Noria
Subclass of | scoop wheel ![]() |
---|---|
Part of | irrigation system ![]() |
Country | Iraq ![]() |
Country of origin | Iraq ![]() |
Intangible cultural heritage status | Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, National List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of the Republic of Iraq ![]() |
Described at URL | https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/01694, https://ich.unesco.org/fr/RL/01694, https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/01694 ![]() |
Noria (Arabic: ناعورة, nā‘ūra, plural نواعير nawāʿīr, from Syriac: ܢܥܘܪܐ, nā‘orā, lit. "growler" ) de la "hyropowered scoop" walega ti ba tara zɛkera ko'om ita "aqueduct", ti ba tara kɔɔra bii suŋera tinkara bii timbibesi.
Yu'urɛ la di vuurɛ
[demese | demesego zia]"Etymology"
[demese | demesego zia]Solemiine yelebire noria dikɛ ze'ele la Spanish noria ze'ele Arabic nā‘ūra (ناعورة), sɛka n wa'am na ze'ele Arabic itegɔ yelebire puan ti di vuurɛ dɛna "groan" bii "grunt", la yele la voole la ti a maalɛ la ka san lɛbegera.[1][2] n
Noria voole
Saŋa: 32 sɛkɛnsi.0:32 n
oria voole d
Daaŋɔ n boi fu san ŋmi'ira faali kuna? Nyɛ miidiya suŋerɛ.
Noria " versus saqiyah"
Yu'urɛ noria ni kɔ'ɔm tara tuna bɔ'ɔra la lɔgerɔ sɛba n tari paŋa tuna vuta ko'om ti la ŋmɛregɛ wiilɛ.[3] lɔgerɔ n tari dusi paŋa, saŋa woo yelemɛŋerɛ de la "sayiqah bii saqiya".[4] Lɔgeseto buuri n ŋwɔni taaba la pu mɛ n boi " chain pumps " yu'ura. Se'em ma'a, ko'om buuri la yu'ura zɛkerɛ lɔgerɔ ti ba tara tuna n boi Middle East, India la Spain la zi'isi asi'a ni kɔ'ɔm tara tuna mɛ "loosely and overlapping", bii bɔta tɔka tɔka n boi tiŋa la puan. Al-Jazari's gɔŋɔ sɛka ti ba mina n boi " mechanical " lɔgerɔ, magesɛ wuu, tigera ti ko'om la zɛ'ɛta wiilɛ la yɛla buuri zo'e zo'e n boi "general term" saqiya.[5][6] Spain puan, yɛla n sɔi la, noria tuni bɔ'ɔra la walega ayi buuri la, ka san pugum tuna bɔ'ɔra la dusi bii ko'om nananewa.[7]
Tuunɛ
[demese | demesego zia]Saŋa: 9 sɛkɛnsi. 0.09 "Hydrographic" pa'alemɛŋerɛ sɔɔleŋa n lɛm la diimi noria n boi "barrio" n boi "La Montana, Aranjuez. Noria la tuni la kozotemo tuuma zɛ'ɛta tiŋa nuurɛ ta paara saazuo, tara la pansɛka ti ba nyɛ zɛ'ɛta kulega la n zoti la puan tuna.[8] ku kɔ'ɔm bɔna mɛ la kokãtɛ walega sɛka " rim" n boi la "container" zo'e zo'e bii "compartments" sɛka n zɛgeri ko'om zɛ'ɛta kulega puan kina "aqueduct" n boi walega la saazuo. Ka aŋa la ŋwɔni me la nananewa "hydraulic ram", sɛka n me n le tara kozotumo paŋa kina bɔ'ɔra ko'om la basɛba yɛsera kulega la puan. [9]
La n ka ŋwɔni la ko'om walega n boi ko'om banɛgesi, noria ka bo'ori " mechanical "paŋa yelese'ere n boi puan. Noria yelemɛŋerɛ basɛba n yuum boi de la " hybrids ", tara la ko'om-waleŋa suŋɛ la buyi saŋa puan la dusi paŋa. Yelesi'a n kɔ'ɔm mina la ayima zi'an ti noria dita kulega ko'om n boi yaarummi.
Ka diimi yɛla
[demese | demesego zia]A noria zɔi n boi Erlangen n boi Southern Germany, n boi Regnitz kulegan.
Medieval Albolafia noria n boi Cordoba, Spain ( waleŋa la kamiŋa ba yuum maalɛ ka la 20th century) n kelum bɔna la.
