Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences (CJES) is an English language journal, which publishes original research articles dealing with all fields of research in environmental sciences. This journal is a quarterly official publication of Association of Universities of Caspian Region States, which is published by University of Guilan, Iran.
Scorpions and spiders belong to the class Arachnida in phylum Arthropoda. Scorpions are easily di... more Scorpions and spiders belong to the class Arachnida in phylum Arthropoda. Scorpions are easily distinguished by median eyes on obvious the center of the carapace and have one pair, and lateral eyes have 2-8 in some species. Scorpions do not have good eyesight so the median eyes have always been simple and they are more sensitive than the lateral pairs. They have anterior median eyes (AME) with narrow field of view and pairs of lateral eyes (LE) with more sensitivity and response to light. Family Buthidae have 2-6 lateral eyes in Compsobuthus Mesobuthus, Hottentotta, while Vaejovidae, Chactidae and Chaerilidae have 2 pairs of lateral eyes. In addition, 3 pairs are found in Orthochirus and Androctonus. Spiders have six eyes in family Pholicidae, Sicariidae, Araneidae, Salticidae, while eight eyes in Theridiidae, Lycosidae and some with two eyes or four in the carapace of the prosoma. Spider have anterior median eyes, anterior lateral eyes, posterior median eyes, or posterior lateral eyes. Scorpions and Spider eyes are not compound but simple. There is one lens for each eye. Spiders have poor vision, not able to see light and darkness. Scorpion and spider taxonomy is based on the forms and number of eyes. So, the reasons to study these organisms are important in studies of medical, ecology, morphology and taxonomy. and it is a little known about their biology and fauna.
Peatland forest fires continue to occur every dry season in Indonesia. Many efforts have been mad... more Peatland forest fires continue to occur every dry season in Indonesia. Many efforts have been made by the government, universities, non-governmental organizations and police/ army. However, there are still fires. One of the solutions offered in this study is the application of restorative justice, especially for small-scale land burners. There are two locations that are prone to fire at Palangka Raya City, Central Kalimantan, as well as Pahandut District and Jekan Raya District in Indonesia, since in the 2019 fires, these two areas exhibited a fairly high level of land fire vulnerability. Based on these data, these two locations will be monitored with routine patrols. Research from 2020 – 2022, restorative justice was carried out for 3 arsonists with different motives. This gives researcher an idea that the cause of peatland fires is caused by human behaviour factors. Although this study is very short, it is expected to provide a deterrent effect for arsonists and prevent other communities from burning their land in the next year, especially during the dry season.
The main goal of this study was to determine the best amount of sodium alginate needed to effecti... more The main goal of this study was to determine the best amount of sodium alginate needed to effectively encapsulate aromatic coconut water using sodium alginate and calcium chloride. Additionally, the study aimed to explore how physical and chemical factors influence the production of aromatic coconut encapsules. Finally, the research sought to evaluate consumer acceptance of encapsulated coconut aroma. The findings revealed that using 2 g sodium alginate per 200 g coconut water, 500 g clean water, and 3 g calcium chloride resulted in suitable viscosity of the encapsulated aromatic coconut. These encapsulations were able to dissolve into water when used in encapsulated or coated tablets. When incorporating varying amounts of sodium alginate (2, 2.5, and 3 g) into the aromatic coconut water, the colour and brightness value (L*) of the encapsulated product was found to be 45.18 ± 0.03, with a red value (a*) of -0.50 ± 0.01 and a yellow value (b*) of -3.12 ± 0.01. The pH value remained consistent at 5.20 ± 0.00, and the total dissolved solids (๐Brix) were 6.43 ± 0.00. No significant differences were observed in the sugar solid solution. Microbial analysis indicated that the quantity of microorganisms did not exceed the specified standard. In terms of consumer acceptance, 76% of the participants expressed satisfaction with the encapsulated coconut water.
Monilinia fructigena Pers is a specialized fungus known for its impact on pome crops, particularl... more Monilinia fructigena Pers is a specialized fungus known for its impact on pome crops, particularly during the fruiting phase. This pathogen is responsible for causing significant damage through fruit rot, affecting fruit quality and economic outcomes for growers. The primary objective of this research was to comprehensively investigate M. fructigena Pers, its distribution, and its effects on various fruit crops. Additionally, the study aimed to identify other fungal species associated with fruit rot and assess varietal resistance among different fruit tree varieties. Between 2021 and 2023, isolates of fungi belonging to the Monilinia genus were collected from fruits, inflorescences, shoots, and fruit formations of apple trees affected by moniliosis. Identification was conducted using polymerase chain reaction with species-specific primers and sequencing of the ITS 1-5.8S rRNA-ITS 2 locus of ribosomal DNA. The prevalence and impact of M. fructigena Pers and other identified fungi were analyzed. M. fructigena Pers was found to be the dominant fungus, with a frequency of occurrence ranging from 91.6 to 100%. This fungus was responsible for damage to inflorescences, shoots (monilial burn), and fruits (fruit rot). Other fungi, such as Fusarium proliferatum and Alternaria alternata, were also identified. Quarantine species M. fructicola was not found in the research orchards. In addition, varietal resistance experiments revealed differing susceptibility levels among apple tree varieties, with the Maksat variety being more susceptible than Voskhod. In conclusion, M. fructigena posed a significant threat to fruit crops, particularly pome varieties, in the studied regions. The research shed light on its prevalence, distribution, and impact. In addition, the identification of other fungal species associated with fruit rot provided valuable insights into disease management. The variable varietal resistance underscores the challenges of breeding for fruit rot resistance and highlights the importance of continued research in this area for more effective disease control strategies.
The goal of the current study was to assess a few chemical and physical properties, including wat... more The goal of the current study was to assess a few chemical and physical properties, including water temperature and pH, electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD5), nitrite (NO2), nitrate (NO3), phosphate (PO4) and the level of some heavy metals, like lead, cadmium, zinc, iron, manganese and nickel in water of Sawa Lake, Iraq. Three locations were selected in Lake. The samples were taken on a monthly basis from October 2021 to February 2022. The results indicated that the water temperature varied between 13.4 and 25.25 ºC, pH values 8.06 - 9.70, electrical conductivity 27984.33- 65622.3 µs cm-1, dissolved oxygen 0.0-4.3 mg L-1, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5; 2.58-8.08 mg L-1), nitrite 1.14-8.02 µg L-1, nitrate 0.65-57.19 µg L-1 and phosphate 0.20-8.11 µg L-1. The study results of heavy metals concentrations in water were as follows: lead (Pb; 0.00-0.34 mg L-1), cadmium (Cd; 0.00-0.007 mg L-1), zinc (Zn; 0.00-0.036 mg L-1), iron (Fe; 0.21-0.78 mg L-1), manganese (Mn; 0.00-0.10 mg L-1), and nickel (Ni; 0.00-0.10 mg L-1). While in sediments, elements concentrations were as follows: Pb 2.66-27.15 mg kg-1, Cd; 0.001-0.62 mg kg-1, Zn 10.92-17.07 mg kg-1, Fe 1382.56-2268 mg kg-1, Mn 63.20-154.98 mg kg-1, and Ni 7.33-23.51 mg kg-1. The water quality of Sawa Lake under this study was exceeding the permissible limit for PH, EC, BOD5 and NO3. Increasing levels of heavy metals in the Sawa Lake water and sediment were over the allowable limit, implying heavy metal water pollution.
