Papers by veysi günal
Cities can be classified different methods in urban geography. Cities can be classified by crite... more Cities can be classified different methods in urban geography. Cities can be classified by criterions of just one of urban classification methods or by criterions of a lot of different urban classications. The goal of this study is to determine Tatvan’s urban position in different urban classification by applying their criterions. According to all urban classification methods applied on Tatvan city, it can called as a still developing, small, modern, crescent shaped, coastal city located by important roads and railways that connected to ferryboat transportation area,. because of its geographical location and socio- economic functions.
ÖZET
Sehir cografyasında, sehirler farklı sekillerde sınıflandırılabilmektedir. Sehirlere sadece ... more ÖZET
Sehir cografyasında, sehirler farklı sekillerde sınıflandırılabilmektedir. Sehirlere sadece bir sınıflandırma seklinin kriterleri uygulanabilecegi gibi, çok sayıda sınıflandırma seklinin kriterleri de uygulanabilmektedir. Bu çalısma, Tatvan Sehri’ne, sehir cografyasında kullanılan sınıflandırma sekillerinin kriterleri uygulanarak konumunu belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıstır. Buna göre Tatvan sehri; sahip oldugu özel konum ve sosyo-ekonomik fonksiyonları nedeniyle; yüksek alanlarla çevrili nispeten dar ve düzlük bir alanda yer alan, önemli kara ve demiryollarının, göl (feribot) tasımacılıgıyla birlestigi, henüz gelismekte olan, küçük, modern, hilal seklinde uzantılı sekle sahip bir kıyı sehri özelligindedir.
ABSTRACT
Cities can be classified different methods in urban geography. Cities can be classified by criterions of just one of urban classification methods or by criterions of a lot of different urban classications. The goal of this study is to determine Tatvan’s urban position in different urban classification by applying their criterions. According to all urban classification methods applied on Tatvan city, it can called as a still developing, small, modern, crescent shaped, coastal city located by important roads and railways that connected to ferryboat transportation area,. because of its geographical location and socio- economic functions.
Özet
Şehirleşme, herhangi bir alandaki şehirli nüfus miktar, oran ve yoğunluğunun artışı, şehir o... more Özet
Şehirleşme, herhangi bir alandaki şehirli nüfus miktar, oran ve yoğunluğunun artışı, şehir olarak kabul edilen yerleşmelerin sayıca artışını, büyük veya metropol şehirlerin sayıca artışını, şehirsel alanın yatay ve dikeyde gelişmesi, şehirlere özgü yaşam sosyal ve ekonomik ilişkilerin gelişmesi şeklinde tanımlanmaktadır. Şehirleşme hareketleri üzerinde rol oynayan önemli faktörlerden biri de terör olaylarıdır. Terör olaylarının şehirlerde veya kırsal alanlarda meydana gelmesi şehirleşme üzerinde de farklı etkiler oluşturmaktadır. Şehirlerde meydana gelen terör olayları şehirleşme hareketlerini olumsuz etkilerken, kırsal alanda meydana gelen terör olayları da şehirleşme hareketlerini olumlu etkilemektedir. Türkiye’de meydana gelen terör olayları da ülke genelinde veya lokal olarak şehirleşme hareketlerini etkilemiştir. Bu araştırmada 1975-1980 yılları arasında meydana gelen terör olayları ile 1985-2000 yılları arasında meydana gelen terör olaylarının şehirleşme hareketleri üzerinde nasıl bir etki oluşturduğu ortaya konulmuştur. Bu amaçla ilgili dönemlerde sıkıyönetim ve olağanüstü hal ilan edilen iller belirlenmiş ve bu illerin şehirsel nüfuslarında meydana gelen değişiklikler istatistiksel yöntemlerle analiz edilmiştir. Şehirsel nüfusta meydana gelen değişiklikler ayrıca, idari yapıda meydana gelen değişiklikler ve hükûmet politikalarıyla ilişkilendirilmiştir. 1975-1980 yılları arasında Türkiye’de yaşanan siyasi ve ekonomik krizlerin bir sonucu olarak şehirlerde pek çok terör olayları meydana gelmiştir. Şehirlerde meydana terör olayları şehirlerde can güvenliği ve istihdam sorunlarını ortaya çıkarmış ve şehirler cazibesini kaybetmiştir. Artan terör olayları nedeniyle bu dönemde 22 ilde sıkıyönetim ilan edilmiş olup, bu illerin yıllık şehirsel nüfus artış hızlarında önceki ve sonraki dönemlere göre düşüşler görülmüştür. 1985-2000 yılları arasında ise terör olayları Türkiye’nin Doğu ve Güneydoğu illerinin kırsal kesimlerinde meydana gelmiştir. Bu nedenle 11 ilde olağanüstü hal ilan edilmiştir. Kırsal alanda yaşanan terör olayları nedeniyle bazı köyler devlet eliyle boşaltılırken, birçok köy can güvenliğinin sağlanamaması nedeniyle köylülerce boşaltılmıştır. Boşalan ve boşaltılan köylerde yaşayanların, en yakında bulunan ilçe ve il merkezlerine göç etmeleri nedeniyle bu illerin şehirli nüfus miktarı, oranı ve şehirli nüfus yıllık artış hızı oranlarında önemli artışlar yaşanmıştır.
Abstract
Urbanization is determined as increasing in urban population, urban population rate, urban population growth rate, number of urban areas and metropolitan areas, vertical and horizontal development of urban areas, and improvement of social end economic features that unique urban areas. One of the factors playing role on urbanization is the terrorist incidents. Terrorist incidents have different effects on urbanization when it occured in rural or urban areas. While terrorist incidents occured in urban areas has a negative effect on urbanization, terrorist incidents occured in rural areas has a positive effect on urbanization. Terrorist incident carried out in Turkey have effected urbanization movements accros to country or locally. This study aims to find out how to terrorist incidents was carried out in 1975-1980 period and in 1985-2000 period effected urbanization movement inTurkey. For this purpose, provinces that martial law and state of emergency declared in were determined and changes occured in urban population of these provinces were analyzed by some statistical methods. Changes in urban populations were also associated with the changes in the administrative structure of some provinces and goverment policies. As a result of economical and social crisis occured in 1975-1980 period in Turkey, many terrorist incidents were carried out in Turkish cities. Those terrorist incidents were carried out in the urban areas revealed some security and employment problems. That’s why many cities lost it’s urban attractivenes. Because of the increases in the terrorist attacks in this period, Turkish government declared martial law in 22 provinces located in different regions. The annual urban population growth rate of those provinces decreased in this period compared to previous and next population censuses. In 1985-2000 period, terrorist attacks were intensified in the rural areas of Eastern and Southeastern provinces of Turkey. Following the increase of terrorist attacks Turkish government declared state of emergency in 11 Eastern and Southeastern provinces. Because of security problems in rural areas, some villages were evacuated by governmet while some villages were evacuated by local people and their own initiatives. Those people who had left avacuted villages migrated to the nearest towns and cities. This forced migration caused to significant increases in urban population and urban population growth rate of these provinces.
Ottoman era city bazaars had sophisticated system including several functions. Those bazaars form... more Ottoman era city bazaars had sophisticated system including several functions. Those bazaars formed under the influnce of traditional and historical Turkish urbanisation culture. Especially urbanization form of Seljukis influenced Ottoman cities and most of the Ottoman era city bazaars were mainly based on Seljukis era city bazaars.
Almost all of the bazaars had been located near the citadel and cities had spreaded around the bazaars. Like the city center all bazaars had it’s own center. Because all bazaars had gathered around the “Grand Markets (badastan)” or “Grand Mosques (Ulu Jami)” or both of them. All stores, shops, workshops, inns (Hans), mosques, schools (pimary, secondary schools and madrasahs), baths, hospitals (darushifa) and cafes were taking place around that core consisting Grand Mosque and Grand Market. All those buldings had been built by foundations established by Ottoman pashas or governors. As these buildings were built by foundations no one owner of his shop or workplace. The rental fees of all workplaces were main income of these foundations. Ottoman city bazaars were socially and economically center of the city life. There were being carried out many social and economical activities in theese places. There were not residental spaces in the bazaars but all bazaars were surrounded by residental areas. That’s why bazaars were including all social and economical functions of city except from residential function. Bazaars had been also spatially located in the city center, besides being in the center of city life.
Ottoman era city bazaars had two main functions including social and economical functions. But most important function of bazaars were economical. Economical functions of bazaars were including trade, atelier type of industry and transportation. The most important place in the bazaars was Grand Market (Badastan), including many stores selling valuables things, especially including fabrics, silk, hand made metalic products and spices. Grand Markets were such an important place in the bazaars that taxes were being collected, market prices were being determined and all economical activities were being managed in it. That’s why Grand Markets were center of the local, national and international trade activities. Grand markets had been surrounded by many workplaces and shops. The shops operating in the same sectors had gathered in the same place, on the two side of one or several streets placed in the bazaar. For example while shoe sellers were gathered on same street or streets, spice sellers were gathered in the another part of bazaars but on the same street. That’s why Ottoman city bazaars traditionally had divided into several sections. This property was also true for industrial areas of bazaars. Other trade centers in the bazaars were inns (khans). There were three kind of inns taking place in the bazaars. The most of the inns were being used as shopping center. The other kind of inns were being used just as hotel but some inns had both hotel and shopoping center function.
Other economical function of bazaars was industry that generally based on hand made manifacturing. Industrial areas of bazaar were taking place around the trade center of bazaar and manifactured goods were being sold in same workplace or in trade areas. As in trade areas of bazaar, manicturing areas were divided into some sections by it’s production sectors. There were several manfacturing bazaars specialized in same sector such as coopersmith bazaar, blacksmith bazaar, tinsmith bazaar, furrier bazaar, carpet and rug bazaar, shoemakers bazaar etc. Those manufacturing work places were generally meeting needs of people living in the city and in rural. But goods producted in these industrial bazaars also were being sold at national or international level.
Transportation is one of the important economical function of bazaars. Since bazaars located in the city center, all main inner or intercity roads were linking eachoether around the city bazaars. Loads and passengers brought from other cities or countries by caravans were being unloaded around the bazaars and while some goods were being distributed in the bazaars some other parts of goods were being transferred to other caravans. Because of this characteristic of bazaars it can be said that bazaars were the junction point of the city.
City bazars not only have economical functions but also have some social functions. Ottoman city bazaars were at the center of the urban social life too. There were several places in the bazaars that meeting social needs of the people. The most important social function of bazaars was religious function. Bazaars had been formed and gathered around the it’s core including Grand Mosque. This charactereristic can be seen in some old bazaars of European cities that churches take place at the center of them. Besides Grand mosque there were many other mosques in the bazaars, ut unlike Grand Mosques, other mosques placed in the bazaars were small. Shopkeepers around, local people and foreigner merchants coming city to shopping were praying in them. There were also some tomb of scholars in the courtyard of mosques that they were often being visited by local people and foreigner people. Those mosques and tombs of scholars had brought religious function to the city.
