Conclusion: The neuroprotective effects of apelin-13 suggest its therapeutic effect on neurodegenerative disorders.
Background: This study analyzed the rate of relapse and functional outcome after surgery for chro... more Background: This study analyzed the rate of relapse and functional outcome after surgery for chronic osteomyelitis of long bones. Methods: This study included 100 cases of chronic osteomyelitis, which were treated with surgical debridement, along with a 6-week course of antibiotics. The patients were divided into two groups based on whether they had undergone preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or not. A comparison of relapse rates was then conducted between these two groups. The patients were followed up, and their functional outcomes were examined using the Association for the Study and Application of the Method of Ilizarov Criteria (ASAMI), Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS), Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH), and Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) questionnaires. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the impact of risk factors on the recurrence or relapse. Results: Sixty patients had chronic osteomyelitis, and 40 patients were infected non-union. Twenty-five patients had preoperative MRI. The mean preoperative LEFS was 44 ± 13.59 (19-73). Preoperative ASAMI showed 4% excellent, 62% fair, 24% good, and 10% were poor. The preoperative MSTS emotional component showed that enthusiastic (0%), satisfied (0%), accepts (36%), and dislikes (60%). Among the infected non-union cases, 2 cases had a total disability, 15 cases had recreational restriction, and 23 cases had a partial disability. Majority cases were gram-positive organism cultured were methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus accounts 21%, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus accounts 16%. Common antibiotics administered were Cloxacillin in 23 cases, Meropenem in 11 cases, Septran in 8 cases, Linezolid in 8 cases, and Vancomycin in 7 cases. The mean duration of antibiotics administered was 6 weeks. At 1 year postoperative, ASAMI showed a reduction in the number of patients categorized as 'fair' from 12 to 9, while the number of patients classified as 'good' increased from 2 to 6 cases. Fourteen (66.6%) patients who were initially classified under the 'fair' or 'poor' category preoperatively decreased to 9 (42.8%) postoperatively. The number of patients in the 'good' category increased from 6 (28%) preoperatively to 9 (42.9%) at the 6-month postoperative mark. Of the 61 patients, 42 (64.6%) had significant functional improvement at 1 year postoperative among those who had chronic osteomyelitis, while of the 34 patients, 15 (44.1%) patients with infected non-union had significant functional improvement (P = 0.04). 20.7% out of 77 patients who were culture positive went on to have relapse within 1 year follow-up and 15% out of the 20 patients who had no-growth on intraoperative cultures went on to develop relapse following one year post surgery follow-up. Nine patients (24.3%) in the posttraumatic group had recurrence of infection, while 1 patient had relapse at 6 months following surgery. At the 6-month follow-up, the percentage of relapse was 13.3% (n = 2) in the MRI group and 25% (n = 8) in the non-MRI group. Conclusion: The relapse rate was 19.8%. In total, 19.3% of surgical debridement had experienced a recurrence of infection within the first year of follow-up, and 7.3% of patients required repeat surgery during the hospital stay. Factors that determined recurrence were age > 55 years, long bone involvement, fracture, monotherapy, receiving < 6 weeks of antibiotics, and inadequate treatment. Disease burden, financial conflicts, disability, and long duration of treatment affect the patient’s emotional status. These factors may also affect the patient's compliance with the prescribed treatment plan.
Background: Changes in menstrual bleeding in the context of hormonal changes may explain why repo... more Background: Changes in menstrual bleeding in the context of hormonal changes may explain why reports on this phenomenon were published globally during the COVID-19 vaccination period. This study was designed to investigate the relationship between the injection of COVID-19 vaccines, abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB), and hormonal disorders in women of reproductive age who were referred to Sayad Shirazi Hospital in Gorgan (Iran) in 2023. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on patients referred to the Gynecology Center of Sayad Shirazi Hospital (Gorgan). The census method was used for collecting data, and the data of 114 women of reproductive age information who had received at least 1 dose of the COVID-19 vaccine were collected by a questionnaire and analysis of requested tests and their registration and analyzed in SPSS v. 16. Chi-square, independent t-test, and analysis of variance were used, and the significance level was <0.05. Results: In this study, 114 women with an average age of 41.12 years met the inclusion criteria; 27 women had previous abnormal bleeding patterns, which had a clear change in the bleeding process, and the rest had a regular cycle with AUB. Three types of vaccines were used by the women; AstraZeneca had the most side effects, followed by Sinopharm. The participants showed abnormal bleeding during the first year, although in most women, it had started in the first 6 months. COVID-19 vaccination showed a significant relationship with the change in the bleeding process (P=049). Coagulation disorders and partial thromboplastin time (PTT) of more than 35 did not show a significant relationship between disorders, specific hormones, and AUB (P=0.269). However, the presence of hormonal disorders with AUB, despite increased PTT, had a significant relationship with AUB (P=0.011). Conclusion: The results indicated a significant relationship between the injection of vaccines and the occurrence of AUB regardless of hormonal disorders and coagulation disorders, which were more likely to occur in a wider time frame (6 months or more). The results also demonstrated that these side effects were expected among people who receive the vaccine; for health care workers, on the other hand, trying to correct and prevent more side effects. Although different types of vaccines can cause different effects, their long-term effects should be considered, especially in women with the possibility of hormonal changes and abnormal bleeding, and the use of vaccines with fewer complications is recommended.
Background: Breast cancer is one of the most common and deadly cancers among women, which imposes... more Background: Breast cancer is one of the most common and deadly cancers among women, which imposes heavy medical costs. Recurrence, side effects, the lack of a clear preventive plan, and increasing incidence are the other related concerns. This study aimed to review the prevention of breast cancer in Iranian medicine (IM) compared to conventional medicine. Methods: This review study was carried out for the last 21 years (2001-2022) using specific keywords related to breast cancer prevention and then compared to the most famous IM manuscripts. Results: Iranian medicine has special views on preventive plans by introducing the risk factors of diseases. Some known risk factors of breast cancer in IM are constipation, obesity, menses retention, irregular night sleep, low physical exertion, and improper diet. Proven risk factors of breast cancer, including improper lifestyle, western diet, obesity, physical inactivity, delayed childbearing, fewer children, and shorter duration of breastfeeding, are in line with IM evidence. Conclusion: Considering the importance of disease prevention from the perspective of IM, providing the right lifestyle, and introducing the 6 essential principles for health maintenance from the perspective of this medical school may play an important role in preventing breast diseases.
Background: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has transformed HIV management, but concerns regarding l... more Background: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has transformed HIV management, but concerns regarding liver toxicity persist, particularly with the use of reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs) and integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs). This study aims to assess the impact of tenofovir/lamivudine/dolutegravir (TLD) therapy on liver function in HIV-positive individuals at a military hospital in southern Nigeria. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 170 participants: 120 HIV-positive individuals on TLD and 50 HIV-negative controls, matched for age, sex, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity. Data were collected through questionnaires and blood sampling. Plasma levels of liver function markers, including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), total protein (TP), and albumin (Alb), were analyzed using relevant biochemical methods. We conducted a statistical analysis using SPSS version 23, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: Significant differences were observed in AST, TP, Alb, and GST levels between HIV-positive individuals on TLD and HIV-negative controls. HIV-positive subjects exhibited lower AST and Alb levels but higher TP and GST levels. Further analysis revealed correlations between age, gender, and liver enzymes, highlighting the complex interplay between HIV, liver function, and treatment outcomes. Conclusion: The results suggested that decreased AST levels may indicate a protective effect of TLD on liver integrity, while ALT activity showed minimal impact. Changes in TP, Alb, and GST levels emphasize the importance of monitoring hepatic function and detoxification pathways in HIV-positive individuals on TLD therapy.
Background: The clinicopathological characterization of biomarkers to identify microsatellite ins... more Background: The clinicopathological characterization of biomarkers to identify microsatellite instability in patients with colon cancers has not been fully studied. This study aims to evaluate the spectrum of histopathology of MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2 markers to identify microsatellite instability in patients with colon cancers. Methods: The study analyzed the association between clinicopathological features and immunohistochemistry MLH-1, MSH-2, PMS-2, & MSH-6 expressions in 36 resected colorectal cancer samples. Patients' data were collected retrospectively, including tumor localization, size, the origin of polyp, mucinous differentiation, tumor stage, lymphovascular and perineural invasion, surgical boundary, and lymph node metastases. The primary antibodies, such as MLH-1, MSH-2, PMS-2, & MSH-6, were tested immunohistochemically. Results: The number of male cases was higher than female cases, 63.89% vs. 36.11%. The highest incidence (27.78%) of colorectal cancer was seen in the age group of 51-60 years. Tumors were predominantly adenocarcinoma NOS (69.44%). Moderately differentiated tumors (55.56%) were higher in number than poorly differentiated and well-differentiated ones. The highest stage seen was stage III in 50%. 80.56% of cases showed perineural invasion, 27.78% showed lymphovascular invasion, and 52.78% showed nodal metastasis. Right colon placement was associated with mucinous adenocarcinoma and a mucinous component. The ulcerous tumors were quite small, and their pathological tumor stage was higher. Tumors developing from polyps were large in size and had a lower pathological tumor stage. The study found that deletion of MSH-2 & MSH-6 expressions was substantially associated with right-colon placement and poor differentiation. In poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas, mucinous, lymphovascular, and perineural invasions were common. Tumors with mucinous differentiation showed less lymphovascular invasion and lymph node metastases. Perineural invasion was not noted in the pT1 or pT2 tumor stages. Conclusion: A strong correlation was found between immunohistochemical markers and clinical characteristics of tumors with microsatellite instability. However, these conclusions should be supported by large-scale investigations involving molecular PCR and other approaches.
Background: The supracondylar process of the humerus, also referred to as the supra-epitrochlear ... more Background: The supracondylar process of the humerus, also referred to as the supra-epitrochlear process or supracondylar spur, is a bony protrusion resembling a beak that emerges from the anteromedial surface. It signifies the residual remains of a complete osseous bridge observed in climbing animals. The process is a rare anatomical variation connected inferiorly to the medial epicondyle of the humerus by the ligament of Struthers. Typically presenting unilaterally and located 5-7 cm superior to the medial epicondyle, the supracondylar process holds clinical importance due to its passage it forms with the humerus and the ligament of Struthers. This passage accommodates the median nerve and brachial artery, which may become compressed, leading to neurovascular impingement. The associated symptoms of this compression are exacerbated during hyperextension or pronation of the elbow. Methods: A total of 83 dried humeri were examined at the Department of Anatomy, Goa Medical College, Bambolim, Goa, India. The distal parts of the humeri were assessed for any bony protrusions under daylight conditions. Upon discovery, their dimensions were documented and captured in photographs. Results: Among the 83 dried humeri scrutinized, only one right-sided humerus exhibited an osseous spine on the anteromedial surface. The incidence calculated in this investigation was 1.2%. Conclusion: The supracondylar process has garnered greater attention from anatomists and anthropologists due to its possible implications for the origins and relationships of human races, rather than from clinicians, many of whom are unaware of its infrequent occurrence. The present study, focusing on the Indian population in Goa, reports an incidence of 1.2%, which is relatively high compared to other Indian studies. This data highlights the diversity in the occurrence of the supracondylar process across different ethnic and regional groups, suggesting possible genetic and environmental factors influencing its prevalence.
