Phone: +358 9 191 23737 Address: Erik Castren Institute for International Law
P.O. Box 4 (Yliopistonkatu 3), Room 637
00014 University of Helsinki
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This is the first comprehensive volume to compare the sociolinguistic situations of minorities in... more This is the first comprehensive volume to compare the sociolinguistic situations of minorities in Russia and in Western Europe. As such, it provides insight into language policies, the ethnolinguistic vitality and the struggle for reversal of language shift, language revitalization and empowerment of minorities in Russia and the European Union. The volume shows that, even though largely unknown to a broader English-reading audience, the linguistic composition of Russia is by no means less diverse than multilingualism in the EU. It is therefore a valuable introduction into the historical backgrounds and current linguistic, social and legal affairs with regard to Russia’s manifold ethnic and linguistic minorities, mirrored on the discussion of recent issues in a number of well-known Western European minority situations.
Content Level » Research
Keywords » Aboriginal culture in Northern Russia - Basque language - Finnic minorities of Ingria - Frisian - Global biodiversity in the early 21st century - Global extinction of languages - Languages in the Russian Federation - Latgalian - Linguistic Rights of National Groups - Minority languages and cultures - Scottish Gaelic - Sociolinguistic ethnolinguistic variation - Sorbian languages in Germany - Sámi languages in Finland - languages in Mari El - languages in Udmurtia - linguistic and cultural diversity - minority language speakers - revitalization of endangered languages - saami languages
Linguistic autonomy, assured internationally to ethnic minorities, has succeeded, above all, in E... more Linguistic autonomy, assured internationally to ethnic minorities, has succeeded, above all, in Europe, yet is nowhere near passing its acid test in other parts of the world. Examples show that it is not only a question of linguistic autonomy, but of ethnic and religious conflicts, which are simmering in the foreground. Hence, there are reasons for doubting whether international agreements designed to guarantee linguistic autonomy can solve these conflicts. The protection of indigenous languages is justified largely by the principle of diversity and is derived from ecological principles. However, only people who wish to take advantage of their rights will succeed in safeguarding these rights. A language that nobody speaks or wants to speak will die. Biologists have convinced us that biodiversity preserves the balance of life on earth, cultural theoreticians however have yet to deliver evidence to this effect. Global migration has now created further problems for language regimes in many different countries. These global migration processes are creating linguistically heterogeneous populations in many countries for which the law has not created appropriate language regimes. Global communication obeys rules that differ greatly from the methods used in teaching foreign languages at school. The English used in global communication is not the “academic English” that is taught at school, but something very different: a language that has evolved within the context of global communication. This development allows people to create languages flexibly and inventively. It cannot, however, be grasped with the existing conception of language rights. Language rights have appeared so far in two different forms, namely: as the legal basis of self-government, and as the legal basis of individual human rights. Considering the challenges by global migration and communication, far too much is expected of the first of the two aspects and that it is, therefore, unsuitable for solving the problems. Universally valid individual human rights definitely contain the potential for supporting what is an essential revision of language rights.
The United Nations General Assembly adopted a Decade for Human Rights Education which started in ... more The United Nations General Assembly adopted a Decade for Human Rights Education which started in 1995 and lasted until 2004. With a resolution UN member states not only assured the adoption of the relevant human rights documents, but also to start educating their populations about the rights which every human being has simply through their humanity. This volume gives insights into the analysis of human rights education efforts, programmes, school curricula development and case studies in different European countries during the period of the UN Decade. Authors from different academic disciplines, various international organisations, and European NGOs focus on the consequences of human rights education on the life of vulnerable groups, in this case on ethnic and national minorities in Europe.
