Objective: In this study, we aimed to examine the ultrastructural characteristics of nasal mucosa... more Objective: In this study, we aimed to examine the ultrastructural characteristics of nasal mucosa in patients with atrophic rhinitis and reported our findings. Methods: The biopsy specimens were obtained from two children and three adult patients, who had some or all of the clas- sical manifestations of atrophic rhinitis. The tissue samples were prepared according to routine histological scanning elec-
BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of EPO on LPO, on ultrastructur... more BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of EPO on LPO, on ultrastructural findings, and on antiapoptotic bcl-2 and survivin gene expressions after TBI. The authors also compared the activity of EPO with that of MPSS.
Chitosan film formulations for steroid delivery after craniomaxillofacial surgery were formulated... more Chitosan film formulations for steroid delivery after craniomaxillofacial surgery were formulated by using three different types of chitosan with respect to their molecular weight as low, medium and high. Film formulations were prepared by casting/solvent evaporation technique. In vitro characterization, film thickness, equilibrium swelling degree, in vitro release profiles and surface morphologies were investigated. For two different types of crosslinkings, the release of dexamethasone sodium phosphate (DSP) can be extended as the molecular weight increases. As a result, chitosan film formulations should be beneficial for steroid delivery for a certain time after craniomaxillofacial surgery.
The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of dose rate (DR) on lung tissue. The rats includ... more The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of dose rate (DR) on lung tissue. The rats included in the study were randomly grouped into 3 groups: Group (G) 1 was defined as control group, and in this group rats were sham irradiated. G2 was the group receiving a single dose of 12 Gy in DR of 300 monitor unit (MU)/min. G3 was the group receiving a single dose of 12 Gy in DR of 600 MU/min. Radiotherapy (RT) was applied under general anesthesia with 6-MV photon beams to both lungs. At the 6th and 16th week of the RT, animals from each group were killed for light and electron microscopy evaluation. We evaluated the scores of each group in the 6th and the 16th week and found that in G2, there were significant increases in the perivascular fibrosis (P = .018), interstitial fibrosis (P = .002), total inflammation (P = .040), and total fibrosis (P = .003) scores. In G3, we found statistically significant increases in perivascular fibrosis (P = .001), interstitial fibrosis (P = .002), and total fibrosis scores (P = .029). There was no significant difference in the total inflammation score in G3 (P = .225). When we compare G2 and G3 in the 6th week, we found significant increase in the interstitial thickening (P = .039) and total inflammation (P = .035) scores in G3.Dose rate per fraction may have an impact on normal tissue toxicity. The prominent effect of increased DR in lung tissue is fibrosis which should be kept in mind, especially in cases where higher doses per fraction are used.
In microsurgical training, the femoral vein is used frequently for a microvenous anastomosis mode... more In microsurgical training, the femoral vein is used frequently for a microvenous anastomosis model. But the femoral vein in the rat does not completely simulate the human vein because of its thin wall, fragility, and tendency to collapse. These anatomic characteristics cause some difficulty in carrying out anastomoses in microsurgery training particularly for beginners. The authors propose the external jugular vein of the rat for microsurgical training in microvenous anastomoses. In 10 Wistar rats, the anatomy of the external jugular vein was studied by dissection and histology. Anatomic dissections demonstrate that the external jugular vein has an average diameter of 1.9 mm (range: 1.6 to 2.1 mm) without tendency to collapse. The vein is easily dissected without any accompanying anatomic structure for an average segment of 45 mm, allowing effortless approximator clamp placement. Comparison of its cross section with that of the femoral vein and other previously described models by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy reveals a larger diameter and much thicker vessel wall with a prominent tunica media and adventitia. Based on the anatomic findings in 20 rats, the external jugular vein was anastomosed with end-to-end standard microsurgical technique using 8-0 (n = 10) and 10-0 (n = 10) nylon sutures. Results indicate a 100 percent patency rate immediately after the anastomosis for the two subgroups and 100 percent and 90 percent patency rates 1 week after the procedure for the 10-0 and 8-0 nylon suture groups, respectively. This model presents some advantages: the vein is easily dissected with the naked eye without using the operating microscope because it is the largest vein among the superficially located veins in the rat, and has a thick vessel wall without tendency to collapse. The operative area allows for training inbilateral microsurgical anastomoses using a single skin incision and is safe from autocannibalization. The model simulates clinical microvenous anastomosis better because of its similarities to human large diameter flap veins.