Background: The onset of obesity-associated renal injury is insidious and asymptomatic. Therefore... more Background: The onset of obesity-associated renal injury is insidious and asymptomatic. Therefore, finding an early marker will be extremely useful in its detection. Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) can be evaluated as an early marker for renal injury in obese children. Methods: This case control study involved two groups: a case group of 45 Egyptian overweight/obese children and a control group of 45 non-obese peers. Anthropometry and blood pressure were measured in both groups. Additionally, KIM-1 and serum creatinine levels were assessed. Results: Compared to the control group, the case group showed a significantly higher systolic (P-value 0.000) and diastolic (P-value 0.002) blood pressure. A significantly higher serum creatinine (P=0.007) and KIM-1 (P=0.001) were also found. Conclusion: It is inferred that obesity impacts renal hemodynamics early in childhood. Thus, identifying a screening marker like KIM-1 is useful for the early diagnosis of renal injury.
Background: The number of people experiencing a type of anemia in Nigeria is on the rise. Hence, ... more Background: The number of people experiencing a type of anemia in Nigeria is on the rise. Hence, this study examines the comparative impact of Justicia secunda hydro-methanolic leaf extract and astymin on hematologic indices and antioxidant markers in phenylhydrazine (PHZ)-induced anemic male Wister rats. Methods: Twenty rats weighing between 90g and 170g were divided into five groups (A-E), with four rats in each group. The first group served as control; groups B to E received PHZ, PHZ + astymin (0.5mg/kg), PHZ + J. secunda (0.2mg/kg), and PHZ + J. secunda (0.5mg/kg), respectively. All animals in groups B to E received 2mg/kg PHZ intra-peritoneally for two days, and after that, administration of astymin and J. secunda commenced for 14 days using gavage. Results: The PCV, RBC, and HB significantly (p<0.01) increased in PHZ + J. secunda treated groups compared to the control. MCHC significantly decreased in PHZ + astymin compared to the control. Total WBC and neutrophil significantly reduced in groups administered with extract compared to control. Monocytes increased significantly in the treated groups compared to the control group. Eosinophils significantly increased in PHZ negative control compared to control. Urea and creatinine increased significantly in the treated groups compared to control. Total Bilirubin increased significantly in groups that received the extract compared to the control group. Conjugated bilirubin was increased significantly in PHZ control and PHZ + astymin compared to control. Total protein significantly increased in PHZ + J. secunda (0.5mg/kg) than control. Lymphocytes, platelets, MCV, MCHC, and albumin concentrations showed no statistically significant alternations. Serum GSH and GPx significantly increased in treated groups compared to control. Catalase significantly (p<0.001) decreased in treated groups than control. Superoxide dismutase significantly increased in the PHZ + astymin group compared to the control group. MDA significantly decreased in the PHZ + astymin group compared to the control group. Conclusion: PHZ treatment caused toxicity of blood parameters and altered biochemical markers, while astymin and J. secunda treatment had ameliorative effects. Hence, J. secunda may provide benefits in managing anemia and oxidative stress if our findings are confirmed in human subjects.
Background: Anemia is a significant health concern around the world, and it is particularly preva... more Background: Anemia is a significant health concern around the world, and it is particularly prevalent in developing nations like India. A red blood cell (RBC) histogram is a graphic representation of particle size distribution (cell frequencies vs size). The goal of this study was to examine various types of anemia in patients and compare RBC histograms and results from peripheral smears. Methods: The study involved a total of 600 anemic patients. A histogram was produced with the use of a 5-part differential automated analyzer, following the complete mixing of the 3 mL of the EDTA blood sample. Additionally, a peripheral smear was prepared simultaneously and stained using Giemsa stain per standard operating procedures (SOP). The peripheral smear findings were then correlated with the histogram charts from the cell counter, taking into account the relevant clinical history. Results: Out of 600 cases, 339 were females, with a female-to-male ratio of 1.3:1. The 56.2% showed moderate anemia, 31.3 % showed mild anemia, and 12.5 % showed severe anemia. Among the histogram patterns, 52.7% exhibited a left shift, 35.5% showed the normal curve, 8.6% showed a broad base curve, 1.8% showed a right shift, and 1.3% showed a bimodal curve. Blood samples were evaluated along with the corresponding peripheral smear findings. The type of anemia was diagnosed by peripheral smear. 32.8 % of the cases were normocytic normochromic anemia, and 57.0% were microcytic hypochromic anemia. Macrocytic anemia was observed only in 2.5 % of cases, and dimorphic anemia was observed only in 8.0 % of cases diagnosed with PBS. The majority of times, peripheral smear findings and histogram patterns corresponded in cases of normocytic normochromic, microcytic hypochromic, and macrocytic anemias. In 600 cases, 420 had typing findings that accorded with those of the 2 methods, while 180 had discordant typing. Conclusion: Through its graphical representation of anemia typing, the automated analyzer helps decrease the total burden; nonetheless, it should always be verified through microscopy. As a result, it is concluded that in the era of molecular analysis and automation, the histogram alone could be used as a screening method. When combined with PBS findings, they act as a useful supplement, and by correlating the results of both methods, we could diagnose the majority of anemias.
Background: Hypothyroidism is a significant contributor to complications in various metabolic and... more Background: Hypothyroidism is a significant contributor to complications in various metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Thyroid hormones, including lipids, play a crucial role in macromolecule metabolism. C-reactive protein (CRP) is a key marker for cardiovascular diseases and hypothyroidism independently. This study aimed to evaluate serum high-sensitivity CRP (Hs-CRP) levels, lipid profiles, and their relationship with thyroid hormones in patients with hypothyroidism compared to a control group. Methods: This case-control study included 90 participants (45 hypothyroid patients and 45 healthy controls). Blood samples were collected, centrifuged to separate serum, and analyzed using commercial kits. ELISA measured T3, T4, TSH, and Hs-CRP, while TG, HDL, LDL, VLDL, and total cholesterol were measured by spectroscopy. Results: The findings revealed higher Hs-CRP levels in hypothyroid patients compared to controls, although not statistically significant (P-value = 0.09). Hs-CRP positively correlated with TSH, T3, and TG but negatively correlated with T4, total cholesterol, VLDL, and HDL in hypothyroid subjects. These correlations were only significant between Hs-CRP and TG and Hs-CRP and LDL (P-value < 0.05). Conclusion: The positive correlation between Hs-CRP and TSH in hypothyroidism highlights a potential link between hypothyroidism and cardiovascular disease.
Background: Umbilicus visceral manipulation is an effective medical practice in the treatment of ... more Background: Umbilicus visceral manipulation is an effective medical practice in the treatment of a wide range of diseases, including abdominal pain, as described in traditional Persian medicine (TPM) texts. Case description: A 35-year-old married female (G2P2Ab0L2NVD2) from Gorgan, Iran, presented to the TPM health care center affiliated with Golestan University of Medical Sciences on February 21, 2022, due to abdominal pain, obesity, and increased appetite. Conclusion: Tailoring the treatment to the individual characteristics of the client and incorporating TPM measures, such as manual procedures, in conjunction with modern medicine, can play a crucial role in the overall treatment process.
Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant medical concern, with post-traumatic ep... more Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant medical concern, with post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) being one of its consequences. Epilepsy, with a global prevalence of 1%, is the third most common neurological disorder after stroke and Alzheimer’s disease. Trauma accounts for 20% of symptomatic epilepsy cases. Understanding the prevalence of PTE and the factors influencing it can aid in diagnosis and treatment. This study aims to investigate the relationship between epilepsy prevalence, age, gender, and post-traumatic brain injuries. Methods: This retrospective descriptive study analyzed data from 135 epilepsy patients hospitalized between 2018 and 2021. Statistical analysis involved reviewing relevant data and creating tables and graphs. Results: The findings indicate that epilepsy is more prevalent in men than in women, with the most affected age group being 20-29 years old. Post-traumatic epilepsy emerged as the most common factor among the patients. The prevalence of PTE in this study was 9.6%, closely aligning with the global rate of 7.8%. Conclusion: The prevalence of post-traumatic epilepsy is significantly influenced by geographical conditions and living environments. In developing countries, the high volume of road traffic and increased accident rates contribute to a higher incidence of post-traumatic epilepsy.
Background: Many environmental chemicals are implicated in causing serious adverse health effects... more Background: Many environmental chemicals are implicated in causing serious adverse health effects on the reproductive system. Some medicinal plants taken traditionally for different ailments are particularly toxic to the reproductive organs. This study was undertaken to evaluate the reproductive toxicity of the ethanol leaf extract of Panicum maximum on adult male rats. Methods: The leaves were randomly collected. Ground and powdered leaves were extracted by cold maceration using ethanol. Sixteen adult male rats (130-200 g) were divided into 4 groups. The negative control group (group I) was given 10 mL/kg distilled water, while Group II-IV received 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg of Panicum maximum leaf extract for 21 days. The animals were sacrificed and analyzed for some reproductive parameters at the end of the 21 days. Results: There was a decrease in the body weight of the rats, as well as the testis at 200 mg/kg when compared to the control within the treatment period. Sperm analysis showed a significant decrease in normal sperm cells, sperm variability, active sperm cells, and sperm count in all groups given Panicum maximum leaf extract. There was a significant increase in abnormal and dead sperm cells. Hormonal analysis showed a decrease in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone (TST) levels, which was significant. The histology of the testis also indicated toxicity of the extract, and it was dose-dependent. Conclusion: Ethanol leaf extract of Panicum maximum is relatively toxic to the male reproductive system.
Background: The prevalence of skin diseases varies geographically due to factors, such as etiolog... more Background: The prevalence of skin diseases varies geographically due to factors, such as etiology, environment, genetics, and lifestyle. The current study aimed to determine the incidence and distribution of skin disorders and to provide a description of the histomorphological spectrum. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted over a period of two years, from June 2021 to May 2023. A total of 202 skin biopsy samples were evaluated. The histopathological examination of the lesions categorized them into eight groups based on the site, pattern of involvement, and cytological features, according to the Lever’s Histopathology of the Skin. Group 1 consisted of diseases limited to the epidermis and stratum corneum; group 2 consisted of diseases with localized superficial epidermal or melanocytic proliferation; group 3 consisted of diseases of the superficial cutaneous reactive unit; group 4 included diseases with acantholytic, vesicular, and pustular morphology; group 5 included diseases with perivascular, diffuse, and granulomatous infiltrate of the reticular dermis; group 6 included tumors and cysts of the dermis and subcutis; group 7 consisted of inflammatory disorders of skin appendages; and group 8 consisted of disorders of the subcutis. Results: A total of 202 skin biopsies were collected from individuals aged 8-87 years. The majority of the cases belonged to the age group of 31-40 years. The male-to-female ratio was 1.2:1. The trunk was the most common site of biopsy, accounting for 40% of the cases, followed by the upper limb in 25% of the cases. Histopathological lesions were categorized into eight groups based on the site, pattern, and cytological features. Neoplastic lesions, both benign and malignant, accounted for 10.9% of the cases. The majority of the lesions were related to group 6, accounting for 38.1% of the cases, with the epidermal cyst being the most common lesion (7.92%). Basal cell carcinoma, observed in 2.97% of the cases, was the most common lesion among the neoplastic lesions. Group 5 lesions were the third most common (19.8%), with leprosy accounting for 9.4% of these cases. Conclusion: Histopathological examination of skin biopsies is considered the gold standard for diagnosis, and it is often supported by ancillary techniques. Leprosy was the most common disease identified in this study, which underscores the importance of effective preventive measures for control.
