In Bangladesh, cancer treatment has seen significant advancements, with several hospitals offerin... more In Bangladesh, cancer treatment has seen significant advancements, with several hospitals offering modern oncology services, including chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery. Despite these advancements, access to treatment remains limited for many due to high costs and a shortage of specialized healthcare professionals. The government and non-governmental organizations are working to improve cancer care infrastructure, but rural areas still face substantial disparities in access and quality of treatment. Awareness and early detection campaigns are increasing, aiming to reduce the high mortality rates associated with late-stage diagnosis. Continued investment in healthcare facilities and training is crucial to addressing the growing cancer burden in the country.
In Bangladesh, cancer treatment has seen significant advancements, with several hospitals offerin... more In Bangladesh, cancer treatment has seen significant advancements, with several hospitals offering modern oncology services, including chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery. Despite these advancements, access to treatment remains limited for many due to high costs and a shortage of specialized healthcare professionals. The government and non-governmental organizations are working to improve cancer care infrastructure, but rural areas still face substantial disparities in access and quality of treatment. Awareness and early detection campaigns are increasing, aiming to reduce the high mortality rates associated with late-stage diagnosis. Continued investment in healthcare facilities and training is crucial to addressing the growing cancer burden in the country.
International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health, 2021
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a disease caused by the outbreak of a new virus, known... more The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a disease caused by the outbreak of a new virus, known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 as a global pandemic.1 The first confirmed cases were recorded in Bangladesh on 08 March 2020 and continued to spread.2 Since then, the new realities of work from home, temporary unemployment, home-schooling of children, and lack of physical contact with other family members, friends, and colleagues are taking time to habitual with it. The aftermath of such an outbreak is not only harming physical health but also mental health.3 Therefore it is necessary to identify mental health contexts of COVID-19 and effective therapies to tackle the situations.4 The COVID‐19 pandemic has made a significant change in the healthcare delivery system worldwide, physicians are offering digital health solutions at record, and putting the telemedicine services (i.e. ...
International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 2022
Background: Bangladesh is being the commissioner for oaths to vision 2020, a global campaign for ... more Background: Bangladesh is being the commissioner for oaths to vision 2020, a global campaign for elimination of avoidable blindness by 2020, formulated a national eye care plan. This report illustrates the present status of Bangladesh eye health care service using eye care service assessment tool (ECSAT) that assesses an eye health system across six ‘building blocks’ of a health system.Methods: The study followed a mixed method to collect data. World health organization (WHO) standard ECSAT was used to gather information on eye care service. A purposive sampling method was used. Data from the assessment were extracted and all the information was cross-checked with leading stakeholders of ministry of health.Results: Eye care planning is led by the national eye care. There is a national eye health action plan and a national eye health coordination office under the ministry of health. The health delivery system includes primarily government and non-profit facilities with eight hospital...
Objectives Late initiation of breast feeding (LIBF) is associated with increased neonatal mortali... more Objectives Late initiation of breast feeding (LIBF) is associated with increased neonatal mortality and morbidity. This study aimed to assess the association between intrapartum, early postpartum and neonatal factors, and LIBF in Bangladesh. Design, setting and participants In this analysis, we used data from the mothers participating in a clusterrandomised controlled trial (Rang-Din Nutrition Study) conducted in rural northwest Bangladesh. Mothers (n=3594) were interviewed about the time of initiation of breast feeding, and peripartum maternal and neonatal complications within the first 72 hours of delivery. LIBF was defined as initiation of breast feeding 1 hour after birth. Factors associated with LIBF were identified by multivariable logistic regression analysis. Main outcome measures Prevalence and associated factors of LIBF. Results The prevalence of LIBF was 18.5%. Factors significantly associated with LIBF in multivariable logistic regression were assisted vaginal delivery (adjusted OR (AOR) 2.17, 95% CI 1.44 to 3.27); delivery by caesarean section (AOR 9.67, 95% CI 7.21 to 12.96); maternal health problems during childbirth (AOR 1.61, 95% CI 1.30 to 2.00); preterm newborns (AOR 1.39, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.78); newborns moved slowly immediately after birth (AOR 1.43, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.94); and sick newborns (AOR 1.60, 95% CI 1.12 to 2.29). Conclusions Findings from this study suggest that to reduce LIBF, peripartum maternal and neonatal complications should be prevented and treated. Trial registration number NCT01715038.