Methylphenidate is a piperidine derivative and is the drug most often used to treat attention def... more Methylphenidate is a piperidine derivative and is the drug most often used to treat attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder of children and young adults. Our aim is to investigate dose-dependent dopamine-2 receptor and glial fibrillary acidic protein expression and ultrastructural changes of the rat brain, to demonstrate possible toxicity of the long-term and high dose use of the methylphenidate. In this study, 27 female prepubertal Wistar albino rats, divided into three different dose groups (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg) were treated orally with methylphenidate dissolved in saline solution for 5 days per week during 3 months. At the end of the third month, tissues were removed and sections were collected for immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies. We believe that methylphenidate causes dose-related activation of the dopaminergic system in several brain regions especially in ventral tegmental area and also causing neuronal degeneration and capillary wall structural changes such as basal membrane thickness and augmentation of the pinostatic vesicle in the endothelial cells. Also, increased dose of Ritalin is inducing astrocytes hypertrophy especially astrogliosis in pia-glial membrane and this is the result of the degenerative changes in prefrontal cortex region due to high dose methylphenidate administration. The dose-related accumulation of the astrocytes in capillary wall might well be a consequence of the need for nutrition of the neuronal tissue, due to transport mechanism deficiency related to neuronal and vascular degeneration. Thus, we believe that the therapeutic dose of methylphenidate must be kept in minimum level to prevent ultrastructural changes.
During the gross anatomy dissection of the submental region, an anatomical variation of the right... more During the gross anatomy dissection of the submental region, an anatomical variation of the right digastric muscle was found. This muscle had three bellies. Whereas the anterior and posterior bellies had their normal origin and course and were joined by an intermediate tendon, the accessory anterior belly originated from the digastric fossa and a thin tendon together with the anterior belly was inserted onto the hyoid bone. This kind of variation can easily be confused with pathological conditions. For this reason, knowledge of the muscular anatomy and variations of the floor of the mouth is helpful when evaluating the base of the skull with CT and MR imaging.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of synovium on the proliferation of the c... more The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of synovium on the proliferation of the cartilage tissue and chondrocytes using a rabbit knee model as an in vivo synovial culture medium. Twelve New Zealand rabbits were used as the animal model in this investigation. Standard size chondral and osteochondral cartilage grafts were taken from, respectively, the left and right knees of all the animals. Two groups of 6 animals were formed: in Group I (synovium group), grafts were placed into the synovial tissue and in group II (patellar tendon group) behind the patellar tendon of the corresponding knees. After 4 months, samples were collected and evaluated macroscopically by measuring their dimensions (vertical = D1, horizontal = D2, and depth = D3) and volumes, and histologically by counting the chondrocyte number using camera lucida method. Macroscopically, the increase in average D1, D2, and D3 measurements and volume in the osteochondral specimens were significantly higher compared to the chondral specimens in both groups (P < 0.05). However, no significant difference was observed between the two groups in terms of macroscopic values. Histologically, the mean chondrocyte counts in osteochondral and chondral specimens for Group I (synovium) were 20.2 and 18.1, and for Group II (patellar tendon) were 18.7 and 15.6, respectively. The mean number of chondrocytes was found to be significantly higher in osteochondral specimens than that of chondral specimens in either group (P < 0.05). Overall average chondrocyte count was significantly higher for Group I compared to Group II (P < 0.05). Transplantation of the cartilage grafts into the synovial tissue in rabbit knees significantly enhanced the chondrocyte production compared with the group where the grafts were transplanted into intra-articular patellar tendon. The results of this study indicate that native synovial tissue may have the potential to be used as an in vivo culture medium for osteochondral tissue growth.
