Awesome Physics With Tcer Alina-2019 PDF

Follow the excellence, the success will chase you!
TOPIK YANG PERLU DIFOKUS

TAJUK FOKUS
ALAT PENGUKUR
PENGENALAN -Tolok skru mikrometer
FIZIK - Neraca Tiga Alur
- Neraca spring
Daya paduan
DAYA DAN
Keseimbangan daya
GERAKAN
Kekenyalan- Hukum Hooke
Tekanan Dalam Cecair
DAYA DAN Prinsip Pascal
TEKANAN Prinsip Bernoulli
Prinsip Archimedes
Keseimbangan Terma
HABA Muatan haba tentu
Hukum gas-hukum gas
Pantulan Dalam Penuh
Kanta cembung , kuasa kanta, panjang fokus
CAHAYA Rajah sinar untuk pelbagai kedudukan objek
kanta pembesar // cermin
teleskop & mikroskop
Rintangan dan faktor2 mempengaruhinya
ELEKTRIK Kuasa hilang dalam dawai
Elemen pemanas dalam seterika elektrik
Pembiasan Gelombang
GELOMBANG Belauan gelombang
Gelombang elektromagnet
Aruhan elektromagnet
ELEKTROMAGNET
Transformer
Sinar katod
ELEKTRONIK
Ciri-ciri sinar katod
Semikonduktor // transistor // logik gate
Ciri-ciri sinar radioaktif
Pereputan radioaktif
RADIOAKTIF
kegunaan radioisotop dalam industri
tenaga nuklear
ALINA IMAN ARIF Amazing physics -- 2

FOKUS ESEI: TINGKATAN 4
Konstruk penyelesaian masalah dan membuat keputusan
1. BOT LAJU (SPEED BOAT)
ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB

Bentuk bot Aerodinamik Kurangkan rintangan air
(Shape of the boat) (Aerodynamic) (Reduce water resistance)
Jisim Bot Rendah Ringan/ pecutan bertambah
(Mass of boat) (low mass) (Lighter/increase acceleration)
Kuasa enjin Tinggi Pecutan bertambah
(Engine power) (High) (Increase acceleration)
Saiz kipas Besar Tambah daya
(Size of propeller) (Big) (Increase force)
Bahan badan bot Komposit carbon Kukuh/ ringan/tidak berkarat
(Material used for the body (Carbon composite) (Strong/ lighter/ does not rust)
of the boat)
2. PAKAIAN MENYELAM (DIVERS SUIT)
ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB

Ketebalan pakaian Tebal Tidak mudah koyak/ kuat/ halang dari
(Thickness of suit) (Thick) kesejukan
(Strong/ not easy tear/ prevent from cold)
Ketumpatan pakaian Rendah Ringan
(Density of suit) (Low) (Lighter)
Keupayaan pakaian untuk Tinggi Tidak mudah koyak
meregang (High) (Not easy to tear)
(Ability of the suit to
strectch)
Saiz pakaian Ketat/ sendat Kurangkan rintangan air
(tight/ fit) (Reduce water resistance)

3. KAEDAH MENGGANTUNG CERMIN
ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB

Bahan bingkai Aluminium Tak mudah patah/ tahan lama
(Material of frame) (Not easy to break/ lasting)
Jisim bingkai Rendah Ringan
(Mass of frame) (low) (lighter)
Tali Tak Kenyal Tegangan seragam /Hasilkan daya ke atas
(String) (Inelastic) yang seragam
(Uniform tension/ Produce uniform force
acting upwards)
Sudut gantung Besar Tegangan berkurang
(Angle of hanging) (Big) (Small tension/ low tension)
4. HIDROMETER (HYDROMETER) :
Fungsi – untuk mengukur ketumpatan cecair contohnya asid / susu getah
ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB
Panjang stem Panjang Julat skala yang luas
(Length of stem) (Long) (Wide range of scale)
Diameter stem Kecil Lebih sensitif / boleh ukur @ kesan perubahan
(Diameter of stem) (small) ketumpatan yang kecil
(More sensitive/ can measure @ detect small
changed in density)
Bahan untuk batang Kaca Tidak akan terkakis
(Material of stem) (glass) (Will not corrode)
Bilangan butir Plumbum Banyak Kedudukan tegak / mudah terapung
(No of lead shot) (Many) (Stay upright/ easy to floats)
Saiz bebuli udara Besar Mudah Terapung / daya apungan tinggi
(Size of air bulb) (big) (easy to floats/ high buoyant force)