There were many madrasahs (universities), high schools and elemantary schools in the edge zone of the bazaars that residental areas of the cities were begining from this zone. This area was a transition zone taking place between industrial areas of bazaars and residental areas. Most of these school were part of a complex named kulliyah (a complex including mosque, school, hospital, almshouse, small market, bathhouse) and built near the mosques. Unlike high and elementary schools, most of the madrasah were taking place in this zone. Thats why this transition zone had educational function since it had madrasah, as most important educational instutions of the city.
Another function of bazars were social insurance function. Professional association, determining professional principles and rules and providing social assistance to it’s member were taking place in the bazaars. Especially Akhi instution as a best example of occupational solidarity instution was determining occupational moral values of every bussines sector and cooperating occupational masters. This instituion also had vacational school property that all apprencites had to take their certificate from this instution.
Ottoman era city bazaars had another social functions such as judical and administrative function, health and social assistance function and personal service function. Administrative buliding of the cities and citys court were taking place in the bazaar system. Court-house and governorship buildings had generally been built near the city castle or grand mosque. That’s why cities were being governed from it’s bazaars. Hospital (Darüshifa) and almshouse (imarethane) of city were also taking place in the bazaar system. Patients and poor people in need had to receive these service from the hospital and almhouse built in the bazaars. Bazaars had some personal service functions too. There were restaurant, barbers, cafes, baths and hotels around the center of bazaars. Those work places were hosting local people and merchants. The merchants coming from other cities and other countries were being acommodated some inns have hotel function.
This study examines the spatial analysis of theft crimes in
Şanlıurfa city and explores the distr... more This study examines the spatial analysis of theft crimes in
Şanlıurfa city and explores the distribution of crimes and their
causes. According to this study, northeast of the city and the
central part, which is situated in Central Business District (CBD),
are the areas where crimes are concentrated. However, the
distribution of crimes can vary according to the types of theft. In
fact, residential burglary has been seen most on the northeast part,
robbery on the CBD and northeast, theft and from car on the other
parts apart from CBD, especially on the edge parts of the city,
larceny on the CBD, burglary from official institution on the edge
parts of city. On the other hand, the offenders mostly reside on the
southeast of the city. Urban land-use and the social-economic
properties of the districts are effective in this distribution, In
addition to this, income differences and worthwhile targets
between the districts are caused the urban crime journey. Truly, as
well as their own districts, the offenders commit crimes on the
north parts of the city which targets are wealthy,
In this study, it is discussed the changes in the share of provinces (1950-2015) in Turkey popula... more In this study, it is discussed the changes in the share of provinces (1950-2015) in Turkey population. Also, it is examined the residential rate in other provinces of population and the comparison with the total population. According to the results, it has been change proportionally in the ranking of provinces between 1950-2015. In 1950, While the first five province was Konya (3.7%), İstanbul (3.5%), Ankara (3.1%), İzmir (2.9%) and Sivas (%2.8), it has changed as İstanbul (9.7%), Ankara
(4.4%), İzmir (3.3%), Konya (2.8%) ve Adana (2.6%) in 2015. Generally, the share of the provinces which birth rates and growth rate of the population are high is
more than other provinces. The migrations have been also effective in residential rate in other provinces of population. In 1950, a large proportion of Turkey’s population was resided in the birthplace. Because, the migrations were not high in this period. In 2015, the residential rate in other provinces of population has increased in all provinces. Also, the difference between the provinces has increased. The higher residantel rates of outside of birth province were East Black Sea and Thrace in 1950. It has seen the highest rates especially in the provinces of eastern of Central Anatolia (Upper and Middle Kızılırmak Departments), Eastern Anatolia and Black Sea Regions in 2015. Really, in these provinces, the more than 60% of the population birth in this provinces has lived in another provinces. Because, it has migrated
too much from these provinces to others. When the population birth in provinces compared with the total population of the provinces, it has observed difference
between 1950 and 2015. While there wasn’t much difference between provinces in 1950, the difference increased in 2015. Generally, the total population of the provinces has higher than provincial births in provinces which migration is less. Despite that, the population birth in provinces has higher than total population of the
provinces which the migration is high.
Özet Günümüzde turizm olgusu önemli bir endüstri haline gelmiştir. Şüphesiz bu endüstrinin en öne... more Özet Günümüzde turizm olgusu önemli bir endüstri haline gelmiştir. Şüphesiz bu endüstrinin en önemli uluslararası aktörleri tur operatörleridir. Türkiye'ye yönelik turizm hareketinin yaklaşık % 75'ni gerçekleştiren tur operatörleri, Türkiye turizmi açısından önemli bir misyon üstlenmektedirler. Bu anlamda ülkemize yönelik turların büyük kısmını organize eden, Almanya, Hollanda, İngiltere ve ABD kaynaklı tur operatörleri, kültür turlarını düzenleme noktasında da önemli konumdadırlar. Bu ülkeler tarafından Türkiye'ye yönelik kültürel turlar incelendiğinde; turların ağırlıklı olarak, kitle turizmi bölgeleri veya onların yakın yörelerini kapsadığı görülmektedir. Bu durumda denilebilir ki; kültür turlarının kitle turizminin gölgesinde kalması, Türkiye turizmini çeşitlendirme politikasının başarıyla uygulanması engellemektedir. Makalede, Türkiye'deki kültürel çekiciliklerin yabancı tur operatörleri tarafından nasıl algılandığı, mekânın nasıl kullanıldığı ve daha geniş anlamda uluslararası ölçekte nasıl pazarlandığı konusu incelenmektedir.
Abstract
Today, the tourism has become a important industry. Certainly, the most important international actors af this industry are tour operators. The tour operators which realize about 75 percent of the total tourism activity to Turkey have taken a very important mission from the point of Turkey tourism.
ÖZET Günümüzde önemli bir ekonomik araç olan turizmin olumsuz sonuçları gibi, olumlu etkileri de ... more ÖZET Günümüzde önemli bir ekonomik araç olan turizmin olumsuz sonuçları gibi, olumlu etkileri de olabilmektedir. Bu olumlu etkilerden biri de geleneksel el sanatlarının gelişimine yaptığı katkıdır. Birçok örneği olmakla birlikte, Midyat'taki taşçılık el sanatının gelişiminde de turizmin önemli rolü olmuştur. Gerçekten de özellikle son on yılda Mardin ve çevresinde gelişen turizm hareketleri, yöresel mimari tarzın korunması ve gelişimi konusunda bir farkındalık ve bilinç oluşmasını sağlamıştır. Bu da, yörede var olan geleneksel evlerin restorasyonunu hızlandırmış, aynı zamanda yeni yapılan bazı konaklama tesisleri ve konutların inşasında da yöresel taşın kullanılmasını sağlamıştır. Bu durum da gerek sayı, gerekse üretim miktarları açısından taş atölyelerini geliştirmiştir. Nitekim 1999 yılında ilçede var olan 1 adet atölye sayısı, sürekli artış göstererek, 2009 yılında 12'ye yükselmiştir. Üretim miktarlarındaki artış ise daha fazla olmuştur. 1999 yılında 2.730 m² olan toplam taş üretimi, 2009 yılında 41.720 m² ye ulaşmıştır. Atölyelerde çalışan sayısı ise 25-30'dan 130 kişiye yükselmiştir.
ABSTRACT Tourism, today is an important economic tool, may have be positive effects besides the negative consequences. One of these positive effects is contribution to the development of traditional handcrafts. Although there are many examples, tourism has played an important role in the development of stone art in Midyat. Indeed, developing tourism in and around Mardin in recent decades has created an awareness and consciousness on the preservation and development of local architectural style. Thus, the restoration of traditional houses in the region have increased. Also in the construction of some of the new accommodation facilities and residences has provided the use of local stone. This has developed stone workshop in terms of numbers and amount of production. Indeed, the number of workshops in Midyat, constantly increasing,
CHANGES IN PROVINCE’S POPULATION STRUCTURE (IN TERMS OF BIRTHPLACE) AS A RESULT OF MIGRATION IN T... more CHANGES IN PROVINCE’S POPULATION STRUCTURE (IN TERMS OF BIRTHPLACE) AS A RESULT OF MIGRATION IN TURKEY (1950-2000)
ABSTRACT
In this study, it has been examined the province’s population according to birthplace between the years of 1950-2000. Structures of those population groups are formed as a consequence of immigrations. Accordingly, in the provinces where immigration is received in high rates, share of populations who were born in the province where the census is conducted. This share is observed to be lower in western regions and higher in Black Sea region during this period. In particular, low rates appear in Central Anatolia Region, Aegean Region and Thrace. Furthermore, we can say that there is not a big difference among provinces in general in 1950. In year 2000, the high rate structure on Aegean Region coast line spread to the south and the provinces on
Mediterranean coast. A prominent point in the structure of population that was born outside the province they live is the low shares in year 1950. Shares in Southeast Anatolia, Black Sea and Central Anatolia Regions
have low values due to low rates of incoming immigration. In year 1950, number of the provinces having shares over 10% were only nine whereas
it varied completely in year 2000 and majority of the provinces achieved shares exceeding 10%. It is observed significant changes in count and share of those who were born in foreign country within total population.
We can even state that share of populations who were born in foreign country in province populations decreased below 5% in general. Another change is that increase of the share in some provinces on the contrary to others. These provinces where the share significantly increased are Antalya, Muğla, and Yalova and Sakarya.
The direction of migration from Southeastern Anatolia Region and changes in periods covering 1975... more The direction of migration from Southeastern Anatolia Region and changes in periods covering 1975-2011 have been examined in this paper. Today, the most migration from the region is in order Ġstanbul (20.08%), Ankara (5.37%), Mersin (5.07%), Adana (4.87%), Ġzmir (4.28%), Antalya (3.96%), Bursa (2.04%), Konya (1.46%) and Kocaeli (1.46%). However, compared to the period of 1975-1980, taday, it has been significantly changes in the direction of migration. Really, the rate of Ġstanbul and Antalya in given migration has significantly increased. The rate of Ankara, Bursa, Kocaeli and Konya has increased less. But, the rate of Izmir, Mersin and Adana has significantly decreased. On the other hand, the direction of migration is not the same in all provinces in the region. For example, the most migration from region to Istanbul has been from Batman (35.9%), to Ankara from ġanlıurfa (6.7%) and Diyarbakır (6.7%) The most migration from region to Ġzmir and Adana is from Mardin (9.1% and 8.7%), to Antalya and Konya from ġanlıurfa (5.2% and 1.9%), to Bursa from Diyarbakır (3.5%), to Mersin from ġanlıurfa (6.9%) and ġırnak (6.9%) and to Kocaeli from ġırnak (1.4%). The main reasons for this difference are the direction of the first migration in provinces and economic similarities between provinces which getting migration and sending. Also, thanks to the economic potentials, the ability to attract migration of neighboring provinces is an important factor, too.