"Paddle-driven" ko'om zɛkerɛ waleŋa n niɛ n boi kuremi Egypt la "4th century BC.[10] John Peter Oleson , " compartmented wheel " la "hydraulic" noria niɛ n boi Egypt la 4th "century BC, la saqiyah ti ba maalɛ bilam " a century " pooren. "archeological finds" n boi Faiyum n yuum suŋɛ ka, zi'an ti "archeological" kɛka pa'alemɛŋerɛ n boi ko'om waleŋa yuum ta nyɛ la, saqiyah puan dabesa pooren wɛ'ɛsera 3rd "century BC" gee me kelum nyɛ n boi Faiyum yi ko'om waleŋa ti ba tara kɔɔra uunɛ, 2nd "century BC fresco" n nyɛ n boi Alexandria "depicts" "compartmented" saqiyah, la Callixenus n boi Rhodes yi saqiyah tuunɛ n boi Ptolemaic kingdom reign of Pharaoh Ptolemy IV Philopator n boi pooren 3rd "century BC la puan la.[11]
Ko'om la n kɔ'ɔm bɔna la la ko'om walega, dusi la ko'om zi'an siyi la za'a, la ziim n tari de'eŋo zi'an (Latin tympanum) bii " compartmented rim", Hellenistic "engineers n daa dikɛ ba tuna ze'ele 3rd la 2nd " century " BC la tiŋasuka.[12] 1st "century" BC la puan, Roman "architect Vitruvius" pa'alɛ ni noria tuunɛ.[13] 300 bɔba, Romans yuum dikɛ ka dɔɔrɔ "compartments" la "attached ceramic" dukɔ yima yima bana n yuum lu bɔna yiŋa on boi "open-framed wheel", bilam nyaa maala noria. [14]
Islam salema yuuma saŋa puan, noria yuum to'e la dabesa n boi zi'an la tiŋasuka la Maalam duma " engineers.[15] Mina n nyɛ suŋerɛ bo noria. (14)[16] Magesɛ wuu, "flywheel" fita dikɛ paŋa bo'olum la basɛ mɛ ze'ele lɔgerɔ tukere ta paɛ masin tukere, ibn Bassal (fl.3038-1075) n boi al-Andalus n maalɛ ka. Mina n tari "pioneered" flywheel tuuma n ani se'em n boi noria la saqiyah.[17] n boi 1206, Ismail al-Jazari n dikɛ pa'alɛ carank tuunɛ n boi noria la saqiya, la puti'irɛ yɛsera mina n miŋa suŋa suŋa yuum yele mɛ yɛsera vuurɛ la puan ti ba pa'asɛ ba suŋa suŋa.
Maalam "engineer" duma tari la noria ki'isera ko'om n boi b"aqueduct " sɛba n tari ko'om kina tiŋa puan la zi'isi.[18] Hama noria la, magesɛ wuu, mita 20 (66 ft) n boi "diameter" gee me kelum tara tuna n boi yɔɔma saŋa (La de la nananewa ma'a n tari putĩ’irɛ sɛka n wan iŋɛ suŋa suŋa). Walega katɛ la tari la 120 ko'om lageŋɔ zi'isi gee me ta'am wan zɛkɛ ko'om gaŋɛ litesi (litres) 95 mita woo.[19] 10th "century" la puan, Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi's Al-Hawi yuum pa'alɛ ti noria n boi Irag la ta'am zɛkɛ la litesi (litres) 153,000 paɛ gogo woo, litesi 2550 mita woo. dina ŋwɔni mɛ la zina norias n boi East Asia, sɛka n wan ta'am zɛkɛ paɛ litesi 2880,000 gogo woo puan, bii litesi 4800 mita woo puan.[20]
13th "century" si'a n tole la Marinid Sultan Abu Yaqub Yusuf mɛ noria karegɛ mɛ, saŋa kasɛka ni yi'ira e mɛ ti"Grand Noria " se'em ma'a ti ba wan ta'am nyɛ ko'om bo Vast Mosara Garden ti a maalɛ la n boi Fez, Morroco.[21] Ba pɔsɛ mɛ ka la 1286 gee ti ba yuum ba'asɛ ka yuunɛ sɛka n tagelɛ la.[22] Noria la, ti Andalusian "engineer maalɛ ti Ibn al-Hajj sigɛ ka yu'urɛ la, ti ma makɛ ka 26 mita n boi " diameter la 2 mita yalegera puan. (20):68[23] Ba yuum dikɛ la dɔɔrɔ maalɛ walega la la gee kɔ'ɔm pi me la "copper", biŋe ka la kugere naaŋa/aŋa gee " adjoined " mɛ n boi tinkatɛ sɛka n tagele la kulegan.Marinids n yuum ta sige la pooren, "garden" la, la noria bayi la za'a yuum ta zagesɛ mɛ; 'noria' walega la n daa sakeri la ta bɔregɛ mɛ n boi 1888, Kugekatɛ la ma'a n kɔ'ɔm wee bini.(29):98
Noria duma zo'e zo'e la yuum mɛ mɛ n boi Al-Andalis, Islamic saŋa n de 'Iberian Peninsula (8th-15th "centuries") duma yuunɛ la puan, gee ti Sɔputesi "Christian Spanish" inginiya (engineer) me le tɔkɛ mɛ ka pooren.[24] Nɛreba n ba'am mina de la Albolafia n boi Cordoba (Dabesa aŋa n ka pa'alɛ, zina ma'a n tari dabeserɛ pa'asɛ), Guadalquivir kulega la zi'an, la noria kɛka n boi Toledo, Tagus kulega la zi'an. (21) al-Idrisi yele yeti Toledo noria yuum kɔ'ɔm karegɛ mɛ gee ta'am wan zɛkɛ ko'om ze'ele kulegan ta paɛ aqueduct gaŋɛ "meters" 40 n boi zuen, kaŋa n nyaa bo'ori tiŋa la duma ko'om. [25] Norias la lɔgerɔ n ŋwɔni yuum lagum tara tuna mɛ n boi "vast scale" n boi Spain agiriki tuuma n boi zi'isi asi'a. Mui sɛlega n boi Valencia yuum kɔ'ɔm ta paɛ la 8000 noria duma, gee ti Mallorca me tara gaŋɛ 4000 dusi zo'e zo'e zi'an Saqiyas sɛba n tari ni tɔɔŋa ta paɛ 20th "century" pɔsega la.[26] Alcantarilla Noria n pɔri Murcia, noria mɛa n boi 15th "century" n boi Spanish yimpu'usegɔ wara, de la makerɛ sɛka ti ba mina ti ba vo'e ta paɛ zina wa.(22)