5. BELON UNTUK IKLAN
ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB

Bahan Nilon Kuat/ kedap udara/ ringan
(Material) (Nylon) (Strong/ air proof/light)
Kekuatan Tinggi Tahan lama
(Strength) (High) (Lasting)
Saiz belon Besar Menghasilkan daya apungan tinggi/ Isipadu udara tersesar
(Size of balloon) (Bigger) bertambah
(Produce higher bouyant force/ increased volume of air displaced)
Ketumpatan belon Rendah Kurangkan berat/ ringan
(Density Of balloon) (Low) (Reduce weight/ lighter)
Ketumpatan gas yang Rendah Ringan
digunakan (Low) (Lighter)
(Density of gas used)
Jenis Gas Helium Ringan
(Type of gas) (Lighter)
6. JET
ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB

Bahan untuk badan Titanium Kuat/ Tidak berkarat
(Material for the body) (Strong/ does not rust)
Kedudukan bilah Senget Sedut banyak udara masuk)
(Position of blade) (Slanting) (Absorb more air in)
Saiz bilah Besar Tambah udara masuk
(Size of blade) (Big) (Increase air intake)
Bilangan pemancut bahan api Banyak Bakar lebih banyak bahan api untuk
(No of fuel injector) (Many/ more) hasilkan daya yang lebih tinggi
(Burn more fuel to produce higher force)
Saiz kebuk pembakaran Besar Lebih banyak ruang untuk pembakaran
(Size of combustion chamber) (Big) (More space for the burning of fuel)
Saiz lubang udara masuk Besar Sedut lebih banyak udara
(Size of air hole in) (Big) (Suck more air)
Saiz lubang udara keluar Sempit Tambah laju udara keluar/ Tambah
(Size of air hole out) (Narrow/small) momentum
(Increase speed of air out / increase
momentum)

7. RADIATOR KERETA (CAR RADIATOR)
ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB

Muatan haba tentu Cecair Tinggi Lambat panas / upaya serap haba yang banyak
penyejuk (high) ( longer time to be hot/ able to absorb more heat )
(Specific heat capacity of
cooling liquid)
Takat didih cecair penyejuk Tinggi Tidak mudah mendidih / lambat didih
(boiling point of cooling liquid) (high) (harder to boil / longer time to boil)
Saiz kipas Besar Boleh hembus lebih banyak udara/ boleh serap
(size of fan) (big) lebih banyak udara
(absorb more air / blow more air)
Bilangan bilah sirip Banyak Tambah luas permukaan / kehilangan haba
(no of fin blade) (Many) bertambah /
(increase surface area/ heat loss increase)
Bahan bilah sirip Kuprum Pengalir haba yang baik/ mudah bebaskan haba
(Material of fin blade) (Copper) (Good conductor of heat/ easy to release heat)
Muatan haba tentu bilah sirip Rendah mudah bebaskan haba / cepat panas
(specific heat capacity of fin (low) (easy to release heat) / easy to be hot)
blade)

