Rice, a staple food for over half of the world's
population, is a critical crop that requires
o... more Rice, a staple food for over half of the world's population, is a critical crop that requires ongoing improvement in disease resistance, crop duration, and yield to ensure food security and sustainability. Field variability plays a crucial role in determining the success of rice breeding programs, especially in relation to these factors. This study, conducted at ARS Baffa Mansehra, evaluated 20 rice breeding lines, developed by National Agriculture Research Centre (NARC), including the local check (Fakhre Malakand), for diversity in disease infestation, crop duration, and yield parameters. Data were collected on rice blast incidence and severity, days to panicle emergence, anthesis, grain filling, maturity, plant height, grain weight, and grain yield. The highest rice blast incidence was recorded for NARC-8 (66.7%), followed by NARC-4 (50.0%), with the lowest incidence in Fakhre Malakand (0%) and breeding lines NARC-12 and NARC-1 (14.3%). Rice blast severity increased from 28.9 to 36.4 on average. Panicle emergence days ranged from 83 (NARC-3 and NARC-6) to 119 (NARC-18). Plant height varied, with NARC-17 being the tallest (87 cm) and NARC-14 and NARC-15 the shortest (64 cm). The maximum thousand-grain weight was observed in NARC-6, NARC-10, and NARC-11 (34 g), while NARC-19 had the lowest (27 g). NARC-12 had the highest grain yield (193 g), followed by NARC-13 (182 g) and NARC14 (162 g), with the lowest yields in NARC10 (107 g), NARC-17, and NARC-6 (112 g). The overall variability observed among the advanced breeding lines of rice could be used for subsequent genetic improvement of rice, with particular emphasis on Hazara Division.
This study was performed to evaluate the chemical composition of the essential oils of Mentha arv... more This study was performed to evaluate the chemical composition of the essential oils of Mentha arvensis and Thymus linearis and their antimicrobial activities. The complexity of the essential oils is a basic challenge for determining their reliable and accurate compositional data. Rapid advances in spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques have resolved this challenge to a large extent by examining essential oils. Essential oils were analyzed through Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) following extraction through steam distillation from their leaves for the first time in Miandam, District Swat, KP, Pakistan. The GC-MS analysis revealed 26 and 25 components in the essential oil of Mentha arvensis and Thymus linearis respectively. The major components were carvone (23.53%), P-Cymen-2-ol (20.35%), and caryophyllene oxide (18.81%) in Mentha arvensis but Thymus linearis has Thymol (2-isopropyl-5-methyl phenol) (40%), O-Cymene (2-Isopropyltoluene) (14.95%) and beta-bisbolene (12.54%). The essential oils of both plants showed bactericidal activities against five different bacterial strains (i.e. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klesiella pneumonia, Bacillus subtilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) during disc diffusion method and therefore it is suggested that they may be used as a natural antiseptic and could play important roles in food and pharmaceutical industry.
Bacterial blight (BB) is caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) is one of the most devasta... more Bacterial blight (BB) is caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) is one of the most devastating diseases in rice crops, which adversely affect the annual rice production (quantity and quality) in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The present study was conducted to identify and characterize Xoo strains obtained from infected rice leaves samples collected from foothills of the Himalayas at Mansehra District, Pakistan. A total of 20 samples were collected. The infected leaf samples were plated on nutrient agar and gave light yellow, circular, smooth, convex and viscous bacterial colonies. The collected samples were later on amplified, and their various morphological and genetic traits were accordingly checke d on the Super Basmati and Basmati 385 seedlings. A total of 6 pure isolates were obtained, preserved, and were confirmed as Xoo using Xoo specific primers in PCR which showed 230 bp bands. Pathogenicity of Xoo isolates was confirm by Koch's postulates on rice varieties super basmati and basmati 385. The amplification of 16S rRNA gene of these isolates was carried out using a pair of universal primers. Besides, the disease incidence (%) was also taken under consideration, in which super Basmati variety was found significant, Xoo-1 (65%), followed by Xoo-6 (48.10%) and Xoo-2 (53.30%) as compared to Basmati-385. The present study provides a base for rice breeders to initiate regional resistance breeding programs.
A healthy and well-balanced diet is essential for illness prevention, especially when it comes to... more A healthy and well-balanced diet is essential for illness prevention, especially when it comes to oxidative stress. Mushrooms have been utilized in oriental medication for centuries to prevent and treat a variety of diseases. Mushroom extracts are increasingly available as dietary supplements, especially to increase immune function. In current study, the pharmacological potential of Trametes hirsuta was investigated, specifically its analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antispasmodic activity, as well as its antimicrobial activity. Ethanolic extracts of T. hirsuta were used for the pharmacological studies, while aqueous extracts were used for myco-chemical analysis. In the analgesic activity, a dose of 300mg/kg of the ethanol extract was administered, resulting in a reduction of writhing to (21.33±88) /5min and 46.21% inhibition, compared to the standard diclofenac sodium which reduced writhing to (19.66±1.20) /5min and showed 50.42% inhibition. For anti-inflammatory activity, T. hirsuta extract was given at a dose of 300mg/kg after 240min showed (1.13±0.57) as compared to the standard drug aspirin (1.10±0.57). The ethanolic extract of Trametes hirsuta revealed highest (59.43%) antispasmodic activity at 300 mg/kg concentration followed by the same extract (54.33%) at 150mg/kg concentrations. The standard drug buscopan showed concentrated antispasmodic effect (65.21 %) as compared to the wood rotting fungi extracts. The ethanol extract of Trametes hirsuta has a strong antispasmodic effect via slowing intestinal motility. The antimicrobial activity study showed that all selected wood rotting fungi extracts were effective against different selected bacterial strains The highest antibacterial activity was detected against Staphylococcus aureus (16.00±0.66 mm) followed by Klebisella pneumonia. (14.66±0.88 mm) and Salmonella enterica (13.00±0.88 mm) at concentration of 20mg/disc.Analysis of the data show that extracted samples of Trametes hirsuta inhibited the growth by 11.33±0.33 mm,11.33±0.57 mm and 10.33±0.57 mm at meditation of 10 mg/disc respectively. The present study suggests that not only angiosperms and gymnosperms, but fungi as well, can be a valuable source of chemical compounds for treating acute and chronic diseases. This study provides a baseline information for future research.
