Mutanen Fur
Yankuna masu yawan jama'a | |
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Sudan |
Jimlar yawan jama'a | |
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about 500,000 in 1983,[1] about 744,000 as of 2004[2] | |
Yankuna masu yawan jama'a | |
Sudan 894,000, Chad 17,000, Central African Republic 14,500, Egypt 3,100 | |
Harsuna | |
Fur | |
Addini | |
Sunni Islam |
Fur ( Fur : fòòrà, Larabci : فور Fūr ) ƙabila ce wacce galibi ke zaune a yammacin Sudan . Sun fi karkata ne a yankin Darfur, inda su ne mafiya yawan kabilu. [3] Suna magana da yaren Fur, wanda ke cikin dangin Nilo-Saharan .
Bayani
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Fur ɗin su ne mafi yawan ƙabilu a yankin Darfur na yammacin Sudan . Hakanan wasu lokuta ana kiran su da suna Fora, Fordunga, Furawi, Konjara, ko Kungara. Mutane ne masu aikin gona kuma suna iya yin kiwon shanu. Wasu dangin Fur wadanda suka tara garken shanu sun bunkasa salon makiyaya kamar na makwabtansu makiyaya, Larabawan Baqqara (Baggara) . A al'adance, Fur ɗin nan na kiwon shanu yanzu ana ɗaukarsa Baqqara ne. Fur din sunaye ne musulmai mabiya Sunni wadanda ke bin mazhabar Maliki ta shari'ar Musulunci .
Su ne a yammacin ƙasar Sudan mutane da suke binsa sedentary herding da kuma aikin gona, yafi namo gero . Al'ummarsu ta gargajiya ce wacce dattawan ƙauye ke mulki. Suna magana da Fur, wani yare ne na Sahara, kuma musulmai ne, sun karɓi addinin ne bayan mamayar yankin da masarautar Kanem-Bornu ta yi a lokacin Tsararru . Wasu daga cikinsu sun zo yin magana da Larabci a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.
Suna
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sunan Darfur ya fito ne daga sunan wannan ƙabilar kuma yana nufin "gidan Fur". Mafi yawan sanannun gwamnonin Darfur kamar su Deriage da Tegani Seisei membobin Fur ne. Fur ɗin ya kafa masarautar Darfur mai tarihi wacce take mulkin Darfur har zuwa 1916 (duba Tarihin Darfur ).
Abdul Wahid al Nur, jagora a cikin Fur, kafa ƙungiyar 'Yancin Sudan da Sojoji. Wani shugaba na Fur, As of 2007[update] , shine Ahmed Abdelshafi (Toba). [3]
Ƙasar gargajiyar Fur ita ce yankin tsaunuka kewaye da Jebel Sî da Jebel Marra Wadi Salih da Zaligi; a yau, duk da haka kuma galibinsu suna zaune ne a ƙasan ƙasar yamma da kudu maso yamma na wannan yankin, tsakanin 11-14 N da 23-26 E. Wasu Somean Fur suna zaune a ƙetaren Chadi, yawancinsu 'yan gudun hijira ne .
Rayuwar Furs ta haifar da rikici da Baggara mai kiwo, makiyaya masu kiwo na yankin, game da samun ruwa da wurin kiwo, musamman a tsaunukan tsakiyar Jebel Marra na Darfur inda za a sami mafi kyaun ƙasar noma. Wannan shi ne tushen rikice-rikicen kabilanci tsawon shekaru, har ya zuwa rikicin Darfur wanda ya fara a shekarar 2003.
Da yawa daga cikin kabilun Fur an kashe su a yakin ƙabilanci yayin da kabilun Mahria da Terjem suka raba kasar da suka ci da yaki daga Fur ɗin, a cewar wani rahoto na New York Times na ranar 3 ga Satumbar 2007 inda ya ambaci jami'an Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da waɗanda suka tsira daga Fur. [3]
Harshe
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Fur ɗin suna magana da yaren Fur, wanda dangin Nilo-Saharan ne. Suna kuma yin magana da Larabci a matsayin harshen yare.
Babu rubutaccen rubutu ko alamar alama don yaren Fur. Kwanan nan suna amfani da haruffan larabci ko Latin don sanya yaren a rubuce. Yawancin mutanen Fur suna magana da kyau Fur kamar harshensu na asali.
Gaisuwa ta gama gari sun haɗa da:
- Avilakoa : Barka da Safiya
- Avilakonu : Barka da yamma
Sau da yawa ana amfani da ganga mai nauyi yayin yin jawabai da sauran adiresoshin jama'a. [4][ana buƙatar hujja]
Zane-zane
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Hannun fasaha
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mutanen Fur suna yin abin hannunsu da kayan aikin hannu. Waɗannan sun haɗa da talak, wanda ake amfani da shi don tsabtace tukwane ( talak yana kama da soso); birish, wanda shine shimfiɗar zama; da gada, wanda farantin katako ne ko kwano da ake amfani da shi don mahimman lokuta.
