Books by Rafael Minasyan
Металлообработка в древности и Средневековье; Государственный Эрмитаж. - СПб.: Изд-во Гос. Эрмитажа, 2014. - 472 с.: ил., 2014
В монографии рассматриваются древние способы изготовления различных предметов из золота, серебра,... more В монографии рассматриваются древние способы изготовления различных предметов из золота, серебра, меди и железа: литье, холодная обработка, пайка. Исследуются методы нанесения на изделия покрытий из инородных металлов. Особое внимание уделяется инструментарию и оборудованию, которые применяли на территории Евразии начиная с эпохи металла до первых веков 2-го тысячеле- тия н. э. Древние технические приемы реконструированы на основе данных, которые получены в про- цессе обследования вещей разработанным автором трасологическим методом, с учетом физических законов деформации металлов.
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Exhibition catalog by Rafael Minasyan
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Papers by Rafael Minasyan
The author considers the technique of making early metal vessels on the example of gold, silver a... more The author considers the technique of making early metal vessels on the example of gold, silver and copper specimens from the Maykop burial mound (the 2nd half of the 4th millennium BC). According to the preserved features of the items, the early tall metal vessels were made of hollow moulded blanks by two methods, including gouging, stretching and bending of metal.
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Production Methods of the Silver Vessels from the Erebuni Hoard: Addenda et Corrigenda //Archaeology and History of Ancient Western and Central Asia., 2023
The silver vessels from the hoard found in the Erebuni citadel were hammered out of hollow blanks... more The silver vessels from the hoard found in the Erebuni citadel were hammered out of hollow blanks. The shaping of the reliefs was made using the metal-plastic technique with the help of wooden tools and carved wooden matrices inside the blanks. The vessels were decorated on a plastic support by pressing lines and drawings with a metal pencil, notches, scalpel, ringed punch rather than engraving. Parts of vessels and small details were soldered.
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Технические признаки литья и ковки на археологических предметах // Ювелирное искусство и материальная культура : Вып. 7 : сб. ст. / Государственный Эрмитаж. – СПб. : Изд-во Гос. Эрмитажа, 2023. – 500 с.: ил.. , 2023
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On the problem of iron’s introduction in the Central Asia., 2022
A part of bimetallic knives of Tagar culture were cast, broken and repaired in the ancient past. ... more A part of bimetallic knives of Tagar culture were cast, broken and repaired in the ancient past. The earliest forged iron knives found in Arzhan-2 burial mound, Tuva, imitate the construction of the Chinese knives of the same epoch.
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Ferrous metallurgy in ancient China, 2021
TIn this work we are talking about ancient Chinese casting techniques, the appearance of iron and... more TIn this work we are talking about ancient Chinese casting techniques, the appearance of iron and the manufacture of weapons and other items from it by forging. Researchers and translators from Chinese into other languages, being poorly versed in technical issues, obviously do not distinguish between different grades of ferrous metals obtained by different meth- ods and at different times. Therefore, they often make terminological mistakes. Cast iron casting in China was probably developed in the early 1st millennium BC. Agricultural tools, parts for chariots were cast from cast iron. But the weapons were cast in bronze until the end of the 3rd century BC. Then came the iron forged weapon and the plate iron armor. In China, iron was produced in several ways, but the exact date of the invention of each of them still needs to be de- termined. In the 6th century AD, Chinese metallurgists proceeded to the blast furnace production of cast iron and began to cast multi-ton monumental structures and statues.
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"Fingernail Mark" on the Chinese Kai Yuan Coins // Jewellery and Material Culture. Issue 5. Saint Petersburg. , 2019
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New Findings of the Achaemenid Imports in the South Ural , 2019
The article focuses at the new findings of Achaemenid imports in the South Ural mountain range, s... more The article focuses at the new findings of Achaemenid imports in the South Ural mountain range, specifically the silver coating of bed's legs, and a part of silver vessel's body, inlaid with narrow stripes of gold foil, giving preliminary results of these artifacts' study.
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Ранние скифские и сарматские железные акинаки (VII—V вв. до н. э.) // Константин Федорович Смирнов и современные проблемы сарматской археологии. Оренбург., 2016
The article is devoted to early iron scythian and sarmatian swords (acinaces) decorated with gold... more The article is devoted to early iron scythian and sarmatian swords (acinaces) decorated with gold found in the graves of nomads in Central Asia. Sings revealed with investigated of this items show that acinaces are decorated with applications. The earli acinaces are decorated by reliefs and sculptural details on both parties of handles and blades. Sach work can ́t bi performed in the forge way bat only molding. It allows to assume that molding of subjects from cast iron began in the VII—V centuries BC.