Journal of Xi’an Shiyou University, Natural Science Edition, 2023
Deafness is one of the common sensory
impairments in humans, affecting approximately 1 to 3
ind... more Deafness is one of the common sensory impairments in humans, affecting approximately 1 to 3 individuals in every 1000 live human births. Genetic mutations in the gap junction proteins, Cx26 and Cx30 are the major contributors to sensorineural, nonsyndromic and prelingual hearing loss in humans. The GJB6 gene encoding connexin (Cx30) protein is expressed in mesenchymal and epithelial structures of the inner ears. Mutation in GJB6 gene results in loss of function mutation that causes hearing loss in humans. The current study was thus designed to explore genetic mutations in GJB6 gene in deaf individuals from District Mansehra, Pakistan. The DNA of nonsyndromic deaf-individuals and normal controls were isolated from their saliva. The whole coding area of GJB6 gene was amplified by using PCR specific primers and subsequently sequenced by Sanger method. After sequence data analysis we identified 3 mutations in the coding area of GJB6 gene. It was observed that at position 242, Guanine (G) is substituted by Thymine (T), at position 338 Thymine (T) is substituted by Cytosine (C), and at position 381 Adenine (A) is substituted by Guanine (G). The identification of these novel mutations in coding region of GJB6 gene has enabled us to establish the genetic bases for hearing loss in deaf individuals. The occurrence of higher frequency of genetic mutations in GJB6 gene in some populations suggests the use of molecular markers as tools for diagnosis, carrier detection, and prenatal diagnosis of deafness.
Pyramiding of major resistance (R) genes through marker-assisted selection (MAS) is a useful way ... more Pyramiding of major resistance (R) genes through marker-assisted selection (MAS) is a useful way to attain durable and broad-spectrum resistance against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae pathogen, the causal agent of bacterial blight (BB) disease in rice (Oryza sativa L.). The present study was designed to pyramid four broad spectrum BB-R genes (Xa4, xa5, xa13 and Xa21) in the background of Basmati-385, an indica rice cultivar with much sought-after qualitative and quantitative grain traits. The cultivar, however, is susceptible to BB and was therefore, crossed with IRBB59 which possesses R genes xa5, xa13 and Xa21, to attain broad and durable resistance. A total of 19 F1 plants were obtained, some of which were backcrossed with Basmati-385 and large number of BC1F1 plants were obtained. In BC1F2 generation, 31 phenotypically superior genotypes having morphological features of Basmati-385, were selected and advanced up to BC1F6 population. Sequence-tagged site (STS)-based MAS was carried out and phenotypic selection was made in each successive generation. In BC1F6 population, potentially homozygous recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from each line were selected and evaluated on the bases of STS evaluation and resistance to local Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) isolates. Line 23 was found pyramided with all four BB-R genes i.e., Xa4, xa5, xa13 and Xa21. Five genotypes including line 8, line 16, line 21, line 27 and line 28 were identified as pyramided with three R genes, Xa4, xa5 and xa13. Pathological study showed that rice lines pyramided with quadruplet or triplet R genes showed the highest level of resistance compared to doublet or singlet R genes. Thus, line 23 with quadruplet, and lines 8, 16, 21, 27, and 28 with triplet R genes, are recommended for replicated yield and resistance trials before release as new rice varieties. Further, traditional breeding coupled with MAS, is a solid way to attain highly effective BB-resistant rice lines with no yield cost
Journal of Xi’an Shiyou University, Natural Science Edition, 2022
Production and quality of worldwide most demanding crop, wheat (triticum aestivum) is getting adv... more Production and quality of worldwide most demanding crop, wheat (triticum aestivum) is getting adversely effected day by day by many biotic and abiotic stressors. One of the most devastating and alarming stressor among them is strip rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst). Developing resistant lines by gene pyramiding is considered an inexpensive and effective approach to overcome the loss caused by stripe rust. There
Journal of Xi’an Shiyou University, Natural Science Edition , 2022
Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) crop meet substantial damages due to several pathogens causing s... more Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) crop meet substantial damages due to several pathogens causing serious diseases. Previously, the disease was managed using several methods including fungicide application and other cultural practices. The factors including limited availability of commercially acceptable resistant cultivars and negative environmental impact of chemical application have prompted the use of identification and use of genetic resistance to complement other practices in disease management. In the present study, 46 genotypes were screened for resistance to Fusarium wilt (I1) and Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (Ty-2) to develop fresh market tomato resistant lines. Molecular markers were used to identify resistant gene against both the diseases. Gene pyramiding for disease resistant genes was done by crossing cultivated variety Roma and an advanced line 1008.The present work provided greenhouse, field, molecular marker and laboratory protocols used in the screening and selection process that were applied to segregating populations during generation advance over three years to develop two multiple disease resistant F5 fresh market tomato lines. Resistance of two lines against the abovementioned diseases was confirmed in subsequent evaluations. The identified multiple disease resistant lines were subjected to agro-morphological studies. Analysis of variance was used to analyze the data which was subsequently followed by LSD test to estimate significant variation among the developed lines and their parents. Mean values were highest for number of fruits per plant and fruit width. Other traits like vine length, fruit weight and number of branches per plant also showed statistically high values. Line with superior traits and characters was selected and identified for yield and quality enhancement programs.
The study documents the role of traditional medicinal and therapeutic plants in treating various ... more The study documents the role of traditional medicinal and therapeutic plants in treating various skin ailments by indigenous communities of the tribal district of North Waziristan, Pakistan. A total of 130 informants and traditional dermatologists were interviewed. They employed 77 plant species belonging to 49 families to treat various skin ailments. The leading life form reported was herbs (41 species), while the dominant family was Lamiaceae (5 species). Leaves were the most commonly used plant part (37 species). The most preferred mode of preparation was paste (30.38%), and the dominant mode of administration was topical (69.23%). Important medicinal plants reported in this study are recommended for further phytochemical screening for bioactive constituents, which may lead to novel drug discoveries.