8. DART SEBAGAI PELURU PISTOL MAINAN
ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB

Bentuk dart Aerodinamik Kurangkan rintangan udara
(Shape of dart) (Aerodynamic) (Reduce air resistance)
Jisim dart Rendah Kelajuan bertambah
(Mass of dart) (Low) (Increase speed)
Ketebalan dawai spring Tebal Lebih Tegar / k tinggi/ Tenaga
(Thickness of spring wire) (Thicker) keupayaan elastik tinggi
(Stiffer/ high k / high elastic potential
energy)
Diameter gegelung spring Kecil Lebih Tegar / k tinggi/ Tenaga
(Diameter of spring coil) (Small) keupayaan elastik tinggi
(Stiffer/ high k / high elastic potential
energy)
Teknik menembak Halakan keatas sedikit Mengatasi daya graviti.
(Shooting technique) dari garisan ufuk (Overcome gravitational force)
(Aim upward from
horizontal line)
9. SPOILER KERETA LUMBA
ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB

Bahan yang digunakan Komposit karbon Ringan / kuat
(Material used) (Carbon (Lighter/ strong)
composite)
Bentuk Aerofil Hasilkan daya kebawah
(Shape) (Aerofoil) (Produce downward force)
Jisim Rendah Tambah halaju
(Mass) (Low) (Increase speed)
Permukaan spoiler Besar Hasilkan lebih tinggi daya kebawah
(Surface area of spoiler) (Bigger) (Produce higher downward force)

10. KERETAPI LAJU ( HIGH SPEED TRAIN)
ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB

Bentuk keratan rentas badan Aerodinamik Kurangkan rintangan udara
keretapi (Aerodynamic) (Reduce air resistance)
(Cross sectional shape)
Bahan badan keretapi Kukuh Tahan tekanan tinggi
(Material for the body) (Strong) (withstand high pressure)
Ketumpatan badan Rendah Ringan / pecutan tinggi
(Density of the body) (Low) (lighter/ high acceleration)
Bahan untuk landasan Super konduktor Rintangan sifar
(Material for the track) (zero resistance)
Bilangan gerabak Banyak Kurangkan inersia
(No of coach) (Many) (Reduce inertia)
11. TERMOMETER KLINIKAL
ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB

Cecair yang digunakan Merkuri Legap/Mudah di baca/ takat lebur tinggi
(Liquid used) (Mercury) (Opaque/easy to read/ high melting point)
Julat 35°C – 42 °C Upaya untuk ukur suhu
(Range) (Able to measure temperature)
Kejituan Tinggi Lebih sensitif/ boleh kesan suhu badan lebih
(Accuracy) (High) tepat
(more sensitive/ can detect body
temperature accurately)
Saiz tiub kapilari Kecil Sensitiviti bertambah
(Size of capillary tube) (Small) (Sensitivity increase)

12. CERMIN UNTUK MANTAU PELANGGAN DALAM PASARAYA / KESELAMATAN JALAN
RAYA
ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB

Jenis cermin Cembung Sudut pandangan besar
(Type of mirror) (convex) (wider field of view)
Diameter Besar Sudut pandangan yang lebih luas
(Big) (more wider field of view)
Ketumpatan Rendah Ringan
(Density) (Low) (lighter)
Kedudukan Tinggi / bucu Julat pandangan lebih luas dan jauh/ tidak
(Position) siling / simpang halangan laluan
(High/ corner of ( Wider range of view and far / do not disturb
ceiling/ junction) customer pathway)
13. MIKROSKOP MAJMUK
ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB CIRI-CIRI IMEJ:
Kedudukan fo < uo < 2fo Hasilkan imej Besar, Songsang dan 1. Imej pertama –
Objek,uo Nyata (BSN) // RIM BSN @ RIM
Jarak Antara L > fo + fe Imej dapat terbentuk di depan kanta
kedua-dua kanta, d mata 2. Imej akhir –
Jarak antara imej u1 < fe Hasilkan imej yang besar / sebagai BSM (berbanding dengan
pertama dengan kanta pembesar/ menambah objek asal) / VIM
kanta mata, u1 pembesaran
Tempat simpanan Tempat sejuk Elakkan kulat/Avoid fungus
dan kering
Cermin Tambahan Cermin Tumpukan cahaya ke atas kanta
cekung objektif dan dapat imej yang lebih
terang