Background: There is currently a scarcity of population-based records related to the prevalence o... more Background: There is currently a scarcity of population-based records related to the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in India. There were various recommendations for screening and diagnostic tests for GDM, and no uniform standard has yet been established. Hence, a comparative study was conducted to assess the usefulness of the glucose challenge test (GCT) and fasting blood glucose (FBG)/post-prandial blood glucose (PPBG) test for the screening of GDM in pregnant women attending the prenatal clinic outpatient department. Methods: This is a comparative observational study involving 300 apparently normal pregnant who were randomly allocated to GCT and FBG/PPBG cohorts of 150 each. The tests were performed at 4 intervals: 8 to 10 weeks, 16 to 20 weeks, 24 to 28 weeks, and 32 to 36 weeks. All diagnosed GDM cases were appropriately handled. Results: Gestational diabetes mellitus was seen in 2.67% of the FBG/PPBG cohort and 5.34% of the GCT cohort. The GCT test identified 25% of GDM subjects before 24 weeks of gestation, 50% in 24 and 28 weeks, and 25% in > 32 weeks of gestation. The highest prevalence of GDM was noted in the 26–30-year age group. The highest prevalence of GDM was noted in pregnant women with ≥ 26 kg/m2 of body mass index (BMI), with 75% in the FBG/PPBG group and 62.5% in the GCT group. The incidence of GDM was higher in primigravida, 75% in the FBG/PPBG group, and 50% in the GCT group. A higher prevalence was observed in pregnant women of class 4 of socioeconomic status, and it was 75% in the FBG/PPBG group and 75% in the GCT group. A higher prevalence was noted in those with higher secondary education. The majority of GDM cases gave birth at term by labor, and there were no assisted vaginal births in this group. Moreover, 75% of GDM cases in the FBG/PPBG cohort and 62.5% of GDM cases in the GCT cohort had Caesarean section. Besides, 50% of infants from GDM mothers in the FBG/PPBG cohort were hospitalized, while 12.75% were admitted in the GCT cohort. The birth weight of neonates from GDM mothers was 3.09 ± 0.5 kg, 3.11 ± 0.6 kg in normal mothers, 2.98 ± 0.6 kg in the FBG/PPBG cohort, and 2.9 ± 0.5 kg in the GCT cohort. Conclusion: Irrespective of the last meal, the GCT in all pregnant women is an effective and easy screening approach for 1-step screening for the early diagnosis of GDM for subsequent management at the early gestational pregnancy, which can minimize the adverse obstetric and perinatal outcomes.
Background: Non-secretory multiple myeloma is a sporadic type of multiple myeloma with the prolif... more Background: Non-secretory multiple myeloma is a sporadic type of multiple myeloma with the proliferation of monoclonal plasmocytes in the bone marrow that cannot secrete or synthesize immunoglobulins. Its prevalence as a hematologic malignancy is low, and it is usually diagnosed by demonstration of monoclonal plasma cells ≥ 10% in the bone marrow with negative results on serum and urine electrophoresis and immunofixation studies. Methods: We present a case report where the patient's serum and whole blood samples were received in the study laboratory to evaluate the complete hemogram and metabolic profile. The metabolic and hematological profiles were deranged, subsequent to which the patient's clinical history was obtained from the treating clinician. It was discovered that the patient had presented with long-term weakness and back ache and was advised routine investigations along with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the spine, which revealed the presence of osteolytic lesions. Following this, a gammopathy panel was requested. Results: Serum protein capillary electrophoresis and immunofixation electrophoresis revealed a normal pattern without any noticeable bands, distortions, or suspicious regions. However, the findings of the comprehensive gammopathy panel were suggestive of non-secretory multiple myeloma. Conclusion: In the absence of a detailed and meticulous work-up, a case of non-secretory multiple myeloma can be easily misdiagnosed. Here, we discuss the case in detail, the diagnostic pitfalls associated with it, and the role of serum free light chain assays in its diagnosis.
Background: Overconsumption of high-calorie foods not only causes obesity and metabolic disorders... more Background: Overconsumption of high-calorie foods not only causes obesity and metabolic disorders but also affects some activities of the nervous system, such as cognitive processes. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of a cafeteria diet from post-weaning to adolescence on the cognitive performance of rats. Methods: Pregnant Wistar rats were fed a normal diet and water from the day of delivery to 20 days postpartum. Male offspring were then assigned to one of 3 groups: a cafeteria diet (sausages, cakes, raisin cookies, carrots, white milk chocolate, and chocolate milk) (CAF), a cafeteria diet with simvastatin (CAF-S), or a control group (CTRL). After the treatments were completed, the cognitive performance of the rats was evaluated using the Morris water maze test. Results: The CAF group showed reduced learning compared to the other two groups, and they took longer to find the hidden platform on all days of the experiment (P ≤ 0.001). The CAF-S group, which received simvastatin at a dose of 50 mg/kg, had a significantly shorter time to find the hidden platform compared to the CAF group (P ≤ 0.05). During the memory recall phase, after removing the platform, the CAF-S group spent less time in the target quadrant compared to the CTRL and CAF-S groups (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: The results indicated that the cafeteria diet decreased the rats' learning and long-term memory. This effect is likely due to the high-fat content in the cafeteria diet. However, simvastatin prevented this decrease in the rats fed a cafeteria diet. These findings suggest that interventions targeting the metabolic pathways affected by a cafeteria diet may have potential therapeutic benefits for cognitive disorders.
Background: The literal meaning of halal is "permissible" in Arabic, which refers to a mandatory ... more Background: The literal meaning of halal is "permissible" in Arabic, which refers to a mandatory set of dietary guidelines and Islamic law principles. Halal food is made following the Islamic dietary regulations, ensuring specific standards of cleanliness, hygiene, animal welfare, and the prohibition of the inclusion of harmful chemicals. The emphasis on cleanliness, animal welfare, prohibition of harmful substances, nutritional value, and ethical sourcing contributes to a healthier and more sustainable food system. Methods: An extensive online literature search for articles was performed using various search engines and databases with keywords halal food, food hygiene, and Islamic dietary principles. The reference lists of all the retrieved publications were also explored. Results: Our search was limited to English articles that seemed relevant to this review, and the draft was prepared. Conclusion: The health benefits of halal eating extend beyond religious grounds. Halal food consumption provides a safer option and minimizes the potential for food contamination and the associated health risks. By adhering to halal dietary guidelines, individuals can make conscious choices that promote their well-being while fostering a sense of responsibility towards animals, the environment, and the community at large. Halal food offers a holistic approach to nutrition and health, providing safer, balanced, and ethical food choices.
Background: Hepatic veins, which are a link between portal and systemic circulation, traverse the... more Background: Hepatic veins, which are a link between portal and systemic circulation, traverse the liver substance and drain different segments into the inferior vena cava (IVC). This venous outflow is important for adequate functioning of liver homeostasis. The knowledge of the variations in the number and pattern of openings of the hepatic veins into the floor of IVC is necessary, especially during liver resection and liver transplantation, particularly to decide the method that would be adopted for these aforesaid procedures. Methods: A total of 84 livers present in the Department of Anatomy, Goa Medical College, Goa, were used, from which 9 were excluded. The livers were formalin-fixed and were obtained from donated cadavers. The posterior wall of a retro-hepatic segment of IVC was incised to examine the count of hepatic venous vasculature and the pattern of their openings. Results: The number of hepatic vein openings ranged from 3 to 8. The majority of the livers (32%) had 6 openings. The incidence of the right major hepatic vein was 97.3%, the middle major hepatic vein was 73.3%, and the left major hepatic venous vasculature was 86.6%. The majority of the specimens (n = 25) showed a double opening pattern with 1 separate opening for the hepatic vein of the right side and the middle and left hepatic vein opened by a single trunk. Conclusion: Hepatic venous vasculature showed numerous variations in its draining pattern in the IVC. Understanding these variations is important for hepatic surgeries to improve post-operative outcomes.
Background: Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) cause progressive neuronal loss, resulting in morbi... more Background: Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) cause progressive neuronal loss, resulting in morbidity and mortality. Research is continued on treatment strategies that can tackle the disease's pathophysiology and cease its progression. Considering the anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective properties of apelin, we hypothesized that apelin-13 could be a therapeutic solution for Alzheimer's disease and similar NDDs. Therefore, we evaluated its effect on scopolamine-treated rats. Methods: Male rats (n=40) were assigned to 5 groups of 8. No intervention was considered for the control group. The scopolamine group received stereotaxic surgery and was treated with 3 mg/kg scopolamine intraperitoneally. The treatment groups were treated with scopolamine plus intraventricular injection of apelin-13 (1.25, 2.5, and 5 µg) into the right lateral ventricles for 7 days. For evaluating the memory impairment, the passive avoidance reactions of the animals, except the control group, were assessed 24 hours following the last injection. Regarding histological analysis, Congo red staining of the hippocampal sections was done, and immunoblotting was used to determine apoptotic biochemical markers, including caspase 3, cytochrome C, and congophilic amyloid-beta plaques. Results: Apelin–13 alleviated scopolamine-related passive avoidance memory impairment and reduced the number of congophilic amyloid-beta plaques in the hippocampus (all P<0.001). It attenuated the decrease in the mean levels of hippocampal apoptotic proteins (caspase 3, cytochrome C) in animals treated with scopolamine (all P<0.05). Conclusion: The neuroprotective effects of apelin-13 suggest its therapeutic effect on neurodegenerative disorders.