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Древние способы изготовления изделий с рельефными изображениями // Scripta Antiqua. Tом 5., 2016
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Кузебаевский "клад" // Ювелирное искусство и материальная культура: сб. ст. / Государственный Эрмитаж. - СПб. : Изд-во Гос. Эрмитажа, 2015. - 314 с. : ил. + XXX с. цв. вкл., 2015
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“THE MODEL OF THE UNIVERSE” ON VIKING METAL JEWELLERY, 2015
Seventh- to twelfth-century Scandinavian jewellery is decorated with stylised patterns, an- throp... more Seventh- to twelfth-century Scandinavian jewellery is decorated with stylised patterns, an- thropomorphic and animal designs which may be linked with mythological symbols, yet most- ly remain anonymous. In fact, these decorative elements and geometrical figures represent the real images of the unreal world. Most Scandinavian and Germanic jewellery, irrespective of their style or technique, use a limited number of compositional schemes and the same key elements in their décor. It is quite obvious that Germanic artisans followed specific rules in their treatment of non-genre and non-abstract subjects, where each image had a universally recognisable meaning.
The visual arts of the pre-Christian Germanic tribes are commonly identified with the ani- mal style. However, no animal, human or plant images usually appear on the jewellery of that period – just mythological characters and objects associated with the creation and destruction of the universe. The artisans depicted the House of Wodan (Odin), Heaven, the World Tree and the Earth surrounded by the mythological characters, roots of the World Tree, possibly scenes of the destruction of the world. None of these structural features or mythological attributes is present on the jewellery of any other European ethnicities.
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The Golden Mask of "Reskuporid", 2014
In 1837 in Kerch in a III - IV century tomb there was found a golden male or female death mask (C... more In 1837 in Kerch in a III - IV century tomb there was found a golden male or female death mask (Cat. ГЭ Р.1) presumable of Basporian king Reskuporid and many other things, which are now stored in the State Hermitage Museum. During the process of manufacturing of this mask, some marks of the instruments, with which the relief was formed, appeared on the gold. These marks testify that the deformation of the metal was done from the front side of the object. The mask was made of a thin hollow form, which was applied on a wooden positive matrix with the needed relief. Between the wood and the matrix there was a piece of tissue, which texture emerged on the back side of the mask (Fig. 1 - 2).
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Gold Decor on Iron Swords from Filippovka Barrows, 2014
The article is devoted to iron items decorated with gold found in the graves of early nomads. The... more The article is devoted to iron items decorated with gold found in the graves of early nomads. The most striking ones of these are the swords of the Filippovka I burial. The widespread belief that the main technological method of decorating weapons of early nomads was inlaid gold pieces is erroneous. Signs revealed during restoration of
weapons show that all metal objects of the Scythian and decorated by cladding.
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Кинжал из кургана "Дачи", 2006
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Books by Rafael Minasyan
Exhibition catalog by Rafael Minasyan
Papers by Rafael Minasyan
The visual arts of the pre-Christian Germanic tribes are commonly identified with the ani- mal style. However, no animal, human or plant images usually appear on the jewellery of that period – just mythological characters and objects associated with the creation and destruction of the universe. The artisans depicted the House of Wodan (Odin), Heaven, the World Tree and the Earth surrounded by the mythological characters, roots of the World Tree, possibly scenes of the destruction of the world. None of these structural features or mythological attributes is present on the jewellery of any other European ethnicities.
weapons show that all metal objects of the Scythian and decorated by cladding.
The visual arts of the pre-Christian Germanic tribes are commonly identified with the ani- mal style. However, no animal, human or plant images usually appear on the jewellery of that period – just mythological characters and objects associated with the creation and destruction of the universe. The artisans depicted the House of Wodan (Odin), Heaven, the World Tree and the Earth surrounded by the mythological characters, roots of the World Tree, possibly scenes of the destruction of the world. None of these structural features or mythological attributes is present on the jewellery of any other European ethnicities.
weapons show that all metal objects of the Scythian and decorated by cladding.