Contents: Elena Ippoliti: Human Rights Education: Global Initiatives at the United Nations - Claudia Mahler/Anja Mihr/Reetta Toivanen: The UN Decade for Human Rights Education 1995-2004 and its Contribution to the Furtherance of the Rights of National Minorities in Europe - Paul Martin: Human Rights and the Academy - Audrey Osler: Human Rights Education and Education for Democratic Citizenship: Competing or Complimentary Agendas? - Carolyn Kissane: Turning Walls into Doors: Challenges and Opportunities for Human Rights Education - Sia Spiliopoulou Åkermark: Education and Human Rights - Kind Intentions and Brutal Realities - Anja Mihr: The State, Politics and Human Rights Education During the UN Decade for Human Rights Education. The Case of Spain and Armenia - Sulev Valdmaa: Educating Citizens for Democracy - Changes in the Estonian Education System - Theresa Khorozyan: Democratic Reforms and Human Rights Education: Are the Education Reforms Directed to Shape New Democratic Political Culture in Armenia? - Reetta Toivanen: Sustainability of Human Rights and Minority Education - Theodore S. Orlin: Human Rights Law as a Paradigm for the Protection and Advancement of Minority Education in Europe - Inken Stern/Jana Luptáková: Human Rights Education and Roma in Slovakia - Claudia Mahler: Is Human Rights Education a Means of Supporting Minorities?
Europäische Minderheitenbewegungen scheinen gegenwärtig politisch stärker als je zuvor zu sein. D... more Europäische Minderheitenbewegungen scheinen gegenwärtig politisch stärker als je zuvor zu sein. Das vorliegende Buch geht der Frage nach, welche Kräfte und Ressourcen Saamen und Sorben als kleinen ethnischen Minderheitengruppen für eine Mobilisierung zur Verfügung stehen. Grundlage ist dabei die Kombination der Auswertung von Feldforschungsmaterial (darunter ca. 60 Interviews mit Aktivisten und Minderheitenvertretern) mit der Analyse des politisch-juristischen Kontextes. Zum einen werden das Selbstbild und die politischen sowie die kulturellen Forderungen und Vorstellungen von Sorben in Deutschland und Saamen in Finnland nachgezeichnet. Zum anderen geht es darum, den rechtlich institutionalisierten Minderheitenschutz als identitätsstiftenden politischen "Hebel" zu begreifen. Kulturelle Rechte, wie sie in den internationalen Menschenrechts- und Minderheitenschutzbestimmungen formuliert sind, spielen für das Selbstverständnis der sorbischen und saamischen Minderheitenorganisationen eine außerordentlich wichtige Rolle. Das internationalen Minderheitenschutzbestimmungen zugrundeliegende Postulat, Minderheiten seien quasi "natürliche" Gruppen, führt dazu, daß diese - um Schutz beanspruchen zu können - auch tatsächlich zu solchen werden bzw. als solche auftreten. Dabei greifen die Aktivisten notwendigerweise auf Vokabular und Grammatik des Nationalismus zurück.
Page 215. Chapter 10 Walking the Line between the War on Terror"... more Page 215. Chapter 10 Walking the Line between the War on Terror" and the Defense of Human Rights Reetta Toivtmen Those who would give up essential liberty to purchase a little temporary safety deserve neither liberty nor safety. ...
... Ursprünglich eine Institution für internationale Wahlbeobachtung. Einhaltung der OSZE-Verpfli... more ... Ursprünglich eine Institution für internationale Wahlbeobachtung. Einhaltung der OSZE-Verpflichtungen aus Korb III. ... Probleme Russland missfällt die aktuelle Entwicklung des Aufgaben-und Handlungsbereiches der OSZE. ...
... Universalismin odote-taan edustavan yleismaailmallisia arvoja ja sitä edustavat tässä asetelm... more ... Universalismin odote-taan edustavan yleismaailmallisia arvoja ja sitä edustavat tässä asetelmassa yleiset ihmisoike-udet. ... Teoksessa Martin Scheinin & Reetta Toivanen (eds.) Rethinking Non-discrimination and Mi-nority Rights. ...