Background. Since the beginning of civilization, medicinal plants have been used in human healthc... more Background. Since the beginning of civilization, medicinal plants have been used in human healthcare systems. Studies have been conducted worldwide to evaluate their e cacy, and some of the results have triggered the development of plant-based medications. Rural women in Pakistan frequently experience gynaecological disorders due to malnutrition and heavy physical work during pregnancy. Due to the low economic status, the remoteness of the area, and the lack of modern health services, herbal therapy for gynaecological disorders is common among the indigenous tribes of the study area. Methods. Field surveys were carried out from April 2018 to October 2020 to collect data regarding medicinal plants used for di erent gynaecological disorders. A semistructured questionnaire was used to collect ethnogynaecological data. Results. In total, 67 medicinal plant species belonging to 38 families are being used to treat 26 di erent gynaecological problems. e herbaceous growth form and the Lamiaceae family were recorded with the maximum number of plant species (42 species and 7 species, respectively). Leaves are the most highly utilized plant part, with 16 species. In the case preparation method, decoction was the dominant method (25 species, 36.76%). e informants reported the maximum number of species for the treatment of irregular menstrual ow as 11 species (15.28%). e highest relative frequency of citation (RFC) value was obtained for Acacia modesta (0.37), and the use value (UV) for Tecomella undulata (0.85). e highest informants' consensus factor (ICF) value (1.0) was obtained for emmenagogue and tonic
The CPP-like plant-specific transcription factor has a prominent role in plant development and gr... more The CPP-like plant-specific transcription factor has a prominent role in plant development and growth through cell division and differential activities. However, little information is available about the CPP gene family in Triticum aestivum L. Herein, we identified 37 and 11 CPP genes in the wheat and rice genome databases, respectively. The phylogeny of the CPP protein-like family members was further divided into five subfamilies based on structural similarities and phenotypic functional diversities. The in silico expression analysis showed that CPP genes are highly expressed in some tissues, such as shoot apex, shoot, leaf, leaf sheath, and microspore. Furthermore, the qRT-PCR found higher expression for TaCPP gene family members in leaf, leaf blade, young spike, mature spike, and differential expression patterns under abiotic stresses, including heat, drought, salt, and hormonal treatment, such as indole acetic acid and 1-aminocyclopropane-1 carboxylic acid. We found that CPP gene family members are mostly located in the nucleus after infiltrating the CPP5-1B-GFP and TaCPP11-3B-GFP into tobacco leaves. The overexpression of the TaCPP5-1D gene revealed that the CPP gene positively regulates the germanium, shoot, and root activities in Arabidopsis. The TaCPP5-1D-overexpressed plants showed less anti-oxidative sensitivity under drought stress conditions. These results demonstrated that TaCPP5-1D protein has a crucial contribution by interacting with TaCPP11-3B protein in maintaining stress homeostasis under the natural and unfavorable environmental conditions for growth, development, and stress resistance activities. Therefore, this study could be used as pioneer knowledge to further investigate the function of CPP genes in plant growth and development.
Identification of fragrance gene in some elite advance lines of rice cultivated in foothills of t... more Identification of fragrance gene in some elite advance lines of rice cultivated in foothills of the Himalayas
Rice is the 2 most important food crop after wheat. Rice is a monocotyledonous and belongs to nd ... more Rice is the 2 most important food crop after wheat. Rice is a monocotyledonous and belongs to nd genus Oryza, which have more than 20 species out of which two species, Oryza sativa and Oryza glaberrima cultivated in world wide. It was first cultivated in tropical region but later on expanded to temperate region and in order to characterize 20 BC2-F4 genotypes of rice on the basis of phenotypic traits and presence of fragrance gene (fgr), quality parameters such as grain length, breadth and L/B ratio was measured for the determination of grain size and shape. Grain length ranged from 5.73 to 7.30 mm with overall mean of 6.66 mm, while grain width ranged from 1.13 to 1.37 mm with overall mean of 1.24 mm. Sixty five percent of the genotypes possessed long slender grains with intermediate to high gelatinization temperature and thus they are suitable for making high quality saline rice. PCR analysis for the identification of fgr gene in BC2-F4 genotypes of rice was conducted and amplifie...
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae causes bacterial blight (BB) of rice (Oryza sativa L.), which const... more Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae causes bacterial blight (BB) of rice (Oryza sativa L.), which constrain production of this staple crop in much of Asia and parts of Africa. Tremendous progress has been made in characterizing the disease and breeding for resistance. Bacterial blight is a vascular disease resulting in a systemic infection of rice and it produces tannish-grey to white lesions along the veins. In rice there are 38 major genes for resistance to bacterial blight and more than 30 races of X. oryzae pv. oryzae have been reported. Genetic resistance of rice to BB isolates is diverse as the pathogen exhibit significant diversity among the isolates. There is also a remarkable structural and functional diversity among genes for resistance to these isolates. This article review the recent advances and progress made towards the ultimate goal of developing disease-resistant varieties of rice. The objective of this review is to consolidate the existing knowledge about bacterial blight in rice and the progress made both in conventional as well as in molecular dimensions of breeding together with potential findings and constraints.
Fusarium wilt and late blight are the most devastating diseases of tomato that causes significant... more Fusarium wilt and late blight are the most devastating diseases of tomato that causes significant yield loses all over the world. Genetic host resistance is the most effective way to control these problems. Marker assisted selection (MAS) was carried out to screen 46 genotypes of tomato for the presence of Fusarium wilt resistance gene (I1) and late blight resistance gene (Ph3). For this purpose allele specific SSR marker Tom-144 and SCAR marker SCU602 were used that are tightly linked to I1 and Ph3 genes, respectively. In the present study 17 genotypes showed the presence of I1 gene and 13 genotypes showed the presence of Ph3 gene while five genotypes were found to possess both I1 and Ph3 genes. Thus we have successfully pyramided I1 and Ph3 genes into five tomato lines that are accessions 1008, 017878, 017868, 0101 and 1002. These genotypes are highly resistant to both Fusarium wilt and late blight of tomato and thus should be released as resistant inbred lines for general cultivation by farmers.
Deterioration of water quality of lakes, rivers and groundwater aquifers has resulted in increase... more Deterioration of water quality of lakes, rivers and groundwater aquifers has resulted in increased waterborne diseases and other health impacts.The reuse of treated polluted water for agricultural irrigation has expanded, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, helping to relieve water scarcity and improving the means for local food production.Six parameter of water quality analyzed in the lab of M.Biology, Hazara University, Mansehra. Each parameter analyzed 3 times. Samples were collected at Bio-remediation garden from different points i.e., (Inlet, Wetland, P1, P2, P3, P5 and Outlet) on July 10, 20 and 30 , 2013 .Overall performances of the Bio-remediation garden showed that pH (3.8%), increased. However, parameters which decrease are Turbidity (84.2%)> Calcium (34.25%)> Bicarbonate (31.65%)> Chloride (22.04%)>Total Dissolved Solids (13.5%)>.