Öz
Bu çalımada Mardin ilinin verdii göçün akım yönü ve illerdeki Mardin kökenlilerde
illerin pay... more Öz
Bu çalımada Mardin ilinin verdii göçün akım yönü ve illerdeki Mardin kökenlilerde
illerin payındaki deiim ele alınmıtır. Sosyo-ekonomik göstergeler nedeniyle Mardin ili sürekli
olarak aldıından daha fazla göç veren bir il durumundadır. Güvenlik nedeniyle 1990’lı yıllarda
göçlerde bir artı görülmektedir. Göçün miktarı gibi, akım yönünde de bu dönemden itibaren önemli
deimeler olmutur. Örnein 1975-1980 döneminde ilden verilen göçte illerin payında sıralama
zmir (%15.1), stanbul (%13.2), Diyarbakır (%12.8), Adana (%9.6), Siirt (%7.9), Hatay (% 4.5), çel
(%4.4) eklinde iken, 2009-2010 döneminde ise sıralama deimi ve stanbul (%26.6), Adana (%10.4),
zmir (%9.0), Diyarbakır (%5.9), Mersin (%5.0), Ankara (%4.4), anlıurfa (%3.3) ve Batman (%3.3)
eklinde olmutur. Buna göre Mardin ilinden verilen ilk göç dalgalarını alan zmir, Manisa ve Hatay
gibi iller günümüzde önemini kaybetmi, bunların yerine stanbul, Adana, Mersin ve Gaziantep gibi
iller ön plana çıkmıtır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Mardin, Göç, Göç Akım Yönü.
Abstract
In this paper, it is aimed to investigate the changes in the direction of migration from
Mardin province and Mardin origin population residing in provinces. First, Mardin province
continuously has given migration more from take because of demographic and economic indicators.
For security reasons, in 1990’s, it has been seen an increase in migration. Besides the amount of
migration, the direction of migration has changed also. For example, in period of 1975-1980, while the
ranking of the provinces in migration from Mardin was zmir (15.1%), stanbul (13.2%), Diyarbakır
(12.8%), Adana (9.8%), Siirt (7.9%), Hatay (4.5%) and çel (4.4%), the ranking has changed as stanbul
(26.6%), Adana (10.4%), zmir (9.0%), Diyarbakır (5.9%), Mersin (5.0%), Ankara (4.4%), anlıurfa
(3.3%) and Batman (3.3%) in period of 2009-2010. According to this result, zmir, Manisa and Hatay
getting the first waves of immigration from Mardin province have lost importance today and
stanbul, Adana, Mersin and Gaziantep have become important instead of them.
Keywords: Mardin, Migration, Direction of Migration.
Özet Şanlıurfa şehrindeki mekân isimlerinin ele alındığı bu çalışma üç bölümden oluşmaktadır. Önc... more Özet Şanlıurfa şehrindeki mekân isimlerinin ele alındığı bu çalışma üç bölümden oluşmaktadır. Öncelikle cadde ve mahalle adlarına etki eden faktörler ele alınmıştır. Ayrıca söz konusu adların gelişimi irdelenmiş ve adların sınıflandırılması yapılmıştır. Çalışmadaki amaç, adlarda meydana gelen gelişim ve isimlendirmelerde coğrafi ortamın etkisini ortaya koymaktır. Buna göre, şehrin doğal ortam özellikleri olan hidrografya ve topografya, şehir nüfusunun gelişimi, yerel yönetimin siyasi eğilimleri, ulusal ve yerel tarih olayları, şehrin sosyal ve ekonomik yapısı ile yasal düzenlemeler şehirsel mekân adlarına etki etmiştir. Bu bağlamda, beşeri ortam ile ilgili adlar ön plana çıkmaktadır. Nitekim şehirde var olan 149 adet mekânın 78'i adını beşeri ortamdan almıştır. Beşeri ortam kökenli yer adları (78 adet) içinde de özellikle şahıs adları (60 adet) önemli yer tutmaktadır. Bu adların içinde de idari-askeri-siyasi şahıslar (24 adet) ile dini şahısların adları (22 adet) ön plana çıkmaktadır. Doğal ortam ile ilgili ise 22 adet ada rastlanılmıştır. Şehirde ekonomik faaliyetlerden adını alan birçok şehirsel mekân bulunmaktadır. Bu kaynaktan adını alan cadde ve mahalle sayısı 36 adettir. Diğer ve kökeni bilinmeyen ad ise 13 adettir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Şanlıurfa, yer adları, cadde adları, mahalle adları, coğrafya Abstract This study which holds Şanlıurfa city's place names consists of three chapters. First, the factors that impact streets and district names are being held. Also, development of names is examined and classified. The purpose of this study is to understand the impact of geographical environment on naming of streets and districts. Natural environment characteristics have an impact on urban naming. City's areal extension and an increase in population, national and local historical events, social and economic structure have an impact on urban place names too. While naming, the political party which includes mayor and councilors has an important mission. In this concept, there are a lot of places which have been named after person's names, sites and historical-political events. Out of 149 names, 78 of it have taken its names after human activities. In the human activities based names (78), person's names have an outstanding place (60). And in those names, governmental-military-political names (24) and religious person's names come into prominence. In the city there are 22 natural environment names, 6 streets and 14 districts. There are a lot of urban
ÖZET Araştırma sahası önemli tarihi ve folklorik değerlere sahiptir. İlde, Hıristiyanlık kültürel... more ÖZET Araştırma sahası önemli tarihi ve folklorik değerlere sahiptir. İlde, Hıristiyanlık kültürel mirasını yansıtan çok sayıda manastır ve kilise bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca Türk-İslam eserleri de yoğunluk kazanmaktadır. Öte yandan, geleneksel evler, el sanatları, yeme-içme kültürü gibi öğeler, Mardin ve Midyat gibi yerleşmelerin fiziksel görünümlerinin kültürel peyzaja dönüşmesini sağlayan unsurlar olmuştur. Araştırma sahasındaki kültürel turizm potansiyelinin daha iyi değerlendirilebilmesi için bazı hususların dikkate alınması gerekir. Öncelikle, araştırma sahasını kapsayan bir " turizm yönetim kurulu " oluşturulmalıdır. Turizm altyapısının turistik ihtiyaca cevap verecek şekilde düzenlenmesi ikinci aşamayı oluşturmaktadır. Öte yandan söz konusu kurul tarafından pazarlama stratejilerinin belirlenmesi gerekir. Bunun için de, araştırma sahasına uygun bir imaj ve marka oluşturulması, hitap edilecek turizm pazarının belirlenmesi, hedef pazar tiplerinin saptanması, tanıtım programının ortaya konması, turizm bilgi hizmetlerinin sağlanması önemli konular arasındadır. Ancak bütün bunların yapılabilmesi kültürel varlıkların korunmasına yönelik önlemlerin alınmasına bağlıdır. Öte yandan turizmin başarılı olabilmesi için, var olan kültürel çekiciliklerin değişen turizm anlayışına göre düzenlenmesi ve bunlara birer turistik ürün özelliğinin kazandırılması da gerekir. Bu bağlamda, zengin kültürel öğelerin turistler için deneyimsel tüketime uygun hale getirilmesi bir zorunluluktur.
ÖZET Cadde adlandırmaları günümüzde farklı bir yapı kazanmıştır. Gerçekten de bazı şehirlerdeki a... more ÖZET Cadde adlandırmaları günümüzde farklı bir yapı kazanmıştır. Gerçekten de bazı şehirlerdeki adlandırmalar şehirsel mekâna hâkim olma arzusundan kaynaklanmaktadır. Bu yolla yerel yönetim kendi düşüncesi doğrultusunda bir toplumsal bellek oluşturmayı amaçlamaktadır. Buna verilebilecek en iyi örneklerden biri de Batman şehridir. 1994-2011 yılları arasında şehrin yönetiminde olan belediye yöneticileri, siyasi kimlikleri doğrultusunda adlandırmalar yaparak, farklı ideolojilerini şehirsel mekânda yaşatma amacı gütmüşlerdir. Dolayısıyla bu dönemlerde şehirsel mekân üzerinde bir mücadele söz konusudur. Öyle ki, dinsel kimlikli Refah Partisi ile etnik kimlikli Halkın Demokrasi Partisi gibi ideolojik anlamda birbirinden oldukça farklı iki partinin farklı dönemlerde yönetimde bulunması, bu mücadelenin hızını arttırmıştır. Refah Partisi'nin 1994 yılında belediye başkanlığını kazandığı dönem adların kimliğe göre şekillenmeye başladığı dönemin başlangıcı olmuştur. Gerçekten de 1995 yılında birçok ad verilmiş ve bunlarda dini çağrışımlı adların payı %76 olmuştur. 1999 yılındaki siyasi değişim aynı zamanda cadde adlandırmalarına da yansımıştır. Bu dönemde farklı kimlikteki bir partinin yönetimi devralması sonucunda 2000 yılında adlar farklı bir yapı kazanmaya başlamıştır. Öncelikle, toponimik temizlik başlamış ve geçmişten kalma 56 adın yarısı değiştirilmiştir. Bu değişiklikler sonucunda dini kökenli adların payı %16'ya gerilemiştir. Buna karşın etnik (%11) ve siyasi kökenli (%13) adların kullanımı artmıştır. Öte yandan tartışmalı adlar ve kanunlara aykırı olması nedeniyle bazı adlar mahkemece iptal edilmiştir.
In this study, Turkey’s population (1935-2000) has been investigated in the context of persons bi... more In this study, Turkey’s population (1935-2000) has been investigated in the context of persons birthplace in same province, other provinces and foreign countries. The amount, rate of change, annual growth rates, shares and differences between regions have been discussed.
The annual growth rate of population birthplace in same province has been less than Turkey’s annual growth rate. For example, between 1935-2000, While the annual growth rate of Turkey has increased by 18.3‰, the persons birthplace in same province has increased by 13.3‰. The share in total population has decreased from %86.9 to 70.8% between 1935-2000. Whereas, the annual growth rate of population birthplace in other provinces has been quite higher than population birthplace in same province and the total population of Turkey. For example, in the period between 1980-2000, while the population of Turkey increased around 20‰, the growth rate of the population birthplace in other provinces exceeded 40‰. The share in the Turkey’s population increased from 7.1% to 27.3%. However, the population birthplace in foreign countries has developed depending on social, political and economic factors. The share of persons birthplace in foreign countries in total population of Turkey declined from 6.0% to 1.9%.
There are also differences between regions. In the context the persons birthplace in same province, the regions which population increased the most have been Mediterranean, Southeast Anatolia and Marmara regions. Also, the population birthplace in other provinces most increased in Mediterranean and Aegean regions. The Mediterranean region is important in the rate of change of the persons birthplace in foreign countries between 1932-2000. When it has examined annual growth rate, significant differences have observed. Marmara region is important in the annual growth rate of persons birthplace in same province and Mediterranean region in the persons birthplace in other provinces. On the other hand, in terms of annual growth rate of the persons birthplace in foreign countries, the most important region is Mediterranean region. The share of population by birthplace in the total Turkey’s population also has showed important differences. The highest rates in persons birthplace in same province have seen in the Southeastern Anatolia, Black Sea and Eastern Anatolia regions. In contrast, the highest share of persons birthplace in other provinces belogns to the Marmara region. The highest share of foreign population in the total population of the region is in Marmara and Mediterranean regions.
