Fungi form an important group of microorganisms comprising of both forms
Filamentous and Non-fila... more Fungi form an important group of microorganisms comprising of both forms Filamentous and Non-filamentous but mycotoxin production is mostly seen associated with terrestrial filamentous fungi like molds. Symbiosis between plants and endophytes is well known in which symbionts provide shelter to latter and fungi produces some bioactive compounds which play important role in mitigating the effect of pathogens, insectides etc and defend the plant from attack. Toxigenic fungi can produce mycotoxin like Trichothecenes, aflatoxins, rubratoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins etc. Among them trichothecenes play important role to be used as potential biopesticides. Potentially hazardous concentrations of the trichothecene mycotoxins can occur naturally in cereals and grains.
Trichoderma spp. are most popular biocontrol agents (BCA) known worldwide for their great ability... more Trichoderma spp. are most popular biocontrol agents (BCA) known worldwide for their great ability to combat different soil and foliar diseases of agricultural crops. The use of biocontrol agents in IPM strategies requires the effective strains compatible with pesticides which can be well utilized in an integrated pest management system and also suitable to reduce the residual effect of pesticides. Keeping this in view, the study was designed to evaluate to lerance levels and biodegradation of benzimidazole fungicide (Carbendazim) by Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma viride and Trichoderma atroviride at three concentrations 100, 150 and 200 ppm were determined. The maximum per cent inhibition of T.harzianum, T.viride and T.atroviride in carbendazim amended media were 60, 83 and 93 at with spore production of 2.0×106, 1.4×106 and 0.8×106spore/μl at 200 ppm. Biodegradation per cent of carbendazim after 5 days of incubation determined through HPLC analysis were 85% in T.harzianum, 47% in T.viride and 21% in T.atroviride, thus clearly indicating the biodegradation property of Trichoderma spp.
Species of Trichoderma are diverse fungal microbial community known and explored worldwide for th... more Species of Trichoderma are diverse fungal microbial community known and explored worldwide for their versatilities as biocontrol and growth promoting agents. They are also widely exploited in industries as sources of enzymes. A large number of research groups are working on various aspects of Trichoderma viz., diversity, ecology and their applications. In India, about 110 groups representing various universities and research institutes are working with about 15 different species and have published about 460 research papers. Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma viride are the widely used species and have been exploited on about 87 different crops and about 70 soilborne and 18 foliar pathogens, respectively. This review aims to give an overview of the status of usage of Trichoderma on important agricultural crops by different groups and organizations in the country.
Morphological characters are not sufficient to properly identify different species of Trichoderma... more Morphological characters are not sufficient to properly identify different species of Trichoderma. Recently, multi-gene phylogeny in combination with morphological characters is used to identify Trichoderma at species level. The current study was focused to characterize Trichoderma asperellum strain Ta13 based on morphology and molecular analysis using genes such as ITS, tef1, rpb2, act and cal. Light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results showed that Ta13 has regularly branched, typically paired conidiophores with straight phialides and globose to sub-globose shaped conidia having size of 2.91μm x 2.37μm with inconspicuous ornamentation. Sequence similarity analysis with reference T. asperellum isolates available in ISTH database showed 99.30, 90.60, 99.20, 98.70, 100 and 99.80 per cent nucleotide similarity for ITS1 and ITS2, tef1 intron4 (large), tef1 intron5 (short), rpb2, cal and act respectively. Confrontation assay clearly showed that Ta13 inhibited several fungal plant pathogens viz. Rhizoctonia solani (88.69 per cent), Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (85.27 per cent), F. moniliforme (84.55 per cent), S. sclerotiorum (80.17 per cent), S. rolfsii (78.26 per cent), and A. brassicicola (77.5 per cent).