EXTRA
1. Diagram 1 shows an ammeter to measure an electric current.
Using suitable concepts of physics, suggest

and explain the necessary adaption to be
made so that the ammeter can give readings
that are more sensitive, consistent and
accurate.
State two precautionary steps that must be
taken when taking the reading through the
ammeter.
Diagram 1
Modification Explanation
Small size of scale Can detect smallest change in current
flow
Mirror strip To avoid parallax error
Zero adjuster To avoid zero error
To adjust the pointer at the zero mark
Lighter needle (pointer) Easy to detect current
Sensitive to the change of current flow
Precautionary steps:
- make sure our eye perpendicular to the scale of ammeter to avoid
parallax error
- switch off the circuit the after taking the reading to avoid over heating
1. As a researcher, you are assigned to investigate the characteristic of several instrument that
can be used to measure the diameter of glass rod.
Table 1 shows the characteristic of four types of measuring instruments, P, Q, R and S.
Instrument size of scale/cm Consistency Accuracy Zero error

P 0.001 High High No
Q 0.01 High High Yes
R 0.1 Low High No
S 1 Low Low No
Table 1
Characteristic Explanation
Smallest size of scale Can measure smallest size
Can detect small change in measurement
High Consistency Low relative deviation
High Accuracy Closer to the actual reading
No Zero error More accurate
Most suitable : instrument P Smallest size of scale
High Consistency
High Accuracy
No Zero error

EXTRA
1. An earth-monitoring satellite falls into the earth’s atmosphere at a high velocity and reaches a
high temperature. This is caused by the earth’s gravitational force and air resistance.
Using the appropriate physics concepts, suggest and explain suitable designs or ways to
protect the satellite and its equipment:
(i) from extreme heat

(ii) from breaking up on landing
Aerodynamic Reduce the air friction
Heat insulator To protect the capsule from heat or to reduce heat absorption
Parachute / wings To reduce the speed
High melting point Do not melt easily / can withstand high temperature
Light materials Less momentum / inertia
Strong material Do not break easily
2. Diagram 1 shows a car. Using appropriate physics concept, explain the modifications needed
to be done to the car so that it can be used as a safe racing car.
Diagram 1
Aerodynamic shape To reduce air friction
Light materials Can move in high speed // accelerate easily
Strong material Not easily to break
Tyre with more thread More grip // to increase the friction between the tyre
& the road
Spoiler To stabilize the car
Increase the power of the engine accelerate easily

3. Safety feature in car.
The bumper of car is prone to crash It will increase the time impact to reduce the
impulsive force
The sitting space of the passengers To protect the passengers
is reinforced
Use safety belt It will hold the passengers from thrown in front due
to inertia
Use airbag Will inflate when accident occurs, the driver save
from hitting the steering
Antilock breaking system (ABS) Allow car to stop quickly on slippery road & prevent
from skidding
Strong steel struts Give good protection from side on collision
Tyre with tread Can stays contact with road // prevent slippery
4. Explain the suitable loaded lorry which can carry liquid, such as petrol.
Use ABS/air brake Lorry does not stop immediately
Increase the time for lorry to stop
Lorry does not skid
More friction with ABS
Prevent wheel lock // wheel does not lock
Prevent lorry spinning on wet surface
Use Two tyres // Double tyres // Can support heavy load
Many tyres //More than one Less damage to the road
Low pressure coz surface area is high
The load of lorry should be divide Does not shake easily
into many small tanks To increase stability
Far gap distance between tractor To prevent collisions between the trailer & the
and trailer tractor
To reduce force // velocity
Small belt behind lorry To discharge spark
Safety reason to prevent from burning the petrol
The load must be tied So it will not fall of from the lorry
5. Explain the design and how canoe which can travel faster and safer.
Shape Streamline // aerodynamic Reduce water resistance
Smooth surface body // coat with Reduce friction of body towards water
wax
Low density material Lighter // easier to float // easy to carry and sail faster
Strong material of body and peddle Everlasting // not easily break
Wider peddle surface Greater force because more water are peddle out
Wear safety jacket Passenger can float and safe if they fall into water