Rice, a staple food for over half of the world's
population, is a critical crop that requires
o... more Rice, a staple food for over half of the world's population, is a critical crop that requires ongoing improvement in disease resistance, crop duration, and yield to ensure food security and sustainability. Field variability plays a crucial role in determining the success of rice breeding programs, especially in relation to these factors. This study, conducted at ARS Baffa Mansehra, evaluated 20 rice breeding lines, developed by National Agriculture Research Centre (NARC), including the local check (Fakhre Malakand), for diversity in disease infestation, crop duration, and yield parameters. Data were collected on rice blast incidence and severity, days to panicle emergence, anthesis, grain filling, maturity, plant height, grain weight, and grain yield. The highest rice blast incidence was recorded for NARC-8 (66.7%), followed by NARC-4 (50.0%), with the lowest incidence in Fakhre Malakand (0%) and breeding lines NARC-12 and NARC-1 (14.3%). Rice blast severity increased from 28.9 to 36.4 on average. Panicle emergence days ranged from 83 (NARC-3 and NARC-6) to 119 (NARC-18). Plant height varied, with NARC-17 being the tallest (87 cm) and NARC-14 and NARC-15 the shortest (64 cm). The maximum thousand-grain weight was observed in NARC-6, NARC-10, and NARC-11 (34 g), while NARC-19 had the lowest (27 g). NARC-12 had the highest grain yield (193 g), followed by NARC-13 (182 g) and NARC14 (162 g), with the lowest yields in NARC10 (107 g), NARC-17, and NARC-6 (112 g). The overall variability observed among the advanced breeding lines of rice could be used for subsequent genetic improvement of rice, with particular emphasis on Hazara Division.
This study was performed to evaluate the chemical composition of the essential oils of Mentha arv... more This study was performed to evaluate the chemical composition of the essential oils of Mentha arvensis and Thymus linearis and their antimicrobial activities. The complexity of the essential oils is a basic challenge for determining their reliable and accurate compositional data. Rapid advances in spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques have resolved this challenge to a large extent by examining essential oils. Essential oils were analyzed through Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) following extraction through steam distillation from their leaves for the first time in Miandam, District Swat, KP, Pakistan. The GC-MS analysis revealed 26 and 25 components in the essential oil of Mentha arvensis and Thymus linearis respectively. The major components were carvone (23.53%), P-Cymen-2-ol (20.35%), and caryophyllene oxide (18.81%) in Mentha arvensis but Thymus linearis has Thymol (2-isopropyl-5-methyl phenol) (40%), O-Cymene (2-Isopropyltoluene) (14.95%) and beta-bisbolene (12.54%). The essential oils of both plants showed bactericidal activities against five different bacterial strains (i.e. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klesiella pneumonia, Bacillus subtilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) during disc diffusion method and therefore it is suggested that they may be used as a natural antiseptic and could play important roles in food and pharmaceutical industry.
Bacterial blight (BB) is caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) is one of the most devasta... more Bacterial blight (BB) is caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) is one of the most devastating diseases in rice crops, which adversely affect the annual rice production (quantity and quality) in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The present study was conducted to identify and characterize Xoo strains obtained from infected rice leaves samples collected from foothills of the Himalayas at Mansehra District, Pakistan. A total of 20 samples were collected. The infected leaf samples were plated on nutrient agar and gave light yellow, circular, smooth, convex and viscous bacterial colonies. The collected samples were later on amplified, and their various morphological and genetic traits were accordingly checke d on the Super Basmati and Basmati 385 seedlings. A total of 6 pure isolates were obtained, preserved, and were confirmed as Xoo using Xoo specific primers in PCR which showed 230 bp bands. Pathogenicity of Xoo isolates was confirm by Koch's postulates on rice varieties super basmati and basmati 385. The amplification of 16S rRNA gene of these isolates was carried out using a pair of universal primers. Besides, the disease incidence (%) was also taken under consideration, in which super Basmati variety was found significant, Xoo-1 (65%), followed by Xoo-6 (48.10%) and Xoo-2 (53.30%) as compared to Basmati-385. The present study provides a base for rice breeders to initiate regional resistance breeding programs.
A healthy and well-balanced diet is essential for illness prevention, especially when it comes to... more A healthy and well-balanced diet is essential for illness prevention, especially when it comes to oxidative stress. Mushrooms have been utilized in oriental medication for centuries to prevent and treat a variety of diseases. Mushroom extracts are increasingly available as dietary supplements, especially to increase immune function. In current study, the pharmacological potential of Trametes hirsuta was investigated, specifically its analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antispasmodic activity, as well as its antimicrobial activity. Ethanolic extracts of T. hirsuta were used for the pharmacological studies, while aqueous extracts were used for myco-chemical analysis. In the analgesic activity, a dose of 300mg/kg of the ethanol extract was administered, resulting in a reduction of writhing to (21.33±88) /5min and 46.21% inhibition, compared to the standard diclofenac sodium which reduced writhing to (19.66±1.20) /5min and showed 50.42% inhibition. For anti-inflammatory activity, T. hirsuta extract was given at a dose of 300mg/kg after 240min showed (1.13±0.57) as compared to the standard drug aspirin (1.10±0.57). The ethanolic extract of Trametes hirsuta revealed highest (59.43%) antispasmodic activity at 300 mg/kg concentration followed by the same extract (54.33%) at 150mg/kg concentrations. The standard drug buscopan showed concentrated antispasmodic effect (65.21 %) as compared to the wood rotting fungi extracts. The ethanol extract of Trametes hirsuta has a strong antispasmodic effect via slowing intestinal motility. The antimicrobial activity study showed that all selected wood rotting fungi extracts were effective against different selected bacterial strains The highest antibacterial activity was detected against Staphylococcus aureus (16.00±0.66 mm) followed by Klebisella pneumonia. (14.66±0.88 mm) and Salmonella enterica (13.00±0.88 mm) at concentration of 20mg/disc.Analysis of the data show that extracted samples of Trametes hirsuta inhibited the growth by 11.33±0.33 mm,11.33±0.57 mm and 10.33±0.57 mm at meditation of 10 mg/disc respectively. The present study suggests that not only angiosperms and gymnosperms, but fungi as well, can be a valuable source of chemical compounds for treating acute and chronic diseases. This study provides a baseline information for future research.