The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, 2005
The main objective was to evaluate the protective effect of erythropoietin on lung ultrastructure... more The main objective was to evaluate the protective effect of erythropoietin on lung ultrastructure against damage in rats after traumatic brain injury. We used forty Wistar-Albino female rats weighing 170-200 gr. The rats were allocated into five groups. The first group was the control and the second was the craniotomy without trauma. The third group was the trauma group. The fourth and fifth groups were erythropoietin (1000 IU/kg) and vehicle (0.4 mL/rat) groups, respectively. A weight-drop method was used for achieving head trauma. Samples were obtained from pulmonary lobes 24-hour post injury. Lipid peroxidation levels were determined and electron microscopic scoring model was used to reveal the ultrastructural changes. Ultrastructural evaluation revealed pathologic changes in the trauma group compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Lipid peroxidation levels were found to be higher in the trauma group (p < 0.05). Erythropoietin significantly reduced both the ultrastructural pathologic changes and the lipid peroxidation levels in the treatment group (p < 0.05). Erythropoietin protects the ultrastructure of pneumocyte type II cells against damage after traumatic brain injury.
Summary In this study, the course of the lateral femoral cutaneous n. was examined bilaterally in... more Summary In this study, the course of the lateral femoral cutaneous n. was examined bilaterally in 22 cadavers. Seven of these 44 lateral femoral cutaneous nn. showed variations in their course, especially in their number of branches under the inguinal ligament. During operations where the lateral femoral cutaneous n. may be damaged or in its decompression surgery, the nerve is
Terbutaline sulphate (TBS) is widely used in the treatment of bronchial asthma, chronic bronchiti... more Terbutaline sulphate (TBS) is widely used in the treatment of bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Because of its short biological half life and dosing schedule, a long acting TBS formulation is required to improve patient compliance. The objective of this study was to develop a TBS containing biodegradable microsphere formulation. Poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) and poly(L-lactic acid) (L-PLA) were chosen as matrix materials. A solvent evaporation method was used for preparation of microspheres. Surface morphology, particle size distribution and encapsulation efficiency were investigated. In vitro release studies were performed in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer. In vitro distribution of microspheres were studied in the Swiss albino male mice. All microspheres were spherical in shape and had a porous surface with mean diameters of 9-21 microm. The encapsulation efficiency was influenced by the polymer type, but not the molecular weight. About 90% of the initial amount was trapped in PLGA microspheres, and the remainder was on the surface. In the case of L-PLA, 50% of the total drug was associated with the surface of microspheres. The In vitro release pattern was biphasic characterized by an initial burst phase followed by a slower phase. The L-PLA microspheres released approximately 92% of the initial payload in 72 h. On the other hand, TBS release was increased with an increase in the molecular weight of PLGA. Biodistribution of L-PLA microspheres was characterized by an initially high uptake (35%) by the lungs. All these results suggest that L-PLA and PLGA microspheres have the potential to be used for passive lung targeting.
An emulsification dispersion-ultrasonication method was employed to prepare solid lipid nanoparti... more An emulsification dispersion-ultrasonication method was employed to prepare solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) loaded with cisplatin. The conventional antitumor drug cisplatin (CDDP) was incorporated into SLN to obtain a targeted and less toxic drug delivery system. The CDDP-SLNs were spherical and uniform in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) photography. The mean particle size and zeta potential were 121 +/- 15 nm, and -46.4 +/- 10.3 mV, respectively. Also, a novel cation exchange resin method was adopted to investigate the encapsulation efficiency (EE%) of the SLN. This method is based on the principle of cation exchange between drugs and resins, and the EE% of the optimal formulation was 82.3%. The in vitro release profile revealed that CDDP was released from SLN efficiently and completely in normal saline (NS) compared with other release media. A pre-column derivatization HPLC method was established for in vivo assay of cisplatin. A tissue distribution study was conducted in male rats after iv administration of 8 mg mL(-1) CDDP-SLN and cisplatin NS, and it was found that CDDP-SLN has a targeted effect to the liver as well as a low concentration in the kidney in rats. These results indicated that emulsification dispersion-ultrasonication is a simple, easy, available and effective method for preparing CDDP-SLN, and the cation exchange resin method is a feasible and suitable method to evaluate the EE% of CDDP-SLN. CDDP-SLN prepared by this method was proved to be a targeted and less toxic drug delivery system.