Background: Infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices directly impact the health of <2-y-ol... more Background: Infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices directly impact the health of <2-y-old children. Minimum dietary diversity (MDD) is an IYCF indicator to assess feeding practices of children aged 6-23 mo. The definition of MDD has recently been updated by the WHO and UNICEF, substituting "≥4 out of 7 food groups" (MDD-7FG) with "≥5 out of 8 food groups" (MDD-8FG). Objectives: The goals of this study were to estimate the prevalence of IYCF indicators and identify the implications of the change in the prevalence of MDD at the national and regional levels of Bangladesh. Methods: This study used data from the National Food Security and Nutrition Surveillance 2018-2019 round. A total of 1992 children aged 0-23 mo were included in this analysis. IYCF indicators and MDD were calculated according to the WHO-UNICEF guidelines. The difference between the prevalence of MDD-7FG and MDD-8FG is presented as percentage points. Results: The prevalence of early initiation of breastfeeding was 43.8%, and exclusive breastfeeding was 56.2%. Approximately 55% of children maintained MDD (MDD-7FG), 48% received minimum meal frequency, and 28% received a minimum acceptable diet. Compared with MDD-7FG, the prevalence of MDD-8FG was lower among 6-23-mo-old children. The difference between MDD prevalence (MDD-8FG vs. MDD-7FG) was high for boys (44.0% vs. 53.2%), children aged 12-23 mo (53.4% vs. 63.4%), in urban areas (30.2% vs. 42.4%), in the Dhaka administrative division (42.0% vs. 56.3%), among uneducated mothers (37.1% vs. 47.1%), in households with ≤4 members (44.3% vs. 55%), and for middle-class households (40.3% vs. 57.6%). Conclusions: The new method led to a decrease in the prevalence of MDD in Bangladesh. As the country prepares to implement the new indicator, it is critical to disseminate the new knowledge and its positive implication for improved child feeding and nutrition. Curr Dev Nutr 2022;6:nzac026.
International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health, 2021
Type 2 Diabetes is one of the major public health issues and a complex metabolic disorder strongl... more Type 2 Diabetes is one of the major public health issues and a complex metabolic disorder strongly associated with genetic predisposition influenced by environmental factors and epigenetic regulation. This review paper illustrated the role of epigenetics in the pathogenesis, progression, and detection of Type 2 Diabetes. A review study was performed for the articles published in English from 2000-2019 using Pub Med, and Google Scholar databases. Main underlining mechanisms of Type 2 Diabetes were identified; insulin resistance in the peripheral tissue, and disintegrate insulin secretion. Genome Wide Association Studies suggested that epigenetic regulation such as DNA methylation, Histone modification, Non-coding RNA, microRNA is strongly related with the development of Type 2 Diabetes. Altered DNA methylation patterns in pancreatic islets, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, from diabetic subjects compare to normal subjects was also found. Other risk factors like; obesity, age, gender,...
Background: Bangladesh is being the commissioner for oaths to vision 2020, a global campaign for ... more Background: Bangladesh is being the commissioner for oaths to vision 2020, a global campaign for elimination of avoidable blindness by 2020, formulated a national eye care plan. This report illustrates the present status of Bangladesh eye health care service using eye care service assessment tool (ECSAT) that assesses an eye health system across six 'building blocks' of a health system. Methods: The study followed a mixed method to collect data. World health organization (WHO) standard ECSAT was used to gather information on eye care service. A purposive sampling method was used. Data from the assessment were extracted and all the information was cross-checked with leading stakeholders of ministry of health. Results: Eye care planning is led by the national eye care. There is a national eye health action plan and a national eye health coordination office under the ministry of health. The health delivery system includes primarily government and non-profit facilities with eight hospitals delivering specialist eye care services across the country. A significant proportion of eye care is provided through community outreach camps and a network of primary and community health workers. The national cataract surgical rate (CSR) is estimated at 2600 per million populations per year. Conclusions: This assessment suggests that although Bangladesh has made some progress towards elimination of avoidable blindness, it would be difficult to retain without further significant investment with a transparent accountability framework in eye health considering all limitation and contemporary challenges.
Objectives
Minimum Dietary Diversity (MDD) is an indicator to assess feeding practices of childre... more Objectives Minimum Dietary Diversity (MDD) is an indicator to assess feeding practices of children aged 6–23 months. The WHO and UNICEF have recently revised the definition of MDD, replacing ‘≥4 out of 7 food groups (MDD-7FG)’ with ‘≥5 out of 8 food groups (MDD-8FG)’. In the new definition, breast milk was considered as a separate food group. We aimed to estimate the implications of this change on the prevalence of MDD at the national and regional levels of Bangladesh.