Background: There are many factors and environmental conditions that affect the quality and capac... more Background: There are many factors and environmental conditions that affect the quality and capacity of eggs obtained from birds. The aim of this study was to make a comparison between the preservation of quail eggs and chicken eggs at temperatures of 8-10 °C and 18-20 °C. We used 20 eggs of chicken and 30 eggs of quail. Both categories were stored at two different temperatures (at a temperature of 8-10 ℃, and at a room temperature of 18-20 ℃). Each category of eggs was stored for 20 days, and 3 eggs were opened every 3 days. The parameters studied were: mass, protein diameter, protein height (H), yolk height (h), yolk diameter, protein index, yolk index, and Haugh unit. Statistical processing of practical results was performed using the SPSS data analysis package. When stored for 20 days at a temperature of 8-10 °C, quail eggs lost about 3–7% of their original weight. At a temperature of 18-20 °C, when stored for 20 days, quail eggs lost about 11% of their original weight. On the part of chicken eggs, regardless of temperature (8-10 °C or 18-20 °C), weight loss was almost the same, i.e., by about 3-6%. Chicken eggs at a temperature of 18-20 °C, the yolk height was not stable. Unlike chicken eggs, quail eggs, of course, decreased over time. In conclusion, quail eggs were characterized by a relatively long period of freshness preservation than those of chickens, and their three-week storage and temperature exhibited little effect on the deterioration of the quality of quail eggs.
Peasant family farming is one of the main suppliers and is responsible for guaranteeing food sove... more Peasant family farming is one of the main suppliers and is responsible for guaranteeing food sovereignty. A particular interest is given to the functioning of the productive system, which seeks to determine, through the analysis of critical points and thresholds, to define sustainable alternatives, translating the general principles of sustainability into definitions and operational practices. The objective of this study was to valuate family farming production systems through productive thresholds with the purpose of proposing sustainable alternatives for the improvement of the agricultural system in the Penipe canton. The methodology of this study included the establishment and generation of attributes, diagnostic criteria, and critical points to make a comparison with the productive thresholds, applied to nine farms representative of the three productive typologies. In this study, the three production systems of the Penipe canton were evaluated. We proposed alternatives for each of them, such as the implementation of new agroecological management strategies, the generation of organic fertilizers, the production of bio inputs, the strengthening of interdisciplinary approaches through the adoption of technological innovations and research, the increased participation of different owners throughout the production process, and the promotion of associativity, which provides the design of new alternative production systems. In conclusion, specialized family farming poses alternatives for improvement in terms of the provision of quality seeds, technical management, greater management, and government support. Diversified family agriculture will be ontained by government management and execution, training, adoption of innovations, dependence on external resources, crop risk, yields, access to credit. In the productive aspect, deficiencies were found in root development, pending involvement, irrigation water, organic matter, soil cover, and subsistence family agriculture, followed by land tenure and occupation, social connection, government management and execution, training, adoption of innovations, dependence on external resources, crop risk, yields, access to credit, as well as productive aspect deficiencies in root development, affectation of the slope, irrigation water, drainage, organic matter, soil cover, management, and plant development.
Sarcosporidia and sarcosporidiosis in Southeast Kazakhstan present formidable challenges to lives... more Sarcosporidia and sarcosporidiosis in Southeast Kazakhstan present formidable challenges to livestock health. This paper focuses on the outcomes of two key innovations: advancements in molecular diagnostics and the development of integrated control strategies. In the realm of diagnostics, the implementation of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques for species-specific identification and quantification yielded notable results. Our comprehensive survey of vertebrates in the region identified a diverse range of Sarcosporidia species, with an average prevalence reduction of 25% compared to conventional methods. This advancement not only enhances accuracy in parasite identification but also provides a more nuanced understanding of the local epidemiological landscape. The integration of Geographic Information System (GIS) and remote sensing technologies into our surveillance system revealed specific high-risk areas with an unprecedented precision of 90%. This targeted approach allowed for resource optimization, resulting in a 30% reduction in overall prevalence rates in the identified regions. The practical implications of this innovation are evident in its potential to guide effective intervention strategies and resource allocation. Genomic studies elucidated the genetic diversity within Sarcosporidia strains, laying the foundation for targeted interventions. Building on this knowledge, preliminary trials of our integrated control strategies showcased a promising 40% reduction in Sarcosporidia prevalence in the selected communities. This innovative approach combines traditional deworming practices with environmentally friendly treatments, providing a viable and sustainable solution. In conclusion, our research signifies a substantial leap forward in understanding and combating Sarcosporidia infections in Southeast Kazakhstan. The tangible results of improved diagnostics and the promising outcomes of integrated control strategies underscore the potential for transformative impacts on livestock health, agricultural productivity, and the well-being of the communities reliant on these animals.
This work involved two parts: the first part included synthesis of new Schiff bases from condensa... more This work involved two parts: the first part included synthesis of new Schiff bases from condensation of 2-aminobenzothiazole with different aldehydes in acidic medium, while and the second part included the synthesis of Oxazolidinones from reaction of the prepared Schiff bases with glycine to produce new heterocyclic. Compounds. The structure of prepared compounds were characterized by 1H-NMR, FT-IR techniques and their biological activity was assessed.
Ponstane Fort, a famous pharmaceutical drug has many medicinal uses. Recently, it has been used i... more Ponstane Fort, a famous pharmaceutical drug has many medicinal uses. Recently, it has been used in different chemical reactions in order to improve its biological effectiveness. Three chemical compounds have been prepared as derivatives of Mefenamic acid by certain steps included adding thiosemicarbazide to Mefenamic acid with a catalyst of H2SO4 to obtain a Mefenamic derivative C1; mixing a certain amount of C1 with 4-carboxybenzaldehyde to obtain compound C2; dissolving C2 at various reagents by diazotization reaction to yield Mefenamic derivative C3. All formatted compounds had been monitored through FTIR-Spectra, 1H.NMR-Spectra, Mass-Spectra and melting point. This method has high target product productivity, simple process procedures, mild reaction conditions, simple purifying process, high product purity and suitability for industrialized production. So that the production cost is further reduced. By using the agar well diffusion method, all prepared three compounds showed good antibacterial activity against studied Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, however, C3 showed the highest activity. A skin test for Delayed Hypersensitivity was done to know if there are allergic reactions for the created compounds, while the test for Killing Mice has been done for testing mortality rate in animals. The compounds have a high cellular immune response through in experimental animals.
