Pinus is one of the most economical and ecological important conifers, model specie for studying ... more Pinus is one of the most economical and ecological important conifers, model specie for studying sequence divergence and molecular phylogeney of gymnosperms. The less availability of information for genome resources enable researchers to conduct evolutionary studies of Pinus species. To improve understanding, we firstly reported, previously released chloroplast genome of 72 Pinus species, the sequence variations, phylogenetic relationships and genome divergence among Pinus species. The results displayed 7 divergent hotspot regions (trnD-GUC, trnY-GUA, trnH-GUG, ycf1, trnL-CAA, trnK-UUU and trnV-GAC) in studied Pinus species, which holds potential to utilized as molecular genetic markers for future phylogenetic studies in Pinnus species. In addition, 3 types of repeats (tandem, palindromic and dispersed) were also studied in Pinus species under investigation. The outcome showed P. nelsonii had the highest, 76 numbers of repeats, while P. sabiniana had the lowest, 13 13 numbers of rep...
Cotton bollworms cause huge losses and are mainly controlled through the synthetic chemicals, how... more Cotton bollworms cause huge losses and are mainly controlled through the synthetic chemicals, however, chemical control does not always effective due to the larvae’s obscure feeding habit. Therefore, varietal resistance and insect mating disruption by using of sex pheromone and light traps were used in present research. The results revealed overall highest seasonal population of Helicoverpa armigera (3.75±0.37) on cotton SS-32 variety, followed by (2.41±0.17), (2.35±0.21), and (2.00±0.19), IUB-13, Nayab-878, and J-5 Pectinophora gossypiella (3.00 ± 0.72) on cotton variety Nayab-878 followed by population of 2.99±0.27, 2.50±0.31, and 1.65±0.22 on cotton varieties J-5, SS-32 and IUB-13 respectively. In addition, maximum yield production was recorded from J-5 (1025 kg ha-1), followed by Nayab-878 (962 kg ha-1) and IUB-13 (835 kg ha-1), respectively. Results, of field trials revealed overall H. armigera (61.25±5.28/15 sex pheromone traps ha-1) followed by (37.45±6.28/10 ha-1) and (20.79...
Rice is a most staple and demandable food crop of the world which feeds more than half of the wor... more Rice is a most staple and demandable food crop of the world which feeds more than half of the world’s overallpopulation. Soil salinity has become a serious problem of the world nowadays which is a common threat to allagricultural crops specially rice because rice is categorized as a typical glycophyte. Salinity is one of the majorconstraints especially in the coastal areas of the world. This salinity problem can be overcome by conventional andmodern breeding technologies. We have focused on the breeding techniques to be adopted to cope with this issue.Salt tolerant varieties can be produced by screening already existing varieties, marker-assisted selection or geneticengineering by introducing salt-tolerance genes. In this review, we have focused salinity problems at global level andits impact on rice as well as other crops plants.
The paste viscosity attributes of starch, measured by rapid visco analyzer (RVA), are important f... more The paste viscosity attributes of starch, measured by rapid visco analyzer (RVA), are important factors for the evaluation of the cooking and eating qualities of rice in breeding programs. To determine the genetic roots of the paste viscosity attributes of rice grains, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with the paste viscosity attributes were mapped, using a double haploid (DH) population derived from Zhongjiazao 17 (YK17), a super rice variety, crossed with D50, a tropic japonica variety. Fifty-four QTLs, for seven parameters of the RVA profiles, were identified in three planting seasons. The 54 QTLs were located on all of the 12 chromosomes, with a single QTL explaining 5.99 to 47.11% of phenotypic variation. From the QTLs identified, four were repeatedly detected under three environmental conditions and the other four QTLs were repeated under two environments. Most of the QTLs detected for peak viscosity (PKV), trough viscosity (TV), cool paste viscosity (CPV), breakdown ...
Nitrogen and phosphorus (NP) are two most important essential nutrients promoting plant growth an... more Nitrogen and phosphorus (NP) are two most important essential nutrients promoting plant growth and yield traits of all crops. NP fertilizers are easy to use and quick in releasing nutrients. A field experiment was conducted at Oilseed section, Agriculture Research Institute, Tandojam to determine the effects of different doses of NP fertilizers on the time of maturity, vegetative growth and yield and yield related traits of sunflower variety HO-1. The six NP fertilizer levels viz. T1 = 0-0 (control), T2 = 80-40, T3 = 100-50, T4 = 150-50, T5 = 120-50 and T6 = 120-75 NP kg ha-1 were set in a randomized complete block design (RCBD). The results revealed that all the parameters of sunflower were significantly affected (P < 0.05) by different NP fertilizer doses. It was observed that maximum 184.25 (cm) plant height, 6.66 (cm) stem girth, 28.19 (cm) head diameter, 1161.92 seeds head-1, 90.33 (g) seed index and 2172.00 (kg ha-1) seed yield was achieved by applying 150-50 NP fertilizer ...
Rose, locally called Gulab-Jo-Gul (In Sindhi) belongs to family Rosaceae. Its botanicalname is ... more Rose, locally called Gulab-Jo-Gul (In Sindhi) belongs to family Rosaceae. Its botanicalname is Rosa indica L. in the order Rosales. Rosaceae is a larger plant family which have hundreds (100) of generas and over thousands of species which contains shrubs, herbs and trees etc. Rose is very much important plant from various aspects. It is widely used throughout the world including love movements, medical purposes, cosmetic uses, happy events, celebrations, welcome parties, ornamentallyas well as food tonic supplement, so, they have value but same time they are cultivated at small area in the country due to several reason. However they are climatically well adopted and tolerates adverse environmental conditions. Lack of improved production technology plus awareness about cultivation are major issues in every part of the globe. Unfortunately in agricultural research life, rose cultivation sector is most ignored around the world, less work and less promotion of its cultivation causing ...