Objective: In this study, we aimed to examine the ultrastructural characteristics of nasal mucosa... more Objective: In this study, we aimed to examine the ultrastructural characteristics of nasal mucosa in patients with atrophic rhinitis and reported our findings. Methods: The biopsy specimens were obtained from two children and three adult patients, who had some or all of the clas- sical manifestations of atrophic rhinitis. The tissue samples were prepared according to routine histological scanning elec-
BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of EPO on LPO, on ultrastructur... more BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of EPO on LPO, on ultrastructural findings, and on antiapoptotic bcl-2 and survivin gene expressions after TBI. The authors also compared the activity of EPO with that of MPSS.
Chitosan film formulations for steroid delivery after craniomaxillofacial surgery were formulated... more Chitosan film formulations for steroid delivery after craniomaxillofacial surgery were formulated by using three different types of chitosan with respect to their molecular weight as low, medium and high. Film formulations were prepared by casting/solvent evaporation technique. In vitro characterization, film thickness, equilibrium swelling degree, in vitro release profiles and surface morphologies were investigated. For two different types of crosslinkings, the release of dexamethasone sodium phosphate (DSP) can be extended as the molecular weight increases. As a result, chitosan film formulations should be beneficial for steroid delivery for a certain time after craniomaxillofacial surgery.
The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of dose rate (DR) on lung tissue. The rats includ... more The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of dose rate (DR) on lung tissue. The rats included in the study were randomly grouped into 3 groups: Group (G) 1 was defined as control group, and in this group rats were sham irradiated. G2 was the group receiving a single dose of 12 Gy in DR of 300 monitor unit (MU)/min. G3 was the group receiving a single dose of 12 Gy in DR of 600 MU/min. Radiotherapy (RT) was applied under general anesthesia with 6-MV photon beams to both lungs. At the 6th and 16th week of the RT, animals from each group were killed for light and electron microscopy evaluation. We evaluated the scores of each group in the 6th and the 16th week and found that in G2, there were significant increases in the perivascular fibrosis (P = .018), interstitial fibrosis (P = .002), total inflammation (P = .040), and total fibrosis (P = .003) scores. In G3, we found statistically significant increases in perivascular fibrosis (P = .001), interstitial fibrosis (P = .002), and total fibrosis scores (P = .029). There was no significant difference in the total inflammation score in G3 (P = .225). When we compare G2 and G3 in the 6th week, we found significant increase in the interstitial thickening (P = .039) and total inflammation (P = .035) scores in G3.Dose rate per fraction may have an impact on normal tissue toxicity. The prominent effect of increased DR in lung tissue is fibrosis which should be kept in mind, especially in cases where higher doses per fraction are used.
In microsurgical training, the femoral vein is used frequently for a microvenous anastomosis mode... more In microsurgical training, the femoral vein is used frequently for a microvenous anastomosis model. But the femoral vein in the rat does not completely simulate the human vein because of its thin wall, fragility, and tendency to collapse. These anatomic characteristics cause some difficulty in carrying out anastomoses in microsurgery training particularly for beginners. The authors propose the external jugular vein of the rat for microsurgical training in microvenous anastomoses. In 10 Wistar rats, the anatomy of the external jugular vein was studied by dissection and histology. Anatomic dissections demonstrate that the external jugular vein has an average diameter of 1.9 mm (range: 1.6 to 2.1 mm) without tendency to collapse. The vein is easily dissected without any accompanying anatomic structure for an average segment of 45 mm, allowing effortless approximator clamp placement. Comparison of its cross section with that of the femoral vein and other previously described models by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy reveals a larger diameter and much thicker vessel wall with a prominent tunica media and adventitia. Based on the anatomic findings in 20 rats, the external jugular vein was anastomosed with end-to-end standard microsurgical technique using 8-0 (n = 10) and 10-0 (n = 10) nylon sutures. Results indicate a 100 percent patency rate immediately after the anastomosis for the two subgroups and 100 percent and 90 percent patency rates 1 week after the procedure for the 10-0 and 8-0 nylon suture groups, respectively. This model presents some advantages: the vein is easily dissected with the naked eye without using the operating microscope because it is the largest vein among the superficially located veins in the rat, and has a thick vessel wall without tendency to collapse. The operative area allows for training inbilateral microsurgical anastomoses using a single skin incision and is safe from autocannibalization. The model simulates clinical microvenous anastomosis better because of its similarities to human large diameter flap veins.