Bacteria acquire resistance to antibacterial drugs, so there is always a need for new drugs to in... more Bacteria acquire resistance to antibacterial drugs, so there is always a need for new drugs to inhibit many human bacterial pathogens. Novel studies were carried out to examine the internal structures as well as the antibacterial effect of Erodium cicutarium phenolic root extracts (APR) on the development of biofilm formation of bacterial species, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus using four strains from both clinical and environmental samples in vitro. Anatomy of all the vegetative parts showed a presence of tannin-filled cells in their structures. Also, the experiments were conducted to study the antibacterial effect by determining the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), and susceptibility test of these strains for five antibiotics. Although the APR concentrations of 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, 3.125, and 1.625 μg mL-1; W/V) were used through antibiotic and biofilm inhibition assay. The result of sensitivity test showed more resistant to various antimicrobial especially Amoxicillin, Cephalothin and Methicillin for both bacterial strains. In addition, the MICs tested showed that the ranged values were in concentrations between 0.017 to 0.650 mg mL-1 for both K. pneumoniae and S. aureus strains. Furthermore, biofilm reduction assay results for treatments showed that the highest activity was obtained with phenolic root extracted, biofilm eradication at 1.3 mg mL-1. In conclusion, the results showed that relatively low concentrations of phenolic root extracts displayed promising antibacterial and antibiofilm capabilities making them attractive for additional studies as “novel therapeutic agents.”
Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were carried out during the summer season of 2023 to study ... more Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were carried out during the summer season of 2023 to study the effect of some safe organic compounds i.e. humic acid (HA), amino acids (AA) and proline for controlling damping-off and root rot diseases compared to Rizolex-T50® Wp as a fungicide. Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium solani and Macrophomina phaseolina were isolated from naturally-infected soybean fields and identified as a causal pathogen of damping-off and root rot. R. solani exhibited a highest frequent followed by F. solani while M. phaseolina comprised the least pathogen frequent isolates. In pathogenicity test under greenhouse experiment, R. solani isolate No 6, F. solani No 3 and M. phaseolina No 5 were the most aggressive isolates for causing damping-off and root rot diseases. In laboratory experiment, proline and humic acids displayed fungicidal activity against mycelia growth of root rot fungi. The high level of proline (300 ppm) was the most effective followed by humic acid at high level (3000 ppm). In artificially-infested soil with a mixture of pathogenic fungi under greenhouse, Rizolex-T50® Wp exhibited the highest reduction of pre, post-emergence damping-off, root rot and wilt diseases. Morover, from the application trails, the best protection against the causal pathogens of soybean damping-off, root rot and wilt was recorded by prolin at 300 ppm followed by HA at 3000 ppm. Herein, it is suggested that soaking of soybean seeds in proline 300 ppm or humic acid 3000 ppm before sowing could be considered as alternative safe methods for chemical fungicides to control root rot diseases.
The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted the development of agroforestry tourism areas in... more The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted the development of agroforestry tourism areas in Batu City, Indonesia. An area becomes resilient and robust through community participation in adapting, especially in the forestry village environment. This study will reveal community participation in managing land conservation areas and educational tourism in Oro-Oro Ombo Village, Batu City. The study is a qualitative research type of centralized interview to find community participation when managing a land conservation area. In February 2022, there were 25 informants in the form of 20 members of forest farmer groups, 6 village institutions, and 4 related official institutions who were interviewed using the in-depth interview method. The interview results were collected and processed using the help of a qualitative application, i.e., Altas.ti version 9. The dissemination of interview text was propagated using an enumerator with a voice recorder help tool. The results showed that the results of data processing of the word 'Management' are the words with the most frequency, i.e., 7.43% of all research data sources community. Participation in the management of land conservation areas and educational tourism, followed by the words 'area' and 'conservation', was 6.86% of all research data sources. If concluded with four stages of participation, i.e., planning, implementing, utilizing results and evaluating the community, they were very concerned about the sustainability of conservation land management, so that they have full participation in advancing this land as a potential economic land. This example can be used as a government policy to find the best method to foster community awareness to produce excellent participation in advancing a forestry area. The advanced Forest Farmers Group will become a new face in empowering the community in the future.
The inhibitory effects of Silver oxide nanoparticles (Ag NPs), Zinc oxide nanoparticles (Zn NPs) ... more The inhibitory effects of Silver oxide nanoparticles (Ag NPs), Zinc oxide nanoparticles (Zn NPs) as well as Chitosan nanoparticles (Ch NPs) against the causal pathogens of kidney bean root rot comparing with fungicide Topsin-70® Wp were evaluated under greenhouse and laboratory during the summer season of 2023. In the pathogenicity test under greenhouse, based on infection of damping-off or root rot, the isolates No 5 of Sclerotium genus, No 4 of Rhizoctonia, No 1 of Pythium and No 2 of Fusarium were the most aggressive isolates, respectively. In vitro experiment, both fungicide and high level of any of nanoparticles used (30 ppm) entirely suppressed the linear spread of four examined fungal genera (Fusarium solani, Sclerotium rolfsii, Rhizoctonia solani as well as Pythium ultimum). Zn NPs was the most effective followed by Ag NPs. In greenhouse experiment, under artificially contaminated soil with a diverse range of pathogenic fungi, Topsin-70® Wp and all tested nanoparticles as seed soaking treatments led to protecting bean plants against damping-off or root rot infection. The fungicide Topsin-70® Wp was more efficient accompanied by Zn NPs then Ag NPs. This study clearly demonstrated that, there are no statistically important differences among the leverage of nanoparticles as well as fungicide against bean root rot pathogens.
The rise in the global population has led to an increase in energy requirements. In addition to t... more The rise in the global population has led to an increase in energy requirements. In addition to the prospect of a future energy crisis resulting from the depletion of fossil fuel reserves, the provision of energy that continues to rely on nonrenewable resources, leads to a decline in environmental support capacity owing to CO2 gas pollution. Bioenergy derived from microalgae is a potential future fuel source. Bioenergy development of microalgae is seen as having several benefits, including plentiful resources, ease of development, a high oil content with the potential to be produced as biofuels, the ability to grow in a variety of water and waste conditions, and the ability to cut CO2 emissions. This research was conducted using a combination of literature analysis and prior study observations. The findings indicate that microalgae have enormous potential for development as bioenergy and may aid in the resolution of environmental issues, particularly those associated with the reduction of CO2 emission gases and the decrease of pollutant levels in liquid waste.