Kiɗa, labarai da nishaɗi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Daga cikin mutanen Fur, ana ba da labarai don kiyaye yara daga ƙetaren duniya. An tsara waɗannan labaran ne don sa yara kusa da gida. A wasu labaran ana gaya wa yara cewa idan sun fita da safe za su mutu da zafin rana, kuma da daddare sai a ce musu idan sun fita wata dabba da ake kira nyama za ta cinye su.
Kiɗan Fur yana da matukar shahara a cikin al'adunsu. Babban kayan kiɗan ne ganguna. Ana yin kiɗan tare da amo mai nauyin gaske wanda ke tare da bikin su. Wasu shahararrun mawaƙqn Fur su ne; Abdalla Kioka da Marium Amo.
Gine-gine
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Wani nau'in gine-gine na yau da kullun a cikin gidaje da gine-gine ana kiran sa laka. Suna haƙa yumɓu daga ƙasa, su fasa shi, su gauraya shi da ruwa, suyi aiki sosai, sannan kuma su haɗa wasu abubuwa kamar bambaro. Yakin zai lulluɓe yayin da yake a jike, an matse shi a kan ma'aunin da aka yi da itace, ko kuma a jefa shi a cikin wasu molts na girma dabam dabam. Lokacin da laka ta bushe a cikin sifar da aka sassaka, aikin ya cika. Ana amfani da wannan fasahar ga mafi yawan gine-gine a Yammacin Sudan kamar gidajen gona, rumbuna, bangon waje, fadoji, har ma da masallatai. Laka tana da kyau wajen ɗaukar zafi, wanda ke da amfani ga dare lokacin sanyi. Koyaya, saboda ƙarancin juriyarsa ga iska da ruwan sama, akwai buƙata koyaushe don gyara gine-gine. Sabili da haka, ginin laka ba shi da amfani saboda taɓarɓarewarta, da canje-canje na al'adu da tasirin ƙasashen waje. [5]
Tufafi da fasahar jiki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Akwai kamceceniyar tufafin mutanen Fur da na Sudan. Suna saka kaya irin na ƴan Sudan kamar Jalabiya. Jalabiya wata nau'in sutura ce dake rufe dukkan jiki daga sama har ƙasa. 
Tsarin zamantakewa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin tsarin zamantakewar mutanen Fur, ba su da mahimmancin girmama dukiyar su. Shugaban talaka da attajiri jagora na iya zama shugaba. Kwarewar mutum ya ta'allaka ne da ilimin Alqurani . Namiji ba ma zai iya yin aure ba idan bai san Alqur'ani ba.
Ana yin karatun Alqurani tare da taimakon allon hannu mai kama da abin da aka sani da lohh da kuma zanen katako da ake kira kalam. Ilimin ɗan kabilar Fur na Al-Qur'ani shine yake tantance matsayin su akan matakan shugabancin ƙabilar. Misali, dan kabila dole ne ya san kusan duka littafin don samun matsayi a matsayin sarki.
Hakanan mutanen Fur suna da sana'o'in kansu na nishaɗi. Waɗannan sun haɗa da wasannin raye-raye kamar “ALLE” (duka-eh) da kayan wasa kamar Burajei. Burajei wani ƙaramin abin wasa ne mai kama da 'yar tsana da aka yi daga bayan raƙumi . Ana ɗaure shi da igiya kuma ana sakar da ƙaya.
Halin jama'a
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yayin saduwa da juna, mace da miji suna da halaye na girmamawa daban-daban. Mace dole ne ta durƙusa a gaban namiji kuma namiji dole ne ya rage saurinsa. Hakanan jinsi daban-daban na iya rawa tare amma an hana su taɓa ko zama tare da juna sai dai idan dangi ne.
Maza da mata yawanci suna yin aure a lokacin ƙuruciyarsu zuwa farkon shekarunsu na ashirin. Ango da matar za su sadu da juna kuma su san game da su, abubuwan da suka yi da sauran mahimman halayen. Idan komai ya tafi daidai zasu ci gaba da zaman aure.
Matsayin maza da mata
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mutanen suna da sunan iyali. Suna aiki don kawo kuɗi ga dangi kuma suna da alhakin duk mahimman shawarwari masu alaƙa da dangi, kamar kuɗi da aure. Matan suna samun ruwa, suna shirya abinci suna kuma tabbatar da tsaftar gida.