Methods We analyzed data from the national food security and nutrition surveillance round 2018–2019. MDD was defined and calculated according to the WHO-UNICEF guidelines. The prevalence of MDD-7FG and MDD-8FG was estimated and stratified by gender, age groups, place of residence, division, and wealth index. The difference between the prevalence between MDD-7FG and MDD-8FG was presented as percentages.
Results Compared to the older definition, the overall prevalence of MDD was lower among 6 to 23 months old children in Bangladesh (46.2% vs. 54.7%). The absolute percentage point difference between the estimates (MDD-8FG vs. MDD-7FG) was higher among the boys (44.0% vs. 53.2%), 12–23 months aged old children (53.4% vs. 63.4%), children living in the non-slum urban areas (30.2% vs. 42.4%) and Dhaka division (42.0% vs. 56.3%), and among the children of middle-class families (40.3% vs. 57.6%).
Conclusions The new definition and the inclusion of breast milk intake as a new food group led to a decrease in the prevalence of minimum dietary diversity in Bangladesh. The country program needs to emphasize the continuation of breastfeeding until two years of age of the children. Moreover, the changes in the definition of MDD and the resultant consequence should be kept in mind while performing trend analysis of dietary diversity in Bangladesh and elsewhere.
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a disease caused by the outbreak of a new virus, known... more The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a disease caused by the outbreak of a new virus, known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 as a global pandemic.1 The first confirmed cases were recorded in Bangladesh on 08 March 2020 and continued to spread.2 Since then, the new realities of work from home, temporary unemployment, home-schooling of children, and lack of physical contact with other family members, friends, and colleagues are taking time to habitual with it. The aftermath of such an outbreak is not only harming physical health but also mental health.3 Therefore it is necessary to identify mental health contexts of COVID-19 and effective therapies to tackle the situations.4 The COVID‐19 pandemic has made a significant change in the healthcare delivery system worldwide, physicians are offering digital health solutions at record, and putting the telemedicine services (i.e. telehealth) at center stage.5 With telemedicine’s help, the burden of mental health can be reduced conveniently during this pandemic.6 Like other countries, Bangladesh has also started telemedicine health services to help the patient psychologically, though there are several barriers to get advantages of this approach.7 This article aims to provide an overview of the importance and necessity of telemedicine in addressing mental health conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly in Bangladesh.
Type 2 Diabetes is one of the major public health issues and a complex metabolic disorder strongl... more Type 2 Diabetes is one of the major public health issues and a complex metabolic disorder strongly associated with genetic predisposition influenced by environmental factors and epigenetic regulation. This review paper illustrated the role of epigenetics in the pathogenesis, progression, and detection of Type 2 Diabetes. A review study was performed for the articles published in English from 2000-2019 using Pub Med, and Google Scholar databases. Main underlining mechanisms of Type 2 Diabetes were identified; insulin resistance in the peripheral tissue, and disintegrate insulin secretion. Genome Wide Association Studies suggested that epigenetic regulation such as DNA methylation, Histone modification, Non-coding RNA, microRNA is strongly related with the development of Type 2 Diabetes. Altered DNA methylation patterns in pancreatic islets, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, from diabetic subjects compare to normal subjects was also found. Other risk factors like; obesity, age, gender, impaired glucose tolerance, periconception and intrauterine environment may also have been linked with the possibilities of epigenetic changes. Epigenetics plays a crucial role by modifying the gene expression and establish a relationship between the environment and genetic factors. Understanding the epigenetic mechanisms contributing to the development of Type 2 Diabetes is still limited.
In Bangladesh, cancer treatment has seen significant advancements, with several hospitals offerin... more In Bangladesh, cancer treatment has seen significant advancements, with several hospitals offering modern oncology services, including chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery. Despite these advancements, access to treatment remains limited for many due to high costs and a shortage of specialized healthcare professionals. The government and non-governmental organizations are working to improve cancer care infrastructure, but rural areas still face substantial disparities in access and quality of treatment. Awareness and early detection campaigns are increasing, aiming to reduce the high mortality rates associated with late-stage diagnosis. Continued investment in healthcare facilities and training is crucial to addressing the growing cancer burden in the country.