This paper looks at the macroeconomic performance of EMU since it started in 1999. It argues that... more This paper looks at the macroeconomic performance of EMU since it started in 1999. It argues that Euroland has benefited from a benign environment, appropriate monetary policy and structural reforms. However, there is no institution clearly in charge of formulating coherent economic policies in Euroland and this is reflected in the euro's external value. The paper then evaluates the need for policy coordination, distinguishing between weak and strong forms of coordination failure. It shows that intergovernmental coordination may be an answer to the latter, pareto-improving multiple equilibria. However, overcoming weak coordination failure requires further policy delegation to the EU level, particularly for the definition of an aggregate fiscal policy stance. Yet, this is only possible if the democratic deficit resulting from intergovernmental cooperation is closed by a European-wide policy consensus. To achieve this should be the objective of a European constitution.
Cultural minorities are in growing numbers making rights claims in national and international for... more Cultural minorities are in growing numbers making rights claims in national and international fora. This paper is poring over the aspects of identity that are used to justify such claims. I will ask what kind of identities can "survive". How must a group formulate its identity claim in order to have access to "cultural survival"? Working with Sami people who form the only European indigenous group, and with the Sorbian minority in Eastern Germany, I realized that international minority rights are not only protecting minorities form state oppression. These rights also define and co-determine which identity claims are possible. This paper focuses on the question posed by minority activists: How can my people survive? My research points out that the activists tend to look for answers in a nationalistic, ethnic-oriented discourse that idealizes homogeneity and authenticity of nations. The activists explain their internal nationalization policies with arguments which ...
in: Heiko Marten, Michael Riessler, Janne Saarikivi and Reetta Toivanen (eds.) Cultural and lingu... more in: Heiko Marten, Michael Riessler, Janne Saarikivi and Reetta Toivanen (eds.) Cultural and linguistic minorities in the Russian Federation and the European Union, Springer Language Education and Linguistics, 2015, 95-121.
Cultural and Linguistic Minorities in the Russian Federation and the European Union, edited by Heiko F. Marten, Michael Riessler, Janne Saarikivi and Reetta Toivanen, Jan 1, 2015
The languages of the world represent a complex diversity that reflects human culture, thought, me... more The languages of the world represent a complex diversity that reflects human culture, thought, mentality and history in a variety of ways. Generally, linguistics, anthropology, social sciences and law have treated languages as more or less closed systems. At the same time, scholars have been interested in the variation in language and the linguistic behavior of the people that speak particular languages. Some scholars have postulated that all languages are “invented” and questioned the very existence of languages, speech communities and ethnolinguistic groups. This article argues that denying the existence of a particular language may also represent denying the identity of members of minority communities, many of which fight for recognition as an independent ethnic and linguistic identity and stresses that in order to understand the processes leading to language attrition and loss of minority linguistic heritage, one has to create theoretical models that join the perspectives of contact linguistics and variation studies with a framework of careful ethnographic study of social identity and status position and critical research into power relations in a context of changing language use.
published in Sokszínű nyelvészet : Nyelvi sokszínűség a 21. század elején, ed by Annamária Gróf, ... more published in Sokszínű nyelvészet : Nyelvi sokszínűség a 21. század elején, ed by Annamária Gróf, Ildikó CSÁSZI, Szilvia SZOTÁK. Budapest: Alsóőr/Unterwart. 2014
Artikkeli on julkaistu Futura 4/2014, s. 6-17. Pohdin tässä artikkelissa vähemmistöjen oikeuksia ... more Artikkeli on julkaistu Futura 4/2014, s. 6-17. Pohdin tässä artikkelissa vähemmistöjen oikeuksia ja niiden toteutumista Suomessa. Esitän aluksi sekä myönteisen että uhkakuvan saamelaisten ja romanien tilanteesta vuonna 2050. Totean lopuksi, että tarvitaan vielä paljon työtä sekä valtakulttuurin että vähemmistöjen itsensä parissa, jotta yhdenvertaisuus Suomessa toteutuu.