The Altyn-Emel State National Natural Park (Kazakhstan) was surveys Heteroptera in spring-summer ... more The Altyn-Emel State National Natural Park (Kazakhstan) was surveys Heteroptera in spring-summer period (April-August), 2022-2023. A total of 172 species belonging to 22 families of Heteroptera were identified. Some species of: Heteroptera serve as bioregualtors of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) under natural conditions.
The objective of this research was to study the effects of processed food and a mixture of black ... more The objective of this research was to study the effects of processed food and a mixture of black soldier fly larvae on the growth rate, survival rate, and feeding behaviour of frogs in captive conditions, as well as to examine the water quality in the tanks where the frogs were fed with processed food, in addition to a mixture of worms and fruit flies. A comparison was made between feeding the frogs with 400 individuals of processed food, as well as 400 individuals of a mixture of worms and fruit flies over a period of 12 weeks. The results from the experiment showed that the average weight gain in frogs fed with processed food in stages 1, 2, and 3 was 67.10 ± 1.75, 46.75 ± 9.69, and 77.30 ± 0.11 g day-1, respectively. The specific growth rate was recorded as 5.51% ± 0.71%, 1.06% ± 0.21%, and 1.05% ± 0.04% per day, respectively. The average survival rate was 94.61% ± 1.58%, 97.38% ± 0.27%, and 82.69% ± 7.06%, respectively. On the other hand, frogs fed with a mixture of worms and fruit flies showed an average weight gain of 55.98 ± 1.04, 37.88 ± 8.05, and 80.55 ± 3.08 g day-1 in stages 1, 2 and 3 respectively. The specific growth rate was 5.17% ± 0.69%, 1.02% ± 0.23%, and 1.22% ± 0.04% per day, respectively. The average survival rate was 93.10% ± 4.87%, 97.50% ± 1.28%, and 81.85% ± 02.89%, respectively. Statistical analysis showed significant differences (p < 0.05) in the growth rate between frogs fed with processed food as well as those fed with a mixture of worms and fruit flies. Regarding the water quality, frogs fed with processed food had temperatures ranging from 24.50 to 32.90 ℃, pH values between 6.89 and 8.90, dissolved solids ranging from 0.10 to 1.00 mg L-1, electrical conductivity between 0.10 and 1.40 μS cm-1, dissolved oxygen levels between 4.83 and 6.30 mg L-1, and total ammonia levels ranging from 0.00 to 1.34 mg L-1. For frogs fed with a mixture of worms and fruit flies, the water temperatures ranged from 24.10 to 32.60 ℃, pH values between 6.48 and 8.92, dissolved solids ranging from 0.10 to 1.00 mg L-1, electrical conductivity between 0.10 and 1.20 μS cm-1, dissolved oxygen levels between 4.33 and 6.44 mg L-1, and total ammonia levels ranging from 0.00 to 0.96 mg L-1. The water quality parameters did not show statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) between the group fed with processed food and the group fed with a mixture of worms and fruit flies.
The relevance of the article lies in monitoring the state of the natural mountain vegetation of t... more The relevance of the article lies in monitoring the state of the natural mountain vegetation of the gorges of Merke, Sandyk, Shaisandyk and Araltobe as a natural zoning of the main changes in vegetation cover, in compiling classification schemes for the analysis of vegetation cover. In mountainous areas, local, isolated, floral complexes are formed, which are represented by alpine and subalpine meadows. The study of the composition and structure of the vegetation cover of individual regions is of great importance for establishing floral connections between different botanical and geographical regions. An episodic study of the flora and vegetation of the Merken district has been conducted by scientists in the last few years. There was a deterioration of vegetation in the western part of the Kyrgyz Alatau. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to study various groups of plants in this region, which will allow knowing the general development of flora, to outline the main stages of its formation. The main stages of the study were based on field expeditionary research, using route-reconnaissance and semi-stationary methods, data from scientific literature, herbarium material of their own collection and other colleagues. To analyse correlations in vegetation dynamics between the regions of the gorges of Merke, Sandyk, Shaisandyk and Araltobe, methods of mathematical statistics on the coefficient of floristic generality and graphical representation of materials were used. Since for many years there have been problems with studying the state of the floral composition of the gorges Merke, Sandyk and Shaisandyk, Araltobe, the results of the research aimed at taking inventory of the floral diversity of the zapodnaya part of the Kyrgyz ridge. During the analysis of plants of the studied area, 835 species belonging to 78 families and 336 families were identified.
Radon concentration was determined in eleven different imported samples of tea that commonly use,... more Radon concentration was determined in eleven different imported samples of tea that commonly use, collected from Al-Diwaniyah Governorate local markets in Iraq, using the SSNTD RL-115 detector. The results showed that the radon concentration differed in different tea types based on the origin of the tea trademark, where Cihan tea exhibited the highest radon concentration of 55.53 Bq m-3, while Balabel tea displayed the lowest value of 21.65 Bq/m3. These results indicate that radon concentrations were within safe limits for the consumer compared to the limits set by the (ICRP) 200 Bq m-3. This study will contribute to covering radiation studies on tea due to the proliferation of trademarks and insufficient studies on it.
Stem and leaf rust have a tremendous impact on wheat yields. The spread of these diseases can com... more Stem and leaf rust have a tremendous impact on wheat yields. The spread of these diseases can compromise any country’s food security. The Sr and Lr resistance genes, comprising 60 and 80 genes, respectively, are gradually losing their effectiveness due to the emergence of virulent populations of rust pathogens. The paper reports the results of field and molecular studies of resistance to the two types of rust in several varieties and lines of spring soft wheat. It is discovered that the Sr2, Sr21, Sr32, and Sr35 genes have virtually no effect on resistance to stem rust, as with an average plant disease severity of 42.2% the four genes prove ineffective. However, the area under the disease progress curve in the presence of Sr2 is reliably lower by 3.2% (p≤0.01). Regarding the coefficient of infection, susceptibility in the presence of Sr21 or Sr35 is reliably lower by 3.5%. The Lr19, Lr24, Lr27, and Lr39 leaf rust genes retain their positive effect on wheat resistance to the disease. The Lr19 and Lr39 genotypes show moderate resistance in 100% of the cases. The average coefficient of infection in the presence of both genes amounts to 6.5 units, with average plant disease severity equal to 16.3%. The Lr39 gene reliably reduces the area under the disease progress curve by 4.5 units. The obtained findings indicate the need to identify donors of Sr resistance genes for their use in selection. There is also a need to study the influence and prevalence of the Lr24 and Lr27 genes in different varieties and lines of spring soft wheat.