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE & BIOLOGY , 2019
A population of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from the cross between Japonica rice Nipp... more A population of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from the cross between Japonica rice Nipponbare (NIP) and Indica rice Zhongjiazao17 (YK 17) was used to analyse the genomic regions for amylose content (AC), gel consistency (GC), gelatinization temperature (GT) and protein content (PC). Sums of 33 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were detected on all chromosomes except chromosome 8, 10 and 12, respectively with single QTL explaining 1.56–89.51% of the phenotypic variation. From total, 15 of them were identified in all three environmental conditions. The marker interval RM7158-RM3414 harbours most of the detected QTLs and it may host the Waxy (Wx) gene along with Alk are the major determinant for cooking and eating quality (ECQs). Four QTLs (qAC6, qGT6.2, qPC6 and qPC7) showed highly significant additive × environment interaction providing evidence of environment effect. Moreover, 7 epistatic QTL pairs including 3 for AC, 3 for GT and 1 for PC were also detected. The Wx gene sequencing results showed that the promoter region of Wx gene in YK17 contains three Indels along with two SNPs on Exon 9 and Exon 10 in comparison to NIP. The results confirmed that the Wx gene is the major determinant for cooking and eating quality in rice. These findings can help to develop understanding for the genetic mechanism of ECQs and allelic variation in YK17 Wx gene will be utilized for future grain quality improvement programs.
International Journal on Emerging Technologies , 2021
Safflower (Cartamous tinctorious L.) is one of the most traditional oilseed crops and extensively... more Safflower (Cartamous tinctorious L.) is one of the most traditional oilseed crops and extensively cultivated in Asian countries. Thriving production of safflower is affected by several factors; one of them is insect pests. Safflower fly, Acanthiophilus helianthi (Rossi) is a key pest of safflower which causes substantial yield losses in every season. Using the resistant genotypes is one of the most conventional methods which reduce insect pest population, and it has been used as part of integrated pest management in safflower crop. Since host plant-resistance is the most efficient method for pest management thus, the aim of current study was subjected to evaluate the resistant genotypes against A. helianthi. As results, safflower varieties displayed significant variations from comparative susceptibility to comparative resistance. On the basis of results, seasonal larval and pupal population, infestation, and damage (%) caused by A. helianthi, Pl-280-716 and Pl-242-418 were found relatively susceptible; Thori-78 showed intermediate resistant, however, Pl-405-992 and Pl-369-848 were comparatively resistant at (P<0.05), respectively. Furthermore, significantly peak population of A. helianthi on over varieties was documented in the last two weeks of March at (P<0.01). In addition, the strong positive correlation between population density, dead hearts, damage percentage, and abiotic factors was recorded in susceptible Pl-280-716 and Pl-242-418, and negative correlation with resistant Pl-405-992 and Pl-369-848 cultivars, respectively. Conversely resistant varieties viz. Pl-369-848 and Pl-405-992 showed lesser damage and significantly higher yield at (P<0.05, P<0.01), hence forth are suggested for cultivation in order to reduce the damage of A. helianthi. Furthermore, resistant cultivars can reduce the yield losses and can successfullyuse as a part of integrated pest management in oilseed crops.
International Journal on Emerging Technologies , 2021
Potassium is the third major nutrient required by most crops for their growth and development. I... more Potassium is the third major nutrient required by most crops for their growth and development. It plays an important role in increasing yield of legume crops but it has been ignored by the grass pea growers of the world. A field experiment was conducted at Pulse Research Sub-Station, Tandojam to test the growth and yield performance of four grass pea genotypes namely Sel-1959, Italian, Sel-299 and Sel-2177 against three potassium levels viz. 00, 10, 20 kg K ha-1. The results indicated that potassium levels and grass pea genotypes exhibited a significant (P<0.05) influence on all growth and yield traits. The combination of 20 kg K ha-1 and grass pea genotype Sel-2177 produced the maximum values for growth and yield traits with 6.00 branches plant-1, 34.67 pods plant-1, 4.66 seeds pod-1, 6.83 fresh pod yield (kg plot-1), 88.00 (g) 1000-seed weight, 23364.10 kg biomass yield ha-1 and 6121.00 kg seed yield ha-1 against crop fertilized with 20 kg K ha-1. The Italian genotype with 00 kg K ha-1 produced minimum results for all growth and yield traits. It was concluded that 20 kg K ha-1 produced maximum seed yield with other growth characteristics, while genotype Sel-2177 produced best results in all parameters than rest of other genotypes. In this regard, the grass pea crop with Sel-2177 genotype and 20 kg K ha-1 is being recommended for Sindh province of Pakistan.
Rose, locally called Gulab-Jo-Gul (in Sindhi), belongs to family Rosaceae. Its botanical name is ... more Rose, locally called Gulab-Jo-Gul (in Sindhi), belongs to family Rosaceae. Its botanical name is Rosa indica L. in the order Rosales. Rosaceae is a larger plant family, which has hundreds of genera and over thousands of species including shrubs, herbs, and trees. Rose is a very much important plant from various aspects. It is widely used throughout the world for love moments, medical purposes, cosmetic uses, happy events, celebrations, welcome parties, ornamentally as well as food tonic supplement, so they have value, but the same time, they are cultivated at small area in the country due to several reason. However, they are climatically well-adopted and tolerate adverse environmental conditions. Lack of improved production technology and awareness about cultivation are major issues in every part of the globe. Unfortunately in agricultural research life, rose cultivation sector is most ignored around the world, less work, and less promotion of its cultivation causing reduced availability. Therefore, introduction of climatically well-adopted production technology is essential which provides briefly guide to farmers from the scope of rose along with cultivation processes.
Leaf colour chart (LCC) is known as one of the important innovation in the agricultural sector of... more Leaf colour chart (LCC) is known as one of the important innovation in the agricultural sector of the world. It was the first time prepared by scientists of Japan. They used this for estimation of chlorophyll formation rate in the rice (Oryza sativa L.) crop and then more various investigations on leaf colour chart were done which showed that it is important for better nitrogen management. N deficiency can easily be rectified with no devastation of plant parts. Nowadays, the leaf colour chart is being successfully used worldwide for the proper rate of nitrogen application and thus boosting the greatest productivity. Study was begun in 2013 using of diverse literature available on leaf colour chart from various resources. The mirror, paper, painting colours, aluminium and plastic tape, glue, plastic shopper, pencil, geometrical instruments and camel brushes of different sizes were used as material. All processes step by step
Zinc (Zn), one of the essential micronutrients, and is needed by plants in small quantities. Foli... more Zinc (Zn), one of the essential micronutrients, and is needed by plants in small quantities. Foliar fertilization is a visible economic way to supplement the crop with essential nutrients for a more efficient fertilization. A field study was undertaken to determine the growth and yield response of wheat as affected by foliar application of zinc at Agronomy Section ARI, Tandojam. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used in order to carry this experiment. The plot size was 6m x 4m= (24m 2). The homogenous seed of wheat variety " TD-1 " was sown and it was tested against five different treatments of zinc i.e. T 1 = 00% Zn ha-1 , T 2 = 0.5% Zn ha-1 , T 3 = 1.0% Zn ha-1 , T 4 = 1.5% Zn ha-1 and T 5 = 2.0% Zn ha-1 as foliar spray with standard dose of NPK. The result statistically shows significant effect with increasing zinc. T 5 =2.0% Zn gave maximum tillers m-2 (296.0), plant height (66.1 cm), spike length (9.2 cm), number of grains spike-1 (46.4), seed index (51.0, g) and grain yield (5540.7 kg ha-1) followed by T 4 = 1.5 % Zn tillers m-2 (284.0), plant height (60.3 cm), (8.5 cm) spike length, grains spike-1 (43.1) and seed index (47.3, g), (4840.7 kg ha-1) grain yield. However, the minimum result observed under T 1 = 0.0% Zn (control) where tillers m-2 (257.7), (49.3 cm) plant height, (7.3 cm) spike length, (38.3) grain spike-1 , (42.3 g) seed index and (4046.3 kg ha-1) economic grain yield. It was concluded that application of 2.0% Zn as foliar spray significantly gave higher grain yield. .