Background: This study analyzed the rate of relapse and functional outcome after surgery for chro... more Background: This study analyzed the rate of relapse and functional outcome after surgery for chronic osteomyelitis of long bones. Methods: This study included 100 cases of chronic osteomyelitis, which were treated with surgical debridement, along with a 6-week course of antibiotics. The patients were divided into two groups based on whether they had undergone preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or not. A comparison of relapse rates was then conducted between these two groups. The patients were followed up, and their functional outcomes were examined using the Association for the Study and Application of the Method of Ilizarov Criteria (ASAMI), Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS), Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH), and Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) questionnaires. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the impact of risk factors on the recurrence or relapse. Results: Sixty patients had chronic osteomyelitis, and 40 patients were infected non-union. Twenty-five patients had preoperative MRI. The mean preoperative LEFS was 44 ± 13.59 (19-73). Preoperative ASAMI showed 4% excellent, 62% fair, 24% good, and 10% were poor. The preoperative MSTS emotional component showed that enthusiastic (0%), satisfied (0%), accepts (36%), and dislikes (60%). Among the infected non-union cases, 2 cases had a total disability, 15 cases had recreational restriction, and 23 cases had a partial disability. Majority cases were gram-positive organism cultured were methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus accounts 21%, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus accounts 16%. Common antibiotics administered were Cloxacillin in 23 cases, Meropenem in 11 cases, Septran in 8 cases, Linezolid in 8 cases, and Vancomycin in 7 cases. The mean duration of antibiotics administered was 6 weeks. At 1 year postoperative, ASAMI showed a reduction in the number of patients categorized as 'fair' from 12 to 9, while the number of patients classified as 'good' increased from 2 to 6 cases. Fourteen (66.6%) patients who were initially classified under the 'fair' or 'poor' category preoperatively decreased to 9 (42.8%) postoperatively. The number of patients in the 'good' category increased from 6 (28%) preoperatively to 9 (42.9%) at the 6-month postoperative mark. Of the 61 patients, 42 (64.6%) had significant functional improvement at 1 year postoperative among those who had chronic osteomyelitis, while of the 34 patients, 15 (44.1%) patients with infected non-union had significant functional improvement (P = 0.04). 20.7% out of 77 patients who were culture positive went on to have relapse within 1 year follow-up and 15% out of the 20 patients who had no-growth on intraoperative cultures went on to develop relapse following one year post surgery follow-up. Nine patients (24.3%) in the posttraumatic group had recurrence of infection, while 1 patient had relapse at 6 months following surgery. At the 6-month follow-up, the percentage of relapse was 13.3% (n = 2) in the MRI group and 25% (n = 8) in the non-MRI group. Conclusion: The relapse rate was 19.8%. In total, 19.3% of surgical debridement had experienced a recurrence of infection within the first year of follow-up, and 7.3% of patients required repeat surgery during the hospital stay. Factors that determined recurrence were age > 55 years, long bone involvement, fracture, monotherapy, receiving < 6 weeks of antibiotics, and inadequate treatment. Disease burden, financial conflicts, disability, and long duration of treatment affect the patient’s emotional status. These factors may also affect the patient's compliance with the prescribed treatment plan.
Background: Changes in menstrual bleeding in the context of hormonal changes may explain why repo... more Background: Changes in menstrual bleeding in the context of hormonal changes may explain why reports on this phenomenon were published globally during the COVID-19 vaccination period. This study was designed to investigate the relationship between the injection of COVID-19 vaccines, abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB), and hormonal disorders in women of reproductive age who were referred to Sayad Shirazi Hospital in Gorgan (Iran) in 2023. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on patients referred to the Gynecology Center of Sayad Shirazi Hospital (Gorgan). The census method was used for collecting data, and the data of 114 women of reproductive age information who had received at least 1 dose of the COVID-19 vaccine were collected by a questionnaire and analysis of requested tests and their registration and analyzed in SPSS v. 16. Chi-square, independent t-test, and analysis of variance were used, and the significance level was <0.05. Results: In this study, 114 women with an average age of 41.12 years met the inclusion criteria; 27 women had previous abnormal bleeding patterns, which had a clear change in the bleeding process, and the rest had a regular cycle with AUB. Three types of vaccines were used by the women; AstraZeneca had the most side effects, followed by Sinopharm. The participants showed abnormal bleeding during the first year, although in most women, it had started in the first 6 months. COVID-19 vaccination showed a significant relationship with the change in the bleeding process (P=049). Coagulation disorders and partial thromboplastin time (PTT) of more than 35 did not show a significant relationship between disorders, specific hormones, and AUB (P=0.269). However, the presence of hormonal disorders with AUB, despite increased PTT, had a significant relationship with AUB (P=0.011). Conclusion: The results indicated a significant relationship between the injection of vaccines and the occurrence of AUB regardless of hormonal disorders and coagulation disorders, which were more likely to occur in a wider time frame (6 months or more). The results also demonstrated that these side effects were expected among people who receive the vaccine; for health care workers, on the other hand, trying to correct and prevent more side effects. Although different types of vaccines can cause different effects, their long-term effects should be considered, especially in women with the possibility of hormonal changes and abnormal bleeding, and the use of vaccines with fewer complications is recommended.
Background: Breast cancer is one of the most common and deadly cancers among women, which imposes... more Background: Breast cancer is one of the most common and deadly cancers among women, which imposes heavy medical costs. Recurrence, side effects, the lack of a clear preventive plan, and increasing incidence are the other related concerns. This study aimed to review the prevention of breast cancer in Iranian medicine (IM) compared to conventional medicine. Methods: This review study was carried out for the last 21 years (2001-2022) using specific keywords related to breast cancer prevention and then compared to the most famous IM manuscripts. Results: Iranian medicine has special views on preventive plans by introducing the risk factors of diseases. Some known risk factors of breast cancer in IM are constipation, obesity, menses retention, irregular night sleep, low physical exertion, and improper diet. Proven risk factors of breast cancer, including improper lifestyle, western diet, obesity, physical inactivity, delayed childbearing, fewer children, and shorter duration of breastfeeding, are in line with IM evidence. Conclusion: Considering the importance of disease prevention from the perspective of IM, providing the right lifestyle, and introducing the 6 essential principles for health maintenance from the perspective of this medical school may play an important role in preventing breast diseases.
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Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 170 participants: 120 HIV-positive individuals on TLD and 50 HIV-negative controls, matched for age, sex, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity. Data were collected through questionnaires and blood sampling. Plasma levels of liver function markers, including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), total protein (TP), and albumin (Alb), were analyzed using relevant biochemical methods. We conducted a statistical analysis using SPSS version 23, with significance set at p < 0.05.
Results: Significant differences were observed in AST, TP, Alb, and GST levels between HIV-positive individuals on TLD and HIV-negative controls. HIV-positive subjects exhibited lower AST and Alb levels but higher TP and GST levels. Further analysis revealed correlations between age, gender, and liver enzymes, highlighting the complex interplay between HIV, liver function, and treatment outcomes.
Conclusion: The results suggested that decreased AST levels may indicate a protective effect of TLD on liver integrity, while ALT activity showed minimal impact. Changes in TP, Alb, and GST levels emphasize the importance of monitoring hepatic function and detoxification pathways in HIV-positive individuals on TLD therapy.
Methods: The study analyzed the association between clinicopathological features and immunohistochemistry MLH-1, MSH-2, PMS-2, & MSH-6 expressions in 36 resected colorectal cancer samples. Patients' data were collected retrospectively, including tumor localization, size, the origin of polyp, mucinous differentiation, tumor stage, lymphovascular and perineural invasion, surgical boundary, and lymph node metastases. The primary antibodies, such as MLH-1, MSH-2, PMS-2, & MSH-6, were tested immunohistochemically.
Results: The number of male cases was higher than female cases, 63.89% vs. 36.11%. The highest incidence (27.78%) of colorectal cancer was seen in the age group of 51-60 years. Tumors were predominantly adenocarcinoma NOS (69.44%). Moderately differentiated tumors (55.56%) were higher in number than poorly differentiated and well-differentiated ones. The highest stage seen was stage III in 50%. 80.56% of cases showed perineural invasion, 27.78% showed lymphovascular invasion, and 52.78% showed nodal metastasis. Right colon placement was associated with mucinous adenocarcinoma and a mucinous component. The ulcerous tumors were quite small, and their pathological tumor stage was higher. Tumors developing from polyps were large in size and had a lower pathological tumor stage. The study found that deletion of MSH-2 & MSH-6 expressions was substantially associated with right-colon placement and poor differentiation. In poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas, mucinous, lymphovascular, and perineural invasions were common. Tumors with mucinous differentiation showed less lymphovascular invasion and lymph node metastases. Perineural invasion was not noted in the pT1 or pT2 tumor stages.
Conclusion: A strong correlation was found between immunohistochemical markers and clinical characteristics of tumors with microsatellite instability. However, these conclusions should be supported by large-scale investigations involving molecular PCR and other approaches.
Methods: A total of 83 dried humeri were examined at the Department of Anatomy, Goa Medical College, Bambolim, Goa, India. The distal parts of the humeri were assessed for any bony protrusions under daylight conditions. Upon discovery, their dimensions were documented and captured in photographs.
Results: Among the 83 dried humeri scrutinized, only one right-sided humerus exhibited an osseous spine on the anteromedial surface. The incidence calculated in this investigation was 1.2%.
Conclusion: The supracondylar process has garnered greater attention from anatomists and anthropologists due to its possible implications for the origins and relationships of human races, rather than from clinicians, many of whom are unaware of its infrequent occurrence. The present study, focusing on the Indian population in Goa, reports an incidence of 1.2%, which is relatively high compared to other Indian studies. This data highlights the diversity in the occurrence of the supracondylar process across different ethnic and regional groups, suggesting possible genetic and environmental factors influencing its prevalence.
Methods: This case control study involved two groups: a case group of 45 Egyptian overweight/obese children and a control group of 45 non-obese peers. Anthropometry and blood pressure were measured in both groups. Additionally, KIM-1 and serum creatinine levels were assessed.
Results: Compared to the control group, the case group showed a significantly higher systolic (P-value 0.000) and diastolic (P-value 0.002) blood pressure. A significantly higher serum creatinine (P=0.007) and KIM-1 (P=0.001) were also found.
Conclusion: It is inferred that obesity impacts renal hemodynamics early in childhood. Thus, identifying a screening marker like KIM-1 is useful for the early diagnosis of renal injury.
Methods: Twenty rats weighing between 90g and 170g were divided into five groups (A-E), with four rats in each group. The first group served as control; groups B to E received PHZ, PHZ + astymin (0.5mg/kg), PHZ + J. secunda (0.2mg/kg), and PHZ + J. secunda (0.5mg/kg), respectively. All animals in groups B to E received 2mg/kg PHZ intra-peritoneally for two days, and after that, administration of astymin and J. secunda commenced for 14 days using gavage.
Results: The PCV, RBC, and HB significantly (p<0.01) increased in PHZ + J. secunda treated groups compared to the control. MCHC significantly decreased in PHZ + astymin compared to the control. Total WBC and neutrophil significantly reduced in groups administered with extract compared to control. Monocytes increased significantly in the treated groups compared to the control group. Eosinophils significantly increased in PHZ negative control compared to control. Urea and creatinine increased significantly in the treated groups compared to control. Total Bilirubin increased significantly in groups that received the extract compared to the control group. Conjugated bilirubin was increased significantly in PHZ control and PHZ + astymin compared to control. Total protein significantly increased in PHZ + J. secunda (0.5mg/kg) than control. Lymphocytes, platelets, MCV, MCHC, and albumin concentrations showed no statistically significant alternations. Serum GSH and GPx significantly increased in treated groups compared to control. Catalase significantly (p<0.001) decreased in treated groups than control. Superoxide dismutase significantly increased in the PHZ + astymin group compared to the control group. MDA significantly decreased in the PHZ + astymin group compared to the control group.