Journal of Xi’an Shiyou University, Natural Science Edition, 2023
Deafness is one of the common sensory
impairments in humans, affecting approximately 1 to 3
ind... more Deafness is one of the common sensory impairments in humans, affecting approximately 1 to 3 individuals in every 1000 live human births. Genetic mutations in the gap junction proteins, Cx26 and Cx30 are the major contributors to sensorineural, nonsyndromic and prelingual hearing loss in humans. The GJB6 gene encoding connexin (Cx30) protein is expressed in mesenchymal and epithelial structures of the inner ears. Mutation in GJB6 gene results in loss of function mutation that causes hearing loss in humans. The current study was thus designed to explore genetic mutations in GJB6 gene in deaf individuals from District Mansehra, Pakistan. The DNA of nonsyndromic deaf-individuals and normal controls were isolated from their saliva. The whole coding area of GJB6 gene was amplified by using PCR specific primers and subsequently sequenced by Sanger method. After sequence data analysis we identified 3 mutations in the coding area of GJB6 gene. It was observed that at position 242, Guanine (G) is substituted by Thymine (T), at position 338 Thymine (T) is substituted by Cytosine (C), and at position 381 Adenine (A) is substituted by Guanine (G). The identification of these novel mutations in coding region of GJB6 gene has enabled us to establish the genetic bases for hearing loss in deaf individuals. The occurrence of higher frequency of genetic mutations in GJB6 gene in some populations suggests the use of molecular markers as tools for diagnosis, carrier detection, and prenatal diagnosis of deafness.
Pyramiding of major resistance (R) genes through marker-assisted selection (MAS) is a useful way ... more Pyramiding of major resistance (R) genes through marker-assisted selection (MAS) is a useful way to attain durable and broad-spectrum resistance against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae pathogen, the causal agent of bacterial blight (BB) disease in rice (Oryza sativa L.). The present study was designed to pyramid four broad spectrum BB-R genes (Xa4, xa5, xa13 and Xa21) in the background of Basmati-385, an indica rice cultivar with much sought-after qualitative and quantitative grain traits. The cultivar, however, is susceptible to BB and was therefore, crossed with IRBB59 which possesses R genes xa5, xa13 and Xa21, to attain broad and durable resistance. A total of 19 F1 plants were obtained, some of which were backcrossed with Basmati-385 and large number of BC1F1 plants were obtained. In BC1F2 generation, 31 phenotypically superior genotypes having morphological features of Basmati-385, were selected and advanced up to BC1F6 population. Sequence-tagged site (STS)-based MAS was carried out and phenotypic selection was made in each successive generation. In BC1F6 population, potentially homozygous recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from each line were selected and evaluated on the bases of STS evaluation and resistance to local Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) isolates. Line 23 was found pyramided with all four BB-R genes i.e., Xa4, xa5, xa13 and Xa21. Five genotypes including line 8, line 16, line 21, line 27 and line 28 were identified as pyramided with three R genes, Xa4, xa5 and xa13. Pathological study showed that rice lines pyramided with quadruplet or triplet R genes showed the highest level of resistance compared to doublet or singlet R genes. Thus, line 23 with quadruplet, and lines 8, 16, 21, 27, and 28 with triplet R genes, are recommended for replicated yield and resistance trials before release as new rice varieties. Further, traditional breeding coupled with MAS, is a solid way to attain highly effective BB-resistant rice lines with no yield cost
Journal of Xi’an Shiyou University, Natural Science Edition, 2022
Production and quality of worldwide most demanding crop, wheat (triticum aestivum) is getting adv... more Production and quality of worldwide most demanding crop, wheat (triticum aestivum) is getting adversely effected day by day by many biotic and abiotic stressors. One of the most devastating and alarming stressor among them is strip rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst). Developing resistant lines by gene pyramiding is considered an inexpensive and effective approach to overcome the loss caused by stripe rust. There
Journal of Xi’an Shiyou University, Natural Science Edition , 2022
Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) crop meet substantial damages due to several pathogens causing s... more Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) crop meet substantial damages due to several pathogens causing serious diseases. Previously, the disease was managed using several methods including fungicide application and other cultural practices. The factors including limited availability of commercially acceptable resistant cultivars and negative environmental impact of chemical application have prompted the use of identification and use of genetic resistance to complement other practices in disease management. In the present study, 46 genotypes were screened for resistance to Fusarium wilt (I1) and Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (Ty-2) to develop fresh market tomato resistant lines. Molecular markers were used to identify resistant gene against both the diseases. Gene pyramiding for disease resistant genes was done by crossing cultivated variety Roma and an advanced line 1008.The present work provided greenhouse, field, molecular marker and laboratory protocols used in the screening and selection process that were applied to segregating populations during generation advance over three years to develop two multiple disease resistant F5 fresh market tomato lines. Resistance of two lines against the abovementioned diseases was confirmed in subsequent evaluations. The identified multiple disease resistant lines were subjected to agro-morphological studies. Analysis of variance was used to analyze the data which was subsequently followed by LSD test to estimate significant variation among the developed lines and their parents. Mean values were highest for number of fruits per plant and fruit width. Other traits like vine length, fruit weight and number of branches per plant also showed statistically high values. Line with superior traits and characters was selected and identified for yield and quality enhancement programs.
The study documents the role of traditional medicinal and therapeutic plants in treating various ... more The study documents the role of traditional medicinal and therapeutic plants in treating various skin ailments by indigenous communities of the tribal district of North Waziristan, Pakistan. A total of 130 informants and traditional dermatologists were interviewed. They employed 77 plant species belonging to 49 families to treat various skin ailments. The leading life form reported was herbs (41 species), while the dominant family was Lamiaceae (5 species). Leaves were the most commonly used plant part (37 species). The most preferred mode of preparation was paste (30.38%), and the dominant mode of administration was topical (69.23%). Important medicinal plants reported in this study are recommended for further phytochemical screening for bioactive constituents, which may lead to novel drug discoveries.