Stem and root rot complex disease of groundnut is a devastating disease caused by Sclerotium rolf... more Stem and root rot complex disease of groundnut is a devastating disease caused by Sclerotium rolfsii and Macrophomina phaseolina. To avoid extensive use of pesticides, biological formulation developed from Trichoderma harzianum (Th3) was used as an environment friendly option. In the dual culture method, T. harzianum Th3 showed around 62% inhibition against S. rolfsii and 71.9% inhibition of M. phaseolina. Seed treatment, soil application and drenching with T. harzianum Th3 showed minimum disease incidence of 21.6% in Banswara and 12.6% in Jhabua districts. Thus it reduces the disease incidence by 66.3 to 78.1% as compared with control. In the same way, there was significant response of application of T. harzianum Th3 was observed on plant growth promoting parameters. at field level to increase number of pods per plant and shelling % and thereby produces maximum yield of 3.37 and 3.6 t/ha in Banswara and Jhabua district, respectively.
Fungi form an important group of microorganisms comprising of both forms
Filamentous and Non-fila... more Fungi form an important group of microorganisms comprising of both forms Filamentous and Non-filamentous but mycotoxin production is mostly seen associated with terrestrial filamentous fungi like molds. Symbiosis between plants and endophytes is well known in which symbionts provide shelter to latter and fungi produces some bioactive compounds which play important role in mitigating the effect of pathogens, insectides etc and defend the plant from attack. Toxigenic fungi can produce mycotoxin like Trichothecenes, aflatoxins, rubratoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins etc. Among them trichothecenes play important role to be used as potential biopesticides. Potentially hazardous concentrations of the trichothecene mycotoxins can occur naturally in cereals and grains.
Trichoderma spp. are most popular biocontrol agents (BCA) known worldwide for their great ability... more Trichoderma spp. are most popular biocontrol agents (BCA) known worldwide for their great ability to combat different soil and foliar diseases of agricultural crops. The use of biocontrol agents in IPM strategies requires the effective strains compatible with pesticides which can be well utilized in an integrated pest management system and also suitable to reduce the residual effect of pesticides. Keeping this in view, the study was designed to evaluate to lerance levels and biodegradation of benzimidazole fungicide (Carbendazim) by Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma viride and Trichoderma atroviride at three concentrations 100, 150 and 200 ppm were determined. The maximum per cent inhibition of T.harzianum, T.viride and T.atroviride in carbendazim amended media were 60, 83 and 93 at with spore production of 2.0×106, 1.4×106 and 0.8×106spore/μl at 200 ppm. Biodegradation per cent of carbendazim after 5 days of incubation determined through HPLC analysis were 85% in T.harzianum, 47% in T.viride and 21% in T.atroviride, thus clearly indicating the biodegradation property of Trichoderma spp.
Species of Trichoderma are diverse fungal microbial community known and explored worldwide for th... more Species of Trichoderma are diverse fungal microbial community known and explored worldwide for their versatilities as biocontrol and growth promoting agents. They are also widely exploited in industries as sources of enzymes. A large number of research groups are working on various aspects of Trichoderma viz., diversity, ecology and their applications. In India, about 110 groups representing various universities and research institutes are working with about 15 different species and have published about 460 research papers. Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma viride are the widely used species and have been exploited on about 87 different crops and about 70 soilborne and 18 foliar pathogens, respectively. This review aims to give an overview of the status of usage of Trichoderma on important agricultural crops by different groups and organizations in the country.
Morphological characters are not sufficient to properly identify different species of Trichoderma... more Morphological characters are not sufficient to properly identify different species of Trichoderma. Recently, multi-gene phylogeny in combination with morphological characters is used to identify Trichoderma at species level. The current study was focused to characterize Trichoderma asperellum strain Ta13 based on morphology and molecular analysis using genes such as ITS, tef1, rpb2, act and cal. Light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results showed that Ta13 has regularly branched, typically paired conidiophores with straight phialides and globose to sub-globose shaped conidia having size of 2.91μm x 2.37μm with inconspicuous ornamentation. Sequence similarity analysis with reference T. asperellum isolates available in ISTH database showed 99.30, 90.60, 99.20, 98.70, 100 and 99.80 per cent nucleotide similarity for ITS1 and ITS2, tef1 intron4 (large), tef1 intron5 (short), rpb2, cal and act respectively. Confrontation assay clearly showed that Ta13 inhibited several fungal plant pathogens viz. Rhizoctonia solani (88.69 per cent), Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (85.27 per cent), F. moniliforme (84.55 per cent), S. sclerotiorum (80.17 per cent), S. rolfsii (78.26 per cent), and A. brassicicola (77.5 per cent).