Thesis Chapters by veysi günal
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There are hundreds of metallic and non-metallic resources in the earth's crust. Obsidian, perlite... more There are hundreds of metallic and non-metallic resources in the earth's crust. Obsidian, perlite, pumice stone, ignimbrit rocks are mainly volcanic material. This pumice rocks has been formed during the sudden cold of the gasses in the magma and leave from mass. Pumice has a very porous and glassy structure. Pumice Stone which is an important natural resource is seen on the areas of volcanic fields in the world. Pumice has been on the north and west of Van Lake Basin where volcanic areas are wide. Depending on Nemrut volcanic activity, pumice has constituted an important reserve especially in the west of the basin
Pumice stone has been used for various purposes since a long time. Van Lake Basin is one of the region that pumice is use first. Pumice was used as isolation material in the period of Urartu (900 BC-600 BC). Pumice, was used as insulation material in buildings, especially in the roof. At the same time it was used in order to prevent deterioration of stored food. From Urartu until today, pumice has been used as isolation material in region. Today, in the west of Van Lake Basin, especially between Ahlat and Tatvan pumice is still being used as isolation material in roof of the houses.
Pumice reserves overspread a large area between Tatvan and Ahlat in the west of Van Lake Basin. Pumice reserves in this area are 1.1 billion m³. These reserves constitute approximately 45% of Turkey pumice reserves. However, pumice production in the region is only 18% of Turkey production. Hence, contribution of the region to the economi is low. The factors affecting this situatio are unsuitable climatic factor of region, poorly transport conditions (road transport increases cost), undeveloped stone-soil based industrials and market problems. Because of all this factors, the expected contribution to the economy of region is very low.
Previously pumice used only in the production of briquettes which is construction material of the houses. But in recent years, it began to be used in various fields such as agriculture, pharmaceuticals, textiles, detergents, paints, coatings, and filtration. Pumice is becoming increasingly important especially in arid regions. Because when it is mixed to agricultural soil,thanks to its porosity, pumice can keep the water. Therefore, in this study, it is discussed economic potential, usage areas and contribute to the local economy of pumice in the west of Van Lake Basin.
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Sehir cografyasında, sehirler farklı sekillerde sınıflandırılabilmektedir. Sehirlere sadece bir sınıflandırma seklinin kriterleri uygulanabilecegi gibi, çok sayıda sınıflandırma seklinin kriterleri de uygulanabilmektedir. Bu çalısma, Tatvan Sehri’ne, sehir cografyasında kullanılan sınıflandırma sekillerinin kriterleri uygulanarak konumunu belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıstır. Buna göre Tatvan sehri; sahip oldugu özel konum ve sosyo-ekonomik fonksiyonları nedeniyle; yüksek alanlarla çevrili nispeten dar ve düzlük bir alanda yer alan, önemli kara ve demiryollarının, göl (feribot) tasımacılıgıyla birlestigi, henüz gelismekte olan, küçük, modern, hilal seklinde uzantılı sekle sahip bir kıyı sehri özelligindedir.
ABSTRACT
Cities can be classified different methods in urban geography. Cities can be classified by criterions of just one of urban classification methods or by criterions of a lot of different urban classications. The goal of this study is to determine Tatvan’s urban position in different urban classification by applying their criterions. According to all urban classification methods applied on Tatvan city, it can called as a still developing, small, modern, crescent shaped, coastal city located by important roads and railways that connected to ferryboat transportation area,. because of its geographical location and socio- economic functions.
Şehirleşme, herhangi bir alandaki şehirli nüfus miktar, oran ve yoğunluğunun artışı, şehir olarak kabul edilen yerleşmelerin sayıca artışını, büyük veya metropol şehirlerin sayıca artışını, şehirsel alanın yatay ve dikeyde gelişmesi, şehirlere özgü yaşam sosyal ve ekonomik ilişkilerin gelişmesi şeklinde tanımlanmaktadır. Şehirleşme hareketleri üzerinde rol oynayan önemli faktörlerden biri de terör olaylarıdır. Terör olaylarının şehirlerde veya kırsal alanlarda meydana gelmesi şehirleşme üzerinde de farklı etkiler oluşturmaktadır. Şehirlerde meydana gelen terör olayları şehirleşme hareketlerini olumsuz etkilerken, kırsal alanda meydana gelen terör olayları da şehirleşme hareketlerini olumlu etkilemektedir. Türkiye’de meydana gelen terör olayları da ülke genelinde veya lokal olarak şehirleşme hareketlerini etkilemiştir. Bu araştırmada 1975-1980 yılları arasında meydana gelen terör olayları ile 1985-2000 yılları arasında meydana gelen terör olaylarının şehirleşme hareketleri üzerinde nasıl bir etki oluşturduğu ortaya konulmuştur. Bu amaçla ilgili dönemlerde sıkıyönetim ve olağanüstü hal ilan edilen iller belirlenmiş ve bu illerin şehirsel nüfuslarında meydana gelen değişiklikler istatistiksel yöntemlerle analiz edilmiştir. Şehirsel nüfusta meydana gelen değişiklikler ayrıca, idari yapıda meydana gelen değişiklikler ve hükûmet politikalarıyla ilişkilendirilmiştir. 1975-1980 yılları arasında Türkiye’de yaşanan siyasi ve ekonomik krizlerin bir sonucu olarak şehirlerde pek çok terör olayları meydana gelmiştir. Şehirlerde meydana terör olayları şehirlerde can güvenliği ve istihdam sorunlarını ortaya çıkarmış ve şehirler cazibesini kaybetmiştir. Artan terör olayları nedeniyle bu dönemde 22 ilde sıkıyönetim ilan edilmiş olup, bu illerin yıllık şehirsel nüfus artış hızlarında önceki ve sonraki dönemlere göre düşüşler görülmüştür. 1985-2000 yılları arasında ise terör olayları Türkiye’nin Doğu ve Güneydoğu illerinin kırsal kesimlerinde meydana gelmiştir. Bu nedenle 11 ilde olağanüstü hal ilan edilmiştir. Kırsal alanda yaşanan terör olayları nedeniyle bazı köyler devlet eliyle boşaltılırken, birçok köy can güvenliğinin sağlanamaması nedeniyle köylülerce boşaltılmıştır. Boşalan ve boşaltılan köylerde yaşayanların, en yakında bulunan ilçe ve il merkezlerine göç etmeleri nedeniyle bu illerin şehirli nüfus miktarı, oranı ve şehirli nüfus yıllık artış hızı oranlarında önemli artışlar yaşanmıştır.
Abstract
Urbanization is determined as increasing in urban population, urban population rate, urban population growth rate, number of urban areas and metropolitan areas, vertical and horizontal development of urban areas, and improvement of social end economic features that unique urban areas. One of the factors playing role on urbanization is the terrorist incidents. Terrorist incidents have different effects on urbanization when it occured in rural or urban areas. While terrorist incidents occured in urban areas has a negative effect on urbanization, terrorist incidents occured in rural areas has a positive effect on urbanization. Terrorist incident carried out in Turkey have effected urbanization movements accros to country or locally. This study aims to find out how to terrorist incidents was carried out in 1975-1980 period and in 1985-2000 period effected urbanization movement inTurkey. For this purpose, provinces that martial law and state of emergency declared in were determined and changes occured in urban population of these provinces were analyzed by some statistical methods. Changes in urban populations were also associated with the changes in the administrative structure of some provinces and goverment policies. As a result of economical and social crisis occured in 1975-1980 period in Turkey, many terrorist incidents were carried out in Turkish cities. Those terrorist incidents were carried out in the urban areas revealed some security and employment problems. That’s why many cities lost it’s urban attractivenes. Because of the increases in the terrorist attacks in this period, Turkish government declared martial law in 22 provinces located in different regions. The annual urban population growth rate of those provinces decreased in this period compared to previous and next population censuses. In 1985-2000 period, terrorist attacks were intensified in the rural areas of Eastern and Southeastern provinces of Turkey. Following the increase of terrorist attacks Turkish government declared state of emergency in 11 Eastern and Southeastern provinces. Because of security problems in rural areas, some villages were evacuated by governmet while some villages were evacuated by local people and their own initiatives. Those people who had left avacuted villages migrated to the nearest towns and cities. This forced migration caused to significant increases in urban population and urban population growth rate of these provinces.
Almost all of the bazaars had been located near the citadel and cities had spreaded around the bazaars. Like the city center all bazaars had it’s own center. Because all bazaars had gathered around the “Grand Markets (badastan)” or “Grand Mosques (Ulu Jami)” or both of them. All stores, shops, workshops, inns (Hans), mosques, schools (pimary, secondary schools and madrasahs), baths, hospitals (darushifa) and cafes were taking place around that core consisting Grand Mosque and Grand Market. All those buldings had been built by foundations established by Ottoman pashas or governors. As these buildings were built by foundations no one owner of his shop or workplace. The rental fees of all workplaces were main income of these foundations. Ottoman city bazaars were socially and economically center of the city life. There were being carried out many social and economical activities in theese places. There were not residental spaces in the bazaars but all bazaars were surrounded by residental areas. That’s why bazaars were including all social and economical functions of city except from residential function. Bazaars had been also spatially located in the city center, besides being in the center of city life.
Ottoman era city bazaars had two main functions including social and economical functions. But most important function of bazaars were economical. Economical functions of bazaars were including trade, atelier type of industry and transportation. The most important place in the bazaars was Grand Market (Badastan), including many stores selling valuables things, especially including fabrics, silk, hand made metalic products and spices. Grand Markets were such an important place in the bazaars that taxes were being collected, market prices were being determined and all economical activities were being managed in it. That’s why Grand Markets were center of the local, national and international trade activities. Grand markets had been surrounded by many workplaces and shops. The shops operating in the same sectors had gathered in the same place, on the two side of one or several streets placed in the bazaar. For example while shoe sellers were gathered on same street or streets, spice sellers were gathered in the another part of bazaars but on the same street. That’s why Ottoman city bazaars traditionally had divided into several sections. This property was also true for industrial areas of bazaars. Other trade centers in the bazaars were inns (khans). There were three kind of inns taking place in the bazaars. The most of the inns were being used as shopping center. The other kind of inns were being used just as hotel but some inns had both hotel and shopoping center function.