In Bangladesh, cancer treatment has seen significant advancements, with several hospitals offerin... more In Bangladesh, cancer treatment has seen significant advancements, with several hospitals offering modern oncology services, including chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery. Despite these advancements, access to treatment remains limited for many due to high costs and a shortage of specialized healthcare professionals. The government and non-governmental organizations are working to improve cancer care infrastructure, but rural areas still face substantial disparities in access and quality of treatment. Awareness and early detection campaigns are increasing, aiming to reduce the high mortality rates associated with late-stage diagnosis. Continued investment in healthcare facilities and training is crucial to addressing the growing cancer burden in the country.
International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health, 2021
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a disease caused by the outbreak of a new virus, known... more The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a disease caused by the outbreak of a new virus, known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 as a global pandemic.1 The first confirmed cases were recorded in Bangladesh on 08 March 2020 and continued to spread.2 Since then, the new realities of work from home, temporary unemployment, home-schooling of children, and lack of physical contact with other family members, friends, and colleagues are taking time to habitual with it. The aftermath of such an outbreak is not only harming physical health but also mental health.3 Therefore it is necessary to identify mental health contexts of COVID-19 and effective therapies to tackle the situations.4 The COVID‐19 pandemic has made a significant change in the healthcare delivery system worldwide, physicians are offering digital health solutions at record, and putting the telemedicine services (i.e. ...
International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 2022
Background: Bangladesh is being the commissioner for oaths to vision 2020, a global campaign for ... more Background: Bangladesh is being the commissioner for oaths to vision 2020, a global campaign for elimination of avoidable blindness by 2020, formulated a national eye care plan. This report illustrates the present status of Bangladesh eye health care service using eye care service assessment tool (ECSAT) that assesses an eye health system across six ‘building blocks’ of a health system.Methods: The study followed a mixed method to collect data. World health organization (WHO) standard ECSAT was used to gather information on eye care service. A purposive sampling method was used. Data from the assessment were extracted and all the information was cross-checked with leading stakeholders of ministry of health.Results: Eye care planning is led by the national eye care. There is a national eye health action plan and a national eye health coordination office under the ministry of health. The health delivery system includes primarily government and non-profit facilities with eight hospital...
Objectives Late initiation of breast feeding (LIBF) is associated with increased neonatal mortali... more Objectives Late initiation of breast feeding (LIBF) is associated with increased neonatal mortality and morbidity. This study aimed to assess the association between intrapartum, early postpartum and neonatal factors, and LIBF in Bangladesh. Design, setting and participants In this analysis, we used data from the mothers participating in a clusterrandomised controlled trial (Rang-Din Nutrition Study) conducted in rural northwest Bangladesh. Mothers (n=3594) were interviewed about the time of initiation of breast feeding, and peripartum maternal and neonatal complications within the first 72 hours of delivery. LIBF was defined as initiation of breast feeding 1 hour after birth. Factors associated with LIBF were identified by multivariable logistic regression analysis. Main outcome measures Prevalence and associated factors of LIBF. Results The prevalence of LIBF was 18.5%. Factors significantly associated with LIBF in multivariable logistic regression were assisted vaginal delivery (adjusted OR (AOR) 2.17, 95% CI 1.44 to 3.27); delivery by caesarean section (AOR 9.67, 95% CI 7.21 to 12.96); maternal health problems during childbirth (AOR 1.61, 95% CI 1.30 to 2.00); preterm newborns (AOR 1.39, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.78); newborns moved slowly immediately after birth (AOR 1.43, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.94); and sick newborns (AOR 1.60, 95% CI 1.12 to 2.29). Conclusions Findings from this study suggest that to reduce LIBF, peripartum maternal and neonatal complications should be prevented and treated. Trial registration number NCT01715038.
