- Head of the Section of Forest and Forest-Steppe Zone of Eastern Europe of the Department of Archeology of Eastern Europe and Siberia of the State Hermitage Museumedit
В монографии рассматриваются древние способы изготовления различных предметов из золота, серебра, меди и железа: литье, холодная обработка, пайка. Исследуются методы нанесения на изделия покрытий из инородных металлов. Особое внимание... more
В монографии рассматриваются древние способы изготовления различных предметов из золота, серебра, меди и железа: литье, холодная обработка, пайка. Исследуются методы нанесения на изделия покрытий из инородных металлов. Особое внимание уделяется инструментарию и оборудованию, которые применяли на территории Евразии начиная с эпохи металла до первых веков 2-го тысячеле- тия н. э. Древние технические приемы реконструированы на основе данных, которые получены в про- цессе обследования вещей разработанным автором трасологическим методом, с учетом физических законов деформации металлов.
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The author considers the technique of making early metal vessels on the example of gold, silver and copper specimens from the Maykop burial mound (the 2nd half of the 4th millennium BC). According to the preserved features of the items,... more
The author considers the technique of making early metal vessels on the example of gold, silver and copper specimens from the Maykop burial mound (the 2nd half of the 4th millennium BC). According to the preserved features of the items, the early tall metal vessels were made of hollow moulded blanks by two methods, including gouging, stretching and bending of metal.
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The silver vessels from the hoard found in the Erebuni citadel were hammered out of hollow blanks. The shaping of the reliefs was made using the metal-plastic technique with the help of wooden tools and carved wooden matrices inside the... more
The silver vessels from the hoard found in the Erebuni citadel were hammered out of hollow blanks. The shaping of the reliefs was made using the metal-plastic technique with the help of wooden tools and carved wooden matrices inside the blanks. The vessels were decorated on a plastic support by pressing lines and drawings with a metal pencil, notches, scalpel, ringed punch rather than engraving. Parts of vessels and small details were soldered.
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A part of bimetallic knives of Tagar culture were cast, broken and repaired in the ancient past. The earliest forged iron knives found in Arzhan-2 burial mound, Tuva, imitate the construction of the Chinese knives of the same epoch.
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TIn this work we are talking about ancient Chinese casting techniques, the appearance of iron and the manufacture of weapons and other items from it by forging. Researchers and translators from Chinese into other languages, being poorly... more
TIn this work we are talking about ancient Chinese casting techniques, the appearance of iron and the manufacture of weapons and other items from it by forging. Researchers and translators from Chinese into other languages, being poorly versed in technical issues, obviously do not distinguish between different grades of ferrous metals obtained by different meth- ods and at different times. Therefore, they often make terminological mistakes. Cast iron casting in China was probably developed in the early 1st millennium BC. Agricultural tools, parts for chariots were cast from cast iron. But the weapons were cast in bronze until the end of the 3rd century BC. Then came the iron forged weapon and the plate iron armor. In China, iron was produced in several ways, but the exact date of the invention of each of them still needs to be de- termined. In the 6th century AD, Chinese metallurgists proceeded to the blast furnace production of cast iron and began to cast multi-ton monumental structures and statues.
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The article focuses at the new findings of Achaemenid imports in the South Ural mountain range, specifically the silver coating of bed's legs, and a part of silver vessel's body, inlaid with narrow stripes of gold foil, giving preliminary... more
The article focuses at the new findings of Achaemenid imports in the South Ural mountain range, specifically the silver coating of bed's legs, and a part of silver vessel's body, inlaid with narrow stripes of gold foil, giving preliminary results of these artifacts' study.
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The article is devoted to early iron scythian and sarmatian swords (acinaces) decorated with gold found in the graves of nomads in Central Asia. Sings revealed with investigated of this items show that acinaces are decorated with... more
The article is devoted to early iron scythian and sarmatian swords (acinaces) decorated with gold found in the graves of nomads in Central Asia. Sings revealed with investigated of this items show that acinaces are decorated with applications. The earli acinaces are decorated by reliefs and sculptural details on both parties of handles and blades. Sach work can ́t bi performed in the forge way bat only molding. It allows to assume that molding of subjects from cast iron began in the VII—V centuries BC.