6. Diagram 2 shows a student trying to launch a water rocket.
You are required to give some suggestions on how to

design a water rocket for a national competition. Using
the knowledge on forces, motion and properties of
materials, explain the suggestions based on the following
aspects:
(i) Material used
(ii) Shape of the rocket
(iii) Angle of launching
(iv) Volume of water in the rocket
(v) Added structure for the motion of the rocket
Diagram 2
Material used Does not break easily when pressure is applied
Must be strong
Shape of the rocket Can move with the least amount of friction //
aerodynamic reduce air resistance
Angle of launching So that the rocket can travel very far // maximum distance
launching is 45˚
Volume of water in the rocket To increase momentum // impulsive force
1/3 of the whole volume
Added structure for the motion of the Rocket can move smoothly and stable / does not wobble
rocket (berpusing)
Attach / fix fins at the tail of the rocket
7. Diagram 3 shows the structure of a jet engine for a small jet plane.
You are required to give some suggestions to improve

the design of the jet engine so that it can be used on a
larger jet plane that travels at a higher speed.
Using the knowledge on forces and motion and the
properties of materials, explain the suggestions based
on the aspects labeled on Diagram 3.
Diagram 3
Modification Reason
Use bigger blade // Increase the air intake
increase the number of blade //
increase the speed of blades
Blade made of strong material Can withstand strong pressure or it will
not break easily
Increase the number of fuel injection // More fuel to be burnt to produce
add more fuel injectors greater thrust
Increase the size of combustion More space for the fuel to be
chamber burnt
Decrease the diameter of the Exhaust gas ejected at higher velocity
nozzle // momentum

8. Explain the simple characteristic of the rocket that can travel with greater acceleration.
Modification Reason
Choose metal with high strength and Even under pressure the shape will not
hardness change easily
Frame of rocket is made of low density metal Lighter, can increase acceleration
Multistage rocket invented Each stage has burning fuel, pump and
combustion chamber.
It will slip off when of each chamber
completely burn.
When the mass decrease, the acceleration
decrease
Rocket need to carry a tank of oxygen To enable the combustion of fuel in space
Silver color rocket Reflect light efficiently so the temperature
of rocket will not rise
Cover the body of the rocket with layer of Friction between air and body will increase
heat insulator heat. The insulator will reduce heat
conductivity
Aerodynamic shape Reduce air friction, move faster
9. Give suggestion to design a sailboat which can travel faster and smooth.
Modification Reason
Streamline // aerodynamic shape of board Reduce water resistance // increase lifting
Smooth surface board // coat with wax Reduce friction towards water
Low density material Lighter // easier to float and sail faster
Strong material Withstand strong winds // not easily
damage
Wider sail Greater lifting force // more wind are
captured
Waterproof sail Sail would not get wet easily
10. Modified the ship that can carry more and heavier load, move faster and safe while traveling.
Modification Reason
Streamline // aerodynamic shape of board Reduce water resistance // water friction
Low density material Lightweight
Has more than two stage plimsoll line Safe to travel on the fresh and salt water
Strong material Withstand strong force // not easily
damage
Big size Can place more goods