Conclusion: PHZ treatment caused toxicity of blood parameters and altered biochemical markers, while astymin and J. secunda treatment had ameliorative effects. Hence, J. secunda may provide benefits in managing anemia and oxidative stress if our findings are confirmed in human subjects.
Methods: The study involved a total of 600 anemic patients. A histogram was produced with the use of a 5-part differential automated analyzer, following the complete mixing of the 3 mL of the EDTA blood sample. Additionally, a peripheral smear was prepared simultaneously and stained using Giemsa stain per standard operating procedures (SOP). The peripheral smear findings were then correlated with the histogram charts from the cell counter, taking into account the relevant clinical history.
Results: Out of 600 cases, 339 were females, with a female-to-male ratio of 1.3:1. The 56.2% showed moderate anemia, 31.3 % showed mild anemia, and 12.5 % showed severe anemia. Among the histogram patterns, 52.7% exhibited a left shift, 35.5% showed the normal curve, 8.6% showed a broad base curve, 1.8% showed a right shift, and 1.3% showed a bimodal curve. Blood samples were evaluated along with the corresponding peripheral smear findings. The type of anemia was diagnosed by peripheral smear. 32.8 % of the cases were normocytic normochromic anemia, and 57.0% were microcytic hypochromic anemia. Macrocytic anemia was observed only in 2.5 % of cases, and dimorphic anemia was observed only in 8.0 % of cases diagnosed with PBS. The majority of times, peripheral smear findings and histogram patterns corresponded in cases of normocytic normochromic, microcytic hypochromic, and macrocytic anemias. In 600 cases, 420 had typing findings that accorded with those of the 2 methods, while 180 had discordant typing.
Conclusion: Through its graphical representation of anemia typing, the automated analyzer helps decrease the total burden; nonetheless, it should always be verified through microscopy. As a result, it is concluded that in the era of molecular analysis and automation, the histogram alone could be used as a screening method. When combined with PBS findings, they act as a useful supplement, and by correlating the results of both methods, we could diagnose the majority of anemias.
Methods: This case-control study included 90 participants (45 hypothyroid patients and 45 healthy controls). Blood samples were collected, centrifuged to separate serum, and analyzed using commercial kits. ELISA measured T3, T4, TSH, and Hs-CRP, while TG, HDL, LDL, VLDL, and total cholesterol were measured by spectroscopy.
Results: The findings revealed higher Hs-CRP levels in hypothyroid patients compared to controls, although not statistically significant (P-value = 0.09). Hs-CRP positively correlated with TSH, T3, and TG but negatively correlated with T4, total cholesterol, VLDL, and HDL in hypothyroid subjects. These correlations were only significant between Hs-CRP and TG and Hs-CRP and LDL (P-value < 0.05).
Conclusion: The positive correlation between Hs-CRP and TSH in hypothyroidism highlights a potential link between hypothyroidism and cardiovascular disease.
Case description: A 35-year-old married female (G2P2Ab0L2NVD2) from Gorgan, Iran, presented to the TPM health care center affiliated with Golestan University of Medical Sciences on February 21, 2022, due to abdominal pain, obesity, and increased appetite.
Conclusion: Tailoring the treatment to the individual characteristics of the client and incorporating TPM measures, such as manual procedures, in conjunction with modern medicine, can play a crucial role in the overall treatment process.
Methods: This retrospective descriptive study analyzed data from 135 epilepsy patients hospitalized between 2018 and 2021. Statistical analysis involved reviewing relevant data and creating tables and graphs.
Results: The findings indicate that epilepsy is more prevalent in men than in women, with the most affected age group being 20-29 years old. Post-traumatic epilepsy emerged as the most common factor among the patients. The prevalence of PTE in this study was 9.6%, closely aligning with the global rate of 7.8%.
Conclusion: The prevalence of post-traumatic epilepsy is significantly influenced by geographical conditions and living environments. In developing countries, the high volume of road traffic and increased accident rates contribute to a higher incidence of post-traumatic epilepsy.
Methods: The leaves were randomly collected. Ground and powdered leaves were extracted by cold maceration using ethanol. Sixteen adult male rats (130-200 g) were divided into 4 groups. The negative control group (group I) was given 10 mL/kg distilled water, while Group II-IV received 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg of Panicum maximum leaf extract for 21 days. The animals were sacrificed and analyzed for some reproductive parameters at the end of the 21 days.
Results: There was a decrease in the body weight of the rats, as well as the testis at 200 mg/kg when compared to the control within the treatment period. Sperm analysis showed a significant decrease in normal sperm cells, sperm variability, active sperm cells, and sperm count in all groups given Panicum maximum leaf extract. There was a significant increase in abnormal and dead sperm cells. Hormonal analysis showed a decrease in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone (TST) levels, which was significant. The histology of the testis also indicated toxicity of the extract, and it was dose-dependent.
Conclusion: Ethanol leaf extract of Panicum maximum is relatively toxic to the male reproductive system.
Methods: This retrospective study was conducted over a period of two years, from June 2021 to May 2023. A total of 202 skin biopsy samples were evaluated. The histopathological examination of the lesions categorized them into eight groups based on the site, pattern of involvement, and cytological features, according to the Lever’s Histopathology of the Skin. Group 1 consisted of diseases limited to the epidermis and stratum corneum; group 2 consisted of diseases with localized superficial epidermal or melanocytic proliferation; group 3 consisted of diseases of the superficial cutaneous reactive unit; group 4 included diseases with acantholytic, vesicular, and pustular morphology; group 5 included diseases with perivascular, diffuse, and granulomatous infiltrate of the reticular dermis; group 6 included tumors and cysts of the dermis and subcutis; group 7 consisted of inflammatory disorders of skin appendages; and group 8 consisted of disorders of the subcutis.
Results: A total of 202 skin biopsies were collected from individuals aged 8-87 years. The majority of the cases belonged to the age group of 31-40 years. The male-to-female ratio was 1.2:1. The trunk was the most common site of biopsy, accounting for 40% of the cases, followed by the upper limb in 25% of the cases. Histopathological lesions were categorized into eight groups based on the site, pattern, and cytological features. Neoplastic lesions, both benign and malignant, accounted for 10.9% of the cases. The majority of the lesions were related to group 6, accounting for 38.1% of the cases, with the epidermal cyst being the most common lesion (7.92%). Basal cell carcinoma, observed in 2.97% of the cases, was the most common lesion among the neoplastic lesions. Group 5 lesions were the third most common (19.8%), with leprosy accounting for 9.4% of these cases.
Conclusion: Histopathological examination of skin biopsies is considered the gold standard for diagnosis, and it is often supported by ancillary techniques. Leprosy was the most common disease identified in this study, which underscores the importance of effective preventive measures for control.
Methods: This is a comparative observational study involving 300 apparently normal pregnant who were randomly allocated to GCT and FBG/PPBG cohorts of 150 each. The tests were performed at 4 intervals: 8 to 10 weeks, 16 to 20 weeks, 24 to 28 weeks, and 32 to 36 weeks. All diagnosed GDM cases were appropriately handled.
Results: Gestational diabetes mellitus was seen in 2.67% of the FBG/PPBG cohort and 5.34% of the GCT cohort. The GCT test identified 25% of GDM subjects before 24 weeks of gestation, 50% in 24 and 28 weeks, and 25% in > 32 weeks of gestation. The highest prevalence of GDM was noted in the 26–30-year age group. The highest prevalence of GDM was noted in pregnant women with ≥ 26 kg/m2 of body mass index (BMI), with 75% in the FBG/PPBG group and 62.5% in the GCT group. The incidence of GDM was higher in primigravida, 75% in the FBG/PPBG group, and 50% in the GCT group. A higher prevalence was observed in pregnant women of class 4 of socioeconomic status, and it was 75% in the FBG/PPBG group and 75% in the GCT group. A higher prevalence was noted in those with higher secondary education. The majority of GDM cases gave birth at term by labor, and there were no assisted vaginal births in this group. Moreover, 75% of GDM cases in the FBG/PPBG cohort and 62.5% of GDM cases in the GCT cohort had Caesarean section. Besides, 50% of infants from GDM mothers in the FBG/PPBG cohort were hospitalized, while 12.75% were admitted in the GCT cohort. The birth weight of neonates from GDM mothers was 3.09 ± 0.5 kg, 3.11 ± 0.6 kg in normal mothers, 2.98 ± 0.6 kg in the FBG/PPBG cohort, and 2.9 ± 0.5 kg in the GCT cohort.
Conclusion: Irrespective of the last meal, the GCT in all pregnant women is an effective and easy screening approach for 1-step screening for the early diagnosis of GDM for subsequent management at the early gestational pregnancy, which can minimize the adverse obstetric and perinatal outcomes.
Its prevalence as a hematologic malignancy is low, and it is usually diagnosed by demonstration of monoclonal plasma cells ≥ 10% in the bone marrow with negative results on serum and urine electrophoresis and immunofixation studies.
Methods: We present a case report where the patient's serum and whole blood samples were received in the study laboratory to evaluate the complete hemogram and metabolic profile. The metabolic and hematological profiles were deranged, subsequent to which the patient's clinical history was obtained from the treating clinician. It was discovered that the patient had presented with long-term weakness and back ache and was advised routine investigations along with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the spine, which revealed the presence of osteolytic lesions. Following this, a gammopathy panel was requested.
Results: Serum protein capillary electrophoresis and immunofixation electrophoresis revealed a normal pattern without any noticeable bands, distortions, or suspicious regions. However, the findings of the comprehensive gammopathy panel were suggestive of non-secretory multiple myeloma.
Conclusion: In the absence of a detailed and meticulous work-up, a case of non-secretory multiple myeloma can be easily misdiagnosed. Here, we discuss the case in detail, the diagnostic pitfalls associated with it, and the role of serum free light chain assays in its diagnosis.
Methods: Pregnant Wistar rats were fed a normal diet and water from the day of delivery to 20 days postpartum. Male offspring were then assigned to one of 3 groups: a cafeteria diet (sausages, cakes, raisin cookies, carrots, white milk chocolate, and chocolate milk) (CAF), a cafeteria diet with simvastatin (CAF-S), or a control group (CTRL). After the treatments were completed, the cognitive performance of the rats was evaluated using the Morris water maze test.
Results: The CAF group showed reduced learning compared to the other two groups, and they took longer to find the hidden platform on all days of the experiment (P ≤ 0.001). The CAF-S group, which received simvastatin at a dose of 50 mg/kg, had a significantly shorter time to find the hidden platform compared to the CAF group (P ≤ 0.05). During the memory recall phase, after removing the platform, the CAF-S group spent less time in the target quadrant compared to the CTRL and CAF-S groups (P ≤ 0.05).