Background: Infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices directly impact the health of <2-y-ol... more Background: Infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices directly impact the health of <2-y-old children. Minimum dietary diversity (MDD) is an IYCF indicator to assess feeding practices of children aged 6-23 mo. The definition of MDD has recently been updated by the WHO and UNICEF, substituting "≥4 out of 7 food groups" (MDD-7FG) with "≥5 out of 8 food groups" (MDD-8FG). Objectives: The goals of this study were to estimate the prevalence of IYCF indicators and identify the implications of the change in the prevalence of MDD at the national and regional levels of Bangladesh. Methods: This study used data from the National Food Security and Nutrition Surveillance 2018-2019 round. A total of 1992 children aged 0-23 mo were included in this analysis. IYCF indicators and MDD were calculated according to the WHO-UNICEF guidelines. The difference between the prevalence of MDD-7FG and MDD-8FG is presented as percentage points. Results: The prevalence of early initiation of breastfeeding was 43.8%, and exclusive breastfeeding was 56.2%. Approximately 55% of children maintained MDD (MDD-7FG), 48% received minimum meal frequency, and 28% received a minimum acceptable diet. Compared with MDD-7FG, the prevalence of MDD-8FG was lower among 6-23-mo-old children. The difference between MDD prevalence (MDD-8FG vs. MDD-7FG) was high for boys (44.0% vs. 53.2%), children aged 12-23 mo (53.4% vs. 63.4%), in urban areas (30.2% vs. 42.4%), in the Dhaka administrative division (42.0% vs. 56.3%), among uneducated mothers (37.1% vs. 47.1%), in households with ≤4 members (44.3% vs. 55%), and for middle-class households (40.3% vs. 57.6%). Conclusions: The new method led to a decrease in the prevalence of MDD in Bangladesh. As the country prepares to implement the new indicator, it is critical to disseminate the new knowledge and its positive implication for improved child feeding and nutrition. Curr Dev Nutr 2022;6:nzac026.
International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health, 2021
Type 2 Diabetes is one of the major public health issues and a complex metabolic disorder strongl... more Type 2 Diabetes is one of the major public health issues and a complex metabolic disorder strongly associated with genetic predisposition influenced by environmental factors and epigenetic regulation. This review paper illustrated the role of epigenetics in the pathogenesis, progression, and detection of Type 2 Diabetes. A review study was performed for the articles published in English from 2000-2019 using Pub Med, and Google Scholar databases. Main underlining mechanisms of Type 2 Diabetes were identified; insulin resistance in the peripheral tissue, and disintegrate insulin secretion. Genome Wide Association Studies suggested that epigenetic regulation such as DNA methylation, Histone modification, Non-coding RNA, microRNA is strongly related with the development of Type 2 Diabetes. Altered DNA methylation patterns in pancreatic islets, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, from diabetic subjects compare to normal subjects was also found. Other risk factors like; obesity, age, gender,...
Background: Bangladesh is being the commissioner for oaths to vision 2020, a global campaign for ... more Background: Bangladesh is being the commissioner for oaths to vision 2020, a global campaign for elimination of avoidable blindness by 2020, formulated a national eye care plan. This report illustrates the present status of Bangladesh eye health care service using eye care service assessment tool (ECSAT) that assesses an eye health system across six 'building blocks' of a health system. Methods: The study followed a mixed method to collect data. World health organization (WHO) standard ECSAT was used to gather information on eye care service. A purposive sampling method was used. Data from the assessment were extracted and all the information was cross-checked with leading stakeholders of ministry of health. Results: Eye care planning is led by the national eye care. There is a national eye health action plan and a national eye health coordination office under the ministry of health. The health delivery system includes primarily government and non-profit facilities with eight hospitals delivering specialist eye care services across the country. A significant proportion of eye care is provided through community outreach camps and a network of primary and community health workers. The national cataract surgical rate (CSR) is estimated at 2600 per million populations per year. Conclusions: This assessment suggests that although Bangladesh has made some progress towards elimination of avoidable blindness, it would be difficult to retain without further significant investment with a transparent accountability framework in eye health considering all limitation and contemporary challenges.
Objectives
Minimum Dietary Diversity (MDD) is an indicator to assess feeding practices of childre... more Objectives Minimum Dietary Diversity (MDD) is an indicator to assess feeding practices of children aged 6–23 months. The WHO and UNICEF have recently revised the definition of MDD, replacing ‘≥4 out of 7 food groups (MDD-7FG)’ with ‘≥5 out of 8 food groups (MDD-8FG)’. In the new definition, breast milk was considered as a separate food group. We aimed to estimate the implications of this change on the prevalence of MDD at the national and regional levels of Bangladesh.
Methods We analyzed data from the national food security and nutrition surveillance round 2018–2019. MDD was defined and calculated according to the WHO-UNICEF guidelines. The prevalence of MDD-7FG and MDD-8FG was estimated and stratified by gender, age groups, place of residence, division, and wealth index. The difference between the prevalence between MDD-7FG and MDD-8FG was presented as percentages.