This is the first comprehensive volume to compare the sociolinguistic situations of minorities in... more This is the first comprehensive volume to compare the sociolinguistic situations of minorities in Russia and in Western Europe. As such, it provides insight into language policies, the ethnolinguistic vitality and the struggle for reversal of language shift, language revitalization and empowerment of minorities in Russia and the European Union. The volume shows that, even though largely unknown to a broader English-reading audience, the linguistic composition of Russia is by no means less diverse than multilingualism in the EU. It is therefore a valuable introduction into the historical backgrounds and current linguistic, social and legal affairs with regard to Russia’s manifold ethnic and linguistic minorities, mirrored on the discussion of recent issues in a number of well-known Western European minority situations.
Content Level » Research
Keywords » Aboriginal culture in Northern Russia - Basque language - Finnic minorities of Ingria - Frisian - Global biodiversity in the early 21st century - Global extinction of languages - Languages in the Russian Federation - Latgalian - Linguistic Rights of National Groups - Minority languages and cultures - Scottish Gaelic - Sociolinguistic ethnolinguistic variation - Sorbian languages in Germany - Sámi languages in Finland - languages in Mari El - languages in Udmurtia - linguistic and cultural diversity - minority language speakers - revitalization of endangered languages - saami languages
Linguistic autonomy, assured internationally to ethnic minorities, has succeeded, above all, in E... more Linguistic autonomy, assured internationally to ethnic minorities, has succeeded, above all, in Europe, yet is nowhere near passing its acid test in other parts of the world. Examples show that it is not only a question of linguistic autonomy, but of ethnic and religious conflicts, which are simmering in the foreground. Hence, there are reasons for doubting whether international agreements designed to guarantee linguistic autonomy can solve these conflicts. The protection of indigenous languages is justified largely by the principle of diversity and is derived from ecological principles. However, only people who wish to take advantage of their rights will succeed in safeguarding these rights. A language that nobody speaks or wants to speak will die. Biologists have convinced us that biodiversity preserves the balance of life on earth, cultural theoreticians however have yet to deliver evidence to this effect. Global migration has now created further problems for language regimes in many different countries. These global migration processes are creating linguistically heterogeneous populations in many countries for which the law has not created appropriate language regimes. Global communication obeys rules that differ greatly from the methods used in teaching foreign languages at school. The English used in global communication is not the “academic English” that is taught at school, but something very different: a language that has evolved within the context of global communication. This development allows people to create languages flexibly and inventively. It cannot, however, be grasped with the existing conception of language rights. Language rights have appeared so far in two different forms, namely: as the legal basis of self-government, and as the legal basis of individual human rights. Considering the challenges by global migration and communication, far too much is expected of the first of the two aspects and that it is, therefore, unsuitable for solving the problems. Universally valid individual human rights definitely contain the potential for supporting what is an essential revision of language rights.
The United Nations General Assembly adopted a Decade for Human Rights Education which started in ... more The United Nations General Assembly adopted a Decade for Human Rights Education which started in 1995 and lasted until 2004. With a resolution UN member states not only assured the adoption of the relevant human rights documents, but also to start educating their populations about the rights which every human being has simply through their humanity. This volume gives insights into the analysis of human rights education efforts, programmes, school curricula development and case studies in different European countries during the period of the UN Decade. Authors from different academic disciplines, various international organisations, and European NGOs focus on the consequences of human rights education on the life of vulnerable groups, in this case on ethnic and national minorities in Europe.
Contents: Elena Ippoliti: Human Rights Education: Global Initiatives at the United Nations - Claudia Mahler/Anja Mihr/Reetta Toivanen: The UN Decade for Human Rights Education 1995-2004 and its Contribution to the Furtherance of the Rights of National Minorities in Europe - Paul Martin: Human Rights and the Academy - Audrey Osler: Human Rights Education and Education for Democratic Citizenship: Competing or Complimentary Agendas? - Carolyn Kissane: Turning Walls into Doors: Challenges and Opportunities for Human Rights Education - Sia Spiliopoulou Åkermark: Education and Human Rights - Kind Intentions and Brutal Realities - Anja Mihr: The State, Politics and Human Rights Education During the UN Decade for Human Rights Education. The Case of Spain and Armenia - Sulev Valdmaa: Educating Citizens for Democracy - Changes in the Estonian Education System - Theresa Khorozyan: Democratic Reforms and Human Rights Education: Are the Education Reforms Directed to Shape New Democratic Political Culture in Armenia? - Reetta Toivanen: Sustainability of Human Rights and Minority Education - Theodore S. Orlin: Human Rights Law as a Paradigm for the Protection and Advancement of Minority Education in Europe - Inken Stern/Jana Luptáková: Human Rights Education and Roma in Slovakia - Claudia Mahler: Is Human Rights Education a Means of Supporting Minorities?
