How did Salamanca impact Wellesley’s career? By Salamanca, Wellesley had learned the bulk of what he would ever know about war. It was a very clear indication of his confidence in himself, his tactical awareness and his troops, and confirmed that Wel

Editor-in-Chief Tim Williamson timothy.williamson@futurenet.com Senior Designer Curtis Fermor-Dunman Production Editor Iain Noble Senior Art Editor Duncan Crook Staff Writer Louis Hardiman John Beales, Murray Dahm, Stuart Hadaway, Michael E Haskew, M

The link between the gassing of Hitler and a new British Army gas shell came to light while I was researching the war service of my grandfather, Arthur James Ingoldsby, writes David Orr. At the age of 25, my grandfather fought in the Battle of Courtr

The Battle of Leyte Gulf was the climactic naval engagement of the Pacific Campaign. Leading the Japanese First Diversion Attack Force, Vice Admiral Takeo Kurita attempted to enter Leyte Gulf and disrupt the ongoing US amphibious invasion of Leyte Is

A retired commander of the US Navy, Mark also worked for 40 years in the intelligence community. He is now a widely respected expert on the Pacific Theatre of WWII and this issue spoke with Louis Hardiman on the Battle of Leyte Gulf (page 34). Zack i

Despite the fact that the last naumachia in ancient Rome about which we have any detail seems to have come in the reign of Domitian (r.81-96 CE), the idea of naumachia seized the popular imagination from the 16th century onwards. This may have coinci

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On 21 October 1944, US forces captured Aachen, the first German city to fall. It followed 39 days of brutal urban combat, with the outnumbered Wehrmacht forces putting up a tenacious defence. The Germans were eventually defeated after heavy losses, s

By the early 1960s the US and the USSR were rival superpowers with enough nuclear weapons to wipe one another off the face of the earth, along with everybody else. In theory this stand-off kept the peace, but in late 1962 humanity found itself facing