Scorpions and spiders belong to the class Arachnida in phylum Arthropoda. Scorpions are easily di... more Scorpions and spiders belong to the class Arachnida in phylum Arthropoda. Scorpions are easily distinguished by median eyes on obvious the center of the carapace and have one pair, and lateral eyes have 2-8 in some species. Scorpions do not have good eyesight so the median eyes have always been simple and they are more sensitive than the lateral pairs. They have anterior median eyes (AME) with narrow field of view and pairs of lateral eyes (LE) with more sensitivity and response to light. Family Buthidae have 2-6 lateral eyes in Compsobuthus Mesobuthus, Hottentotta, while Vaejovidae, Chactidae and Chaerilidae have 2 pairs of lateral eyes. In addition, 3 pairs are found in Orthochirus and Androctonus. Spiders have six eyes in family Pholicidae, Sicariidae, Araneidae, Salticidae, while eight eyes in Theridiidae, Lycosidae and some with two eyes or four in the carapace of the prosoma. Spider have anterior median eyes, anterior lateral eyes, posterior median eyes, or posterior lateral eyes. Scorpions and Spider eyes are not compound but simple. There is one lens for each eye. Spiders have poor vision, not able to see light and darkness. Scorpion and spider taxonomy is based on the forms and number of eyes. So, the reasons to study these organisms are important in studies of medical, ecology, morphology and taxonomy. and it is a little known about their biology and fauna.
Peatland forest fires continue to occur every dry season in Indonesia. Many efforts have been mad... more Peatland forest fires continue to occur every dry season in Indonesia. Many efforts have been made by the government, universities, non-governmental organizations and police/ army. However, there are still fires. One of the solutions offered in this study is the application of restorative justice, especially for small-scale land burners. There are two locations that are prone to fire at Palangka Raya City, Central Kalimantan, as well as Pahandut District and Jekan Raya District in Indonesia, since in the 2019 fires, these two areas exhibited a fairly high level of land fire vulnerability. Based on these data, these two locations will be monitored with routine patrols. Research from 2020 – 2022, restorative justice was carried out for 3 arsonists with different motives. This gives researcher an idea that the cause of peatland fires is caused by human behaviour factors. Although this study is very short, it is expected to provide a deterrent effect for arsonists and prevent other communities from burning their land in the next year, especially during the dry season.
The main goal of this study was to determine the best amount of sodium alginate needed to effecti... more The main goal of this study was to determine the best amount of sodium alginate needed to effectively encapsulate aromatic coconut water using sodium alginate and calcium chloride. Additionally, the study aimed to explore how physical and chemical factors influence the production of aromatic coconut encapsules. Finally, the research sought to evaluate consumer acceptance of encapsulated coconut aroma. The findings revealed that using 2 g sodium alginate per 200 g coconut water, 500 g clean water, and 3 g calcium chloride resulted in suitable viscosity of the encapsulated aromatic coconut. These encapsulations were able to dissolve into water when used in encapsulated or coated tablets. When incorporating varying amounts of sodium alginate (2, 2.5, and 3 g) into the aromatic coconut water, the colour and brightness value (L*) of the encapsulated product was found to be 45.18 ± 0.03, with a red value (a*) of -0.50 ± 0.01 and a yellow value (b*) of -3.12 ± 0.01. The pH value remained consistent at 5.20 ± 0.00, and the total dissolved solids (๐Brix) were 6.43 ± 0.00. No significant differences were observed in the sugar solid solution. Microbial analysis indicated that the quantity of microorganisms did not exceed the specified standard. In terms of consumer acceptance, 76% of the participants expressed satisfaction with the encapsulated coconut water.
Monilinia fructigena Pers is a specialized fungus known for its impact on pome crops, particularl... more Monilinia fructigena Pers is a specialized fungus known for its impact on pome crops, particularly during the fruiting phase. This pathogen is responsible for causing significant damage through fruit rot, affecting fruit quality and economic outcomes for growers. The primary objective of this research was to comprehensively investigate M. fructigena Pers, its distribution, and its effects on various fruit crops. Additionally, the study aimed to identify other fungal species associated with fruit rot and assess varietal resistance among different fruit tree varieties. Between 2021 and 2023, isolates of fungi belonging to the Monilinia genus were collected from fruits, inflorescences, shoots, and fruit formations of apple trees affected by moniliosis. Identification was conducted using polymerase chain reaction with species-specific primers and sequencing of the ITS 1-5.8S rRNA-ITS 2 locus of ribosomal DNA. The prevalence and impact of M. fructigena Pers and other identified fungi were analyzed. M. fructigena Pers was found to be the dominant fungus, with a frequency of occurrence ranging from 91.6 to 100%. This fungus was responsible for damage to inflorescences, shoots (monilial burn), and fruits (fruit rot). Other fungi, such as Fusarium proliferatum and Alternaria alternata, were also identified. Quarantine species M. fructicola was not found in the research orchards. In addition, varietal resistance experiments revealed differing susceptibility levels among apple tree varieties, with the Maksat variety being more susceptible than Voskhod. In conclusion, M. fructigena posed a significant threat to fruit crops, particularly pome varieties, in the studied regions. The research shed light on its prevalence, distribution, and impact. In addition, the identification of other fungal species associated with fruit rot provided valuable insights into disease management. The variable varietal resistance underscores the challenges of breeding for fruit rot resistance and highlights the importance of continued research in this area for more effective disease control strategies.
The goal of the current study was to assess a few chemical and physical properties, including wat... more The goal of the current study was to assess a few chemical and physical properties, including water temperature and pH, electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD5), nitrite (NO2), nitrate (NO3), phosphate (PO4) and the level of some heavy metals, like lead, cadmium, zinc, iron, manganese and nickel in water of Sawa Lake, Iraq. Three locations were selected in Lake. The samples were taken on a monthly basis from October 2021 to February 2022. The results indicated that the water temperature varied between 13.4 and 25.25 ºC, pH values 8.06 - 9.70, electrical conductivity 27984.33- 65622.3 µs cm-1, dissolved oxygen 0.0-4.3 mg L-1, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5; 2.58-8.08 mg L-1), nitrite 1.14-8.02 µg L-1, nitrate 0.65-57.19 µg L-1 and phosphate 0.20-8.11 µg L-1. The study results of heavy metals concentrations in water were as follows: lead (Pb; 0.00-0.34 mg L-1), cadmium (Cd; 0.00-0.007 mg L-1), zinc (Zn; 0.00-0.036 mg L-1), iron (Fe; 0.21-0.78 mg L-1), manganese (Mn; 0.00-0.10 mg L-1), and nickel (Ni; 0.00-0.10 mg L-1). While in sediments, elements concentrations were as follows: Pb 2.66-27.15 mg kg-1, Cd; 0.001-0.62 mg kg-1, Zn 10.92-17.07 mg kg-1, Fe 1382.56-2268 mg kg-1, Mn 63.20-154.98 mg kg-1, and Ni 7.33-23.51 mg kg-1. The water quality of Sawa Lake under this study was exceeding the permissible limit for PH, EC, BOD5 and NO3. Increasing levels of heavy metals in the Sawa Lake water and sediment were over the allowable limit, implying heavy metal water pollution.