Results Compared to the older definition, the overall prevalence of MDD was lower among 6 to 23 months old children in Bangladesh (46.2% vs. 54.7%). The absolute percentage point difference between the estimates (MDD-8FG vs. MDD-7FG) was higher among the boys (44.0% vs. 53.2%), 12–23 months aged old children (53.4% vs. 63.4%), children living in the non-slum urban areas (30.2% vs. 42.4%) and Dhaka division (42.0% vs. 56.3%), and among the children of middle-class families (40.3% vs. 57.6%).
Conclusions The new definition and the inclusion of breast milk intake as a new food group led to a decrease in the prevalence of minimum dietary diversity in Bangladesh. The country program needs to emphasize the continuation of breastfeeding until two years of age of the children. Moreover, the changes in the definition of MDD and the resultant consequence should be kept in mind while performing trend analysis of dietary diversity in Bangladesh and elsewhere.
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a disease caused by the outbreak of a new virus, known... more The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a disease caused by the outbreak of a new virus, known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 as a global pandemic.1 The first confirmed cases were recorded in Bangladesh on 08 March 2020 and continued to spread.2 Since then, the new realities of work from home, temporary unemployment, home-schooling of children, and lack of physical contact with other family members, friends, and colleagues are taking time to habitual with it. The aftermath of such an outbreak is not only harming physical health but also mental health.3 Therefore it is necessary to identify mental health contexts of COVID-19 and effective therapies to tackle the situations.4 The COVID‐19 pandemic has made a significant change in the healthcare delivery system worldwide, physicians are offering digital health solutions at record, and putting the telemedicine services (i.e. telehealth) at center stage.5 With telemedicine’s help, the burden of mental health can be reduced conveniently during this pandemic.6 Like other countries, Bangladesh has also started telemedicine health services to help the patient psychologically, though there are several barriers to get advantages of this approach.7 This article aims to provide an overview of the importance and necessity of telemedicine in addressing mental health conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly in Bangladesh.
Type 2 Diabetes is one of the major public health issues and a complex metabolic disorder strongl... more Type 2 Diabetes is one of the major public health issues and a complex metabolic disorder strongly associated with genetic predisposition influenced by environmental factors and epigenetic regulation. This review paper illustrated the role of epigenetics in the pathogenesis, progression, and detection of Type 2 Diabetes. A review study was performed for the articles published in English from 2000-2019 using Pub Med, and Google Scholar databases. Main underlining mechanisms of Type 2 Diabetes were identified; insulin resistance in the peripheral tissue, and disintegrate insulin secretion. Genome Wide Association Studies suggested that epigenetic regulation such as DNA methylation, Histone modification, Non-coding RNA, microRNA is strongly related with the development of Type 2 Diabetes. Altered DNA methylation patterns in pancreatic islets, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, from diabetic subjects compare to normal subjects was also found. Other risk factors like; obesity, age, gender, impaired glucose tolerance, periconception and intrauterine environment may also have been linked with the possibilities of epigenetic changes. Epigenetics plays a crucial role by modifying the gene expression and establish a relationship between the environment and genetic factors. Understanding the epigenetic mechanisms contributing to the development of Type 2 Diabetes is still limited.
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Minimum Dietary Diversity (MDD) is an indicator to assess feeding practices of children aged 6–23 months. The WHO and UNICEF have recently revised the definition of MDD, replacing ‘≥4 out of 7 food groups (MDD-7FG)’ with ‘≥5 out of 8 food groups (MDD-8FG)’. In the new definition, breast milk was considered as a separate food group. We aimed to estimate the implications of this change on the prevalence of MDD at the national and regional levels of Bangladesh.
Methods
We analyzed data from the national food security and nutrition surveillance round 2018–2019. MDD was defined and calculated according to the WHO-UNICEF guidelines. The prevalence of MDD-7FG and MDD-8FG was estimated and stratified by gender, age groups, place of residence, division, and wealth index. The difference between the prevalence between MDD-7FG and MDD-8FG was presented as percentages.
Results
Compared to the older definition, the overall prevalence of MDD was lower among 6 to 23 months old children in Bangladesh (46.2% vs. 54.7%). The absolute percentage point difference between the estimates (MDD-8FG vs. MDD-7FG) was higher among the boys (44.0% vs. 53.2%), 12–23 months aged old children (53.4% vs. 63.4%), children living in the non-slum urban areas (30.2% vs. 42.4%) and Dhaka division (42.0% vs. 56.3%), and among the children of middle-class families (40.3% vs. 57.6%).