Methylphenidate is a piperidine derivative and is the drug most often used to treat attention def... more Methylphenidate is a piperidine derivative and is the drug most often used to treat attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder of children and young adults. Our aim is to investigate dose-dependent dopamine-2 receptor and glial fibrillary acidic protein expression and ultrastructural changes of the rat brain, to demonstrate possible toxicity of the long-term and high dose use of the methylphenidate. In this study, 27 female prepubertal Wistar albino rats, divided into three different dose groups (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg) were treated orally with methylphenidate dissolved in saline solution for 5 days per week during 3 months. At the end of the third month, tissues were removed and sections were collected for immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies. We believe that methylphenidate causes dose-related activation of the dopaminergic system in several brain regions especially in ventral tegmental area and also causing neuronal degeneration and capillary wall structural changes such as basal membrane thickness and augmentation of the pinostatic vesicle in the endothelial cells. Also, increased dose of Ritalin is inducing astrocytes hypertrophy especially astrogliosis in pia-glial membrane and this is the result of the degenerative changes in prefrontal cortex region due to high dose methylphenidate administration. The dose-related accumulation of the astrocytes in capillary wall might well be a consequence of the need for nutrition of the neuronal tissue, due to transport mechanism deficiency related to neuronal and vascular degeneration. Thus, we believe that the therapeutic dose of methylphenidate must be kept in minimum level to prevent ultrastructural changes.
During the gross anatomy dissection of the submental region, an anatomical variation of the right... more During the gross anatomy dissection of the submental region, an anatomical variation of the right digastric muscle was found. This muscle had three bellies. Whereas the anterior and posterior bellies had their normal origin and course and were joined by an intermediate tendon, the accessory anterior belly originated from the digastric fossa and a thin tendon together with the anterior belly was inserted onto the hyoid bone. This kind of variation can easily be confused with pathological conditions. For this reason, knowledge of the muscular anatomy and variations of the floor of the mouth is helpful when evaluating the base of the skull with CT and MR imaging.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of synovium on the proliferation of the c... more The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of synovium on the proliferation of the cartilage tissue and chondrocytes using a rabbit knee model as an in vivo synovial culture medium. Twelve New Zealand rabbits were used as the animal model in this investigation. Standard size chondral and osteochondral cartilage grafts were taken from, respectively, the left and right knees of all the animals. Two groups of 6 animals were formed: in Group I (synovium group), grafts were placed into the synovial tissue and in group II (patellar tendon group) behind the patellar tendon of the corresponding knees. After 4 months, samples were collected and evaluated macroscopically by measuring their dimensions (vertical = D1, horizontal = D2, and depth = D3) and volumes, and histologically by counting the chondrocyte number using camera lucida method. Macroscopically, the increase in average D1, D2, and D3 measurements and volume in the osteochondral specimens were significantly higher compared to the chondral specimens in both groups (P < 0.05). However, no significant difference was observed between the two groups in terms of macroscopic values. Histologically, the mean chondrocyte counts in osteochondral and chondral specimens for Group I (synovium) were 20.2 and 18.1, and for Group II (patellar tendon) were 18.7 and 15.6, respectively. The mean number of chondrocytes was found to be significantly higher in osteochondral specimens than that of chondral specimens in either group (P < 0.05). Overall average chondrocyte count was significantly higher for Group I compared to Group II (P < 0.05). Transplantation of the cartilage grafts into the synovial tissue in rabbit knees significantly enhanced the chondrocyte production compared with the group where the grafts were transplanted into intra-articular patellar tendon. The results of this study indicate that native synovial tissue may have the potential to be used as an in vivo culture medium for osteochondral tissue growth.