Conclusion: The results indicated that the cafeteria diet decreased the rats' learning and long-term memory. This effect is likely due to the high-fat content in the cafeteria diet. However, simvastatin prevented this decrease in the rats fed a cafeteria diet. These findings suggest that interventions targeting the metabolic pathways affected by a cafeteria diet may have potential therapeutic benefits for cognitive disorders.
Methods: An extensive online literature search for articles was performed using various search engines and databases with keywords halal food, food hygiene, and Islamic dietary principles. The reference lists of all the retrieved publications were also explored.
Results: Our search was limited to English articles that seemed relevant to this review, and the draft was prepared.
Conclusion: The health benefits of halal eating extend beyond religious grounds. Halal food consumption provides a safer option and minimizes the potential for food contamination and the associated health risks. By adhering to halal dietary guidelines, individuals can make conscious choices that promote their well-being while fostering a sense of responsibility towards animals, the environment, and the community at large. Halal food offers a holistic approach to nutrition and health, providing safer, balanced, and ethical food choices.
Methods: A total of 84 livers present in the Department of Anatomy, Goa Medical College, Goa, were used, from which 9 were excluded. The livers were formalin-fixed and were obtained from donated cadavers. The posterior wall of a retro-hepatic segment of IVC was incised to examine the count of hepatic venous vasculature and the pattern of their openings.
Results: The number of hepatic vein openings ranged from 3 to 8. The majority of the livers (32%) had 6 openings. The incidence of the right major hepatic vein was 97.3%, the middle major hepatic vein was 73.3%, and the left major hepatic venous vasculature was 86.6%. The majority of the specimens (n = 25) showed a double opening pattern with 1 separate opening for the hepatic vein of the right side and the middle and left hepatic vein opened by a single trunk.
Conclusion: Hepatic venous vasculature showed numerous variations in its draining pattern in the IVC. Understanding these variations is important for hepatic surgeries to improve post-operative outcomes.
Methods: Male rats (n=40) were assigned to 5 groups of 8. No intervention was considered for the control group. The scopolamine group received stereotaxic surgery and was treated with 3 mg/kg scopolamine intraperitoneally. The treatment groups were treated with scopolamine plus intraventricular injection of apelin-13 (1.25, 2.5, and 5 µg) into the right lateral ventricles for 7 days. For evaluating the memory impairment, the passive avoidance reactions of the animals, except the control group, were assessed 24 hours following the last injection. Regarding histological analysis, Congo red staining of the hippocampal sections was done, and immunoblotting was used to determine apoptotic biochemical markers, including caspase 3, cytochrome C, and congophilic amyloid-beta plaques.
Results: Apelin–13 alleviated scopolamine-related passive avoidance memory impairment and reduced the number of congophilic amyloid-beta plaques in the hippocampus (all P<0.001). It attenuated the decrease in the mean levels of hippocampal apoptotic proteins (caspase 3, cytochrome C) in animals treated with scopolamine (all P<0.05).
Conclusion: The neuroprotective effects of apelin-13 suggest its therapeutic effect on neurodegenerative disorders.
Methods: This study included 100 cases of chronic osteomyelitis, which were treated with surgical debridement, along with a 6-week course of antibiotics. The patients were divided into two groups based on whether they had undergone preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or not. A comparison of relapse rates was then conducted between these two groups. The patients were followed up, and their functional outcomes were examined using the Association for the Study and Application of the Method of Ilizarov Criteria (ASAMI), Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS), Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH), and Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) questionnaires. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the impact of risk factors on the recurrence or relapse.
Results: Sixty patients had chronic osteomyelitis, and 40 patients were infected non-union. Twenty-five patients had preoperative MRI. The mean preoperative LEFS was 44 ± 13.59 (19-73). Preoperative ASAMI showed 4% excellent, 62% fair, 24% good, and 10% were poor. The preoperative MSTS emotional component showed that enthusiastic (0%), satisfied (0%), accepts (36%), and dislikes (60%). Among the infected non-union cases, 2 cases had a total disability, 15 cases had recreational restriction, and 23 cases had a partial disability. Majority cases were gram-positive organism cultured were methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus accounts 21%, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus accounts 16%. Common antibiotics administered were Cloxacillin in 23 cases, Meropenem in 11 cases, Septran in 8 cases, Linezolid in 8 cases, and Vancomycin in 7 cases. The mean duration of antibiotics administered was 6 weeks. At 1 year postoperative, ASAMI showed a reduction in the number of patients categorized as 'fair' from 12 to 9, while the number of patients classified as 'good' increased from 2 to 6 cases. Fourteen (66.6%) patients who were initially classified under the 'fair' or 'poor' category preoperatively decreased to 9 (42.8%) postoperatively. The number of patients in the 'good' category increased from 6 (28%) preoperatively to 9 (42.9%) at the 6-month postoperative mark. Of the 61 patients, 42 (64.6%) had significant functional improvement at 1 year postoperative among those who had chronic osteomyelitis, while of the 34 patients, 15 (44.1%) patients with infected non-union had significant functional improvement (P = 0.04). 20.7% out of 77 patients who were culture positive went on to have relapse within 1 year follow-up and 15% out of the 20 patients who had no-growth on intraoperative cultures went on to develop relapse following one year post surgery follow-up. Nine patients (24.3%) in the posttraumatic group had recurrence of infection, while 1 patient had relapse at 6 months following surgery. At the 6-month follow-up, the percentage of relapse was 13.3% (n = 2) in the MRI group and 25% (n = 8) in the non-MRI group.
Conclusion: The relapse rate was 19.8%. In total, 19.3% of surgical debridement had experienced a recurrence of infection within the first year of follow-up, and 7.3% of patients required repeat surgery during the hospital stay. Factors that determined recurrence were age > 55 years, long bone involvement, fracture, monotherapy, receiving < 6 weeks of antibiotics, and inadequate treatment. Disease burden, financial conflicts, disability, and long duration of treatment affect the patient’s emotional status. These factors may also affect the patient's compliance with the prescribed treatment plan.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on patients referred to the Gynecology Center of Sayad Shirazi Hospital (Gorgan). The census method was used for collecting data, and the data of 114 women of reproductive age information who had received at least 1 dose of the COVID-19 vaccine were collected by a questionnaire and analysis of requested tests and their registration and analyzed in SPSS v. 16. Chi-square, independent t-test, and analysis of variance were used, and the significance level was <0.05.
Results: In this study, 114 women with an average age of 41.12 years met the inclusion criteria; 27 women had previous abnormal bleeding patterns, which had a clear change in the bleeding process, and the rest had a regular cycle with AUB. Three types of vaccines were used by the women; AstraZeneca had the most side effects, followed by Sinopharm. The participants showed abnormal bleeding during the first year, although in most women, it had started in the first 6 months. COVID-19 vaccination showed a significant relationship with the change in the bleeding process (P=049). Coagulation disorders and partial thromboplastin time (PTT) of more than 35 did not show a significant relationship between disorders, specific hormones, and AUB (P=0.269). However, the presence of hormonal disorders with AUB, despite increased PTT, had a significant relationship with AUB (P=0.011).
Conclusion: The results indicated a significant relationship between the injection of vaccines and the occurrence of AUB regardless of hormonal disorders and coagulation disorders, which were more likely to occur in a wider time frame (6 months or more). The results also demonstrated that these side effects were expected among people who receive the vaccine; for health care workers, on the other hand, trying to correct and prevent more side effects. Although different types of vaccines can cause different effects, their long-term effects should be considered, especially in women with the possibility of hormonal changes and abnormal bleeding, and the use of vaccines with fewer complications is recommended.
Methods: This review study was carried out for the last 21 years (2001-2022) using specific keywords related to breast cancer prevention and then compared to the most famous IM manuscripts.
Results: Iranian medicine has special views on preventive plans by introducing the risk factors of diseases. Some known risk factors of breast cancer in IM are constipation, obesity, menses retention, irregular night sleep, low physical exertion, and improper diet. Proven risk factors of breast cancer, including improper lifestyle, western diet, obesity, physical inactivity, delayed childbearing, fewer children, and shorter duration of breastfeeding, are in line with IM evidence.
Conclusion: Considering the importance of disease prevention from the perspective of IM, providing the right lifestyle, and introducing the 6 essential principles for health maintenance from the perspective of this medical school may play an important role in preventing breast diseases.
Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 170 participants: 120 HIV-positive individuals on TLD and 50 HIV-negative controls, matched for age, sex, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity. Data were collected through questionnaires and blood sampling. Plasma levels of liver function markers, including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), total protein (TP), and albumin (Alb), were analyzed using relevant biochemical methods. We conducted a statistical analysis using SPSS version 23, with significance set at p < 0.05.
Results: Significant differences were observed in AST, TP, Alb, and GST levels between HIV-positive individuals on TLD and HIV-negative controls. HIV-positive subjects exhibited lower AST and Alb levels but higher TP and GST levels. Further analysis revealed correlations between age, gender, and liver enzymes, highlighting the complex interplay between HIV, liver function, and treatment outcomes.
Conclusion: The results suggested that decreased AST levels may indicate a protective effect of TLD on liver integrity, while ALT activity showed minimal impact. Changes in TP, Alb, and GST levels emphasize the importance of monitoring hepatic function and detoxification pathways in HIV-positive individuals on TLD therapy.
Methods: The study analyzed the association between clinicopathological features and immunohistochemistry MLH-1, MSH-2, PMS-2, & MSH-6 expressions in 36 resected colorectal cancer samples. Patients' data were collected retrospectively, including tumor localization, size, the origin of polyp, mucinous differentiation, tumor stage, lymphovascular and perineural invasion, surgical boundary, and lymph node metastases. The primary antibodies, such as MLH-1, MSH-2, PMS-2, & MSH-6, were tested immunohistochemically.
Results: The number of male cases was higher than female cases, 63.89% vs. 36.11%. The highest incidence (27.78%) of colorectal cancer was seen in the age group of 51-60 years. Tumors were predominantly adenocarcinoma NOS (69.44%). Moderately differentiated tumors (55.56%) were higher in number than poorly differentiated and well-differentiated ones. The highest stage seen was stage III in 50%. 80.56% of cases showed perineural invasion, 27.78% showed lymphovascular invasion, and 52.78% showed nodal metastasis. Right colon placement was associated with mucinous adenocarcinoma and a mucinous component. The ulcerous tumors were quite small, and their pathological tumor stage was higher. Tumors developing from polyps were large in size and had a lower pathological tumor stage. The study found that deletion of MSH-2 & MSH-6 expressions was substantially associated with right-colon placement and poor differentiation. In poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas, mucinous, lymphovascular, and perineural invasions were common. Tumors with mucinous differentiation showed less lymphovascular invasion and lymph node metastases. Perineural invasion was not noted in the pT1 or pT2 tumor stages.
Conclusion: A strong correlation was found between immunohistochemical markers and clinical characteristics of tumors with microsatellite instability. However, these conclusions should be supported by large-scale investigations involving molecular PCR and other approaches.