Conclusions
The new definition and the inclusion of breast milk intake as a new food group led to a decrease in the prevalence of minimum dietary diversity in Bangladesh. The country program needs to emphasize the continuation of breastfeeding until two years of age of the children. Moreover, the changes in the definition of MDD and the resultant consequence should be kept in mind while performing trend analysis of dietary diversity in Bangladesh and elsewhere.
genetic predisposition influenced by environmental factors and epigenetic regulation. This review paper illustrated the
role of epigenetics in the pathogenesis, progression, and detection of Type 2 Diabetes. A review study was performed
for the articles published in English from 2000-2019 using Pub Med, and Google Scholar databases. Main underlining
mechanisms of Type 2 Diabetes were identified; insulin resistance in the peripheral tissue, and disintegrate insulin
secretion. Genome Wide Association Studies suggested that epigenetic regulation such as DNA methylation, Histone
modification, Non-coding RNA, microRNA is strongly related with the development of Type 2 Diabetes. Altered
DNA methylation patterns in pancreatic islets, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, from diabetic subjects compare to
normal subjects was also found. Other risk factors like; obesity, age, gender, impaired glucose tolerance,
periconception and intrauterine environment may also have been linked with the possibilities of epigenetic changes.
Epigenetics plays a crucial role by modifying the gene expression and establish a relationship between the
environment and genetic factors. Understanding the epigenetic mechanisms contributing to the development of Type
2 Diabetes is still limited.
Minimum Dietary Diversity (MDD) is an indicator to assess feeding practices of children aged 6–23 months. The WHO and UNICEF have recently revised the definition of MDD, replacing ‘≥4 out of 7 food groups (MDD-7FG)’ with ‘≥5 out of 8 food groups (MDD-8FG)’. In the new definition, breast milk was considered as a separate food group. We aimed to estimate the implications of this change on the prevalence of MDD at the national and regional levels of Bangladesh.
Methods
We analyzed data from the national food security and nutrition surveillance round 2018–2019. MDD was defined and calculated according to the WHO-UNICEF guidelines. The prevalence of MDD-7FG and MDD-8FG was estimated and stratified by gender, age groups, place of residence, division, and wealth index. The difference between the prevalence between MDD-7FG and MDD-8FG was presented as percentages.
Results
Compared to the older definition, the overall prevalence of MDD was lower among 6 to 23 months old children in Bangladesh (46.2% vs. 54.7%). The absolute percentage point difference between the estimates (MDD-8FG vs. MDD-7FG) was higher among the boys (44.0% vs. 53.2%), 12–23 months aged old children (53.4% vs. 63.4%), children living in the non-slum urban areas (30.2% vs. 42.4%) and Dhaka division (42.0% vs. 56.3%), and among the children of middle-class families (40.3% vs. 57.6%).
Conclusions
The new definition and the inclusion of breast milk intake as a new food group led to a decrease in the prevalence of minimum dietary diversity in Bangladesh. The country program needs to emphasize the continuation of breastfeeding until two years of age of the children. Moreover, the changes in the definition of MDD and the resultant consequence should be kept in mind while performing trend analysis of dietary diversity in Bangladesh and elsewhere.
genetic predisposition influenced by environmental factors and epigenetic regulation. This review paper illustrated the
role of epigenetics in the pathogenesis, progression, and detection of Type 2 Diabetes. A review study was performed
for the articles published in English from 2000-2019 using Pub Med, and Google Scholar databases. Main underlining
mechanisms of Type 2 Diabetes were identified; insulin resistance in the peripheral tissue, and disintegrate insulin
secretion. Genome Wide Association Studies suggested that epigenetic regulation such as DNA methylation, Histone
modification, Non-coding RNA, microRNA is strongly related with the development of Type 2 Diabetes. Altered
DNA methylation patterns in pancreatic islets, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, from diabetic subjects compare to
normal subjects was also found. Other risk factors like; obesity, age, gender, impaired glucose tolerance,
periconception and intrauterine environment may also have been linked with the possibilities of epigenetic changes.
Epigenetics plays a crucial role by modifying the gene expression and establish a relationship between the
environment and genetic factors. Understanding the epigenetic mechanisms contributing to the development of Type
2 Diabetes is still limited.