11. Suggest the suitable cloth and the best techniques to catch the ball to prevent injury for
goalkeeper.
Modification Reason
Wear glove Reduce painful of the player’s hands when
touching the ball with big impulsive force //
Use soft material for the glove Increase the time impact, reduce the
impulsive force
Wear cloth which is made from material with The cloth can absorb more heat when the
moderate specific heat capacity player is sweating to maintain temperature
of player
Base of shoes has stud Player give great pressure to make stud
sink into ground and give stronger support
without slipping
When catching the ball, the goal keeper To lengthen the time impact, to reduce the
should move his hands backwards impulsive force
The ball should have enough air pressure To shorter the time impact between the
inside foot and ball to increase the impulsive
force //
The ball has high speed and travel far
away // further
12. Using physics concept, suggest and explain suitable athlete’s attires, running, jumping, landing
techniques and other aspects to help the long jumper to jump further.
Modification Reason
Use tight and light suit Less air friction // easy to move // run
Less inertia
Use spike shoes Better grip support while running and
prevent slippery
The athlete have to sprint before jump Can increase the kinetic energy //
momentum
The athlete have to push the body in front Increase the elastic potential energy //
while jumping Able to increase longer distance of jumping
Athlete have bend the body during fall Increase the time impact to reduce the
impulsive force
13. Suggest how to increase the safety for motorbike racer to reduce injuries or accident.
Modification Reason
Use helmet To protect the head
Helmet with hard outer casing and soft inner Hard outer casing : reduce head injuries in
liner crash by spreading the impact
Soft inner liner : absorb energy

Use safety jacket To protect the body form injuries // cut //
burn
Use gloves To protect the hand
Use padded leathers suit Will soften any impact and protect the skin
form abrasion

14. Base on the physics principle, suggest the design of roller skate track so it can be used to
oscillate skate continuously.
Modification Reason
Semicircular curve shape Exchange between kinetic energy and
gravitational potential energy easily
Smooth surface Reduce frictional force //
Easy to slide
The slope slightly increase and decrease Easy to oscillate cause by changing of
energy
Use strong material such concrete of Withstand high impact such as high force
foundation of the track of jumping and landing
Soft layer at the surface Reduce impulsive force when landing //
Low risk if accident
15. Modified the passenger airplane to cargo airplane that need to carry more load, less use of
fuel, efficiency and safety to travel.
Modification Reason
Increase size of the body To increase the space
Increase the length of the wing To increase the up thrust
Increase the thickness of the body To stand higher pressure difference
Use a more powerful engine To overcome bigger inertia and do more
work per unit time
Increase the number of the tyres To support higher mass or pressure while
landing
Protective bar between the cabin and the To prevent moving object to knock at the
pilot pilot while landing
Pilot has ejected seat during emergency To save the pilot if plane crash happened
16. Diagram 4 shows a spring of the suspension system in an ordinary motorcycle.
Using the suitable physics concepts, you are required to

give some suggestions on designing a racing
motorcycle of 500cc. Explain your suggestions based on
the following aspects ;
i. Density of the motorcycle parts
ii. engine power
iii. spring in suspension system
iv. size of tyre
v. the designs of the spring
Diagram 4
Modification Reason
Low density of motorcycle parts So that it is lighter
High engine power To produce high acceleration//
high resultant force
High spring constant // So that the spring is stiffer //
Stiffer spring Motorcycle bounce less //
less vibration
Wide tyre // smooth tyre To increase stability //
To reduce friction
High strength Spring is not easily broken

17. Explain the characteristic of spring to make baby’s cradle.
Modification Reason
Large force constant Will make strong spring
The spring will stiffer and not broken easily
Large diameter of wire Spring more stiffer
Large diameter coil of spring Spring more elastic
The spring made from steel or alloy Strong and not easily broken
The arrangement of spring is parallel Spring can withstand heavy load
Moderate natural frequency The spring will bouncing smoothly //
to reduce bumping
18. Explain the characteristic of material to be used for making the sole of jungle trekking shoes.
Modification Reason
Rubber sole Good impact absorber
Low density Light weight
Many stud Give extra grip
Low expansion effect Not loose easily and always fit
Excellent ability of stretch Comfortable to feet // foot can move
unstressed

FOKUS ESEI: TINGKATAN 5
1. Ayunan bola polistrena dalam medan elektrik untuk menghasilkan ayunan dengan frekuensi tinggi.
ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB

Jarak antara kedua-dua Pendek/ Jarak ayunan pendek
plat Dekat
Jisim bola polisterina bersalut Kecil Mudah berayun / inertia rendah
Aluminium
Voltan VLT Tinggi Medan elektrik tinggi / daya ayunan tinggi
Bahan tali untuk gantung Nilon Ringan
bola polisterina
Bagaimana bola polisterina boleh berayun antara dua plat logam yang bercas.
1. Pada mulanya bola polisterina adalah neutral (bil cas sama)
2. Bila bola polisterina di sesarkan ke arah plat kiri (bercas positif) bola itu akan bercas positif.
3. Oleh kerana cas yang sama menolak maka bola polisterina akan ditolak ke arah plat kanan
(bercas negatif)
4. Sampai di plat kanan (negatif) bola itu pula akan dicaskan dengan cas negatif.
5. Cas yang sama menolak menyebabkan bola ditolak ke plat kiri semula.
6. Proses berulang.

2. BILIK KULIAH
ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB

Bahan untuk dinding Papan lembut Menyerap gelombang bunyi/
(Material for the wall) (Softboard) elak gema
(Absorb sound waves/ avoid
echo)
Kedudukan mikrofon Belakang pembesar suara Elakkan ‘bising’
(Position of microphone) (Back of speakers) (Avoid Noise)
Jenis mikrofon Mikrofon tanpa wayar Bebas bergerak
(Type of microphone) (Wirelessmicrophone) (free to move)
Kedudukan pembesar suara Tinggi Elakkan halangan
(Position of speakers) (High) (Avoid obstacle)
Jarak antara dua pembesar Jauh Jarak antara dua bunyi kuat
suara (Far) berturutan, x adalah dekat.
(Distance between two (Distance between two
speakers) consecutive loud sounds
short)
3. GELOMBANG ELEKTROMAGNET UNTUK SISTEM PENYIARAN SATELIT
ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB

Nama gelombang Gelombang elektromagnet/ Tidak perlu medium/frekuensi
mikro tinggi/ Tenaga tinggi
Frekuensi gelombang Tinggi Tenaga tinggi/ boleh
bergerak jauh
Panjang gelombang Rendah Mudah di pantulkan
Halaju gelombang Tinggi Dapat bergerak jauh
Pelembapan Rendah Kurang tenaga terbebas
semasa penyiaran

4. PILIH LITAR ELEKTRIK
ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB

Jenis susunan litar Selari Satu mentol tak fungsi yang lain masih bole
(Type of circuit (Parallel) berfungsi
arrangement) (One bulb malfunction others still function)
Ketebalan dawai kabel Tebal Rintangan rendah
(Thickness of cable (Thick) (Low resistance)
used)
Voltan yang ( Bergantung Berikan voltage cukup untuk peralatan
digunakan kepada peralatan berfungsi
(Voltage used) cthnya 240V) (Give enough voltage supply for the
appliances to operate)
Fius Bergantung kepada Mencegah peralatan elektrik dari rosak akibat
(Fuse) arus yang mengalir arus berlebihan mengalir.
dalam litar. Kadar (Protect the electrical appliances from
Fius lebih sedikit damage due to the excess current)
dari arus yang
mengalir
5. ELEMEN PEMANAS DALAM CEREK ELEKTRIK (HEATING ELEMENT IN ELECTRIC HEATER)
ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB

Bahan gegelung pemanas Nikrom Rintangan tinggi
(material of the coil) (Nichrome) (High resistance)
Bilangan lilitan gegelung Banyak Rintangan tinggi / banyak haba
(Number of turns of the coil) (Many) (High resistance/ more heat )
Takat lebur Tinggi Tidak mudah melebur
(Melting point) (High) (Not easy to melt)
Kadar pengoksidaan Rendah Tidak mudah berkarat
(Oxidation rate) (Low) (not easy to rust)