Methods: A total of 83 dried humeri were examined at the Department of Anatomy, Goa Medical College, Bambolim, Goa, India. The distal parts of the humeri were assessed for any bony protrusions under daylight conditions. Upon discovery, their dimensions were documented and captured in photographs.
Results: Among the 83 dried humeri scrutinized, only one right-sided humerus exhibited an osseous spine on the anteromedial surface. The incidence calculated in this investigation was 1.2%.
Conclusion: The supracondylar process has garnered greater attention from anatomists and anthropologists due to its possible implications for the origins and relationships of human races, rather than from clinicians, many of whom are unaware of its infrequent occurrence. The present study, focusing on the Indian population in Goa, reports an incidence of 1.2%, which is relatively high compared to other Indian studies. This data highlights the diversity in the occurrence of the supracondylar process across different ethnic and regional groups, suggesting possible genetic and environmental factors influencing its prevalence.
Methods: This case control study involved two groups: a case group of 45 Egyptian overweight/obese children and a control group of 45 non-obese peers. Anthropometry and blood pressure were measured in both groups. Additionally, KIM-1 and serum creatinine levels were assessed.
Results: Compared to the control group, the case group showed a significantly higher systolic (P-value 0.000) and diastolic (P-value 0.002) blood pressure. A significantly higher serum creatinine (P=0.007) and KIM-1 (P=0.001) were also found.
Conclusion: It is inferred that obesity impacts renal hemodynamics early in childhood. Thus, identifying a screening marker like KIM-1 is useful for the early diagnosis of renal injury.
Methods: Twenty rats weighing between 90g and 170g were divided into five groups (A-E), with four rats in each group. The first group served as control; groups B to E received PHZ, PHZ + astymin (0.5mg/kg), PHZ + J. secunda (0.2mg/kg), and PHZ + J. secunda (0.5mg/kg), respectively. All animals in groups B to E received 2mg/kg PHZ intra-peritoneally for two days, and after that, administration of astymin and J. secunda commenced for 14 days using gavage.
Results: The PCV, RBC, and HB significantly (p<0.01) increased in PHZ + J. secunda treated groups compared to the control. MCHC significantly decreased in PHZ + astymin compared to the control. Total WBC and neutrophil significantly reduced in groups administered with extract compared to control. Monocytes increased significantly in the treated groups compared to the control group. Eosinophils significantly increased in PHZ negative control compared to control. Urea and creatinine increased significantly in the treated groups compared to control. Total Bilirubin increased significantly in groups that received the extract compared to the control group. Conjugated bilirubin was increased significantly in PHZ control and PHZ + astymin compared to control. Total protein significantly increased in PHZ + J. secunda (0.5mg/kg) than control. Lymphocytes, platelets, MCV, MCHC, and albumin concentrations showed no statistically significant alternations. Serum GSH and GPx significantly increased in treated groups compared to control. Catalase significantly (p<0.001) decreased in treated groups than control. Superoxide dismutase significantly increased in the PHZ + astymin group compared to the control group. MDA significantly decreased in the PHZ + astymin group compared to the control group.
Conclusion: PHZ treatment caused toxicity of blood parameters and altered biochemical markers, while astymin and J. secunda treatment had ameliorative effects. Hence, J. secunda may provide benefits in managing anemia and oxidative stress if our findings are confirmed in human subjects.
Methods: The study involved a total of 600 anemic patients. A histogram was produced with the use of a 5-part differential automated analyzer, following the complete mixing of the 3 mL of the EDTA blood sample. Additionally, a peripheral smear was prepared simultaneously and stained using Giemsa stain per standard operating procedures (SOP). The peripheral smear findings were then correlated with the histogram charts from the cell counter, taking into account the relevant clinical history.
Results: Out of 600 cases, 339 were females, with a female-to-male ratio of 1.3:1. The 56.2% showed moderate anemia, 31.3 % showed mild anemia, and 12.5 % showed severe anemia. Among the histogram patterns, 52.7% exhibited a left shift, 35.5% showed the normal curve, 8.6% showed a broad base curve, 1.8% showed a right shift, and 1.3% showed a bimodal curve. Blood samples were evaluated along with the corresponding peripheral smear findings. The type of anemia was diagnosed by peripheral smear. 32.8 % of the cases were normocytic normochromic anemia, and 57.0% were microcytic hypochromic anemia. Macrocytic anemia was observed only in 2.5 % of cases, and dimorphic anemia was observed only in 8.0 % of cases diagnosed with PBS. The majority of times, peripheral smear findings and histogram patterns corresponded in cases of normocytic normochromic, microcytic hypochromic, and macrocytic anemias. In 600 cases, 420 had typing findings that accorded with those of the 2 methods, while 180 had discordant typing.
Conclusion: Through its graphical representation of anemia typing, the automated analyzer helps decrease the total burden; nonetheless, it should always be verified through microscopy. As a result, it is concluded that in the era of molecular analysis and automation, the histogram alone could be used as a screening method. When combined with PBS findings, they act as a useful supplement, and by correlating the results of both methods, we could diagnose the majority of anemias.
Methods: This case-control study included 90 participants (45 hypothyroid patients and 45 healthy controls). Blood samples were collected, centrifuged to separate serum, and analyzed using commercial kits. ELISA measured T3, T4, TSH, and Hs-CRP, while TG, HDL, LDL, VLDL, and total cholesterol were measured by spectroscopy.
Results: The findings revealed higher Hs-CRP levels in hypothyroid patients compared to controls, although not statistically significant (P-value = 0.09). Hs-CRP positively correlated with TSH, T3, and TG but negatively correlated with T4, total cholesterol, VLDL, and HDL in hypothyroid subjects. These correlations were only significant between Hs-CRP and TG and Hs-CRP and LDL (P-value < 0.05).
Conclusion: The positive correlation between Hs-CRP and TSH in hypothyroidism highlights a potential link between hypothyroidism and cardiovascular disease.
Case description: A 35-year-old married female (G2P2Ab0L2NVD2) from Gorgan, Iran, presented to the TPM health care center affiliated with Golestan University of Medical Sciences on February 21, 2022, due to abdominal pain, obesity, and increased appetite.
Conclusion: Tailoring the treatment to the individual characteristics of the client and incorporating TPM measures, such as manual procedures, in conjunction with modern medicine, can play a crucial role in the overall treatment process.
Methods: This retrospective descriptive study analyzed data from 135 epilepsy patients hospitalized between 2018 and 2021. Statistical analysis involved reviewing relevant data and creating tables and graphs.
Results: The findings indicate that epilepsy is more prevalent in men than in women, with the most affected age group being 20-29 years old. Post-traumatic epilepsy emerged as the most common factor among the patients. The prevalence of PTE in this study was 9.6%, closely aligning with the global rate of 7.8%.
Conclusion: The prevalence of post-traumatic epilepsy is significantly influenced by geographical conditions and living environments. In developing countries, the high volume of road traffic and increased accident rates contribute to a higher incidence of post-traumatic epilepsy.
Methods: The leaves were randomly collected. Ground and powdered leaves were extracted by cold maceration using ethanol. Sixteen adult male rats (130-200 g) were divided into 4 groups. The negative control group (group I) was given 10 mL/kg distilled water, while Group II-IV received 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg of Panicum maximum leaf extract for 21 days. The animals were sacrificed and analyzed for some reproductive parameters at the end of the 21 days.
Results: There was a decrease in the body weight of the rats, as well as the testis at 200 mg/kg when compared to the control within the treatment period. Sperm analysis showed a significant decrease in normal sperm cells, sperm variability, active sperm cells, and sperm count in all groups given Panicum maximum leaf extract. There was a significant increase in abnormal and dead sperm cells. Hormonal analysis showed a decrease in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone (TST) levels, which was significant. The histology of the testis also indicated toxicity of the extract, and it was dose-dependent.
Conclusion: Ethanol leaf extract of Panicum maximum is relatively toxic to the male reproductive system.
Methods: This retrospective study was conducted over a period of two years, from June 2021 to May 2023. A total of 202 skin biopsy samples were evaluated. The histopathological examination of the lesions categorized them into eight groups based on the site, pattern of involvement, and cytological features, according to the Lever’s Histopathology of the Skin. Group 1 consisted of diseases limited to the epidermis and stratum corneum; group 2 consisted of diseases with localized superficial epidermal or melanocytic proliferation; group 3 consisted of diseases of the superficial cutaneous reactive unit; group 4 included diseases with acantholytic, vesicular, and pustular morphology; group 5 included diseases with perivascular, diffuse, and granulomatous infiltrate of the reticular dermis; group 6 included tumors and cysts of the dermis and subcutis; group 7 consisted of inflammatory disorders of skin appendages; and group 8 consisted of disorders of the subcutis.
Results: A total of 202 skin biopsies were collected from individuals aged 8-87 years. The majority of the cases belonged to the age group of 31-40 years. The male-to-female ratio was 1.2:1. The trunk was the most common site of biopsy, accounting for 40% of the cases, followed by the upper limb in 25% of the cases. Histopathological lesions were categorized into eight groups based on the site, pattern, and cytological features. Neoplastic lesions, both benign and malignant, accounted for 10.9% of the cases. The majority of the lesions were related to group 6, accounting for 38.1% of the cases, with the epidermal cyst being the most common lesion (7.92%). Basal cell carcinoma, observed in 2.97% of the cases, was the most common lesion among the neoplastic lesions. Group 5 lesions were the third most common (19.8%), with leprosy accounting for 9.4% of these cases.
Conclusion: Histopathological examination of skin biopsies is considered the gold standard for diagnosis, and it is often supported by ancillary techniques. Leprosy was the most common disease identified in this study, which underscores the importance of effective preventive measures for control.
Methods: This is a comparative observational study involving 300 apparently normal pregnant who were randomly allocated to GCT and FBG/PPBG cohorts of 150 each. The tests were performed at 4 intervals: 8 to 10 weeks, 16 to 20 weeks, 24 to 28 weeks, and 32 to 36 weeks. All diagnosed GDM cases were appropriately handled.
Results: Gestational diabetes mellitus was seen in 2.67% of the FBG/PPBG cohort and 5.34% of the GCT cohort. The GCT test identified 25% of GDM subjects before 24 weeks of gestation, 50% in 24 and 28 weeks, and 25% in > 32 weeks of gestation. The highest prevalence of GDM was noted in the 26–30-year age group. The highest prevalence of GDM was noted in pregnant women with ≥ 26 kg/m2 of body mass index (BMI), with 75% in the FBG/PPBG group and 62.5% in the GCT group. The incidence of GDM was higher in primigravida, 75% in the FBG/PPBG group, and 50% in the GCT group. A higher prevalence was observed in pregnant women of class 4 of socioeconomic status, and it was 75% in the FBG/PPBG group and 75% in the GCT group. A higher prevalence was noted in those with higher secondary education. The majority of GDM cases gave birth at term by labor, and there were no assisted vaginal births in this group. Moreover, 75% of GDM cases in the FBG/PPBG cohort and 62.5% of GDM cases in the GCT cohort had Caesarean section. Besides, 50% of infants from GDM mothers in the FBG/PPBG cohort were hospitalized, while 12.75% were admitted in the GCT cohort. The birth weight of neonates from GDM mothers was 3.09 ± 0.5 kg, 3.11 ± 0.6 kg in normal mothers, 2.98 ± 0.6 kg in the FBG/PPBG cohort, and 2.9 ± 0.5 kg in the GCT cohort.