Europäische Minderheitenbewegungen scheinen gegenwärtig politisch stärker als je zuvor zu sein. D... more Europäische Minderheitenbewegungen scheinen gegenwärtig politisch stärker als je zuvor zu sein. Das vorliegende Buch geht der Frage nach, welche Kräfte und Ressourcen Saamen und Sorben als kleinen ethnischen Minderheitengruppen für eine Mobilisierung zur Verfügung stehen. Grundlage ist dabei die Kombination der Auswertung von Feldforschungsmaterial (darunter ca. 60 Interviews mit Aktivisten und Minderheitenvertretern) mit der Analyse des politisch-juristischen Kontextes. Zum einen werden das Selbstbild und die politischen sowie die kulturellen Forderungen und Vorstellungen von Sorben in Deutschland und Saamen in Finnland nachgezeichnet. Zum anderen geht es darum, den rechtlich institutionalisierten Minderheitenschutz als identitätsstiftenden politischen "Hebel" zu begreifen. Kulturelle Rechte, wie sie in den internationalen Menschenrechts- und Minderheitenschutzbestimmungen formuliert sind, spielen für das Selbstverständnis der sorbischen und saamischen Minderheitenorganisationen eine außerordentlich wichtige Rolle. Das internationalen Minderheitenschutzbestimmungen zugrundeliegende Postulat, Minderheiten seien quasi "natürliche" Gruppen, führt dazu, daß diese - um Schutz beanspruchen zu können - auch tatsächlich zu solchen werden bzw. als solche auftreten. Dabei greifen die Aktivisten notwendigerweise auf Vokabular und Grammatik des Nationalismus zurück.
Page 215. Chapter 10 Walking the Line between the War on Terror"... more Page 215. Chapter 10 Walking the Line between the War on Terror" and the Defense of Human Rights Reetta Toivtmen Those who would give up essential liberty to purchase a little temporary safety deserve neither liberty nor safety. ...
... Ursprünglich eine Institution für internationale Wahlbeobachtung. Einhaltung der OSZE-Verpfli... more ... Ursprünglich eine Institution für internationale Wahlbeobachtung. Einhaltung der OSZE-Verpflichtungen aus Korb III. ... Probleme Russland missfällt die aktuelle Entwicklung des Aufgaben-und Handlungsbereiches der OSZE. ...
... Universalismin odote-taan edustavan yleismaailmallisia arvoja ja sitä edustavat tässä asetelm... more ... Universalismin odote-taan edustavan yleismaailmallisia arvoja ja sitä edustavat tässä asetelmassa yleiset ihmisoike-udet. ... Teoksessa Martin Scheinin & Reetta Toivanen (eds.) Rethinking Non-discrimination and Mi-nority Rights. ...
This paper looks at the macroeconomic performance of EMU since it started in 1999. It argues that... more This paper looks at the macroeconomic performance of EMU since it started in 1999. It argues that Euroland has benefited from a benign environment, appropriate monetary policy and structural reforms. However, there is no institution clearly in charge of formulating coherent economic policies in Euroland and this is reflected in the euro's external value. The paper then evaluates the need for policy coordination, distinguishing between weak and strong forms of coordination failure. It shows that intergovernmental coordination may be an answer to the latter, pareto-improving multiple equilibria. However, overcoming weak coordination failure requires further policy delegation to the EU level, particularly for the definition of an aggregate fiscal policy stance. Yet, this is only possible if the democratic deficit resulting from intergovernmental cooperation is closed by a European-wide policy consensus. To achieve this should be the objective of a European constitution.