Other economical function of bazaars was industry that generally based on hand made manifacturing. Industrial areas of bazaar were taking place around the trade center of bazaar and manifactured goods were being sold in same workplace or in trade areas. As in trade areas of bazaar, manicturing areas were divided into some sections by it’s production sectors. There were several manfacturing bazaars specialized in same sector such as coopersmith bazaar, blacksmith bazaar, tinsmith bazaar, furrier bazaar, carpet and rug bazaar, shoemakers bazaar etc. Those manufacturing work places were generally meeting needs of people living in the city and in rural. But goods producted in these industrial bazaars also were being sold at national or international level.
Transportation is one of the important economical function of bazaars. Since bazaars located in the city center, all main inner or intercity roads were linking eachoether around the city bazaars. Loads and passengers brought from other cities or countries by caravans were being unloaded around the bazaars and while some goods were being distributed in the bazaars some other parts of goods were being transferred to other caravans. Because of this characteristic of bazaars it can be said that bazaars were the junction point of the city.
City bazars not only have economical functions but also have some social functions. Ottoman city bazaars were at the center of the urban social life too. There were several places in the bazaars that meeting social needs of the people. The most important social function of bazaars was religious function. Bazaars had been formed and gathered around the it’s core including Grand Mosque. This charactereristic can be seen in some old bazaars of European cities that churches take place at the center of them. Besides Grand mosque there were many other mosques in the bazaars, ut unlike Grand Mosques, other mosques placed in the bazaars were small. Shopkeepers around, local people and foreigner merchants coming city to shopping were praying in them. There were also some tomb of scholars in the courtyard of mosques that they were often being visited by local people and foreigner people. Those mosques and tombs of scholars had brought religious function to the city.
There were many madrasahs (universities), high schools and elemantary schools in the edge zone of the bazaars that residental areas of the cities were begining from this zone. This area was a transition zone taking place between industrial areas of bazaars and residental areas. Most of these school were part of a complex named kulliyah (a complex including mosque, school, hospital, almshouse, small market, bathhouse) and built near the mosques. Unlike high and elementary schools, most of the madrasah were taking place in this zone. Thats why this transition zone had educational function since it had madrasah, as most important educational instutions of the city.
Another function of bazars were social insurance function. Professional association, determining professional principles and rules and providing social assistance to it’s member were taking place in the bazaars. Especially Akhi instution as a best example of occupational solidarity instution was determining occupational moral values of every bussines sector and cooperating occupational masters. This instituion also had vacational school property that all apprencites had to take their certificate from this instution.
Ottoman era city bazaars had another social functions such as judical and administrative function, health and social assistance function and personal service function. Administrative buliding of the cities and citys court were taking place in the bazaar system. Court-house and governorship buildings had generally been built near the city castle or grand mosque. That’s why cities were being governed from it’s bazaars. Hospital (Darüshifa) and almshouse (imarethane) of city were also taking place in the bazaar system. Patients and poor people in need had to receive these service from the hospital and almhouse built in the bazaars. Bazaars had some personal service functions too. There were restaurant, barbers, cafes, baths and hotels around the center of bazaars. Those work places were hosting local people and merchants. The merchants coming from other cities and other countries were being acommodated some inns have hotel function.
Şanlıurfa city and explores the distribution of crimes and their
causes. According to this study, northeast of the city and the
central part, which is situated in Central Business District (CBD),
are the areas where crimes are concentrated. However, the
distribution of crimes can vary according to the types of theft. In
fact, residential burglary has been seen most on the northeast part,
robbery on the CBD and northeast, theft and from car on the other
parts apart from CBD, especially on the edge parts of the city,
larceny on the CBD, burglary from official institution on the edge
parts of city. On the other hand, the offenders mostly reside on the
southeast of the city. Urban land-use and the social-economic
properties of the districts are effective in this distribution, In
addition to this, income differences and worthwhile targets
between the districts are caused the urban crime journey. Truly, as
well as their own districts, the offenders commit crimes on the
north parts of the city which targets are wealthy,
(4.4%), İzmir (3.3%), Konya (2.8%) ve Adana (2.6%) in 2015. Generally, the share of the provinces which birth rates and growth rate of the population are high is
more than other provinces. The migrations have been also effective in residential rate in other provinces of population. In 1950, a large proportion of Turkey’s population was resided in the birthplace. Because, the migrations were not high in this period. In 2015, the residential rate in other provinces of population has increased in all provinces. Also, the difference between the provinces has increased. The higher residantel rates of outside of birth province were East Black Sea and Thrace in 1950. It has seen the highest rates especially in the provinces of eastern of Central Anatolia (Upper and Middle Kızılırmak Departments), Eastern Anatolia and Black Sea Regions in 2015. Really, in these provinces, the more than 60% of the population birth in this provinces has lived in another provinces. Because, it has migrated
too much from these provinces to others. When the population birth in provinces compared with the total population of the provinces, it has observed difference
between 1950 and 2015. While there wasn’t much difference between provinces in 1950, the difference increased in 2015. Generally, the total population of the provinces has higher than provincial births in provinces which migration is less. Despite that, the population birth in provinces has higher than total population of the
provinces which the migration is high.
Abstract
Today, the tourism has become a important industry. Certainly, the most important international actors af this industry are tour operators. The tour operators which realize about 75 percent of the total tourism activity to Turkey have taken a very important mission from the point of Turkey tourism.
ABSTRACT Tourism, today is an important economic tool, may have be positive effects besides the negative consequences. One of these positive effects is contribution to the development of traditional handcrafts. Although there are many examples, tourism has played an important role in the development of stone art in Midyat. Indeed, developing tourism in and around Mardin in recent decades has created an awareness and consciousness on the preservation and development of local architectural style. Thus, the restoration of traditional houses in the region have increased. Also in the construction of some of the new accommodation facilities and residences has provided the use of local stone. This has developed stone workshop in terms of numbers and amount of production. Indeed, the number of workshops in Midyat, constantly increasing,
ABSTRACT
In this study, it has been examined the province’s population according to birthplace between the years of 1950-2000. Structures of those population groups are formed as a consequence of immigrations. Accordingly, in the provinces where immigration is received in high rates, share of populations who were born in the province where the census is conducted. This share is observed to be lower in western regions and higher in Black Sea region during this period. In particular, low rates appear in Central Anatolia Region, Aegean Region and Thrace. Furthermore, we can say that there is not a big difference among provinces in general in 1950. In year 2000, the high rate structure on Aegean Region coast line spread to the south and the provinces on
Mediterranean coast. A prominent point in the structure of population that was born outside the province they live is the low shares in year 1950. Shares in Southeast Anatolia, Black Sea and Central Anatolia Regions
have low values due to low rates of incoming immigration. In year 1950, number of the provinces having shares over 10% were only nine whereas
it varied completely in year 2000 and majority of the provinces achieved shares exceeding 10%. It is observed significant changes in count and share of those who were born in foreign country within total population.
We can even state that share of populations who were born in foreign country in province populations decreased below 5% in general. Another change is that increase of the share in some provinces on the contrary to others. These provinces where the share significantly increased are Antalya, Muğla, and Yalova and Sakarya.
Bu çalımada Mardin ilinin verdii göçün akım yönü ve illerdeki Mardin kökenlilerde
illerin payındaki deiim ele alınmıtır. Sosyo-ekonomik göstergeler nedeniyle Mardin ili sürekli
olarak aldıından daha fazla göç veren bir il durumundadır. Güvenlik nedeniyle 1990’lı yıllarda
göçlerde bir artı görülmektedir. Göçün miktarı gibi, akım yönünde de bu dönemden itibaren önemli
deimeler olmutur. Örnein 1975-1980 döneminde ilden verilen göçte illerin payında sıralama
zmir (%15.1), stanbul (%13.2), Diyarbakır (%12.8), Adana (%9.6), Siirt (%7.9), Hatay (% 4.5), çel
(%4.4) eklinde iken, 2009-2010 döneminde ise sıralama deimi ve stanbul (%26.6), Adana (%10.4),
zmir (%9.0), Diyarbakır (%5.9), Mersin (%5.0), Ankara (%4.4), anlıurfa (%3.3) ve Batman (%3.3)
eklinde olmutur. Buna göre Mardin ilinden verilen ilk göç dalgalarını alan zmir, Manisa ve Hatay
gibi iller günümüzde önemini kaybetmi, bunların yerine stanbul, Adana, Mersin ve Gaziantep gibi
iller ön plana çıkmıtır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Mardin, Göç, Göç Akım Yönü.
Abstract
In this paper, it is aimed to investigate the changes in the direction of migration from
Mardin province and Mardin origin population residing in provinces. First, Mardin province
continuously has given migration more from take because of demographic and economic indicators.
For security reasons, in 1990’s, it has been seen an increase in migration. Besides the amount of
migration, the direction of migration has changed also. For example, in period of 1975-1980, while the
ranking of the provinces in migration from Mardin was zmir (15.1%), stanbul (13.2%), Diyarbakır
(12.8%), Adana (9.8%), Siirt (7.9%), Hatay (4.5%) and çel (4.4%), the ranking has changed as stanbul
(26.6%), Adana (10.4%), zmir (9.0%), Diyarbakır (5.9%), Mersin (5.0%), Ankara (4.4%), anlıurfa
(3.3%) and Batman (3.3%) in period of 2009-2010. According to this result, zmir, Manisa and Hatay
getting the first waves of immigration from Mardin province have lost importance today and
stanbul, Adana, Mersin and Gaziantep have become important instead of them.
Keywords: Mardin, Migration, Direction of Migration.
The annual growth rate of population birthplace in same province has been less than Turkey’s annual growth rate. For example, between 1935-2000, While the annual growth rate of Turkey has increased by 18.3‰, the persons birthplace in same province has increased by 13.3‰. The share in total population has decreased from %86.9 to 70.8% between 1935-2000. Whereas, the annual growth rate of population birthplace in other provinces has been quite higher than population birthplace in same province and the total population of Turkey. For example, in the period between 1980-2000, while the population of Turkey increased around 20‰, the growth rate of the population birthplace in other provinces exceeded 40‰. The share in the Turkey’s population increased from 7.1% to 27.3%. However, the population birthplace in foreign countries has developed depending on social, political and economic factors. The share of persons birthplace in foreign countries in total population of Turkey declined from 6.0% to 1.9%.
There are also differences between regions. In the context the persons birthplace in same province, the regions which population increased the most have been Mediterranean, Southeast Anatolia and Marmara regions. Also, the population birthplace in other provinces most increased in Mediterranean and Aegean regions. The Mediterranean region is important in the rate of change of the persons birthplace in foreign countries between 1932-2000. When it has examined annual growth rate, significant differences have observed. Marmara region is important in the annual growth rate of persons birthplace in same province and Mediterranean region in the persons birthplace in other provinces. On the other hand, in terms of annual growth rate of the persons birthplace in foreign countries, the most important region is Mediterranean region. The share of population by birthplace in the total Turkey’s population also has showed important differences. The highest rates in persons birthplace in same province have seen in the Southeastern Anatolia, Black Sea and Eastern Anatolia regions. In contrast, the highest share of persons birthplace in other provinces belogns to the Marmara region. The highest share of foreign population in the total population of the region is in Marmara and Mediterranean regions.