Stem and root rot complex disease of groundnut is a devastating disease caused by Sclerotium rolf... more Stem and root rot complex disease of groundnut is a devastating disease caused by Sclerotium rolfsii and Macrophomina phaseolina. To avoid extensive use of pesticides, biological formulation developed from Trichoderma harzianum (Th3) was used as an environment friendly option. In the dual culture method, T. harzianum Th3 showed around 62% inhibition against S. rolfsii and 71.9% inhibition of M. phaseolina. Seed treatment, soil application and drenching with T. harzianum Th3 showed minimum disease incidence of 21.6% in Banswara and 12.6% in Jhabua districts. Thus it reduces the disease incidence by 66.3 to 78.1% as compared with control. In the same way, there was significant response of application of T. harzianum Th3 was observed on plant growth promoting parameters. at field level to increase number of pods per plant and shelling % and thereby produces maximum yield of 3.37 and 3.6 t/ha in Banswara and Jhabua district, respectively.
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Filamentous and Non-filamentous but mycotoxin production is mostly seen
associated with terrestrial filamentous fungi like molds. Symbiosis between
plants and endophytes is well known in which symbionts provide shelter to latter
and fungi produces some bioactive compounds which play important role in
mitigating the effect of pathogens, insectides etc and defend the plant from attack.
Toxigenic fungi can produce mycotoxin like Trichothecenes, aflatoxins,
rubratoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins etc. Among them trichothecenes play
important role to be used as potential biopesticides. Potentially hazardous
concentrations of the trichothecene mycotoxins can occur naturally in cereals and
grains.
different soil and foliar diseases of agricultural crops. The use of biocontrol agents in IPM strategies requires the
effective strains compatible with pesticides which can be well utilized in an integrated pest management system and
also suitable to reduce the residual effect of pesticides. Keeping this in view, the study was designed to evaluate to
lerance levels and biodegradation of benzimidazole fungicide (Carbendazim) by Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma
viride and Trichoderma atroviride at three concentrations 100, 150 and 200 ppm were determined. The maximum per
cent inhibition of T.harzianum, T.viride and T.atroviride in carbendazim amended media were 60, 83 and 93 at with
spore production of 2.0×106, 1.4×106 and 0.8×106spore/μl at 200 ppm. Biodegradation per cent of carbendazim after
5 days of incubation determined through HPLC analysis were 85% in T.harzianum, 47% in T.viride and 21% in
T.atroviride, thus clearly indicating the biodegradation property of Trichoderma spp.
versatilities as biocontrol and growth promoting agents. They are also widely exploited in industries as sources of enzymes.
A large number of research groups are working on various aspects of Trichoderma viz., diversity, ecology and their
applications. In India, about 110 groups representing various universities and research institutes are working with about 15
different species and have published about 460 research papers. Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma viride are the
widely used species and have been exploited on about 87 different crops and about 70 soilborne and 18 foliar pathogens,
respectively. This review aims to give an overview of the status of usage of Trichoderma on important agricultural crops by
different groups and organizations in the country.