Adequate potassium (K) nutrition is known to increase crop yields, including legumes. However, ve... more Adequate potassium (K) nutrition is known to increase crop yields, including legumes. However, very little is known about the K requirements of crops in Pakistan, especially grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.). We evaluated K requirements of five elite grass pea genotypes in a field experiment. The experiment was organized in factorial block design with three replications. The study involved five commonly grown grass pea genotypes (Sel-B 111, Sel-449, Sel-190, Sel-1785 and Sel-945) and three K doses (0, 10 and 20 kg K ha-1). The results revealed that K nutrition and genotypic variation significantly (p<0.05) determined the yield of grass pea. However, their interaction remained non-significant for all the traits of grass pea under study. As expected, the increasing rate of K significantly (p<0.05) increased various growth traits and yield of grass pea genotypes. The crop supplied with 20 kg K2O ha-1 produced maximum branches per plant (5.2), pods per plant (32.3), seeds per pod (4.7), seed index (82.7 g) and seed yield (2589 kg ha-1) when compared with 0.0 and 10 kg K2O ha-1. Interestingly, Sel-449 was the most responsive genotype to K nutrition which resulted in higher branches per plant (5.3), pods per plant (29.7), seeds per pod (4.5), seed index (87.3 g) and seed yield (2504 kg ha-1) as compared to its counterparts. The genotype Sel-1785 was much closer to Sel-449 for its growth and yield traits. We conclude from the results of this study that a dose of 20 kg K2O ha-1 proved to be the most beneficial. Moreover, the grass pea genotype Sel-449 was more responsive to potassium nutrition as compared to other genotypes. Hence, we recommend growing of Sel 449 at 20 kg K2O ha-1 for obtaining maximum yield of grass pea.
The research was carried out for evaluating right timing and splitting nitrogen application rates... more The research was carried out for evaluating right timing and splitting nitrogen application rates for enhanced growth and yield of sunflower at oilseed section, Agriculture Research Institute, Tandojam. The experiment was laid out in three replicated randomized complete design having net plot size of 20 m2. Nitrogen rate of 100 kg ha-1 was applied either in full or splits. The treatments included; T1= 100 kg ha-1N (Full dose of N at the time of sowing, T2= 1/2 N at sowing + 1/2 at first irrigation (two splits), T3= 1/3rd N at sowing + 1/3rd at first irrigation + 1/3rd at 2nd irrigation (three splits). The observation was recorded on important growth and yield contributing characteristics. The analysis of variance showed that spilt N application and its timing had significant effect on all the growth and yield parameters except days to 75% maturity, which showed non-significant effect. The maximum 84.3 days to 75% maturity were recorded in T3 when N was applied in three splits whereas minimum 82.0 days to 75% maturity were recorded in T1 when N was applied as full dose at the time of sowing. The maximum 95.0 days to 90% maturity were recorded in T3 when N was applied in three splits whereas minimum 91.3 days to 90% maturity were recorded in T1 when N was applied as full dose at the time of sowing. The maximum 210.0 cm plant height was recorded under T3 whereas minimum 126.6 cm plant height was recorded under T1. The maximum 11.3 cm stem girth was recorded under T3 when N was applied in three splits while the minimum 6.3 cm stem girth was observed at T1 where full dose of N was applied at the time of sowing. The maximum 26.0 cm head diameter, 60.0 g seeds head-1 yield, 72.3 g seed index and 1414.0 kg yield ha-1 was observed under T3 = 1/3rd N at sowing + 1/3rd at first irrigation + 1/3rd at 2nd irrigation (three splits) whereas the minimum 18.0 cm head diameter, 24.6 g seeds head-1 yield, 43.6 g seed index and 859.0 kg yield ha-1 was recorded at T1 = full dose of N at the time of sowing. It was further revealed and concluded that sunflower performed better in all parameters when N was applied in three splits and at different timings as compare to full N application at sowing time and N in two splits. Therefore, for better performance of sunflower production and optimum N use, N application in three splits is recommended.
Generally, wheat productivity severely affected due to imbalanced fertilizer application, and on ... more Generally, wheat productivity severely affected due to imbalanced fertilizer application, and on other hand NPB are 100%, 90% and 55% deficient in Pakistani soils as well as K deficiency appears rapidly. Therefore appropriate nutrient management is essentially required to obtain economic wheat yield. A field experiment was carried out at Student's Experimental Farm, Department of Agronomy, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, during 2014-15. The trial was arranged on randomized complete block design, replicated thrice and treatments included: Control (untreated), NPK= 90:60:60 kg ha-1 , NPK = 90-30-30 kg ha-1 + B: 1% (tillering), NPK = 120:60:60 kg ha-1 + B: 1% (tillering), NPK = 90:30:30 kg ha-1 + B: 2% (tillering), NPK = 120:60:60 kg ha-1 + B: 2% (tillering).The statistical analysis of data proved that various combinations of NPK and boron application displayed significant (P<0.05) effects on nearly all the growth and yield components of wheat. Thus, maximum plant height 86.7, more tillers 418.0 m 2 , increased spike length 11.6 cm, grains spike-1 51.0 and 49.0, grain weight plant-1 7.9 g, seed index (1000 grain weight) 41.7 g, biological yield 9131.7 kg ha-1 , grain yield 3880.0 kg ha-1 and harvest index 42.5 were noted at NPK-120-60-60 kg ha-1 + B 2% at tillering phase, Whereas, all growth and yield parameters were measured poor under control (untreated) plots. Hence, it was decided from the results that use of NPK = 120:60:60 kg ha-1 and 2% foliar application of boron at tillering stage proved better as compared to other treatments.