Thesis Chapters by veysi günal
Conference Presentations by veysi günal
Pumice stone has been used for various purposes since a long time. Van Lake Basin is one of the region that pumice is use first. Pumice was used as isolation material in the period of Urartu (900 BC-600 BC). Pumice, was used as insulation material in buildings, especially in the roof. At the same time it was used in order to prevent deterioration of stored food. From Urartu until today, pumice has been used as isolation material in region. Today, in the west of Van Lake Basin, especially between Ahlat and Tatvan pumice is still being used as isolation material in roof of the houses.
Pumice reserves overspread a large area between Tatvan and Ahlat in the west of Van Lake Basin. Pumice reserves in this area are 1.1 billion m³. These reserves constitute approximately 45% of Turkey pumice reserves. However, pumice production in the region is only 18% of Turkey production. Hence, contribution of the region to the economi is low. The factors affecting this situatio are unsuitable climatic factor of region, poorly transport conditions (road transport increases cost), undeveloped stone-soil based industrials and market problems. Because of all this factors, the expected contribution to the economy of region is very low.
Previously pumice used only in the production of briquettes which is construction material of the houses. But in recent years, it began to be used in various fields such as agriculture, pharmaceuticals, textiles, detergents, paints, coatings, and filtration. Pumice is becoming increasingly important especially in arid regions. Because when it is mixed to agricultural soil,thanks to its porosity, pumice can keep the water. Therefore, in this study, it is discussed economic potential, usage areas and contribute to the local economy of pumice in the west of Van Lake Basin.
Sehir cografyasında, sehirler farklı sekillerde sınıflandırılabilmektedir. Sehirlere sadece bir sınıflandırma seklinin kriterleri uygulanabilecegi gibi, çok sayıda sınıflandırma seklinin kriterleri de uygulanabilmektedir. Bu çalısma, Tatvan Sehri’ne, sehir cografyasında kullanılan sınıflandırma sekillerinin kriterleri uygulanarak konumunu belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıstır. Buna göre Tatvan sehri; sahip oldugu özel konum ve sosyo-ekonomik fonksiyonları nedeniyle; yüksek alanlarla çevrili nispeten dar ve düzlük bir alanda yer alan, önemli kara ve demiryollarının, göl (feribot) tasımacılıgıyla birlestigi, henüz gelismekte olan, küçük, modern, hilal seklinde uzantılı sekle sahip bir kıyı sehri özelligindedir.
ABSTRACT
Cities can be classified different methods in urban geography. Cities can be classified by criterions of just one of urban classification methods or by criterions of a lot of different urban classications. The goal of this study is to determine Tatvan’s urban position in different urban classification by applying their criterions. According to all urban classification methods applied on Tatvan city, it can called as a still developing, small, modern, crescent shaped, coastal city located by important roads and railways that connected to ferryboat transportation area,. because of its geographical location and socio- economic functions.
Şehirleşme, herhangi bir alandaki şehirli nüfus miktar, oran ve yoğunluğunun artışı, şehir olarak kabul edilen yerleşmelerin sayıca artışını, büyük veya metropol şehirlerin sayıca artışını, şehirsel alanın yatay ve dikeyde gelişmesi, şehirlere özgü yaşam sosyal ve ekonomik ilişkilerin gelişmesi şeklinde tanımlanmaktadır. Şehirleşme hareketleri üzerinde rol oynayan önemli faktörlerden biri de terör olaylarıdır. Terör olaylarının şehirlerde veya kırsal alanlarda meydana gelmesi şehirleşme üzerinde de farklı etkiler oluşturmaktadır. Şehirlerde meydana gelen terör olayları şehirleşme hareketlerini olumsuz etkilerken, kırsal alanda meydana gelen terör olayları da şehirleşme hareketlerini olumlu etkilemektedir. Türkiye’de meydana gelen terör olayları da ülke genelinde veya lokal olarak şehirleşme hareketlerini etkilemiştir. Bu araştırmada 1975-1980 yılları arasında meydana gelen terör olayları ile 1985-2000 yılları arasında meydana gelen terör olaylarının şehirleşme hareketleri üzerinde nasıl bir etki oluşturduğu ortaya konulmuştur. Bu amaçla ilgili dönemlerde sıkıyönetim ve olağanüstü hal ilan edilen iller belirlenmiş ve bu illerin şehirsel nüfuslarında meydana gelen değişiklikler istatistiksel yöntemlerle analiz edilmiştir. Şehirsel nüfusta meydana gelen değişiklikler ayrıca, idari yapıda meydana gelen değişiklikler ve hükûmet politikalarıyla ilişkilendirilmiştir. 1975-1980 yılları arasında Türkiye’de yaşanan siyasi ve ekonomik krizlerin bir sonucu olarak şehirlerde pek çok terör olayları meydana gelmiştir. Şehirlerde meydana terör olayları şehirlerde can güvenliği ve istihdam sorunlarını ortaya çıkarmış ve şehirler cazibesini kaybetmiştir. Artan terör olayları nedeniyle bu dönemde 22 ilde sıkıyönetim ilan edilmiş olup, bu illerin yıllık şehirsel nüfus artış hızlarında önceki ve sonraki dönemlere göre düşüşler görülmüştür. 1985-2000 yılları arasında ise terör olayları Türkiye’nin Doğu ve Güneydoğu illerinin kırsal kesimlerinde meydana gelmiştir. Bu nedenle 11 ilde olağanüstü hal ilan edilmiştir. Kırsal alanda yaşanan terör olayları nedeniyle bazı köyler devlet eliyle boşaltılırken, birçok köy can güvenliğinin sağlanamaması nedeniyle köylülerce boşaltılmıştır. Boşalan ve boşaltılan köylerde yaşayanların, en yakında bulunan ilçe ve il merkezlerine göç etmeleri nedeniyle bu illerin şehirli nüfus miktarı, oranı ve şehirli nüfus yıllık artış hızı oranlarında önemli artışlar yaşanmıştır.
Abstract
Urbanization is determined as increasing in urban population, urban population rate, urban population growth rate, number of urban areas and metropolitan areas, vertical and horizontal development of urban areas, and improvement of social end economic features that unique urban areas. One of the factors playing role on urbanization is the terrorist incidents. Terrorist incidents have different effects on urbanization when it occured in rural or urban areas. While terrorist incidents occured in urban areas has a negative effect on urbanization, terrorist incidents occured in rural areas has a positive effect on urbanization. Terrorist incident carried out in Turkey have effected urbanization movements accros to country or locally. This study aims to find out how to terrorist incidents was carried out in 1975-1980 period and in 1985-2000 period effected urbanization movement inTurkey. For this purpose, provinces that martial law and state of emergency declared in were determined and changes occured in urban population of these provinces were analyzed by some statistical methods. Changes in urban populations were also associated with the changes in the administrative structure of some provinces and goverment policies. As a result of economical and social crisis occured in 1975-1980 period in Turkey, many terrorist incidents were carried out in Turkish cities. Those terrorist incidents were carried out in the urban areas revealed some security and employment problems. That’s why many cities lost it’s urban attractivenes. Because of the increases in the terrorist attacks in this period, Turkish government declared martial law in 22 provinces located in different regions. The annual urban population growth rate of those provinces decreased in this period compared to previous and next population censuses. In 1985-2000 period, terrorist attacks were intensified in the rural areas of Eastern and Southeastern provinces of Turkey. Following the increase of terrorist attacks Turkish government declared state of emergency in 11 Eastern and Southeastern provinces. Because of security problems in rural areas, some villages were evacuated by governmet while some villages were evacuated by local people and their own initiatives. Those people who had left avacuted villages migrated to the nearest towns and cities. This forced migration caused to significant increases in urban population and urban population growth rate of these provinces.
Almost all of the bazaars had been located near the citadel and cities had spreaded around the bazaars. Like the city center all bazaars had it’s own center. Because all bazaars had gathered around the “Grand Markets (badastan)” or “Grand Mosques (Ulu Jami)” or both of them. All stores, shops, workshops, inns (Hans), mosques, schools (pimary, secondary schools and madrasahs), baths, hospitals (darushifa) and cafes were taking place around that core consisting Grand Mosque and Grand Market. All those buldings had been built by foundations established by Ottoman pashas or governors. As these buildings were built by foundations no one owner of his shop or workplace. The rental fees of all workplaces were main income of these foundations. Ottoman city bazaars were socially and economically center of the city life. There were being carried out many social and economical activities in theese places. There were not residental spaces in the bazaars but all bazaars were surrounded by residental areas. That’s why bazaars were including all social and economical functions of city except from residential function. Bazaars had been also spatially located in the city center, besides being in the center of city life.
Ottoman era city bazaars had two main functions including social and economical functions. But most important function of bazaars were economical. Economical functions of bazaars were including trade, atelier type of industry and transportation. The most important place in the bazaars was Grand Market (Badastan), including many stores selling valuables things, especially including fabrics, silk, hand made metalic products and spices. Grand Markets were such an important place in the bazaars that taxes were being collected, market prices were being determined and all economical activities were being managed in it. That’s why Grand Markets were center of the local, national and international trade activities. Grand markets had been surrounded by many workplaces and shops. The shops operating in the same sectors had gathered in the same place, on the two side of one or several streets placed in the bazaar. For example while shoe sellers were gathered on same street or streets, spice sellers were gathered in the another part of bazaars but on the same street. That’s why Ottoman city bazaars traditionally had divided into several sections. This property was also true for industrial areas of bazaars. Other trade centers in the bazaars were inns (khans). There were three kind of inns taking place in the bazaars. The most of the inns were being used as shopping center. The other kind of inns were being used just as hotel but some inns had both hotel and shopoping center function.
Other economical function of bazaars was industry that generally based on hand made manifacturing. Industrial areas of bazaar were taking place around the trade center of bazaar and manifactured goods were being sold in same workplace or in trade areas. As in trade areas of bazaar, manicturing areas were divided into some sections by it’s production sectors. There were several manfacturing bazaars specialized in same sector such as coopersmith bazaar, blacksmith bazaar, tinsmith bazaar, furrier bazaar, carpet and rug bazaar, shoemakers bazaar etc. Those manufacturing work places were generally meeting needs of people living in the city and in rural. But goods producted in these industrial bazaars also were being sold at national or international level.
Transportation is one of the important economical function of bazaars. Since bazaars located in the city center, all main inner or intercity roads were linking eachoether around the city bazaars. Loads and passengers brought from other cities or countries by caravans were being unloaded around the bazaars and while some goods were being distributed in the bazaars some other parts of goods were being transferred to other caravans. Because of this characteristic of bazaars it can be said that bazaars were the junction point of the city.