Cultural minorities are in growing numbers making rights claims in national and international for... more Cultural minorities are in growing numbers making rights claims in national and international fora. This paper is poring over the aspects of identity that are used to justify such claims. I will ask what kind of identities can "survive". How must a group formulate its identity claim in order to have access to "cultural survival"? Working with Sami people who form the only European indigenous group, and with the Sorbian minority in Eastern Germany, I realized that international minority rights are not only protecting minorities form state oppression. These rights also define and co-determine which identity claims are possible. This paper focuses on the question posed by minority activists: How can my people survive? My research points out that the activists tend to look for answers in a nationalistic, ethnic-oriented discourse that idealizes homogeneity and authenticity of nations. The activists explain their internal nationalization policies with arguments which ...
in: Heiko Marten, Michael Riessler, Janne Saarikivi and Reetta Toivanen (eds.) Cultural and lingu... more in: Heiko Marten, Michael Riessler, Janne Saarikivi and Reetta Toivanen (eds.) Cultural and linguistic minorities in the Russian Federation and the European Union, Springer Language Education and Linguistics, 2015, 95-121.
Cultural and Linguistic Minorities in the Russian Federation and the European Union, edited by Heiko F. Marten, Michael Riessler, Janne Saarikivi and Reetta Toivanen, Jan 1, 2015
The languages of the world represent a complex diversity that reflects human culture, thought, me... more The languages of the world represent a complex diversity that reflects human culture, thought, mentality and history in a variety of ways. Generally, linguistics, anthropology, social sciences and law have treated languages as more or less closed systems. At the same time, scholars have been interested in the variation in language and the linguistic behavior of the people that speak particular languages. Some scholars have postulated that all languages are “invented” and questioned the very existence of languages, speech communities and ethnolinguistic groups. This article argues that denying the existence of a particular language may also represent denying the identity of members of minority communities, many of which fight for recognition as an independent ethnic and linguistic identity and stresses that in order to understand the processes leading to language attrition and loss of minority linguistic heritage, one has to create theoretical models that join the perspectives of contact linguistics and variation studies with a framework of careful ethnographic study of social identity and status position and critical research into power relations in a context of changing language use.
published in Sokszínű nyelvészet : Nyelvi sokszínűség a 21. század elején, ed by Annamária Gróf, ... more published in Sokszínű nyelvészet : Nyelvi sokszínűség a 21. század elején, ed by Annamária Gróf, Ildikó CSÁSZI, Szilvia SZOTÁK. Budapest: Alsóőr/Unterwart. 2014
Artikkeli on julkaistu Futura 4/2014, s. 6-17. Pohdin tässä artikkelissa vähemmistöjen oikeuksia ... more Artikkeli on julkaistu Futura 4/2014, s. 6-17. Pohdin tässä artikkelissa vähemmistöjen oikeuksia ja niiden toteutumista Suomessa. Esitän aluksi sekä myönteisen että uhkakuvan saamelaisten ja romanien tilanteesta vuonna 2050. Totean lopuksi, että tarvitaan vielä paljon työtä sekä valtakulttuurin että vähemmistöjen itsensä parissa, jotta yhdenvertaisuus Suomessa toteutuu.
Romanit ja kulttuuri Selvitys romanien osallisuudesta ja osallistumisesta kulttuuritoimintaan Suomessa, Jan 1, 2012
Ihmisoikeusliiton tekemässä tutkimuksessa selvitettiin a) kuinka paljon Suomen romanit käyttävät ... more Ihmisoikeusliiton tekemässä tutkimuksessa selvitettiin a) kuinka paljon Suomen romanit käyttävät kaikkia kulttuuripalveluja b) kuinka paljon romanit käyttävät muiden romanien tuottamia kulttuu-ripalveluja Suomessa c) mikä on romanien käsitys kulttuurista/romanikulttuurista ja taitees-ta/romanitaiteesta sekä d) mitä kulttuuripalveluja romanit toivovat. Selvityksessä tarkasteltiin kaikkia taiteen ja kulttuurin aloja. Kyselyllä selvitettiin Suomessa asuvien yli 15-vuotiaiden romanien kulttuuripalvelujen käyttöä. Samalla pyrittiin saamaan tietoa romanien omista toiveista ja tarpeista kulttuuripalvelujen kehittämiseksi ja edistämään siten romanien oikeutta omaan kulttuuriin.