Weeds are known as unwanted, undesirable, unsuitable and harmful plants. They are mostly C4 plant... more Weeds are known as unwanted, undesirable, unsuitable and harmful plants. They are mostly C4 plants (Extraordinary metabolize essential carbon) and have vigor growth. Due to vigorous growth and inordinate development, they compete with all type of crops including cereals, fiber, sugar, medicinal and vegetable crops as well as floricultural crops for nutrient, place, space, air, carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), light, soil moisture and soil oxygen etc that result in causes of long or short stressful periods during growth and development of plant which have adverse influence on the harvest and straightforwardly diminish the yield and quality of crops. Various methods are utilized to control the weeds but all methods are not efficient equally against weeds before they give any damage to the harvests, with the exception of a few. These involves use of weedicides, hoeing, tillage operations, hand pulling, pure seed, seeding rate, mulching, Intercropping, cultivation of weed competitive varieties, mixed cropping, sowing time, sowing methods and use of fertilizer practices. However nowadays modern agriculture concept is giving recommendation to use all these practices combined which is known as integrated weed management (IWM). This review paper evaluates different weed management practices in different crops and suggests effective weed control methods for good crop yield and its quality. This paper is also indicating challenges in integrated weed management practices with raising a question why a majority of farmers around the world are unable to apply integrated weed management (IWM) practices.
Sunflower is a one of the most important oilseed crop. Production of sunflower with the use of su... more Sunflower is a one of the most important oilseed crop. Production of sunflower with the use of sustainable source of nutrient is cheap as compared with the application of synthetic fertilizers and its quality and soil heath improved by the application of organic chemical (OC) source of nutrient while chemical fertilizers are generally dangers for our environment and soil health. The nutrient requirement of sunflower can easily be carried by the self-made OC source of nutrient through this equation FYM + CaCO3 + H2O + NO3→ OC (OC source of nutrient) with very low cost, so a farmer can self-made and fulfill nutrient requirement of crop and can obtain higher yield. A field experiment was carried out during 2013 at village Mir Khan Leghari near Agriculture Training Institute Sakrand, district Nawabshah (Sindh). The sunflower variety HO-1 was sown by using randomized complete block design with tree replications. Three levels of self-made OC source of nutrient viz: T1 = 200 kg/ha, T2 = 300 kg/ha, and T3 = 500 kg/ha was used. Regarding to the result maximum plant height, stem girth, number of leaves, head diameter, seed yield (140 cm, 7.60 cm, 16/plant, 15.70 cm, 1580.00 kg/ha, respectively) were recorded in T3 in which high dose (500 kg/ha) of self-made OC source of nutrient were applied. While the minimum plant height 110 cm, stem girth 3.25 cm, leaves per plant 12, head diameter 9.50 cm, seed yield 1300.40 kg/ha were recorded in T1 plot, where low dose (200 kg/ha) of self-made OC source of nutrient were applied in this plot.
Pinus is one of the most economical and ecological important conifers, model specie for studying ... more Pinus is one of the most economical and ecological important conifers, model specie for studying sequence divergence and molecular phylogeney of gymnosperms. The less availability of information for genome resources enable researchers to conduct evolutionary studies of Pinus species. To improve understanding, we firstly reported, previously released chloroplast genome of 72 Pinus species, the sequence variations, phylogenetic relationships and genome divergence among Pinus species. The results displayed 7 divergent hotspot regions (trnD-GUC, trnY-GUA, trnH-GUG, ycf1, trnL-CAA, trnK-UUU and trnV-GAC) in studied Pinus species, which holds potential to utilized as molecular genetic markers for future phylogenetic studies in Pinnus species. In addition, 3 types of repeats (tandem, palindromic and dispersed) were also studied in Pinus species under investigation. The outcome showed P. nelsonii had the highest, 76 numbers of repeats, while P. sabiniana had the lowest, 13 13 numbers of rep...
Cotton bollworms cause huge losses and are mainly controlled through the synthetic chemicals, how... more Cotton bollworms cause huge losses and are mainly controlled through the synthetic chemicals, however, chemical control does not always effective due to the larvae’s obscure feeding habit. Therefore, varietal resistance and insect mating disruption by using of sex pheromone and light traps were used in present research. The results revealed overall highest seasonal population of Helicoverpa armigera (3.75±0.37) on cotton SS-32 variety, followed by (2.41±0.17), (2.35±0.21), and (2.00±0.19), IUB-13, Nayab-878, and J-5 Pectinophora gossypiella (3.00 ± 0.72) on cotton variety Nayab-878 followed by population of 2.99±0.27, 2.50±0.31, and 1.65±0.22 on cotton varieties J-5, SS-32 and IUB-13 respectively. In addition, maximum yield production was recorded from J-5 (1025 kg ha-1), followed by Nayab-878 (962 kg ha-1) and IUB-13 (835 kg ha-1), respectively. Results, of field trials revealed overall H. armigera (61.25±5.28/15 sex pheromone traps ha-1) followed by (37.45±6.28/10 ha-1) and (20.79...
Rice is a most staple and demandable food crop of the world which feeds more than half of the wor... more Rice is a most staple and demandable food crop of the world which feeds more than half of the world’s overallpopulation. Soil salinity has become a serious problem of the world nowadays which is a common threat to allagricultural crops specially rice because rice is categorized as a typical glycophyte. Salinity is one of the majorconstraints especially in the coastal areas of the world. This salinity problem can be overcome by conventional andmodern breeding technologies. We have focused on the breeding techniques to be adopted to cope with this issue.Salt tolerant varieties can be produced by screening already existing varieties, marker-assisted selection or geneticengineering by introducing salt-tolerance genes. In this review, we have focused salinity problems at global level andits impact on rice as well as other crops plants.