'Ya'ya mata kan taimaka wa iyayensu mata, su shayar da shanu su zauna a gida. 'Ya'yan baya da garken shanu tare da shanun gida. Idan ɗayan waɗannan ɓarna biyu ɗin sun yi daidai da irin hukuncin da dattijan ya musu. Hakanan, rashin girmamawa ne kallon balagagge a idanun. [6]
Cin abinci
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sudan sananniya ce sosai saboda kofi na Guhwah da aka yi amfani da shi daga jebena, tukunyar Sudan ta musamman. Ana soyayyen wake na kofi a cikin wannan tukunyar akan gawayi, sannan a niƙa shi da albasa da sauran kayan ƙanshi. Filaye suna steeped a cikin ruwan zafi da kuma kofi yana bauta a kankanin kofuna bayan ƙagauta shi ta hanyar wani ciyawa sieve .
Tea ko chai shima yana da matukar shahara kuma ana amfani dashi a ƙananan gilashi ba tare da madara ba. Wasu abubuwan sha da ake morewa a wuraren da ba na musulinci ba sune Aragi, wata tsayayyiyar ruhu da aka yi daga dabino, merissa, nau'in giya da tedj, ko ruwan inabi, da aka yi da dabino ko zuma. Kayan abinci na Sudan ya bambanta da al'adunsa, musamman a kudu, amma yana da wasu halaye na musamman. Gero da wawa medamas, abinci mai ɗanɗano na wake wake, sune shahararren abincin karin kumallo a arewa. Ana cin naman rago da kaza, amma naman alade haramun ne ga al'ummar Musulmi.
Alkama da dawawan dawa shine abincin da ake ci. Gurasar sun haɗa da Arabi khubz, da kisra, irin na fure mai kama da omelet wanda wani bangare ne na abincin dare na Sudan. Maschi, naman sa da na tumatir, shima iri ne. 'Ya'yan itacen suna ɓoye don kayan zaki kuma abin da aka fi so shi ne caramel.
A kudanci, ana ba da abincin dare a kan tebur gajere. Zai yiwu a sami abinci guda biyar ko shida don tsoma su tare da manyan burodi na waina. Wadannan abincin suna tare da salatin da shata, gaurayayyen kayan yaji mai zafi wanda aka yi amfani da shi a ƙananan abinci. Bayan cin abinci, ana ba da kayan zaki, sannan shayi. A wasu lokuta na musamman ana iya kunna turare. Tsarin ibada na da muhimmanci a Sudan.
Tattalin arziƙi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mutanen Fur suna da iyali iri-iri. Porundia, ko dangin nukiliya, nau'ine na yau da kullun. Suna da yara 2 ko fiye. A cikin dangin Fur na al'ada za'a kula da iyayen ango da matar har su mutu.
A cikin auren Fur, mahaifin ango ya je wurin mahaifin amarya ya nemi izinin ɗansa ya yi aure. Mahaifin amarya baya ba da amsa nan take, amma sai ya nemi ra'ayin ƙauyen. Idan kowa ya yarda, mahaifin amarya ya karba. Duk garin sun hallara domin sanarwa daurin auren, kuma an fara shirye-shirye. Sannan za'a fara aure a gidan ango. Liman yana karanta kalmomi daga Alqurani . Ango da amarya sun rike hannu a wannan lokacin. Bayan bikin aure, dangi da baƙi suna cin abincin rana, sannan su fara raye raye mai suna firalubia. Daga nan sai a kai amarya da ango gidan amarya kuma a basu abinci yayin da kowa ke cewa barka da warhaka (mabrouk a larabci).
Cibiyoyi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Addinin Islama shine babban addini a tsakanin mutanen Fur, kodayake wasu har yanzu suna yin addininsu. Makarantun da ake kira (Kalwa) a wannan yankin suna koyar da Al-Qur'ani . Karatun suna farawa daga shekaru 6-7 kuma suna ci gaba da koyon Al-Qur'ani (duk da cewa ba gaba ɗaya suke a makaranta ba) har ƙarshen rayuwarsu. Hakanan ana yin karatun al'ada ma yau da kullum a cikin waɗannan makarantun.