The United Nations Decade for Human Rights Education was proclaimed in 1994 for the following ten... more The United Nations Decade for Human Rights Education was proclaimed in 1994 for the following ten years. During this period every individual and every institution in the society was to be educated to promote respect for human rights. One major target group of the human rights education was defined to be the “most vulnerable groups”, such as minority populations. This contribution discusses to what extent members of national minorities actually benefited from such a Decade. Many good-will programmes were initiated in order to foster awareness about the rights of minorities, but as it will be argued in this contribution, very seldom did these involve the participation of minority members themselves. Often the prime-motors of the projects were international foundations which co-operated with professionalized NGOs. The article uses the case of Roma in Estonia to show how governmental authorities can be formally committed to human rights and minority protection and simultaneously ignore complete the needs of the target group. As it will be shown, minority activists are economically and politically depending on the good will of governments and international agencies and this externally controlled agenda-setting leads, eventually, to some of the paradoxes with the concept of empowerment of minority groups in the European context.
Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, wie Menschen, die in Minderheitenbewegungen aktiv sin... more Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, wie Menschen, die in Minderheitenbewegungen aktiv sind, Kultur und andere Quellen von Identität definieren müssen, um diese als politische Ressource nutzen zu können. Sie fordern Gleichberechtigung für Gruppen, die in einer Gesellschaft kulturelle, soziale und wirtschaftliche Nachteile erleben. Es wird dargestellt, dass jene
Minderheiten, die sich selbst als homogene Einheiten mit eigener Sprache und Kultur und mit eigenständigen, über Generationen erhaltenen Traditionen beschreiben, die besten Chancen
haben, von Staaten und internationalen Organisationen als echte Minderheiten anerkannt zu werden. Das Paradox der Minderheitenrechte soll genau dieses Phänomen beleuchten: Um als echte Minderheit anerkannt zu werden, ahmen die MinderheitenaktivistInnen die in internationalen Minderheitenrechtsinstrumenten festgelegten Normen und Kriterien für Minderheitenrechte nach. Eine Minderheit, die Kultur gemäß einem modernen Verständnis als etwas begreift, das ständigem Wandel unterliegt und auch Unterschiede unter den Mitgliedern der Gruppe betont, hat keine oder geringe Chancen auf Minderheitenschutz und Förderung. Das Rechtsparadox resultiert daraus, dass die Minderheitenschutzinstrumente nicht nur die Kultur und Identität von Minderheiten schützen, sondern auch mit definieren, was schutzwürdig ist.