Background: There are many factors and environmental conditions that affect the quality and capac... more Background: There are many factors and environmental conditions that affect the quality and capacity of eggs obtained from birds. The aim of this study was to make a comparison between the preservation of quail eggs and chicken eggs at temperatures of 8-10 °C and 18-20 °C. We used 20 eggs of chicken and 30 eggs of quail. Both categories were stored at two different temperatures (at a temperature of 8-10 ℃, and at a room temperature of 18-20 ℃). Each category of eggs was stored for 20 days, and 3 eggs were opened every 3 days. The parameters studied were: mass, protein diameter, protein height (H), yolk height (h), yolk diameter, protein index, yolk index, and Haugh unit. Statistical processing of practical results was performed using the SPSS data analysis package. When stored for 20 days at a temperature of 8-10 °C, quail eggs lost about 3–7% of their original weight. At a temperature of 18-20 °C, when stored for 20 days, quail eggs lost about 11% of their original weight. On the part of chicken eggs, regardless of temperature (8-10 °C or 18-20 °C), weight loss was almost the same, i.e., by about 3-6%. Chicken eggs at a temperature of 18-20 °C, the yolk height was not stable. Unlike chicken eggs, quail eggs, of course, decreased over time. In conclusion, quail eggs were characterized by a relatively long period of freshness preservation than those of chickens, and their three-week storage and temperature exhibited little effect on the deterioration of the quality of quail eggs.
Peasant family farming is one of the main suppliers and is responsible for guaranteeing food sove... more Peasant family farming is one of the main suppliers and is responsible for guaranteeing food sovereignty. A particular interest is given to the functioning of the productive system, which seeks to determine, through the analysis of critical points and thresholds, to define sustainable alternatives, translating the general principles of sustainability into definitions and operational practices. The objective of this study was to valuate family farming production systems through productive thresholds with the purpose of proposing sustainable alternatives for the improvement of the agricultural system in the Penipe canton. The methodology of this study included the establishment and generation of attributes, diagnostic criteria, and critical points to make a comparison with the productive thresholds, applied to nine farms representative of the three productive typologies. In this study, the three production systems of the Penipe canton were evaluated. We proposed alternatives for each of them, such as the implementation of new agroecological management strategies, the generation of organic fertilizers, the production of bio inputs, the strengthening of interdisciplinary approaches through the adoption of technological innovations and research, the increased participation of different owners throughout the production process, and the promotion of associativity, which provides the design of new alternative production systems. In conclusion, specialized family farming poses alternatives for improvement in terms of the provision of quality seeds, technical management, greater management, and government support. Diversified family agriculture will be ontained by government management and execution, training, adoption of innovations, dependence on external resources, crop risk, yields, access to credit. In the productive aspect, deficiencies were found in root development, pending involvement, irrigation water, organic matter, soil cover, and subsistence family agriculture, followed by land tenure and occupation, social connection, government management and execution, training, adoption of innovations, dependence on external resources, crop risk, yields, access to credit, as well as productive aspect deficiencies in root development, affectation of the slope, irrigation water, drainage, organic matter, soil cover, management, and plant development.
Sarcosporidia and sarcosporidiosis in Southeast Kazakhstan present formidable challenges to lives... more Sarcosporidia and sarcosporidiosis in Southeast Kazakhstan present formidable challenges to livestock health. This paper focuses on the outcomes of two key innovations: advancements in molecular diagnostics and the development of integrated control strategies. In the realm of diagnostics, the implementation of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques for species-specific identification and quantification yielded notable results. Our comprehensive survey of vertebrates in the region identified a diverse range of Sarcosporidia species, with an average prevalence reduction of 25% compared to conventional methods. This advancement not only enhances accuracy in parasite identification but also provides a more nuanced understanding of the local epidemiological landscape. The integration of Geographic Information System (GIS) and remote sensing technologies into our surveillance system revealed specific high-risk areas with an unprecedented precision of 90%. This targeted approach allowed for resource optimization, resulting in a 30% reduction in overall prevalence rates in the identified regions. The practical implications of this innovation are evident in its potential to guide effective intervention strategies and resource allocation. Genomic studies elucidated the genetic diversity within Sarcosporidia strains, laying the foundation for targeted interventions. Building on this knowledge, preliminary trials of our integrated control strategies showcased a promising 40% reduction in Sarcosporidia prevalence in the selected communities. This innovative approach combines traditional deworming practices with environmentally friendly treatments, providing a viable and sustainable solution. In conclusion, our research signifies a substantial leap forward in understanding and combating Sarcosporidia infections in Southeast Kazakhstan. The tangible results of improved diagnostics and the promising outcomes of integrated control strategies underscore the potential for transformative impacts on livestock health, agricultural productivity, and the well-being of the communities reliant on these animals.
This work involved two parts: the first part included synthesis of new Schiff bases from condensa... more This work involved two parts: the first part included synthesis of new Schiff bases from condensation of 2-aminobenzothiazole with different aldehydes in acidic medium, while and the second part included the synthesis of Oxazolidinones from reaction of the prepared Schiff bases with glycine to produce new heterocyclic. Compounds. The structure of prepared compounds were characterized by 1H-NMR, FT-IR techniques and their biological activity was assessed.
Ponstane Fort, a famous pharmaceutical drug has many medicinal uses. Recently, it has been used i... more Ponstane Fort, a famous pharmaceutical drug has many medicinal uses. Recently, it has been used in different chemical reactions in order to improve its biological effectiveness. Three chemical compounds have been prepared as derivatives of Mefenamic acid by certain steps included adding thiosemicarbazide to Mefenamic acid with a catalyst of H2SO4 to obtain a Mefenamic derivative C1; mixing a certain amount of C1 with 4-carboxybenzaldehyde to obtain compound C2; dissolving C2 at various reagents by diazotization reaction to yield Mefenamic derivative C3. All formatted compounds had been monitored through FTIR-Spectra, 1H.NMR-Spectra, Mass-Spectra and melting point. This method has high target product productivity, simple process procedures, mild reaction conditions, simple purifying process, high product purity and suitability for industrialized production. So that the production cost is further reduced. By using the agar well diffusion method, all prepared three compounds showed good antibacterial activity against studied Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, however, C3 showed the highest activity. A skin test for Delayed Hypersensitivity was done to know if there are allergic reactions for the created compounds, while the test for Killing Mice has been done for testing mortality rate in animals. The compounds have a high cellular immune response through in experimental animals.