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Seventh- to twelfth-century Scandinavian jewellery is decorated with stylised patterns, an- thropomorphic and animal designs which may be linked with mythological symbols, yet most- ly remain anonymous. In fact, these decorative elements... more
Seventh- to twelfth-century Scandinavian jewellery is decorated with stylised patterns, an- thropomorphic and animal designs which may be linked with mythological symbols, yet most- ly remain anonymous. In fact, these decorative elements and geometrical figures represent the real images of the unreal world. Most Scandinavian and Germanic jewellery, irrespective of their style or technique, use a limited number of compositional schemes and the same key elements in their décor. It is quite obvious that Germanic artisans followed specific rules in their treatment of non-genre and non-abstract subjects, where each image had a universally recognisable meaning.
The visual arts of the pre-Christian Germanic tribes are commonly identified with the ani- mal style. However, no animal, human or plant images usually appear on the jewellery of that period – just mythological characters and objects associated with the creation and destruction of the universe. The artisans depicted the House of Wodan (Odin), Heaven, the World Tree and the Earth surrounded by the mythological characters, roots of the World Tree, possibly scenes of the destruction of the world. None of these structural features or mythological attributes is present on the jewellery of any other European ethnicities.
The visual arts of the pre-Christian Germanic tribes are commonly identified with the ani- mal style. However, no animal, human or plant images usually appear on the jewellery of that period – just mythological characters and objects associated with the creation and destruction of the universe. The artisans depicted the House of Wodan (Odin), Heaven, the World Tree and the Earth surrounded by the mythological characters, roots of the World Tree, possibly scenes of the destruction of the world. None of these structural features or mythological attributes is present on the jewellery of any other European ethnicities.
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In 1837 in Kerch in a III - IV century tomb there was found a golden male or female death mask (Cat. ГЭ Р.1) presumable of Basporian king Reskuporid and many other things, which are now stored in the State Hermitage Museum. During the... more
In 1837 in Kerch in a III - IV century tomb there was found a golden male or female death mask (Cat. ГЭ Р.1) presumable of Basporian king Reskuporid and many other things, which are now stored in the State Hermitage Museum. During the process of manufacturing of this mask, some marks of the instruments, with which the relief was formed, appeared on the gold. These marks testify that the deformation of the metal was done from the front side of the object. The mask was made of a thin hollow form, which was applied on a wooden positive matrix with the needed relief. Between the wood and the matrix there was a piece of tissue, which texture emerged on the back side of the mask (Fig. 1 - 2).
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The article is devoted to iron items decorated with gold found in the graves of early nomads. The most striking ones of these are the swords of the Filippovka I burial. The widespread belief that the main technological method of... more
The article is devoted to iron items decorated with gold found in the graves of early nomads. The most striking ones of these are the swords of the Filippovka I burial. The widespread belief that the main technological method of decorating weapons of early nomads was inlaid gold pieces is erroneous. Signs revealed during restoration of
weapons show that all metal objects of the Scythian and decorated by cladding.
weapons show that all metal objects of the Scythian and decorated by cladding.
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In the Items of Scythe-Siberian animal style, the depiction of animals is represented in different dynamic poses. Among distinct images, incomprehensible in their dynamic, are the depictions of animals bent trunks. This motif takes an... more
In the Items of Scythe-Siberian animal style, the depiction of animals is represented in different dynamic poses. Among distinct images, incomprehensible in their dynamic, are the depictions of animals bent trunks. This motif takes an important place in the art of Altay and Minusa in Tagarian times. It can also be found in Asia Minor, the Mediterranean and more rarely in European Scythia. The appearance of such depictions in Scythe-Siberian base reliefs is explored by a three-dimensional model. To reproduce the pose of lying animal, whose back legs stretched sideways, the master had to bend the back of the animal in an "S" shape.
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Recent investigations on the upper reaches of the rivers Lovat and Western Dvina necessitate certain refinements in the previously constructed historical pattern of various Early Iron Age occupations. The oldest in this area are the... more
Recent investigations on the upper reaches of the rivers Lovat and Western Dvina necessitate certain refinements in the previously constructed historical pattern of various Early Iron Age occupations. The oldest in this area are the sites which have yielded pottery with textile decoration. About the beginning of our era they were succeeded by the settlements of the Dnieper-Dvina culture in the south of the district and those of the Podgay and Kurovo type in the north.
These were followed by sites of a type analogous to the middle layer of the Tushemlia settlement, which yielded vessels of well developed forms with pinched rims, and fragments of polished pottery.
These settlements, apparently, continued to exist down to the middle of the first millennium A.D.
These were followed by sites of a type analogous to the middle layer of the Tushemlia settlement, which yielded vessels of well developed forms with pinched rims, and fragments of polished pottery.
These settlements, apparently, continued to exist down to the middle of the first millennium A.D.