Background. Since the beginning of civilization, medicinal plants have been used in human healthc... more Background. Since the beginning of civilization, medicinal plants have been used in human healthcare systems. Studies have been conducted worldwide to evaluate their e cacy, and some of the results have triggered the development of plant-based medications. Rural women in Pakistan frequently experience gynaecological disorders due to malnutrition and heavy physical work during pregnancy. Due to the low economic status, the remoteness of the area, and the lack of modern health services, herbal therapy for gynaecological disorders is common among the indigenous tribes of the study area. Methods. Field surveys were carried out from April 2018 to October 2020 to collect data regarding medicinal plants used for di erent gynaecological disorders. A semistructured questionnaire was used to collect ethnogynaecological data. Results. In total, 67 medicinal plant species belonging to 38 families are being used to treat 26 di erent gynaecological problems. e herbaceous growth form and the Lamiaceae family were recorded with the maximum number of plant species (42 species and 7 species, respectively). Leaves are the most highly utilized plant part, with 16 species. In the case preparation method, decoction was the dominant method (25 species, 36.76%). e informants reported the maximum number of species for the treatment of irregular menstrual ow as 11 species (15.28%). e highest relative frequency of citation (RFC) value was obtained for Acacia modesta (0.37), and the use value (UV) for Tecomella undulata (0.85). e highest informants' consensus factor (ICF) value (1.0) was obtained for emmenagogue and tonic
The CPP-like plant-specific transcription factor has a prominent role in plant development and gr... more The CPP-like plant-specific transcription factor has a prominent role in plant development and growth through cell division and differential activities. However, little information is available about the CPP gene family in Triticum aestivum L. Herein, we identified 37 and 11 CPP genes in the wheat and rice genome databases, respectively. The phylogeny of the CPP protein-like family members was further divided into five subfamilies based on structural similarities and phenotypic functional diversities. The in silico expression analysis showed that CPP genes are highly expressed in some tissues, such as shoot apex, shoot, leaf, leaf sheath, and microspore. Furthermore, the qRT-PCR found higher expression for TaCPP gene family members in leaf, leaf blade, young spike, mature spike, and differential expression patterns under abiotic stresses, including heat, drought, salt, and hormonal treatment, such as indole acetic acid and 1-aminocyclopropane-1 carboxylic acid. We found that CPP gene family members are mostly located in the nucleus after infiltrating the CPP5-1B-GFP and TaCPP11-3B-GFP into tobacco leaves. The overexpression of the TaCPP5-1D gene revealed that the CPP gene positively regulates the germanium, shoot, and root activities in Arabidopsis. The TaCPP5-1D-overexpressed plants showed less anti-oxidative sensitivity under drought stress conditions. These results demonstrated that TaCPP5-1D protein has a crucial contribution by interacting with TaCPP11-3B protein in maintaining stress homeostasis under the natural and unfavorable environmental conditions for growth, development, and stress resistance activities. Therefore, this study could be used as pioneer knowledge to further investigate the function of CPP genes in plant growth and development.
Identification of fragrance gene in some elite advance lines of rice cultivated in foothills of t... more Identification of fragrance gene in some elite advance lines of rice cultivated in foothills of the Himalayas
Rice is the 2 most important food crop after wheat. Rice is a monocotyledonous and belongs to nd ... more Rice is the 2 most important food crop after wheat. Rice is a monocotyledonous and belongs to nd genus Oryza, which have more than 20 species out of which two species, Oryza sativa and Oryza glaberrima cultivated in world wide. It was first cultivated in tropical region but later on expanded to temperate region and in order to characterize 20 BC2-F4 genotypes of rice on the basis of phenotypic traits and presence of fragrance gene (fgr), quality parameters such as grain length, breadth and L/B ratio was measured for the determination of grain size and shape. Grain length ranged from 5.73 to 7.30 mm with overall mean of 6.66 mm, while grain width ranged from 1.13 to 1.37 mm with overall mean of 1.24 mm. Sixty five percent of the genotypes possessed long slender grains with intermediate to high gelatinization temperature and thus they are suitable for making high quality saline rice. PCR analysis for the identification of fgr gene in BC2-F4 genotypes of rice was conducted and amplifie...
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae causes bacterial blight (BB) of rice (Oryza sativa L.), which const... more Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae causes bacterial blight (BB) of rice (Oryza sativa L.), which constrain production of this staple crop in much of Asia and parts of Africa. Tremendous progress has been made in characterizing the disease and breeding for resistance. Bacterial blight is a vascular disease resulting in a systemic infection of rice and it produces tannish-grey to white lesions along the veins. In rice there are 38 major genes for resistance to bacterial blight and more than 30 races of X. oryzae pv. oryzae have been reported. Genetic resistance of rice to BB isolates is diverse as the pathogen exhibit significant diversity among the isolates. There is also a remarkable structural and functional diversity among genes for resistance to these isolates. This article review the recent advances and progress made towards the ultimate goal of developing disease-resistant varieties of rice. The objective of this review is to consolidate the existing knowledge about bacterial blight in rice and the progress made both in conventional as well as in molecular dimensions of breeding together with potential findings and constraints.
Fusarium wilt and late blight are the most devastating diseases of tomato that causes significant... more Fusarium wilt and late blight are the most devastating diseases of tomato that causes significant yield loses all over the world. Genetic host resistance is the most effective way to control these problems. Marker assisted selection (MAS) was carried out to screen 46 genotypes of tomato for the presence of Fusarium wilt resistance gene (I1) and late blight resistance gene (Ph3). For this purpose allele specific SSR marker Tom-144 and SCAR marker SCU602 were used that are tightly linked to I1 and Ph3 genes, respectively. In the present study 17 genotypes showed the presence of I1 gene and 13 genotypes showed the presence of Ph3 gene while five genotypes were found to possess both I1 and Ph3 genes. Thus we have successfully pyramided I1 and Ph3 genes into five tomato lines that are accessions 1008, 017878, 017868, 0101 and 1002. These genotypes are highly resistant to both Fusarium wilt and late blight of tomato and thus should be released as resistant inbred lines for general cultivation by farmers.
Deterioration of water quality of lakes, rivers and groundwater aquifers has resulted in increase... more Deterioration of water quality of lakes, rivers and groundwater aquifers has resulted in increased waterborne diseases and other health impacts.The reuse of treated polluted water for agricultural irrigation has expanded, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, helping to relieve water scarcity and improving the means for local food production.Six parameter of water quality analyzed in the lab of M.Biology, Hazara University, Mansehra. Each parameter analyzed 3 times. Samples were collected at Bio-remediation garden from different points i.e., (Inlet, Wetland, P1, P2, P3, P5 and Outlet) on July 10, 20 and 30 , 2013 .Overall performances of the Bio-remediation garden showed that pH (3.8%), increased. However, parameters which decrease are Turbidity (84.2%)> Calcium (34.25%)> Bicarbonate (31.65%)> Chloride (22.04%)>Total Dissolved Solids (13.5%)>.