Bacteria acquire resistance to antibacterial drugs, so there is always a need for new drugs to in... more Bacteria acquire resistance to antibacterial drugs, so there is always a need for new drugs to inhibit many human bacterial pathogens. Novel studies were carried out to examine the internal structures as well as the antibacterial effect of Erodium cicutarium phenolic root extracts (APR) on the development of biofilm formation of bacterial species, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus using four strains from both clinical and environmental samples in vitro. Anatomy of all the vegetative parts showed a presence of tannin-filled cells in their structures. Also, the experiments were conducted to study the antibacterial effect by determining the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), and susceptibility test of these strains for five antibiotics. Although the APR concentrations of 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, 3.125, and 1.625 μg mL-1; W/V) were used through antibiotic and biofilm inhibition assay. The result of sensitivity test showed more resistant to various antimicrobial especially Amoxicillin, Cephalothin and Methicillin for both bacterial strains. In addition, the MICs tested showed that the ranged values were in concentrations between 0.017 to 0.650 mg mL-1 for both K. pneumoniae and S. aureus strains. Furthermore, biofilm reduction assay results for treatments showed that the highest activity was obtained with phenolic root extracted, biofilm eradication at 1.3 mg mL-1. In conclusion, the results showed that relatively low concentrations of phenolic root extracts displayed promising antibacterial and antibiofilm capabilities making them attractive for additional studies as “novel therapeutic agents.”
Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were carried out during the summer season of 2023 to study ... more Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were carried out during the summer season of 2023 to study the effect of some safe organic compounds i.e. humic acid (HA), amino acids (AA) and proline for controlling damping-off and root rot diseases compared to Rizolex-T50® Wp as a fungicide. Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium solani and Macrophomina phaseolina were isolated from naturally-infected soybean fields and identified as a causal pathogen of damping-off and root rot. R. solani exhibited a highest frequent followed by F. solani while M. phaseolina comprised the least pathogen frequent isolates. In pathogenicity test under greenhouse experiment, R. solani isolate No 6, F. solani No 3 and M. phaseolina No 5 were the most aggressive isolates for causing damping-off and root rot diseases. In laboratory experiment, proline and humic acids displayed fungicidal activity against mycelia growth of root rot fungi. The high level of proline (300 ppm) was the most effective followed by humic acid at high level (3000 ppm). In artificially-infested soil with a mixture of pathogenic fungi under greenhouse, Rizolex-T50® Wp exhibited the highest reduction of pre, post-emergence damping-off, root rot and wilt diseases. Morover, from the application trails, the best protection against the causal pathogens of soybean damping-off, root rot and wilt was recorded by prolin at 300 ppm followed by HA at 3000 ppm. Herein, it is suggested that soaking of soybean seeds in proline 300 ppm or humic acid 3000 ppm before sowing could be considered as alternative safe methods for chemical fungicides to control root rot diseases.
The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted the development of agroforestry tourism areas in... more The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted the development of agroforestry tourism areas in Batu City, Indonesia. An area becomes resilient and robust through community participation in adapting, especially in the forestry village environment. This study will reveal community participation in managing land conservation areas and educational tourism in Oro-Oro Ombo Village, Batu City. The study is a qualitative research type of centralized interview to find community participation when managing a land conservation area. In February 2022, there were 25 informants in the form of 20 members of forest farmer groups, 6 village institutions, and 4 related official institutions who were interviewed using the in-depth interview method. The interview results were collected and processed using the help of a qualitative application, i.e., Altas.ti version 9. The dissemination of interview text was propagated using an enumerator with a voice recorder help tool. The results showed that the results of data processing of the word 'Management' are the words with the most frequency, i.e., 7.43% of all research data sources community. Participation in the management of land conservation areas and educational tourism, followed by the words 'area' and 'conservation', was 6.86% of all research data sources. If concluded with four stages of participation, i.e., planning, implementing, utilizing results and evaluating the community, they were very concerned about the sustainability of conservation land management, so that they have full participation in advancing this land as a potential economic land. This example can be used as a government policy to find the best method to foster community awareness to produce excellent participation in advancing a forestry area. The advanced Forest Farmers Group will become a new face in empowering the community in the future.
The inhibitory effects of Silver oxide nanoparticles (Ag NPs), Zinc oxide nanoparticles (Zn NPs) ... more The inhibitory effects of Silver oxide nanoparticles (Ag NPs), Zinc oxide nanoparticles (Zn NPs) as well as Chitosan nanoparticles (Ch NPs) against the causal pathogens of kidney bean root rot comparing with fungicide Topsin-70® Wp were evaluated under greenhouse and laboratory during the summer season of 2023. In the pathogenicity test under greenhouse, based on infection of damping-off or root rot, the isolates No 5 of Sclerotium genus, No 4 of Rhizoctonia, No 1 of Pythium and No 2 of Fusarium were the most aggressive isolates, respectively. In vitro experiment, both fungicide and high level of any of nanoparticles used (30 ppm) entirely suppressed the linear spread of four examined fungal genera (Fusarium solani, Sclerotium rolfsii, Rhizoctonia solani as well as Pythium ultimum). Zn NPs was the most effective followed by Ag NPs. In greenhouse experiment, under artificially contaminated soil with a diverse range of pathogenic fungi, Topsin-70® Wp and all tested nanoparticles as seed soaking treatments led to protecting bean plants against damping-off or root rot infection. The fungicide Topsin-70® Wp was more efficient accompanied by Zn NPs then Ag NPs. This study clearly demonstrated that, there are no statistically important differences among the leverage of nanoparticles as well as fungicide against bean root rot pathogens.
The rise in the global population has led to an increase in energy requirements. In addition to t... more The rise in the global population has led to an increase in energy requirements. In addition to the prospect of a future energy crisis resulting from the depletion of fossil fuel reserves, the provision of energy that continues to rely on nonrenewable resources, leads to a decline in environmental support capacity owing to CO2 gas pollution. Bioenergy derived from microalgae is a potential future fuel source. Bioenergy development of microalgae is seen as having several benefits, including plentiful resources, ease of development, a high oil content with the potential to be produced as biofuels, the ability to grow in a variety of water and waste conditions, and the ability to cut CO2 emissions. This research was conducted using a combination of literature analysis and prior study observations. The findings indicate that microalgae have enormous potential for development as bioenergy and may aid in the resolution of environmental issues, particularly those associated with the reduction of CO2 emission gases and the decrease of pollutant levels in liquid waste.