The paste viscosity attributes of starch, measured by rapid visco analyzer (RVA), are important f... more The paste viscosity attributes of starch, measured by rapid visco analyzer (RVA), are important factors for the evaluation of the cooking and eating qualities of rice in breeding programs. To determine the genetic roots of the paste viscosity attributes of rice grains, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with the paste viscosity attributes were mapped, using a double haploid (DH) population derived from Zhongjiazao 17 (YK17), a super rice variety, crossed with D50, a tropic japonica variety. Fifty-four QTLs, for seven parameters of the RVA profiles, were identified in three planting seasons. The 54 QTLs were located on all of the 12 chromosomes, with a single QTL explaining 5.99 to 47.11% of phenotypic variation. From the QTLs identified, four were repeatedly detected under three environmental conditions and the other four QTLs were repeated under two environments. Most of the QTLs detected for peak viscosity (PKV), trough viscosity (TV), cool paste viscosity (CPV), breakdown ...
Nitrogen and phosphorus (NP) are two most important essential nutrients promoting plant growth an... more Nitrogen and phosphorus (NP) are two most important essential nutrients promoting plant growth and yield traits of all crops. NP fertilizers are easy to use and quick in releasing nutrients. A field experiment was conducted at Oilseed section, Agriculture Research Institute, Tandojam to determine the effects of different doses of NP fertilizers on the time of maturity, vegetative growth and yield and yield related traits of sunflower variety HO-1. The six NP fertilizer levels viz. T1 = 0-0 (control), T2 = 80-40, T3 = 100-50, T4 = 150-50, T5 = 120-50 and T6 = 120-75 NP kg ha-1 were set in a randomized complete block design (RCBD). The results revealed that all the parameters of sunflower were significantly affected (P < 0.05) by different NP fertilizer doses. It was observed that maximum 184.25 (cm) plant height, 6.66 (cm) stem girth, 28.19 (cm) head diameter, 1161.92 seeds head-1, 90.33 (g) seed index and 2172.00 (kg ha-1) seed yield was achieved by applying 150-50 NP fertilizer ...
Rose, locally called Gulab-Jo-Gul (In Sindhi) belongs to family Rosaceae. Its botanicalname is ... more Rose, locally called Gulab-Jo-Gul (In Sindhi) belongs to family Rosaceae. Its botanicalname is Rosa indica L. in the order Rosales. Rosaceae is a larger plant family which have hundreds (100) of generas and over thousands of species which contains shrubs, herbs and trees etc. Rose is very much important plant from various aspects. It is widely used throughout the world including love movements, medical purposes, cosmetic uses, happy events, celebrations, welcome parties, ornamentallyas well as food tonic supplement, so, they have value but same time they are cultivated at small area in the country due to several reason. However they are climatically well adopted and tolerates adverse environmental conditions. Lack of improved production technology plus awareness about cultivation are major issues in every part of the globe. Unfortunately in agricultural research life, rose cultivation sector is most ignored around the world, less work and less promotion of its cultivation causing ...
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE & BIOLOGY , 2019
A population of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from the cross between Japonica rice Nipp... more A population of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from the cross between Japonica rice Nipponbare (NIP) and Indica rice Zhongjiazao17 (YK 17) was used to analyse the genomic regions for amylose content (AC), gel consistency (GC), gelatinization temperature (GT) and protein content (PC). Sums of 33 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were detected on all chromosomes except chromosome 8, 10 and 12, respectively with single QTL explaining 1.56–89.51% of the phenotypic variation. From total, 15 of them were identified in all three environmental conditions. The marker interval RM7158-RM3414 harbours most of the detected QTLs and it may host the Waxy (Wx) gene along with Alk are the major determinant for cooking and eating quality (ECQs). Four QTLs (qAC6, qGT6.2, qPC6 and qPC7) showed highly significant additive × environment interaction providing evidence of environment effect. Moreover, 7 epistatic QTL pairs including 3 for AC, 3 for GT and 1 for PC were also detected. The Wx gene sequencing results showed that the promoter region of Wx gene in YK17 contains three Indels along with two SNPs on Exon 9 and Exon 10 in comparison to NIP. The results confirmed that the Wx gene is the major determinant for cooking and eating quality in rice. These findings can help to develop understanding for the genetic mechanism of ECQs and allelic variation in YK17 Wx gene will be utilized for future grain quality improvement programs.
International Journal on Emerging Technologies , 2021
Safflower (Cartamous tinctorious L.) is one of the most traditional oilseed crops and extensively... more Safflower (Cartamous tinctorious L.) is one of the most traditional oilseed crops and extensively cultivated in Asian countries. Thriving production of safflower is affected by several factors; one of them is insect pests. Safflower fly, Acanthiophilus helianthi (Rossi) is a key pest of safflower which causes substantial yield losses in every season. Using the resistant genotypes is one of the most conventional methods which reduce insect pest population, and it has been used as part of integrated pest management in safflower crop. Since host plant-resistance is the most efficient method for pest management thus, the aim of current study was subjected to evaluate the resistant genotypes against A. helianthi. As results, safflower varieties displayed significant variations from comparative susceptibility to comparative resistance. On the basis of results, seasonal larval and pupal population, infestation, and damage (%) caused by A. helianthi, Pl-280-716 and Pl-242-418 were found relatively susceptible; Thori-78 showed intermediate resistant, however, Pl-405-992 and Pl-369-848 were comparatively resistant at (P<0.05), respectively. Furthermore, significantly peak population of A. helianthi on over varieties was documented in the last two weeks of March at (P<0.01). In addition, the strong positive correlation between population density, dead hearts, damage percentage, and abiotic factors was recorded in susceptible Pl-280-716 and Pl-242-418, and negative correlation with resistant Pl-405-992 and Pl-369-848 cultivars, respectively. Conversely resistant varieties viz. Pl-369-848 and Pl-405-992 showed lesser damage and significantly higher yield at (P<0.05, P<0.01), hence forth are suggested for cultivation in order to reduce the damage of A. helianthi. Furthermore, resistant cultivars can reduce the yield losses and can successfullyuse as a part of integrated pest management in oilseed crops.