City bazars not only have economical functions but also have some social functions. Ottoman city bazaars were at the center of the urban social life too. There were several places in the bazaars that meeting social needs of the people. The most important social function of bazaars was religious function. Bazaars had been formed and gathered around the it’s core including Grand Mosque. This charactereristic can be seen in some old bazaars of European cities that churches take place at the center of them. Besides Grand mosque there were many other mosques in the bazaars, ut unlike Grand Mosques, other mosques placed in the bazaars were small. Shopkeepers around, local people and foreigner merchants coming city to shopping were praying in them. There were also some tomb of scholars in the courtyard of mosques that they were often being visited by local people and foreigner people. Those mosques and tombs of scholars had brought religious function to the city.
There were many madrasahs (universities), high schools and elemantary schools in the edge zone of the bazaars that residental areas of the cities were begining from this zone. This area was a transition zone taking place between industrial areas of bazaars and residental areas. Most of these school were part of a complex named kulliyah (a complex including mosque, school, hospital, almshouse, small market, bathhouse) and built near the mosques. Unlike high and elementary schools, most of the madrasah were taking place in this zone. Thats why this transition zone had educational function since it had madrasah, as most important educational instutions of the city.
Another function of bazars were social insurance function. Professional association, determining professional principles and rules and providing social assistance to it’s member were taking place in the bazaars. Especially Akhi instution as a best example of occupational solidarity instution was determining occupational moral values of every bussines sector and cooperating occupational masters. This instituion also had vacational school property that all apprencites had to take their certificate from this instution.
Ottoman era city bazaars had another social functions such as judical and administrative function, health and social assistance function and personal service function. Administrative buliding of the cities and citys court were taking place in the bazaar system. Court-house and governorship buildings had generally been built near the city castle or grand mosque. That’s why cities were being governed from it’s bazaars. Hospital (Darüshifa) and almshouse (imarethane) of city were also taking place in the bazaar system. Patients and poor people in need had to receive these service from the hospital and almhouse built in the bazaars. Bazaars had some personal service functions too. There were restaurant, barbers, cafes, baths and hotels around the center of bazaars. Those work places were hosting local people and merchants. The merchants coming from other cities and other countries were being acommodated some inns have hotel function.
Şanlıurfa city and explores the distribution of crimes and their
causes. According to this study, northeast of the city and the
central part, which is situated in Central Business District (CBD),
are the areas where crimes are concentrated. However, the
distribution of crimes can vary according to the types of theft. In
fact, residential burglary has been seen most on the northeast part,
robbery on the CBD and northeast, theft and from car on the other
parts apart from CBD, especially on the edge parts of the city,
larceny on the CBD, burglary from official institution on the edge
parts of city. On the other hand, the offenders mostly reside on the
southeast of the city. Urban land-use and the social-economic
properties of the districts are effective in this distribution, In
addition to this, income differences and worthwhile targets
between the districts are caused the urban crime journey. Truly, as
well as their own districts, the offenders commit crimes on the
north parts of the city which targets are wealthy,
(4.4%), İzmir (3.3%), Konya (2.8%) ve Adana (2.6%) in 2015. Generally, the share of the provinces which birth rates and growth rate of the population are high is
more than other provinces. The migrations have been also effective in residential rate in other provinces of population. In 1950, a large proportion of Turkey’s population was resided in the birthplace. Because, the migrations were not high in this period. In 2015, the residential rate in other provinces of population has increased in all provinces. Also, the difference between the provinces has increased. The higher residantel rates of outside of birth province were East Black Sea and Thrace in 1950. It has seen the highest rates especially in the provinces of eastern of Central Anatolia (Upper and Middle Kızılırmak Departments), Eastern Anatolia and Black Sea Regions in 2015. Really, in these provinces, the more than 60% of the population birth in this provinces has lived in another provinces. Because, it has migrated
too much from these provinces to others. When the population birth in provinces compared with the total population of the provinces, it has observed difference
between 1950 and 2015. While there wasn’t much difference between provinces in 1950, the difference increased in 2015. Generally, the total population of the provinces has higher than provincial births in provinces which migration is less. Despite that, the population birth in provinces has higher than total population of the
provinces which the migration is high.
Abstract
Today, the tourism has become a important industry. Certainly, the most important international actors af this industry are tour operators. The tour operators which realize about 75 percent of the total tourism activity to Turkey have taken a very important mission from the point of Turkey tourism.
ABSTRACT Tourism, today is an important economic tool, may have be positive effects besides the negative consequences. One of these positive effects is contribution to the development of traditional handcrafts. Although there are many examples, tourism has played an important role in the development of stone art in Midyat. Indeed, developing tourism in and around Mardin in recent decades has created an awareness and consciousness on the preservation and development of local architectural style. Thus, the restoration of traditional houses in the region have increased. Also in the construction of some of the new accommodation facilities and residences has provided the use of local stone. This has developed stone workshop in terms of numbers and amount of production. Indeed, the number of workshops in Midyat, constantly increasing,
ABSTRACT
In this study, it has been examined the province’s population according to birthplace between the years of 1950-2000. Structures of those population groups are formed as a consequence of immigrations. Accordingly, in the provinces where immigration is received in high rates, share of populations who were born in the province where the census is conducted. This share is observed to be lower in western regions and higher in Black Sea region during this period. In particular, low rates appear in Central Anatolia Region, Aegean Region and Thrace. Furthermore, we can say that there is not a big difference among provinces in general in 1950. In year 2000, the high rate structure on Aegean Region coast line spread to the south and the provinces on
Mediterranean coast. A prominent point in the structure of population that was born outside the province they live is the low shares in year 1950. Shares in Southeast Anatolia, Black Sea and Central Anatolia Regions
have low values due to low rates of incoming immigration. In year 1950, number of the provinces having shares over 10% were only nine whereas
it varied completely in year 2000 and majority of the provinces achieved shares exceeding 10%. It is observed significant changes in count and share of those who were born in foreign country within total population.
We can even state that share of populations who were born in foreign country in province populations decreased below 5% in general. Another change is that increase of the share in some provinces on the contrary to others. These provinces where the share significantly increased are Antalya, Muğla, and Yalova and Sakarya.
Bu çalımada Mardin ilinin verdii göçün akım yönü ve illerdeki Mardin kökenlilerde
illerin payındaki deiim ele alınmıtır. Sosyo-ekonomik göstergeler nedeniyle Mardin ili sürekli
olarak aldıından daha fazla göç veren bir il durumundadır. Güvenlik nedeniyle 1990’lı yıllarda
göçlerde bir artı görülmektedir. Göçün miktarı gibi, akım yönünde de bu dönemden itibaren önemli
deimeler olmutur. Örnein 1975-1980 döneminde ilden verilen göçte illerin payında sıralama
zmir (%15.1), stanbul (%13.2), Diyarbakır (%12.8), Adana (%9.6), Siirt (%7.9), Hatay (% 4.5), çel
(%4.4) eklinde iken, 2009-2010 döneminde ise sıralama deimi ve stanbul (%26.6), Adana (%10.4),
zmir (%9.0), Diyarbakır (%5.9), Mersin (%5.0), Ankara (%4.4), anlıurfa (%3.3) ve Batman (%3.3)
eklinde olmutur. Buna göre Mardin ilinden verilen ilk göç dalgalarını alan zmir, Manisa ve Hatay
gibi iller günümüzde önemini kaybetmi, bunların yerine stanbul, Adana, Mersin ve Gaziantep gibi
iller ön plana çıkmıtır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Mardin, Göç, Göç Akım Yönü.
Abstract
In this paper, it is aimed to investigate the changes in the direction of migration from
Mardin province and Mardin origin population residing in provinces. First, Mardin province
continuously has given migration more from take because of demographic and economic indicators.
For security reasons, in 1990’s, it has been seen an increase in migration. Besides the amount of
migration, the direction of migration has changed also. For example, in period of 1975-1980, while the
ranking of the provinces in migration from Mardin was zmir (15.1%), stanbul (13.2%), Diyarbakır
(12.8%), Adana (9.8%), Siirt (7.9%), Hatay (4.5%) and çel (4.4%), the ranking has changed as stanbul
(26.6%), Adana (10.4%), zmir (9.0%), Diyarbakır (5.9%), Mersin (5.0%), Ankara (4.4%), anlıurfa
(3.3%) and Batman (3.3%) in period of 2009-2010. According to this result, zmir, Manisa and Hatay
getting the first waves of immigration from Mardin province have lost importance today and
stanbul, Adana, Mersin and Gaziantep have become important instead of them.
Keywords: Mardin, Migration, Direction of Migration.
The annual growth rate of population birthplace in same province has been less than Turkey’s annual growth rate. For example, between 1935-2000, While the annual growth rate of Turkey has increased by 18.3‰, the persons birthplace in same province has increased by 13.3‰. The share in total population has decreased from %86.9 to 70.8% between 1935-2000. Whereas, the annual growth rate of population birthplace in other provinces has been quite higher than population birthplace in same province and the total population of Turkey. For example, in the period between 1980-2000, while the population of Turkey increased around 20‰, the growth rate of the population birthplace in other provinces exceeded 40‰. The share in the Turkey’s population increased from 7.1% to 27.3%. However, the population birthplace in foreign countries has developed depending on social, political and economic factors. The share of persons birthplace in foreign countries in total population of Turkey declined from 6.0% to 1.9%.
There are also differences between regions. In the context the persons birthplace in same province, the regions which population increased the most have been Mediterranean, Southeast Anatolia and Marmara regions. Also, the population birthplace in other provinces most increased in Mediterranean and Aegean regions. The Mediterranean region is important in the rate of change of the persons birthplace in foreign countries between 1932-2000. When it has examined annual growth rate, significant differences have observed. Marmara region is important in the annual growth rate of persons birthplace in same province and Mediterranean region in the persons birthplace in other provinces. On the other hand, in terms of annual growth rate of the persons birthplace in foreign countries, the most important region is Mediterranean region. The share of population by birthplace in the total Turkey’s population also has showed important differences. The highest rates in persons birthplace in same province have seen in the Southeastern Anatolia, Black Sea and Eastern Anatolia regions. In contrast, the highest share of persons birthplace in other provinces belogns to the Marmara region. The highest share of foreign population in the total population of the region is in Marmara and Mediterranean regions.
Pumice stone has been used for various purposes since a long time. Van Lake Basin is one of the region that pumice is use first. Pumice was used as isolation material in the period of Urartu (900 BC-600 BC). Pumice, was used as insulation material in buildings, especially in the roof. At the same time it was used in order to prevent deterioration of stored food. From Urartu until today, pumice has been used as isolation material in region. Today, in the west of Van Lake Basin, especially between Ahlat and Tatvan pumice is still being used as isolation material in roof of the houses.
Pumice reserves overspread a large area between Tatvan and Ahlat in the west of Van Lake Basin. Pumice reserves in this area are 1.1 billion m³. These reserves constitute approximately 45% of Turkey pumice reserves. However, pumice production in the region is only 18% of Turkey production. Hence, contribution of the region to the economi is low. The factors affecting this situatio are unsuitable climatic factor of region, poorly transport conditions (road transport increases cost), undeveloped stone-soil based industrials and market problems. Because of all this factors, the expected contribution to the economy of region is very low.