The Altyn-Emel State National Natural Park (Kazakhstan) was surveys Heteroptera in spring-summer ... more The Altyn-Emel State National Natural Park (Kazakhstan) was surveys Heteroptera in spring-summer period (April-August), 2022-2023. A total of 172 species belonging to 22 families of Heteroptera were identified. Some species of: Heteroptera serve as bioregualtors of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) under natural conditions.
The objective of this research was to study the effects of processed food and a mixture of black ... more The objective of this research was to study the effects of processed food and a mixture of black soldier fly larvae on the growth rate, survival rate, and feeding behaviour of frogs in captive conditions, as well as to examine the water quality in the tanks where the frogs were fed with processed food, in addition to a mixture of worms and fruit flies. A comparison was made between feeding the frogs with 400 individuals of processed food, as well as 400 individuals of a mixture of worms and fruit flies over a period of 12 weeks. The results from the experiment showed that the average weight gain in frogs fed with processed food in stages 1, 2, and 3 was 67.10 ± 1.75, 46.75 ± 9.69, and 77.30 ± 0.11 g day-1, respectively. The specific growth rate was recorded as 5.51% ± 0.71%, 1.06% ± 0.21%, and 1.05% ± 0.04% per day, respectively. The average survival rate was 94.61% ± 1.58%, 97.38% ± 0.27%, and 82.69% ± 7.06%, respectively. On the other hand, frogs fed with a mixture of worms and fruit flies showed an average weight gain of 55.98 ± 1.04, 37.88 ± 8.05, and 80.55 ± 3.08 g day-1 in stages 1, 2 and 3 respectively. The specific growth rate was 5.17% ± 0.69%, 1.02% ± 0.23%, and 1.22% ± 0.04% per day, respectively. The average survival rate was 93.10% ± 4.87%, 97.50% ± 1.28%, and 81.85% ± 02.89%, respectively. Statistical analysis showed significant differences (p < 0.05) in the growth rate between frogs fed with processed food as well as those fed with a mixture of worms and fruit flies. Regarding the water quality, frogs fed with processed food had temperatures ranging from 24.50 to 32.90 ℃, pH values between 6.89 and 8.90, dissolved solids ranging from 0.10 to 1.00 mg L-1, electrical conductivity between 0.10 and 1.40 μS cm-1, dissolved oxygen levels between 4.83 and 6.30 mg L-1, and total ammonia levels ranging from 0.00 to 1.34 mg L-1. For frogs fed with a mixture of worms and fruit flies, the water temperatures ranged from 24.10 to 32.60 ℃, pH values between 6.48 and 8.92, dissolved solids ranging from 0.10 to 1.00 mg L-1, electrical conductivity between 0.10 and 1.20 μS cm-1, dissolved oxygen levels between 4.33 and 6.44 mg L-1, and total ammonia levels ranging from 0.00 to 0.96 mg L-1. The water quality parameters did not show statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) between the group fed with processed food and the group fed with a mixture of worms and fruit flies.
The relevance of the article lies in monitoring the state of the natural mountain vegetation of t... more The relevance of the article lies in monitoring the state of the natural mountain vegetation of the gorges of Merke, Sandyk, Shaisandyk and Araltobe as a natural zoning of the main changes in vegetation cover, in compiling classification schemes for the analysis of vegetation cover. In mountainous areas, local, isolated, floral complexes are formed, which are represented by alpine and subalpine meadows. The study of the composition and structure of the vegetation cover of individual regions is of great importance for establishing floral connections between different botanical and geographical regions. An episodic study of the flora and vegetation of the Merken district has been conducted by scientists in the last few years. There was a deterioration of vegetation in the western part of the Kyrgyz Alatau. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to study various groups of plants in this region, which will allow knowing the general development of flora, to outline the main stages of its formation. The main stages of the study were based on field expeditionary research, using route-reconnaissance and semi-stationary methods, data from scientific literature, herbarium material of their own collection and other colleagues. To analyse correlations in vegetation dynamics between the regions of the gorges of Merke, Sandyk, Shaisandyk and Araltobe, methods of mathematical statistics on the coefficient of floristic generality and graphical representation of materials were used. Since for many years there have been problems with studying the state of the floral composition of the gorges Merke, Sandyk and Shaisandyk, Araltobe, the results of the research aimed at taking inventory of the floral diversity of the zapodnaya part of the Kyrgyz ridge. During the analysis of plants of the studied area, 835 species belonging to 78 families and 336 families were identified.
Radon concentration was determined in eleven different imported samples of tea that commonly use,... more Radon concentration was determined in eleven different imported samples of tea that commonly use, collected from Al-Diwaniyah Governorate local markets in Iraq, using the SSNTD RL-115 detector. The results showed that the radon concentration differed in different tea types based on the origin of the tea trademark, where Cihan tea exhibited the highest radon concentration of 55.53 Bq m-3, while Balabel tea displayed the lowest value of 21.65 Bq/m3. These results indicate that radon concentrations were within safe limits for the consumer compared to the limits set by the (ICRP) 200 Bq m-3. This study will contribute to covering radiation studies on tea due to the proliferation of trademarks and insufficient studies on it.
Stem and leaf rust have a tremendous impact on wheat yields. The spread of these diseases can com... more Stem and leaf rust have a tremendous impact on wheat yields. The spread of these diseases can compromise any country’s food security. The Sr and Lr resistance genes, comprising 60 and 80 genes, respectively, are gradually losing their effectiveness due to the emergence of virulent populations of rust pathogens. The paper reports the results of field and molecular studies of resistance to the two types of rust in several varieties and lines of spring soft wheat. It is discovered that the Sr2, Sr21, Sr32, and Sr35 genes have virtually no effect on resistance to stem rust, as with an average plant disease severity of 42.2% the four genes prove ineffective. However, the area under the disease progress curve in the presence of Sr2 is reliably lower by 3.2% (p≤0.01). Regarding the coefficient of infection, susceptibility in the presence of Sr21 or Sr35 is reliably lower by 3.5%. The Lr19, Lr24, Lr27, and Lr39 leaf rust genes retain their positive effect on wheat resistance to the disease. The Lr19 and Lr39 genotypes show moderate resistance in 100% of the cases. The average coefficient of infection in the presence of both genes amounts to 6.5 units, with average plant disease severity equal to 16.3%. The Lr39 gene reliably reduces the area under the disease progress curve by 4.5 units. The obtained findings indicate the need to identify donors of Sr resistance genes for their use in selection. There is also a need to study the influence and prevalence of the Lr24 and Lr27 genes in different varieties and lines of spring soft wheat.
Uploads