Conclusion: Irrespective of the last meal, the GCT in all pregnant women is an effective and easy screening approach for 1-step screening for the early diagnosis of GDM for subsequent management at the early gestational pregnancy, which can minimize the adverse obstetric and perinatal outcomes.
Its prevalence as a hematologic malignancy is low, and it is usually diagnosed by demonstration of monoclonal plasma cells ≥ 10% in the bone marrow with negative results on serum and urine electrophoresis and immunofixation studies.
Methods: We present a case report where the patient's serum and whole blood samples were received in the study laboratory to evaluate the complete hemogram and metabolic profile. The metabolic and hematological profiles were deranged, subsequent to which the patient's clinical history was obtained from the treating clinician. It was discovered that the patient had presented with long-term weakness and back ache and was advised routine investigations along with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the spine, which revealed the presence of osteolytic lesions. Following this, a gammopathy panel was requested.
Results: Serum protein capillary electrophoresis and immunofixation electrophoresis revealed a normal pattern without any noticeable bands, distortions, or suspicious regions. However, the findings of the comprehensive gammopathy panel were suggestive of non-secretory multiple myeloma.
Conclusion: In the absence of a detailed and meticulous work-up, a case of non-secretory multiple myeloma can be easily misdiagnosed. Here, we discuss the case in detail, the diagnostic pitfalls associated with it, and the role of serum free light chain assays in its diagnosis.
Methods: Pregnant Wistar rats were fed a normal diet and water from the day of delivery to 20 days postpartum. Male offspring were then assigned to one of 3 groups: a cafeteria diet (sausages, cakes, raisin cookies, carrots, white milk chocolate, and chocolate milk) (CAF), a cafeteria diet with simvastatin (CAF-S), or a control group (CTRL). After the treatments were completed, the cognitive performance of the rats was evaluated using the Morris water maze test.
Results: The CAF group showed reduced learning compared to the other two groups, and they took longer to find the hidden platform on all days of the experiment (P ≤ 0.001). The CAF-S group, which received simvastatin at a dose of 50 mg/kg, had a significantly shorter time to find the hidden platform compared to the CAF group (P ≤ 0.05). During the memory recall phase, after removing the platform, the CAF-S group spent less time in the target quadrant compared to the CTRL and CAF-S groups (P ≤ 0.05).
Conclusion: The results indicated that the cafeteria diet decreased the rats' learning and long-term memory. This effect is likely due to the high-fat content in the cafeteria diet. However, simvastatin prevented this decrease in the rats fed a cafeteria diet. These findings suggest that interventions targeting the metabolic pathways affected by a cafeteria diet may have potential therapeutic benefits for cognitive disorders.
Methods: An extensive online literature search for articles was performed using various search engines and databases with keywords halal food, food hygiene, and Islamic dietary principles. The reference lists of all the retrieved publications were also explored.
Results: Our search was limited to English articles that seemed relevant to this review, and the draft was prepared.
Conclusion: The health benefits of halal eating extend beyond religious grounds. Halal food consumption provides a safer option and minimizes the potential for food contamination and the associated health risks. By adhering to halal dietary guidelines, individuals can make conscious choices that promote their well-being while fostering a sense of responsibility towards animals, the environment, and the community at large. Halal food offers a holistic approach to nutrition and health, providing safer, balanced, and ethical food choices.
Methods: A total of 84 livers present in the Department of Anatomy, Goa Medical College, Goa, were used, from which 9 were excluded. The livers were formalin-fixed and were obtained from donated cadavers. The posterior wall of a retro-hepatic segment of IVC was incised to examine the count of hepatic venous vasculature and the pattern of their openings.
Results: The number of hepatic vein openings ranged from 3 to 8. The majority of the livers (32%) had 6 openings. The incidence of the right major hepatic vein was 97.3%, the middle major hepatic vein was 73.3%, and the left major hepatic venous vasculature was 86.6%. The majority of the specimens (n = 25) showed a double opening pattern with 1 separate opening for the hepatic vein of the right side and the middle and left hepatic vein opened by a single trunk.
Conclusion: Hepatic venous vasculature showed numerous variations in its draining pattern in the IVC. Understanding these variations is important for hepatic surgeries to improve post-operative outcomes.
Methods: Male rats (n=40) were assigned to 5 groups of 8. No intervention was considered for the control group. The scopolamine group received stereotaxic surgery and was treated with 3 mg/kg scopolamine intraperitoneally. The treatment groups were treated with scopolamine plus intraventricular injection of apelin-13 (1.25, 2.5, and 5 µg) into the right lateral ventricles for 7 days. For evaluating the memory impairment, the passive avoidance reactions of the animals, except the control group, were assessed 24 hours following the last injection. Regarding histological analysis, Congo red staining of the hippocampal sections was done, and immunoblotting was used to determine apoptotic biochemical markers, including caspase 3, cytochrome C, and congophilic amyloid-beta plaques.
Results: Apelin–13 alleviated scopolamine-related passive avoidance memory impairment and reduced the number of congophilic amyloid-beta plaques in the hippocampus (all P<0.001). It attenuated the decrease in the mean levels of hippocampal apoptotic proteins (caspase 3, cytochrome C) in animals treated with scopolamine (all P<0.05).
Conclusion: The neuroprotective effects of apelin-13 suggest its therapeutic effect on neurodegenerative disorders.
Methods: This study included 100 cases of chronic osteomyelitis, which were treated with surgical debridement, along with a 6-week course of antibiotics. The patients were divided into two groups based on whether they had undergone preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or not. A comparison of relapse rates was then conducted between these two groups. The patients were followed up, and their functional outcomes were examined using the Association for the Study and Application of the Method of Ilizarov Criteria (ASAMI), Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS), Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH), and Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) questionnaires. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the impact of risk factors on the recurrence or relapse.
Results: Sixty patients had chronic osteomyelitis, and 40 patients were infected non-union. Twenty-five patients had preoperative MRI. The mean preoperative LEFS was 44 ± 13.59 (19-73). Preoperative ASAMI showed 4% excellent, 62% fair, 24% good, and 10% were poor. The preoperative MSTS emotional component showed that enthusiastic (0%), satisfied (0%), accepts (36%), and dislikes (60%). Among the infected non-union cases, 2 cases had a total disability, 15 cases had recreational restriction, and 23 cases had a partial disability. Majority cases were gram-positive organism cultured were methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus accounts 21%, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus accounts 16%. Common antibiotics administered were Cloxacillin in 23 cases, Meropenem in 11 cases, Septran in 8 cases, Linezolid in 8 cases, and Vancomycin in 7 cases. The mean duration of antibiotics administered was 6 weeks. At 1 year postoperative, ASAMI showed a reduction in the number of patients categorized as 'fair' from 12 to 9, while the number of patients classified as 'good' increased from 2 to 6 cases. Fourteen (66.6%) patients who were initially classified under the 'fair' or 'poor' category preoperatively decreased to 9 (42.8%) postoperatively. The number of patients in the 'good' category increased from 6 (28%) preoperatively to 9 (42.9%) at the 6-month postoperative mark. Of the 61 patients, 42 (64.6%) had significant functional improvement at 1 year postoperative among those who had chronic osteomyelitis, while of the 34 patients, 15 (44.1%) patients with infected non-union had significant functional improvement (P = 0.04). 20.7% out of 77 patients who were culture positive went on to have relapse within 1 year follow-up and 15% out of the 20 patients who had no-growth on intraoperative cultures went on to develop relapse following one year post surgery follow-up. Nine patients (24.3%) in the posttraumatic group had recurrence of infection, while 1 patient had relapse at 6 months following surgery. At the 6-month follow-up, the percentage of relapse was 13.3% (n = 2) in the MRI group and 25% (n = 8) in the non-MRI group.
Conclusion: The relapse rate was 19.8%. In total, 19.3% of surgical debridement had experienced a recurrence of infection within the first year of follow-up, and 7.3% of patients required repeat surgery during the hospital stay. Factors that determined recurrence were age > 55 years, long bone involvement, fracture, monotherapy, receiving < 6 weeks of antibiotics, and inadequate treatment. Disease burden, financial conflicts, disability, and long duration of treatment affect the patient’s emotional status. These factors may also affect the patient's compliance with the prescribed treatment plan.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on patients referred to the Gynecology Center of Sayad Shirazi Hospital (Gorgan). The census method was used for collecting data, and the data of 114 women of reproductive age information who had received at least 1 dose of the COVID-19 vaccine were collected by a questionnaire and analysis of requested tests and their registration and analyzed in SPSS v. 16. Chi-square, independent t-test, and analysis of variance were used, and the significance level was <0.05.
Results: In this study, 114 women with an average age of 41.12 years met the inclusion criteria; 27 women had previous abnormal bleeding patterns, which had a clear change in the bleeding process, and the rest had a regular cycle with AUB. Three types of vaccines were used by the women; AstraZeneca had the most side effects, followed by Sinopharm. The participants showed abnormal bleeding during the first year, although in most women, it had started in the first 6 months. COVID-19 vaccination showed a significant relationship with the change in the bleeding process (P=049). Coagulation disorders and partial thromboplastin time (PTT) of more than 35 did not show a significant relationship between disorders, specific hormones, and AUB (P=0.269). However, the presence of hormonal disorders with AUB, despite increased PTT, had a significant relationship with AUB (P=0.011).
Conclusion: The results indicated a significant relationship between the injection of vaccines and the occurrence of AUB regardless of hormonal disorders and coagulation disorders, which were more likely to occur in a wider time frame (6 months or more). The results also demonstrated that these side effects were expected among people who receive the vaccine; for health care workers, on the other hand, trying to correct and prevent more side effects. Although different types of vaccines can cause different effects, their long-term effects should be considered, especially in women with the possibility of hormonal changes and abnormal bleeding, and the use of vaccines with fewer complications is recommended.
Methods: This review study was carried out for the last 21 years (2001-2022) using specific keywords related to breast cancer prevention and then compared to the most famous IM manuscripts.
Results: Iranian medicine has special views on preventive plans by introducing the risk factors of diseases. Some known risk factors of breast cancer in IM are constipation, obesity, menses retention, irregular night sleep, low physical exertion, and improper diet. Proven risk factors of breast cancer, including improper lifestyle, western diet, obesity, physical inactivity, delayed childbearing, fewer children, and shorter duration of breastfeeding, are in line with IM evidence.
Conclusion: Considering the importance of disease prevention from the perspective of IM, providing the right lifestyle, and introducing the 6 essential principles for health maintenance from the perspective of this medical school may play an important role in preventing breast diseases.