Babban sana'a anan shine noma. Mutanen Fur sune kyawawan manoma. Suna girma da girbin alkama, ganye, kayan yaji, da sauransu. Arziƙi bashi da mahimmanci ga mutanen Fur. Ilminsa kawai na Alqur'ani ne kawai yake tantance girmansa.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mutanen Fur sun fito ne daga kudancin Afirka, musamman Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya zuwa arewa maso yammacin Sudan, inda suka zauna a Darfur. Suna da sultanates 36. Har ila yau Fur din yana daya daga cikin mutanen farko daga wasu kabilun kasar da aka zaba don gina katangar bango da masallacin da ke kewaye da Ka'aba . Haka kuma, sun sami nasarar isar da sakonnin taimako na kowace shekara zuwa Makka. [7]
Halin siyasa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Har zuwa 1916, masarautar Fur tana karkashin wata masarauta ce mai zaman kanta kuma tana da ma'anar siyasa ga al'ummomin Chadi. Kodayake daular da ke mulki kafin wannan lokacin, da kuma talakawa, sun daɗe suna Musulmi amma ba a ba su larabawa ba . Yanzu sun shiga cikin tsarin siyasar Sudan. Fur ɗin ya kasance mai cin gashin kansa daga karni na 17. Bayan sake neman Burtaniya a cikin 1899, Birtaniyyayan ta amince da sake kafa Fur Sultanate, wanda Ali Dinar ya dauka lokacin da ƙungiyar Mahdisiyya ta ruguje.
Tawayen Mahdisiyya sun ci gaba da ɓarkewa a Sudan har zuwa 1916. An yanke shawarar faduwar Darfur ne lokacin da Ali Dinar ya bayyana biyayya ga Daular Usmaniyya a yakin duniya na daya . Turawan Burtaniya sun dakatar da Fur Sultanate a cikin 1916 bayan Dinar ya mutu a yaƙi.
A yakin duniya na ɗaya Darfur yayi wani yunkuri na neman ‘yencin kai ta hanyar hada kai da Turkiyya don yakar Turawan Ingila. Turawan ingila sun mamaye yankin Darfur a shekarar 1916, kuma tun daga wannan lokacin ya kasance wani ɓangare na kasar Sudan. Tun daga shekarun 1970, yankin na Darfur ya sha fama da sakamakon yakin arewacin larabawa da aka gurfanar a kudu kan kabilun Kudancin da ke son ballewa daga Sudan.
Yaƙi ne ya zama silar farko a fewan shekarun da suka gabata na yankin Darfur. Yaƙin basasa ya ɗauki kimanin shekaru 20 har zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 20. Wani sabon rikici ya barke a 2003, wanda ya hada da mayakan sa kai na Larabawa da ake kira Janjaweed suna kaiwa kauyukan mutanen Afirka hari ta wani kauye a wani yakin ta'addanci, wanda rahotanni ke cewa sojojin Sudan suna goyon baya.
Halittar jini
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Nazarin alamun alamomin gargajiya ta Tay da Saha (1988) sun gano cewa Fur din suna da kusanci sosai da Hawazma na Sudan. Dukansu alƙarya da gene mitoci tsaka-tsaki tsakanin waɗanda na Afro-Asiatic -speaking Beja, Gaalin kuma Gulf Arab alƙarya da waɗanda na gida Nilo-Saharan Nuba da Nilotes .
A cewar Hassan et al. (2008), kusan 59.4% na Fur sune masu ɗaukar Epb1b haplogroup na uba. Daga cikin waɗannan, kashi 68.4% suna ɗaukar ƙaramin ƙaramar V32. Kusan 6.3% kuma suna cikin ƙungiyar Jp . Wannan yana nuni ne ga mahimmin kywayar halittar uba daga maƙwabtan Afro-Asiatic -speaking. Sauran mutanen Fur sune masu jigilar jigilar A3b2 (31.3%), wanda maimakon haka ya zama ruwan dare tsakanin Nilotes.
Ta ɓangaren mahaifa, Fur din gaba daya na cikin kasashen Afrika ne wadanda suka hada da macrohaplogroup L a cewar Hassan (2010). Daga cikin waɗannan maganganun mtDNA, layin L0a1 (15.3%) da L1c (11.5%) sun fi yawa. Wannan gabaɗaya yana nuna cewa shigarwar kwayar halitta cikin yawancin kakannin Fur ba ta da asali, wanda ke faruwa da farko ta hanyar maza masu magana da harshen Afro-Asiatic maimakon mata.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Fur A language of Sudan". Ethnologue: Languages of the World. SIL International. Retrieved August 4, 2012.
- ↑ "A Closer Look: Sudan, The Peoples of Darfur". Cultural Survival. Cultural Survival. May 7, 2010. Retrieved August 4, 2012.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Gettleman, Jeffrey, "Chaos in Darfur on rise as Arabs fight with Arabs", news article, The New York Times, September 3, 2007, pp 1, A7
- ↑ Hamed, Omer Ali.
- ↑ Haberland, Eike.
- ↑ Hamed, Omer Ali.
- ↑ Hamed, Omer Ali.
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