Recently, multi-gene phylogeny in combination with morphological characters is used to identify Trichoderma at
species level. The current study was focused to characterize Trichoderma asperellum strain Ta13 based on
morphology and molecular analysis using genes such as ITS, tef1, rpb2, act and cal. Light and scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) results showed that Ta13 has regularly branched, typically paired conidiophores with straight
phialides and globose to sub-globose shaped conidia having size of 2.91μm x 2.37μm with inconspicuous
ornamentation. Sequence similarity analysis with reference T. asperellum isolates available in ISTH database
showed 99.30, 90.60, 99.20, 98.70, 100 and 99.80 per cent nucleotide similarity for ITS1 and ITS2, tef1 intron4 (large),
tef1 intron5 (short), rpb2, cal and act respectively. Confrontation assay clearly showed that Ta13 inhibited several
fungal plant pathogens viz. Rhizoctonia solani (88.69 per cent), Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (85.27 per
cent), F. moniliforme (84.55 per cent), S. sclerotiorum (80.17 per cent), S. rolfsii (78.26 per cent), and A. brassicicola
(77.5 per cent).
Filamentous and Non-filamentous but mycotoxin production is mostly seen
associated with terrestrial filamentous fungi like molds. Symbiosis between
plants and endophytes is well known in which symbionts provide shelter to latter
and fungi produces some bioactive compounds which play important role in
mitigating the effect of pathogens, insectides etc and defend the plant from attack.
Toxigenic fungi can produce mycotoxin like Trichothecenes, aflatoxins,
rubratoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins etc. Among them trichothecenes play
important role to be used as potential biopesticides. Potentially hazardous
concentrations of the trichothecene mycotoxins can occur naturally in cereals and
grains.
different soil and foliar diseases of agricultural crops. The use of biocontrol agents in IPM strategies requires the
effective strains compatible with pesticides which can be well utilized in an integrated pest management system and
also suitable to reduce the residual effect of pesticides. Keeping this in view, the study was designed to evaluate to
lerance levels and biodegradation of benzimidazole fungicide (Carbendazim) by Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma
viride and Trichoderma atroviride at three concentrations 100, 150 and 200 ppm were determined. The maximum per
cent inhibition of T.harzianum, T.viride and T.atroviride in carbendazim amended media were 60, 83 and 93 at with
spore production of 2.0×106, 1.4×106 and 0.8×106spore/μl at 200 ppm. Biodegradation per cent of carbendazim after
5 days of incubation determined through HPLC analysis were 85% in T.harzianum, 47% in T.viride and 21% in
T.atroviride, thus clearly indicating the biodegradation property of Trichoderma spp.
versatilities as biocontrol and growth promoting agents. They are also widely exploited in industries as sources of enzymes.
A large number of research groups are working on various aspects of Trichoderma viz., diversity, ecology and their
applications. In India, about 110 groups representing various universities and research institutes are working with about 15
different species and have published about 460 research papers. Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma viride are the
widely used species and have been exploited on about 87 different crops and about 70 soilborne and 18 foliar pathogens,
respectively. This review aims to give an overview of the status of usage of Trichoderma on important agricultural crops by
different groups and organizations in the country.
Recently, multi-gene phylogeny in combination with morphological characters is used to identify Trichoderma at
species level. The current study was focused to characterize Trichoderma asperellum strain Ta13 based on
morphology and molecular analysis using genes such as ITS, tef1, rpb2, act and cal. Light and scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) results showed that Ta13 has regularly branched, typically paired conidiophores with straight
phialides and globose to sub-globose shaped conidia having size of 2.91μm x 2.37μm with inconspicuous
ornamentation. Sequence similarity analysis with reference T. asperellum isolates available in ISTH database
showed 99.30, 90.60, 99.20, 98.70, 100 and 99.80 per cent nucleotide similarity for ITS1 and ITS2, tef1 intron4 (large),
tef1 intron5 (short), rpb2, cal and act respectively. Confrontation assay clearly showed that Ta13 inhibited several
fungal plant pathogens viz. Rhizoctonia solani (88.69 per cent), Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (85.27 per
cent), F. moniliforme (84.55 per cent), S. sclerotiorum (80.17 per cent), S. rolfsii (78.26 per cent), and A. brassicicola
(77.5 per cent).