Viisegɔ lɔgerɔ
[demese | demesego zia]- ↑ Castro-García, Miguel (2015-03-01). "Technical and functional analysis of Albolafia waterwheel (Cordoba, Spain): 3D modeling, computational-fluid dynamics simulation and finite-element analysis". Energy Conversion and Management 92: 207–214. DOI:10.1016/j.enconman.2014.12.047. ISSN 0196-8904.
- ↑ Cabrera, Enrique (2010-08-06). Water Engineering and Management through Time: Learning from History (in English). CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-203-83673-6.
- ↑ Bjork, Robert E. (2010). The Oxford dictionary of the Middle Ages. Oxford: Oxford university press. ISBN 978-0-19-866262-4.
- ↑ Bjork, Robert E. (2010). The Oxford dictionary of the Middle Ages. Oxford: Oxford university press. ISBN 978-0-19-866262-4.
- ↑ Kalın, İbrahim (2014). The Oxford encyclopedia of philosophy, science, and technology in Islam. Oxford islamic world encyclopedia series. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-935843-4.
- ↑ "Miri Shefer-Mossensohn", Wikipedia (in English), 2023-06-13, retrieved 2023-12-15
- ↑ Bjork, Robert E. (2010). The Oxford dictionary of the Middle Ages. Oxford: Oxford university press. ISBN 978-0-19-866262-4.
- ↑ Bjork, Robert E. (2010). The Oxford dictionary of the Middle Ages. Oxford: Oxford university press. ISBN 978-0-19-866262-4.
- ↑ Ancient Discoveries Islamic Science Part2 (in English), retrieved 2023-12-15
- ↑ Oleson, John Peter (2008). The Oxford handbook of engineering and technology in the classical world. Oxford: Oxford university press. ISBN 978-0-19-518731-1.
- ↑ De Miranda, Adriana (2007). Water architecture in the lands of Syria: the water-wheels. Studia archaeologica. Roma: "L'Erma" di Bretschneider. ISBN 978-88-8265-433-7.
- ↑ "Noria", Wikipedia (in English), 2023-09-26, retrieved 2023-12-15
- ↑ Noria | Ancient, Irrigation & Hydraulic | Britannica (en).
- ↑ "Noria", Wikipedia (in English), 2023-09-26, retrieved 2023-12-15
- ↑ "Donald Hill", Wikipedia (in English), 2022-08-22, retrieved 2023-12-15
- ↑ "Miri Shefer-Mossensohn", Wikipedia (in English), 2023-06-13, retrieved 2023-12-15
- ↑ History Of Science And Technology In Islam.
- ↑ "Donald Hill", Wikipedia (in English), 2022-08-22, retrieved 2023-12-19
- ↑ "History (American TV network)", Wikipedia (in English), 2023-12-14, retrieved 2023-12-19
- ↑ Hill, Donald Routledge (1996). A history of engineering in classical and medieval times. London New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-15291-4.
- ↑ https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=285&lang=en. Missing or empty
|title=
(help) - ↑ Bressolette, Henri (2016). À la découverte de Fès. Cultures, éducations et patrimoines. Paris: l'Harmattan. ISBN 978-2-343-09022-1.
- ↑ https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=285&lang=en. Missing or empty
|title=
(help) - ↑ Cabrera, Enrique (2010-08-06). Water Engineering and Management through Time: Learning from History (in English). CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-203-83673-6.
- ↑ Miranda, Adriana de (2007). Water Architecture in the Lands of Syria: The Water-wheels (in English). L'ERMA di BRETSCHNEIDER. ISBN 978-88-8265-433-7.
- ↑ Kalın, İbrahim (2014). The Oxford encyclopedia of philosophy, science, and technology in Islam. Oxford islamic world encyclopedia series. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-935843-4.