International Journal on Emerging Technologies , 2021
Potassium is the third major nutrient required by most crops for their growth and development. I... more Potassium is the third major nutrient required by most crops for their growth and development. It plays an important role in increasing yield of legume crops but it has been ignored by the grass pea growers of the world. A field experiment was conducted at Pulse Research Sub-Station, Tandojam to test the growth and yield performance of four grass pea genotypes namely Sel-1959, Italian, Sel-299 and Sel-2177 against three potassium levels viz. 00, 10, 20 kg K ha-1. The results indicated that potassium levels and grass pea genotypes exhibited a significant (P<0.05) influence on all growth and yield traits. The combination of 20 kg K ha-1 and grass pea genotype Sel-2177 produced the maximum values for growth and yield traits with 6.00 branches plant-1, 34.67 pods plant-1, 4.66 seeds pod-1, 6.83 fresh pod yield (kg plot-1), 88.00 (g) 1000-seed weight, 23364.10 kg biomass yield ha-1 and 6121.00 kg seed yield ha-1 against crop fertilized with 20 kg K ha-1. The Italian genotype with 00 kg K ha-1 produced minimum results for all growth and yield traits. It was concluded that 20 kg K ha-1 produced maximum seed yield with other growth characteristics, while genotype Sel-2177 produced best results in all parameters than rest of other genotypes. In this regard, the grass pea crop with Sel-2177 genotype and 20 kg K ha-1 is being recommended for Sindh province of Pakistan.
Rose, locally called Gulab-Jo-Gul (in Sindhi), belongs to family Rosaceae. Its botanical name is ... more Rose, locally called Gulab-Jo-Gul (in Sindhi), belongs to family Rosaceae. Its botanical name is Rosa indica L. in the order Rosales. Rosaceae is a larger plant family, which has hundreds of genera and over thousands of species including shrubs, herbs, and trees. Rose is a very much important plant from various aspects. It is widely used throughout the world for love moments, medical purposes, cosmetic uses, happy events, celebrations, welcome parties, ornamentally as well as food tonic supplement, so they have value, but the same time, they are cultivated at small area in the country due to several reason. However, they are climatically well-adopted and tolerate adverse environmental conditions. Lack of improved production technology and awareness about cultivation are major issues in every part of the globe. Unfortunately in agricultural research life, rose cultivation sector is most ignored around the world, less work, and less promotion of its cultivation causing reduced availability. Therefore, introduction of climatically well-adopted production technology is essential which provides briefly guide to farmers from the scope of rose along with cultivation processes.
Leaf colour chart (LCC) is known as one of the important innovation in the agricultural sector of... more Leaf colour chart (LCC) is known as one of the important innovation in the agricultural sector of the world. It was the first time prepared by scientists of Japan. They used this for estimation of chlorophyll formation rate in the rice (Oryza sativa L.) crop and then more various investigations on leaf colour chart were done which showed that it is important for better nitrogen management. N deficiency can easily be rectified with no devastation of plant parts. Nowadays, the leaf colour chart is being successfully used worldwide for the proper rate of nitrogen application and thus boosting the greatest productivity. Study was begun in 2013 using of diverse literature available on leaf colour chart from various resources. The mirror, paper, painting colours, aluminium and plastic tape, glue, plastic shopper, pencil, geometrical instruments and camel brushes of different sizes were used as material. All processes step by step
Zinc (Zn), one of the essential micronutrients, and is needed by plants in small quantities. Foli... more Zinc (Zn), one of the essential micronutrients, and is needed by plants in small quantities. Foliar fertilization is a visible economic way to supplement the crop with essential nutrients for a more efficient fertilization. A field study was undertaken to determine the growth and yield response of wheat as affected by foliar application of zinc at Agronomy Section ARI, Tandojam. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used in order to carry this experiment. The plot size was 6m x 4m= (24m 2). The homogenous seed of wheat variety " TD-1 " was sown and it was tested against five different treatments of zinc i.e. T 1 = 00% Zn ha-1 , T 2 = 0.5% Zn ha-1 , T 3 = 1.0% Zn ha-1 , T 4 = 1.5% Zn ha-1 and T 5 = 2.0% Zn ha-1 as foliar spray with standard dose of NPK. The result statistically shows significant effect with increasing zinc. T 5 =2.0% Zn gave maximum tillers m-2 (296.0), plant height (66.1 cm), spike length (9.2 cm), number of grains spike-1 (46.4), seed index (51.0, g) and grain yield (5540.7 kg ha-1) followed by T 4 = 1.5 % Zn tillers m-2 (284.0), plant height (60.3 cm), (8.5 cm) spike length, grains spike-1 (43.1) and seed index (47.3, g), (4840.7 kg ha-1) grain yield. However, the minimum result observed under T 1 = 0.0% Zn (control) where tillers m-2 (257.7), (49.3 cm) plant height, (7.3 cm) spike length, (38.3) grain spike-1 , (42.3 g) seed index and (4046.3 kg ha-1) economic grain yield. It was concluded that application of 2.0% Zn as foliar spray significantly gave higher grain yield. .
Adequate potassium (K) nutrition is known to increase crop yields, including legumes. However, ve... more Adequate potassium (K) nutrition is known to increase crop yields, including legumes. However, very little is known about the K requirements of crops in Pakistan, especially grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.). We evaluated K requirements of five elite grass pea genotypes in a field experiment. The experiment was organized in factorial block design with three replications. The study involved five commonly grown grass pea genotypes (Sel-B 111, Sel-449, Sel-190, Sel-1785 and Sel-945) and three K doses (0, 10 and 20 kg K ha-1). The results revealed that K nutrition and genotypic variation significantly (p<0.05) determined the yield of grass pea. However, their interaction remained non-significant for all the traits of grass pea under study. As expected, the increasing rate of K significantly (p<0.05) increased various growth traits and yield of grass pea genotypes. The crop supplied with 20 kg K2O ha-1 produced maximum branches per plant (5.2), pods per plant (32.3), seeds per pod (4.7), seed index (82.7 g) and seed yield (2589 kg ha-1) when compared with 0.0 and 10 kg K2O ha-1. Interestingly, Sel-449 was the most responsive genotype to K nutrition which resulted in higher branches per plant (5.3), pods per plant (29.7), seeds per pod (4.5), seed index (87.3 g) and seed yield (2504 kg ha-1) as compared to its counterparts. The genotype Sel-1785 was much closer to Sel-449 for its growth and yield traits. We conclude from the results of this study that a dose of 20 kg K2O ha-1 proved to be the most beneficial. Moreover, the grass pea genotype Sel-449 was more responsive to potassium nutrition as compared to other genotypes. Hence, we recommend growing of Sel 449 at 20 kg K2O ha-1 for obtaining maximum yield of grass pea.