Previously pumice used only in the production of briquettes which is construction material of the houses. But in recent years, it began to be used in various fields such as agriculture, pharmaceuticals, textiles, detergents, paints, coatings, and filtration. Pumice is becoming increasingly important especially in arid regions. Because when it is mixed to agricultural soil,thanks to its porosity, pumice can keep the water. Therefore, in this study, it is discussed economic potential, usage areas and contribute to the local economy of pumice in the west of Van Lake Basin.
According to data from Turkey Statistical Institute, in 2011, the number of villages in the province of Bitlis are 347. 49% (169 villages) of these village settlements were named from natural environment properties, 20% (69 villages) from economic geography properties and 16% (57 villages) from human geography properties. 15% (52 villages) of villages took their names from adjective, goods and other factors unknown of meaning. 35% of villages in the category of natural environment features took the names from geomorphological factors such as mountain, hill, rock, plain and valley, 25% from hydrographic sources, 21% from biogeography and 18% from lithology and characteristics of the soil. Two villages (1%) took the names from climatic factors, too. 61% of villages in the category of human environment features are named according to the names of family and individuals and 35% according to structure of the settlement. Also, 4% (2 villages) of villages in this category were named from military building. 44% of villages in the category of economic activities took their names from agricultural activities, 23% from livestock activities, 22% from transportation activities, 10% from industrial activities and 1% from mining activities.
On the other hand, different situations have been observed in classification of the old names of villages. In this classification, the most important factor is the natural environment features. 40% of village settlements in Bitlis province obtained their names by being inspired from natural environment factors such as topography, lithology, soils, hydrography, biogeography, climate. The rate of villages named from human environment and from economic activities are 35% and 11%. Furthermore, 14% of the old names of villages settlements obtained names by being inspired from adjective, goods and other factors.
As a result, the former names of villages of Bitlis province have reflected the geographical environment factors more than new names. Also, geomorphological elements such as mountains, valleys, slopes, plains and hydrographic features such as rivers, lakes, resources have been determining factors in the naming both old and new names. Thus, in naming both old and new names of villages, the features of natural environment has been widely used.
Also, It should be noted that the majority of the names of the villages in the province was changed between the years 1957-1978. Almost half of the village settlements obtained their new names by being inspired from natural environment properties. As a result of this change, only 21 of the new names are consistent with old names in meaning. The rate of these villages is 6%.
Bitlis ili Türkiye'nin Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi'nde yer almaktadır. Bitlis, fizikî coğrafya özellikleri bakımından incelendiğinde, il sınırları içinde birbirinden vadi ve oluklarla ayrılmış bir çok dağ sırasının yer aldığı görülecektir. Bu vadilerin çoğuna bir akarsu yerleşmiştir. İl sınırları içinde özellikle kuzey kesimlerinde irili ufaklı bir çok volkanik kütle bulunmaktadır.Bölgede hakim olan karasal iklim, Bitlis'te de görülmektedir. İlin doğal bitki örtüsü, güneyde meşe ormanları ve kuzeyde bozkırlardır. İlde volkanik topraklar geniş bir alan kaplamaktadır.
Bitlis, bölgenin genel karakterine uygun olarak göç veren bir ildir. Tarıma elverişli alanların yetersiz olmasına rağmen, halkın temel geçim kaynağını tarım ve hayvancılık oluşturmaktadır. Topografik ve klimatik şartlar nedeniyle yük ve yolcu taşımacılığında birçok zorluklarla karşılaşılmaktadır. Ayrıca Bitlis, özellikle İran'la yapılan ticarette önemli yollar üzerinde yer almaktadır.
İncelenen 40 türkü içinde beşerî ortamı anlatan ifadeler toplam içinde % 51.02, doğal ortam hakkında bilgi veren ifadeler %33.33, ekonomik faaliyet ve karşılaşılan zorlukları anlatan ifadeler ise %15,65'lik bir paya sahiptir. Bu durum Bitlis ilinin sahip olduğu beşerî ortam özelliklerinin türkülerde daha fazla yer aldığını göstermektedir. Beşerî özelliklerin ilk sırada yer almasında şüphesiz ki, türkülerin büyük çoğunlukla sevgili için söylenmiş olması ve dolayısıyla sevgiliye, yaşadığı yere ve giydiği kıyafetlere duyulan sevginin türkülerde doğal olarak yer alması önemli bir neden olmuştur.
İlin sahip olduğu zorlu doğal ortam şartları da türkülerde önemli bir oranda yer almıştır. Aynı şekilde doğal ortamın güzellikleri de türkülerde yer bulmuştur. İnsanoğlu yaşamış olduğu doğal ortamla her zaman için etkileşim içindedir. Bu nedenle insanlar doğal ortamdan olumlu yönde etkilenebildiği gibi olumsuz yönde de etkilenebilmektedir. Bu etkileşim doğal olarak Bitlis türkülerinde de ortaya çıkmaktadır. Dağlık, akarsuların bol olduğu, gür bitki örtüsüne sahip ve özellikle kış mevsiminin çetin geçtiği bir ortamda yaşayan insanların türkülerinde, bu ortamın etkisinin görülmesinden daha doğal bir şey olamaz. Bu nedenle karşılaşılan zorluklar ve doğal ortam güzellikleri de türkülere yansımıştır. Yukarıda da bahsedildiği gibi sevgiliye söylenen türkülerde, sevgiliden uzak kalma veya sevgiliye kavuşamama, çoğu zaman doğal ortam özelliklerinin getirmiş olduğu güçlüklere bağlanmış, bu durum ilin hidrografik, flora-fauna ve topografik özelliklerini yansıtan ifadelerle belirtilmiştir.
Bitlis ilinin sahip olduğu topografik ve klimatik özellikler, doğal olarak ekonomik faaliyetler üzerinde de önemli bir rol oynamıştır. İl sınırları içinde yaşayan halkın en önemli geçim kaynağı tarım ve hayvancılıktır. Tarımsal faaliyete uygun alanların az oluşuna rağmen, tarımsal faaliyetlerin halkın temel geçim kaynaklarının başında yer alması bu faaliyetin önemini arttırmıştır. Yine jeolojik etkenlerle volkanik toprakların geniş bir alan kaplaması, elde edilen ürünlerin kalitesini ve verimini arttırmış, tarımsal faaliyetin halk için önemli bir ekonomik değere sahip olmasına neden olmuştur. Bu nedenle tarımsal faaliyetler türkülerde işlenen konulardan biri olmuştur. Özellikle tarih boyunca yaygın olarak yapılan bağcılık faaliyeti, türkülerde en çok rastlanan ekonomik faaliyet olmuştur. Topografik ve klimatik şartların ortak bir sonucu olarak özellikle ulaşım faaliyetleri olumsuz yönde etkilenmiştir. Bitlis ilinin güney kesimlerinin yüksek dağlık bir alana sahip olması ve bu kesimde yer alan dağların doğu-batı yönünde uzanması, kuzey-güney yönündeki yük ve yolcu ulaşımını güçleştirmiştir. Bu durum aynı zamanda sosyal ilişkileri de olumsuz yönde etkilemiş, karşılaşılan zorluklar türkülerde ifade edilmiştir. Yine bu durum türkülerde sevgiliye kavuşamamanın bir nedeni olarak da yer almıştır. Ayrıca Bitlis, tarih boyunca Anadolu ile İran arasında yapılan ticarette önemli bir konuma sahip olmuştur. İlin kuzey, güney ve batısından gelen yolların il sınırları içinde birbirine bağlanması, ulaşım açısından stratejik bir öneme sahip olmasına yol açmış ve bu durum da türkülere konu edilmiştir.
ABSTRACT
Bitlis province is located in Eastern Anatolian Region of Turkey. In terms of features of physical geography, a lot of mountain ranges is located in the province. These mountain ranges separated by valleys coming one after another. Most of these valleys settled by a lot of rivers. In addition, there are many large and small volcanic masses in the northern part of the province. Continental climate that dominating the region is seen in Bitlis. The natural vegetation of the province is oak forests (in the south parts) and steppes (in the northern parts and valley floors). Volcanic soils cover a large area in the territory of the province.
Bitlis, in accordance with the general character of the region, is a emigration province. Although lands suitable for agriculture are less, people's basic sources of livelihood are agriculture and livestock breeding. Due to topographic and climatic conditions, freight and passenger transportation have a lot of difficulties. Also, Bitlis is located along the roads have major importance, especially in trade with Iran.
To demonstrate the effect of geographic environment on the folk songs of Bitlis, 40 folk songs were investigated. As a result of the research 147 geographical expressions have been identified. In these folk songs, statements regarding the human environment 51.02%, physical environment 33.33%, economic environment 15.65% percent of the total geographic expression. Because of the folk songs have been written for beloved, it can be seen a lot of evidence about human geography characteristics in the Bitlis folk songs, especially name of
beloved,where she/he live in and her/his clothes.
Challenging physical geographic conditions of Bitlis province are included a significant proportion in
the folk songs. The same way beauty of the natural environment takes part in the folk songs. Mankind has
always been in interacting with physical geographic conditions of where they live in. This interaction, effects
people positively or negatively, can be seen in the Bitlis folk songs. There is nothing more natural than the seeing of the effect of this environment which has mountains, plenty of rivers, lush vegetation and harsh winter, on the Bitlis folk songs. For that reason, it can be seen mountain names like “Süphan”, “Nemrut”, river names
such as “Bitlis Çayı”, “Ava Vakfe”, some terms express hursh winter conditions such as “cold” “very cold”,
“jack frost”, “snow”, in the folk songs of Bitlis province.
Topographic and climatic features of the Bitlis province, naturally, have played an important role on economic activities. The most important source of livelihood of the people who live in the province is agriculture and livestock. Fact that lands suitable for agricultural activities are less, the importance of this activity has a high range due to people’s main source of income is agriculture. However, volcanic soils covering wide area has increased quality and fertility of production. For these reasons, agricultural activities are significant subject in the folk songs as a economic value. In this activities, especially vine cultivation which has commonly done since ancient time, is an important subject in folk songs. As a result of topographic and climatic conditions, transportation activities has effected negatively. Especially mountains extending east-west direction in the high mountainous southern of province, has a negative impact on freight and passenger transportation in the direction of north-south. These conditions has also negative impact on social relationships and as a result transportation difficulties have been expressed in folk songs. This situation has also taken place as a reason of not to reaching to beloved in folk songs. In addition, Bitlis province has had an important position in the trade of Anatolia with Iran throughout the history. Bitlis province is the interconnection area of the roads coming from the provinces around. For that reason this province has had a strategic importance throughout of the history. This strategic importance and difficulties in transportation has been a significant subject in the folk songs of Bitlis, for example “twisted roads of Bitlis...” “Rahva road is impassable...”, “Snowy mountains of Bitlis are impassable...”, “Your road towards to Iran...” etc.