The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, 2005
The main objective was to evaluate the protective effect of erythropoietin on lung ultrastructure... more The main objective was to evaluate the protective effect of erythropoietin on lung ultrastructure against damage in rats after traumatic brain injury. We used forty Wistar-Albino female rats weighing 170-200 gr. The rats were allocated into five groups. The first group was the control and the second was the craniotomy without trauma. The third group was the trauma group. The fourth and fifth groups were erythropoietin (1000 IU/kg) and vehicle (0.4 mL/rat) groups, respectively. A weight-drop method was used for achieving head trauma. Samples were obtained from pulmonary lobes 24-hour post injury. Lipid peroxidation levels were determined and electron microscopic scoring model was used to reveal the ultrastructural changes. Ultrastructural evaluation revealed pathologic changes in the trauma group compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Lipid peroxidation levels were found to be higher in the trauma group (p < 0.05). Erythropoietin significantly reduced both the ultrastructural pathologic changes and the lipid peroxidation levels in the treatment group (p < 0.05). Erythropoietin protects the ultrastructure of pneumocyte type II cells against damage after traumatic brain injury.
Summary In this study, the course of the lateral femoral cutaneous n. was examined bilaterally in... more Summary In this study, the course of the lateral femoral cutaneous n. was examined bilaterally in 22 cadavers. Seven of these 44 lateral femoral cutaneous nn. showed variations in their course, especially in their number of branches under the inguinal ligament. During operations where the lateral femoral cutaneous n. may be damaged or in its decompression surgery, the nerve is
Terbutaline sulphate (TBS) is widely used in the treatment of bronchial asthma, chronic bronchiti... more Terbutaline sulphate (TBS) is widely used in the treatment of bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Because of its short biological half life and dosing schedule, a long acting TBS formulation is required to improve patient compliance. The objective of this study was to develop a TBS containing biodegradable microsphere formulation. Poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) and poly(L-lactic acid) (L-PLA) were chosen as matrix materials. A solvent evaporation method was used for preparation of microspheres. Surface morphology, particle size distribution and encapsulation efficiency were investigated. In vitro release studies were performed in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer. In vitro distribution of microspheres were studied in the Swiss albino male mice. All microspheres were spherical in shape and had a porous surface with mean diameters of 9-21 microm. The encapsulation efficiency was influenced by the polymer type, but not the molecular weight. About 90% of the initial amount was trapped in PLGA microspheres, and the remainder was on the surface. In the case of L-PLA, 50% of the total drug was associated with the surface of microspheres. The In vitro release pattern was biphasic characterized by an initial burst phase followed by a slower phase. The L-PLA microspheres released approximately 92% of the initial payload in 72 h. On the other hand, TBS release was increased with an increase in the molecular weight of PLGA. Biodistribution of L-PLA microspheres was characterized by an initially high uptake (35%) by the lungs. All these results suggest that L-PLA and PLGA microspheres have the potential to be used for passive lung targeting.
An emulsification dispersion-ultrasonication method was employed to prepare solid lipid nanoparti... more An emulsification dispersion-ultrasonication method was employed to prepare solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) loaded with cisplatin. The conventional antitumor drug cisplatin (CDDP) was incorporated into SLN to obtain a targeted and less toxic drug delivery system. The CDDP-SLNs were spherical and uniform in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) photography. The mean particle size and zeta potential were 121 +/- 15 nm, and -46.4 +/- 10.3 mV, respectively. Also, a novel cation exchange resin method was adopted to investigate the encapsulation efficiency (EE%) of the SLN. This method is based on the principle of cation exchange between drugs and resins, and the EE% of the optimal formulation was 82.3%. The in vitro release profile revealed that CDDP was released from SLN efficiently and completely in normal saline (NS) compared with other release media. A pre-column derivatization HPLC method was established for in vivo assay of cisplatin. A tissue distribution study was conducted in male rats after iv administration of 8 mg mL(-1) CDDP-SLN and cisplatin NS, and it was found that CDDP-SLN has a targeted effect to the liver as well as a low concentration in the kidney in rats. These results indicated that emulsification dispersion-ultrasonication is a simple, easy, available and effective method for preparing CDDP-SLN, and the cation exchange resin method is a feasible and suitable method to evaluate the EE% of CDDP-SLN. CDDP-SLN prepared by this method was proved to be a targeted and less toxic drug delivery system.
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