The research was carried out for evaluating right timing and splitting nitrogen application rates... more The research was carried out for evaluating right timing and splitting nitrogen application rates for enhanced growth and yield of sunflower at oilseed section, Agriculture Research Institute, Tandojam. The experiment was laid out in three replicated randomized complete design having net plot size of 20 m2. Nitrogen rate of 100 kg ha-1 was applied either in full or splits. The treatments included; T1= 100 kg ha-1N (Full dose of N at the time of sowing, T2= 1/2 N at sowing + 1/2 at first irrigation (two splits), T3= 1/3rd N at sowing + 1/3rd at first irrigation + 1/3rd at 2nd irrigation (three splits). The observation was recorded on important growth and yield contributing characteristics. The analysis of variance showed that spilt N application and its timing had significant effect on all the growth and yield parameters except days to 75% maturity, which showed non-significant effect. The maximum 84.3 days to 75% maturity were recorded in T3 when N was applied in three splits whereas minimum 82.0 days to 75% maturity were recorded in T1 when N was applied as full dose at the time of sowing. The maximum 95.0 days to 90% maturity were recorded in T3 when N was applied in three splits whereas minimum 91.3 days to 90% maturity were recorded in T1 when N was applied as full dose at the time of sowing. The maximum 210.0 cm plant height was recorded under T3 whereas minimum 126.6 cm plant height was recorded under T1. The maximum 11.3 cm stem girth was recorded under T3 when N was applied in three splits while the minimum 6.3 cm stem girth was observed at T1 where full dose of N was applied at the time of sowing. The maximum 26.0 cm head diameter, 60.0 g seeds head-1 yield, 72.3 g seed index and 1414.0 kg yield ha-1 was observed under T3 = 1/3rd N at sowing + 1/3rd at first irrigation + 1/3rd at 2nd irrigation (three splits) whereas the minimum 18.0 cm head diameter, 24.6 g seeds head-1 yield, 43.6 g seed index and 859.0 kg yield ha-1 was recorded at T1 = full dose of N at the time of sowing. It was further revealed and concluded that sunflower performed better in all parameters when N was applied in three splits and at different timings as compare to full N application at sowing time and N in two splits. Therefore, for better performance of sunflower production and optimum N use, N application in three splits is recommended.
Generally, wheat productivity severely affected due to imbalanced fertilizer application, and on ... more Generally, wheat productivity severely affected due to imbalanced fertilizer application, and on other hand NPB are 100%, 90% and 55% deficient in Pakistani soils as well as K deficiency appears rapidly. Therefore appropriate nutrient management is essentially required to obtain economic wheat yield. A field experiment was carried out at Student's Experimental Farm, Department of Agronomy, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, during 2014-15. The trial was arranged on randomized complete block design, replicated thrice and treatments included: Control (untreated), NPK= 90:60:60 kg ha-1 , NPK = 90-30-30 kg ha-1 + B: 1% (tillering), NPK = 120:60:60 kg ha-1 + B: 1% (tillering), NPK = 90:30:30 kg ha-1 + B: 2% (tillering), NPK = 120:60:60 kg ha-1 + B: 2% (tillering).The statistical analysis of data proved that various combinations of NPK and boron application displayed significant (P<0.05) effects on nearly all the growth and yield components of wheat. Thus, maximum plant height 86.7, more tillers 418.0 m 2 , increased spike length 11.6 cm, grains spike-1 51.0 and 49.0, grain weight plant-1 7.9 g, seed index (1000 grain weight) 41.7 g, biological yield 9131.7 kg ha-1 , grain yield 3880.0 kg ha-1 and harvest index 42.5 were noted at NPK-120-60-60 kg ha-1 + B 2% at tillering phase, Whereas, all growth and yield parameters were measured poor under control (untreated) plots. Hence, it was decided from the results that use of NPK = 120:60:60 kg ha-1 and 2% foliar application of boron at tillering stage proved better as compared to other treatments.
Weeds are known as unwanted, undesirable, unsuitable and harmful plants. They are mostly C4 plant... more Weeds are known as unwanted, undesirable, unsuitable and harmful plants. They are mostly C4 plants (Extraordinary metabolize essential carbon) and have vigor growth. Due to vigorous growth and inordinate development, they compete with all type of crops including cereals, fiber, sugar, medicinal and vegetable crops as well as floricultural crops for nutrient, place, space, air, carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), light, soil moisture and soil oxygen etc that result in causes of long or short stressful periods during growth and development of plant which have adverse influence on the harvest and straightforwardly diminish the yield and quality of crops. Various methods are utilized to control the weeds but all methods are not efficient equally against weeds before they give any damage to the harvests, with the exception of a few. These involves use of weedicides, hoeing, tillage operations, hand pulling, pure seed, seeding rate, mulching, Intercropping, cultivation of weed competitive varieties, mixed cropping, sowing time, sowing methods and use of fertilizer practices. However nowadays modern agriculture concept is giving recommendation to use all these practices combined which is known as integrated weed management (IWM). This review paper evaluates different weed management practices in different crops and suggests effective weed control methods for good crop yield and its quality. This paper is also indicating challenges in integrated weed management practices with raising a question why a majority of farmers around the world are unable to apply integrated weed management (IWM) practices.
Sunflower is a one of the most important oilseed crop. Production of sunflower with the use of su... more Sunflower is a one of the most important oilseed crop. Production of sunflower with the use of sustainable source of nutrient is cheap as compared with the application of synthetic fertilizers and its quality and soil heath improved by the application of organic chemical (OC) source of nutrient while chemical fertilizers are generally dangers for our environment and soil health. The nutrient requirement of sunflower can easily be carried by the self-made OC source of nutrient through this equation FYM + CaCO3 + H2O + NO3→ OC (OC source of nutrient) with very low cost, so a farmer can self-made and fulfill nutrient requirement of crop and can obtain higher yield. A field experiment was carried out during 2013 at village Mir Khan Leghari near Agriculture Training Institute Sakrand, district Nawabshah (Sindh). The sunflower variety HO-1 was sown by using randomized complete block design with tree replications. Three levels of self-made OC source of nutrient viz: T1 = 200 kg/ha, T2 = 300 kg/ha, and T3 = 500 kg/ha was used. Regarding to the result maximum plant height, stem girth, number of leaves, head diameter, seed yield (140 cm, 7.60 cm, 16/plant, 15.70 cm, 1580.00 kg/ha, respectively) were recorded in T3 in which high dose (500 kg/ha) of self-made OC source of nutrient were applied. While the minimum plant height 110 cm, stem girth 3.25 cm, leaves per plant 12, head diameter 9.50 cm, seed yield 1300.40 kg/ha were recorded in T1 plot, where low dose (200 kg/ha) of self-made OC source of nutrient were applied in this plot.