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Papers by Hamid Ali
population, is a critical crop that requires
ongoing improvement in disease resistance,
crop duration, and yield to ensure food
security and sustainability. Field variability
plays a crucial role in determining the success
of rice breeding programs, especially in
relation to these factors. This study,
conducted at ARS Baffa Mansehra, evaluated
20 rice breeding lines, developed by National
Agriculture Research Centre (NARC),
including the local check (Fakhre Malakand),
for diversity in disease infestation, crop
duration, and yield parameters. Data were
collected on rice blast incidence and severity,
days to panicle emergence, anthesis, grain
filling, maturity, plant height, grain weight,
and grain yield. The highest rice blast
incidence was recorded for NARC-8
(66.7%), followed by NARC-4 (50.0%), with
the lowest incidence in Fakhre Malakand
(0%) and breeding lines NARC-12 and
NARC-1 (14.3%). Rice blast severity
increased from 28.9 to 36.4 on average.
Panicle emergence days ranged from 83
(NARC-3 and NARC-6) to 119 (NARC-18).
Plant height varied, with NARC-17 being the
tallest (87 cm) and NARC-14 and NARC-15
the shortest (64 cm). The maximum
thousand-grain weight was observed in
NARC-6, NARC-10, and NARC-11 (34 g),
while NARC-19 had the lowest (27 g).
NARC-12 had the highest grain yield (193 g),
followed by NARC-13 (182 g) and NARC14 (162 g), with the lowest yields in NARC10 (107 g), NARC-17, and NARC-6 (112 g).
The overall variability observed among the
advanced breeding lines of rice could be used
for subsequent genetic improvement of rice,
with particular emphasis on Hazara Division.
oxidative stress. Mushrooms have been utilized in oriental medication for centuries to prevent and
treat a variety of diseases. Mushroom extracts are increasingly available as dietary supplements,
especially to increase immune function. In current study, the pharmacological potential of
Trametes hirsuta was investigated, specifically its analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and
antispasmodic activity, as well as its antimicrobial activity. Ethanolic extracts of T. hirsuta were
used for the pharmacological studies, while aqueous extracts were used for myco-chemical
analysis. In the analgesic activity, a dose of 300mg/kg of the ethanol extract was administered,
resulting in a reduction of writhing to (21.33±88) /5min and 46.21% inhibition, compared to the
standard diclofenac sodium which reduced writhing to (19.66±1.20) /5min and showed 50.42%
inhibition. For anti-inflammatory activity, T. hirsuta extract was given at a dose of 300mg/kg after
240min showed (1.13±0.57) as compared to the standard drug aspirin (1.10±0.57). The ethanolic
extract of Trametes hirsuta revealed highest (59.43%) antispasmodic activity at 300 mg/kg
concentration followed by the same extract (54.33%) at 150mg/kg concentrations. The standard
drug buscopan showed concentrated antispasmodic effect (65.21 %) as compared to the wood
rotting fungi extracts. The ethanol extract of Trametes hirsuta has a strong antispasmodic effect
via slowing intestinal motility. The antimicrobial activity study showed that all selected wood
rotting fungi extracts were effective against different selected bacterial strains The highest antibacterial activity was detected against Staphylococcus aureus (16.00±0.66 mm) followed by
Klebisella pneumonia. (14.66±0.88 mm) and Salmonella enterica (13.00±0.88 mm) at
concentration of 20mg/disc.Analysis of the data show that extracted samples of Trametes hirsuta
inhibited the growth by 11.33±0.33 mm,11.33±0.57 mm and 10.33±0.57 mm at meditation of 10
mg/disc respectively. The present study suggests that not only angiosperms and gymnosperms, but
fungi as well, can be a valuable source of chemical compounds for treating acute and chronic
diseases. This study provides a baseline information for future research.
impairments in humans, affecting approximately 1 to 3
individuals in every 1000 live human births. Genetic
mutations in the gap junction proteins, Cx26 and Cx30
are the major contributors to sensorineural, nonsyndromic and prelingual hearing loss in humans. The
GJB6 gene encoding connexin (Cx30) protein is
expressed in mesenchymal and epithelial structures of
the inner ears. Mutation in GJB6 gene results in loss of
function mutation that causes hearing loss in humans.
The current study was thus designed to explore genetic
mutations in GJB6 gene in deaf individuals from
District Mansehra, Pakistan. The DNA of nonsyndromic deaf-individuals and normal controls were
isolated from their saliva. The whole coding area of
GJB6 gene was amplified by using PCR specific
primers and subsequently sequenced by Sanger
method. After sequence data analysis we identified 3
mutations in the coding area of GJB6 gene. It was
observed that at position 242, Guanine (G) is
substituted by Thymine (T), at position 338 Thymine
(T) is substituted by Cytosine (C), and at position 381
Adenine (A) is substituted by Guanine (G). The
identification of these novel mutations in coding region
of GJB6 gene has enabled us to establish the genetic
bases for hearing loss in deaf individuals. The
occurrence of higher frequency of genetic mutations in
GJB6 gene in some populations suggests the use of
molecular markers as tools for diagnosis, carrier
detection, and prenatal diagnosis of deafness.
traits. The cultivar, however, is susceptible to BB and was therefore, crossed with IRBB59 which
possesses R genes xa5, xa13 and Xa21, to attain broad and durable resistance. A total of 19 F1 plants
were obtained, some of which were backcrossed with Basmati-385 and large number of BC1F1 plants
were obtained. In BC1F2 generation, 31 phenotypically superior genotypes having morphological
features of Basmati-385, were selected and advanced up to BC1F6 population. Sequence-tagged site
(STS)-based MAS was carried out and phenotypic selection was made in each successive generation.
In BC1F6 population, potentially homozygous recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from each line were
selected and evaluated on the bases of STS evaluation and resistance to local Xanthomonas oryzae pv.
oryzae (Xoo) isolates. Line 23 was found pyramided with all four BB-R genes i.e., Xa4, xa5, xa13 and
Xa21. Five genotypes including line 8, line 16, line 21, line 27 and line 28 were identified as pyramided
with three R genes, Xa4, xa5 and xa13. Pathological study showed that rice lines pyramided with
quadruplet or triplet R genes showed the highest level of resistance compared to doublet or singlet
R genes. Thus, line 23 with quadruplet, and lines 8, 16, 21, 27, and 28 with triplet R genes, are
recommended for replicated yield and resistance trials before release as new rice varieties. Further,
traditional breeding coupled with MAS, is a solid way to attain highly effective BB-resistant rice lines
with no yield cost
population, is a critical crop that requires
ongoing improvement in disease resistance,
crop duration, and yield to ensure food
security and sustainability. Field variability
plays a crucial role in determining the success
of rice breeding programs, especially in
relation to these factors. This study,
conducted at ARS Baffa Mansehra, evaluated
20 rice breeding lines, developed by National
Agriculture Research Centre (NARC),
including the local check (Fakhre Malakand),
for diversity in disease infestation, crop
duration, and yield parameters. Data were
collected on rice blast incidence and severity,
days to panicle emergence, anthesis, grain
filling, maturity, plant height, grain weight,
and grain yield. The highest rice blast
incidence was recorded for NARC-8
(66.7%), followed by NARC-4 (50.0%), with
the lowest incidence in Fakhre Malakand
(0%) and breeding lines NARC-12 and
NARC-1 (14.3%). Rice blast severity
increased from 28.9 to 36.4 on average.