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Content Level » Research
Keywords » Aboriginal culture in Northern Russia - Basque language - Finnic minorities of Ingria - Frisian - Global biodiversity in the early 21st century - Global extinction of languages - Languages in the Russian Federation - Latgalian - Linguistic Rights of National Groups - Minority languages and cultures - Scottish Gaelic - Sociolinguistic ethnolinguistic variation - Sorbian languages in Germany - Sámi languages in Finland - languages in Mari El - languages in Udmurtia - linguistic and cultural diversity - minority language speakers - revitalization of endangered languages - saami languages
Contents: Elena Ippoliti: Human Rights Education: Global Initiatives at the United Nations - Claudia Mahler/Anja Mihr/Reetta Toivanen: The UN Decade for Human Rights Education 1995-2004 and its Contribution to the Furtherance of the Rights of National Minorities in Europe - Paul Martin: Human Rights and the Academy - Audrey Osler: Human Rights Education and Education for Democratic Citizenship: Competing or Complimentary Agendas? - Carolyn Kissane: Turning Walls into Doors: Challenges and Opportunities for Human Rights Education - Sia Spiliopoulou Åkermark: Education and Human Rights - Kind Intentions and Brutal Realities - Anja Mihr: The State, Politics and Human Rights Education During the UN Decade for Human Rights Education. The Case of Spain and Armenia - Sulev Valdmaa: Educating Citizens for Democracy - Changes in the Estonian Education System - Theresa Khorozyan: Democratic Reforms and Human Rights Education: Are the Education Reforms Directed to Shape New Democratic Political Culture in Armenia? - Reetta Toivanen: Sustainability of Human Rights and Minority Education - Theodore S. Orlin: Human Rights Law as a Paradigm for the Protection and Advancement of Minority Education in Europe - Inken Stern/Jana Luptáková: Human Rights Education and Roma in Slovakia - Claudia Mahler: Is Human Rights Education a Means of Supporting Minorities?
Content Level » Research
Keywords » Aboriginal culture in Northern Russia - Basque language - Finnic minorities of Ingria - Frisian - Global biodiversity in the early 21st century - Global extinction of languages - Languages in the Russian Federation - Latgalian - Linguistic Rights of National Groups - Minority languages and cultures - Scottish Gaelic - Sociolinguistic ethnolinguistic variation - Sorbian languages in Germany - Sámi languages in Finland - languages in Mari El - languages in Udmurtia - linguistic and cultural diversity - minority language speakers - revitalization of endangered languages - saami languages
Contents: Elena Ippoliti: Human Rights Education: Global Initiatives at the United Nations - Claudia Mahler/Anja Mihr/Reetta Toivanen: The UN Decade for Human Rights Education 1995-2004 and its Contribution to the Furtherance of the Rights of National Minorities in Europe - Paul Martin: Human Rights and the Academy - Audrey Osler: Human Rights Education and Education for Democratic Citizenship: Competing or Complimentary Agendas? - Carolyn Kissane: Turning Walls into Doors: Challenges and Opportunities for Human Rights Education - Sia Spiliopoulou Åkermark: Education and Human Rights - Kind Intentions and Brutal Realities - Anja Mihr: The State, Politics and Human Rights Education During the UN Decade for Human Rights Education. The Case of Spain and Armenia - Sulev Valdmaa: Educating Citizens for Democracy - Changes in the Estonian Education System - Theresa Khorozyan: Democratic Reforms and Human Rights Education: Are the Education Reforms Directed to Shape New Democratic Political Culture in Armenia? - Reetta Toivanen: Sustainability of Human Rights and Minority Education - Theodore S. Orlin: Human Rights Law as a Paradigm for the Protection and Advancement of Minority Education in Europe - Inken Stern/Jana Luptáková: Human Rights Education and Roma in Slovakia - Claudia Mahler: Is Human Rights Education a Means of Supporting Minorities?
Minderheiten, die sich selbst als homogene Einheiten mit eigener Sprache und Kultur und mit eigenständigen, über Generationen erhaltenen Traditionen beschreiben, die besten Chancen
haben, von Staaten und internationalen Organisationen als echte Minderheiten anerkannt zu werden. Das Paradox der Minderheitenrechte soll genau dieses Phänomen beleuchten: Um als echte Minderheit anerkannt zu werden, ahmen die MinderheitenaktivistInnen die in internationalen Minderheitenrechtsinstrumenten festgelegten Normen und Kriterien für Minderheitenrechte nach. Eine Minderheit, die Kultur gemäß einem modernen Verständnis als etwas begreift, das ständigem Wandel unterliegt und auch Unterschiede unter den Mitgliedern der Gruppe betont, hat keine oder geringe Chancen auf Minderheitenschutz und Förderung. Das Rechtsparadox resultiert daraus, dass die Minderheitenschutzinstrumente nicht nur die Kultur und Identität von Minderheiten schützen, sondern auch mit definieren, was schutzwürdig ist.