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Papers by Umed Ali Leghari
ignored around the world, less work, and less promotion of its cultivation causing reduced availability. Therefore, introduction of climatically well-adopted production technology is essential which provides briefly guide to farmers from the scope of rose along with cultivation processes.
sativus L.). We evaluated K requirements of five elite grass pea genotypes in a field experiment. The experiment was organized in factorial block design with three replications. The study involved five commonly grown grass pea genotypes (Sel-B 111, Sel-449, Sel-190, Sel-1785 and Sel-945) and three K doses (0, 10 and 20 kg K ha-1). The results revealed that K nutrition and genotypic variation significantly (p<0.05) determined the yield of grass pea. However, their interaction remained non-significant for all the traits of grass pea under study. As
expected, the increasing rate of K significantly (p<0.05) increased various growth traits and yield of grass pea genotypes. The crop supplied with 20 kg K2O ha-1 produced maximum branches per plant (5.2), pods per plant (32.3), seeds per pod (4.7), seed index (82.7 g) and seed yield (2589 kg ha-1) when compared with 0.0 and 10 kg K2O ha-1. Interestingly, Sel-449 was the most responsive genotype to K nutrition which resulted in higher branches per plant (5.3), pods per plant (29.7), seeds per pod (4.5), seed index (87.3 g) and seed yield (2504 kg ha-1) as compared to its counterparts. The genotype Sel-1785 was much closer to Sel-449 for its growth and yield traits. We conclude from the results of this study that a dose of 20 kg K2O ha-1 proved to be the most beneficial. Moreover, the grass pea genotype Sel-449 was more responsive to potassium nutrition as compared to other genotypes. Hence, we recommend growing of Sel 449 at 20 kg K2O ha-1 for obtaining maximum yield of grass pea.
The analysis of variance showed that spilt N application and its timing had significant effect on all the growth and yield parameters except days to 75% maturity, which showed non-significant effect. The maximum 84.3 days to 75% maturity were recorded in T3 when N was applied in three splits whereas minimum 82.0 days to 75% maturity were recorded in T1 when N was applied as full dose at the time of sowing. The maximum 95.0 days to 90% maturity were recorded in T3 when N was applied in three splits whereas minimum 91.3 days to 90% maturity were recorded in T1 when N was applied as full dose at the time of sowing. The maximum 210.0 cm plant height was recorded under T3 whereas minimum 126.6 cm plant height was recorded under T1. The maximum 11.3 cm stem girth was recorded under T3 when N was applied in three splits while the minimum 6.3 cm stem girth was observed at T1 where full dose of N was applied at the time of sowing. The maximum 26.0 cm head diameter, 60.0 g seeds head-1 yield, 72.3 g seed index and 1414.0 kg yield ha-1 was observed under T3 = 1/3rd N at sowing + 1/3rd at first irrigation + 1/3rd at 2nd irrigation (three splits) whereas the minimum 18.0 cm head diameter, 24.6 g seeds head-1 yield, 43.6 g seed index and 859.0 kg yield ha-1 was recorded at T1 = full dose of N at the time of sowing. It was further revealed and concluded that sunflower performed better in all parameters when N was applied in three splits and at different timings as compare to full N application at sowing time and N in two splits. Therefore, for better performance of sunflower production and optimum N use, N application in three splits is recommended.
ignored around the world, less work, and less promotion of its cultivation causing reduced availability. Therefore, introduction of climatically well-adopted production technology is essential which provides briefly guide to farmers from the scope of rose along with cultivation processes.
sativus L.). We evaluated K requirements of five elite grass pea genotypes in a field experiment. The experiment was organized in factorial block design with three replications. The study involved five commonly grown grass pea genotypes (Sel-B 111, Sel-449, Sel-190, Sel-1785 and Sel-945) and three K doses (0, 10 and 20 kg K ha-1). The results revealed that K nutrition and genotypic variation significantly (p<0.05) determined the yield of grass pea. However, their interaction remained non-significant for all the traits of grass pea under study. As
expected, the increasing rate of K significantly (p<0.05) increased various growth traits and yield of grass pea genotypes. The crop supplied with 20 kg K2O ha-1 produced maximum branches per plant (5.2), pods per plant (32.3), seeds per pod (4.7), seed index (82.7 g) and seed yield (2589 kg ha-1) when compared with 0.0 and 10 kg K2O ha-1. Interestingly, Sel-449 was the most responsive genotype to K nutrition which resulted in higher branches per plant (5.3), pods per plant (29.7), seeds per pod (4.5), seed index (87.3 g) and seed yield (2504 kg ha-1) as compared to its counterparts. The genotype Sel-1785 was much closer to Sel-449 for its growth and yield traits. We conclude from the results of this study that a dose of 20 kg K2O ha-1 proved to be the most beneficial. Moreover, the grass pea genotype Sel-449 was more responsive to potassium nutrition as compared to other genotypes. Hence, we recommend growing of Sel 449 at 20 kg K2O ha-1 for obtaining maximum yield of grass pea.
The analysis of variance showed that spilt N application and its timing had significant effect on all the growth and yield parameters except days to 75% maturity, which showed non-significant effect. The maximum 84.3 days to 75% maturity were recorded in T3 when N was applied in three splits whereas minimum 82.0 days to 75% maturity were recorded in T1 when N was applied as full dose at the time of sowing. The maximum 95.0 days to 90% maturity were recorded in T3 when N was applied in three splits whereas minimum 91.3 days to 90% maturity were recorded in T1 when N was applied as full dose at the time of sowing. The maximum 210.0 cm plant height was recorded under T3 whereas minimum 126.6 cm plant height was recorded under T1. The maximum 11.3 cm stem girth was recorded under T3 when N was applied in three splits while the minimum 6.3 cm stem girth was observed at T1 where full dose of N was applied at the time of sowing. The maximum 26.0 cm head diameter, 60.0 g seeds head-1 yield, 72.3 g seed index and 1414.0 kg yield ha-1 was observed under T3 = 1/3rd N at sowing + 1/3rd at first irrigation + 1/3rd at 2nd irrigation (three splits) whereas the minimum 18.0 cm head diameter, 24.6 g seeds head-1 yield, 43.6 g seed index and 859.0 kg yield ha-1 was recorded at T1 = full dose of N at the time of sowing. It was further revealed and concluded that sunflower performed better in all parameters when N was applied in three splits and at different timings as compare to full N application at sowing time and N in two splits. Therefore, for better performance of sunflower production and optimum N use, N application in three splits is recommended.