Panicle emergence days ranged from 83
(NARC-3 and NARC-6) to 119 (NARC-18).
Plant height varied, with NARC-17 being the
tallest (87 cm) and NARC-14 and NARC-15
the shortest (64 cm). The maximum
thousand-grain weight was observed in
NARC-6, NARC-10, and NARC-11 (34 g),
while NARC-19 had the lowest (27 g).
NARC-12 had the highest grain yield (193 g),
followed by NARC-13 (182 g) and NARC14 (162 g), with the lowest yields in NARC10 (107 g), NARC-17, and NARC-6 (112 g).
The overall variability observed among the
advanced breeding lines of rice could be used
for subsequent genetic improvement of rice,
with particular emphasis on Hazara Division.
oxidative stress. Mushrooms have been utilized in oriental medication for centuries to prevent and
treat a variety of diseases. Mushroom extracts are increasingly available as dietary supplements,
especially to increase immune function. In current study, the pharmacological potential of
Trametes hirsuta was investigated, specifically its analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and
antispasmodic activity, as well as its antimicrobial activity. Ethanolic extracts of T. hirsuta were
used for the pharmacological studies, while aqueous extracts were used for myco-chemical
analysis. In the analgesic activity, a dose of 300mg/kg of the ethanol extract was administered,
resulting in a reduction of writhing to (21.33±88) /5min and 46.21% inhibition, compared to the
standard diclofenac sodium which reduced writhing to (19.66±1.20) /5min and showed 50.42%
inhibition. For anti-inflammatory activity, T. hirsuta extract was given at a dose of 300mg/kg after
240min showed (1.13±0.57) as compared to the standard drug aspirin (1.10±0.57). The ethanolic
extract of Trametes hirsuta revealed highest (59.43%) antispasmodic activity at 300 mg/kg
concentration followed by the same extract (54.33%) at 150mg/kg concentrations. The standard
drug buscopan showed concentrated antispasmodic effect (65.21 %) as compared to the wood
rotting fungi extracts. The ethanol extract of Trametes hirsuta has a strong antispasmodic effect
via slowing intestinal motility. The antimicrobial activity study showed that all selected wood
rotting fungi extracts were effective against different selected bacterial strains The highest antibacterial activity was detected against Staphylococcus aureus (16.00±0.66 mm) followed by
Klebisella pneumonia. (14.66±0.88 mm) and Salmonella enterica (13.00±0.88 mm) at
concentration of 20mg/disc.Analysis of the data show that extracted samples of Trametes hirsuta
inhibited the growth by 11.33±0.33 mm,11.33±0.57 mm and 10.33±0.57 mm at meditation of 10
mg/disc respectively. The present study suggests that not only angiosperms and gymnosperms, but
fungi as well, can be a valuable source of chemical compounds for treating acute and chronic
diseases. This study provides a baseline information for future research.
impairments in humans, affecting approximately 1 to 3
individuals in every 1000 live human births. Genetic
mutations in the gap junction proteins, Cx26 and Cx30
are the major contributors to sensorineural, nonsyndromic and prelingual hearing loss in humans. The
GJB6 gene encoding connexin (Cx30) protein is
expressed in mesenchymal and epithelial structures of
the inner ears. Mutation in GJB6 gene results in loss of
function mutation that causes hearing loss in humans.
The current study was thus designed to explore genetic
mutations in GJB6 gene in deaf individuals from
District Mansehra, Pakistan. The DNA of nonsyndromic deaf-individuals and normal controls were
isolated from their saliva. The whole coding area of
GJB6 gene was amplified by using PCR specific
primers and subsequently sequenced by Sanger
method. After sequence data analysis we identified 3
mutations in the coding area of GJB6 gene. It was
observed that at position 242, Guanine (G) is
substituted by Thymine (T), at position 338 Thymine
(T) is substituted by Cytosine (C), and at position 381
Adenine (A) is substituted by Guanine (G). The
identification of these novel mutations in coding region
of GJB6 gene has enabled us to establish the genetic
bases for hearing loss in deaf individuals. The
occurrence of higher frequency of genetic mutations in
GJB6 gene in some populations suggests the use of
molecular markers as tools for diagnosis, carrier
detection, and prenatal diagnosis of deafness.
traits. The cultivar, however, is susceptible to BB and was therefore, crossed with IRBB59 which
possesses R genes xa5, xa13 and Xa21, to attain broad and durable resistance. A total of 19 F1 plants
were obtained, some of which were backcrossed with Basmati-385 and large number of BC1F1 plants
were obtained. In BC1F2 generation, 31 phenotypically superior genotypes having morphological
features of Basmati-385, were selected and advanced up to BC1F6 population. Sequence-tagged site
(STS)-based MAS was carried out and phenotypic selection was made in each successive generation.
In BC1F6 population, potentially homozygous recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from each line were
selected and evaluated on the bases of STS evaluation and resistance to local Xanthomonas oryzae pv.
oryzae (Xoo) isolates. Line 23 was found pyramided with all four BB-R genes i.e., Xa4, xa5, xa13 and
Xa21. Five genotypes including line 8, line 16, line 21, line 27 and line 28 were identified as pyramided
with three R genes, Xa4, xa5 and xa13. Pathological study showed that rice lines pyramided with
quadruplet or triplet R genes showed the highest level of resistance compared to doublet or singlet
R genes. Thus, line 23 with quadruplet, and lines 8, 16, 21, 27, and 28 with triplet R genes, are
recommended for replicated yield and resistance trials before release as new rice varieties. Further,
traditional breeding coupled with MAS, is a solid way to attain highly effective BB-resistant rice lines
with no yield cost