6. UBAHSUAI PENJANA A.T KE PENJANA A.U
ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB

Bentuk Magnet Melenkung Menghasilkan medanmagnet jejarian/ Garis
(Shape of magnet used) (Curve) medan magnet tertumpu pada armatur
(Produce radial magnetic field/ magnetic field
lines is concentrated at the armature)
Kekuatan magnet Kuat Hasilkan lebih banyak pemotongan fluks/ arus
(Strength of magnet) (Strong) bertambah
(Produce more cutting of flux)
/ increase current)
Bilangan lilitan gelung Banyak Hasilkan lebih banyak pemotongan fluks/ arus
(Number of turns of the coil) (More/ higher) bertambah
(Produce more cutting of flux)
/ increase current)
Sentuhan berus dan Spring Pastikan sentuhan ketat
komutator (Ensure the contact is tight)
(Contact of brush and
commutator )
Cincin yang digunakan Slip Ring Mengubah arah arus selepas separuh putaran
(Ring used) untuk memastikan daya kupel memutarkan
gelung dalam arah yang sama.
(Reverse the current each half revolution to
keep the couple force turning the coil in the
same direction)

7. PENGHANTARAN TENAGA ELEKTRIK
ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB

Jenis dawai kabel Kuprum Rintangan rendah
(Type of cable wire) (Copper) (Low resistance)
Ketebalan dawai kabel Tebal Rintangan rendah
(Thickness of cable wire) (Thicker) (Low resistance)
Jenis transformer Injak Turun Turunkan voltan
(Type of transformer) (Step down) (Lower the voltage)
Susunan litar Selari Satu mentol terbakar, lain masih
(Arrangement of circuit) (Parallel) menyala.
(One bulb blow, other still function)
Ketumpatan kabel Rendah Ringan
(Density of cable wire) (Low) (lighter)
Jenis arus yang digunakan Ulang alik Mudah dinaikkan dan diturunkan voltaan
dengan menggunakan transformer.
Magnitud Voltan Tinggi Mengecilkan arus / kehilangan tenaga
dikurangkan.

8. TRANSFORMER
ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB

Jenis teras besi Teras besi lembut Mudah dimagn etkan dan
(Type of iron core) (Soft Iron Core) mudah dinyahmagnetkan
(Easy to magnetized and
demagnetized)
Sifat teras besi Berlapis/berlamina Kurangkan arus pusar
(Characteristic of iron core) (Laminated ) (Reduce Eddy Current)
Bahan dawai Kuprum Rintangan rendah
(Material of wire) (Copper) (Reduce resistance)
Ketebalan dawai Tebal Rintangan rendah
(Thickness of wire) (Thick) (Reduce resistance)
Jarak antara gelung primer dan Rapat/dekat Elak kebocoran fluks
gelung sekunder (close) (Avoid flux leakage)
(Distance between primary coil and
secondary coil)
Prinsip Kerja Sebuah Transformer:

1. Arus ulangalik yang berubah arah dan magnitud mengalir dalam gelung primer
2. Menghasilkan medan magnet yang juga berubah arah dan magnitud
3. Dengan bantuan teras besi lembut medan magnet mengalir ke gelung sekunder
4. Pemotongan fluks berlaku dalam gelung sekunder menghasilkan d.g.e aruhan dan arus aruhan.

9. LITAR TRANSISTOR SEBAGAI PENGESAN KEBAKARAN
ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB

Sambungan terminal NPN – terminal positif ke Ic mengalir
bateri kepada transistor pemungut (Ic flow)
(Connection of the PNP- terminal positif ke
terminal battery to the pengeluar
transistor) (NPN – positive terminal to
collector
(PNP – positive terminal to
emitter)
Komponen untuk Perintang pada tapak Menghadkan arus ke tapak/
melindungi transistor (Resistor at the base) mengurangkan arus ke tapak
(Component to protect the (limit the current to the base/
transistor) reduce current to the base)
Jenis perintang yang Perintang peka haba/ Ada haba rintangan rendah
sensitif kepada haba termistor (AHARR)
(Type of resistor that is (Heat dependent resistor/ (When there is heat, the
sensitive to heat) Thermistor) resistance is low)
Komponen yang Loceng Berbunyi
memberikan isyarat (Bell/ alarm) (Ringing)
kebakaran
(Component that give fire
signal)

10. MEMILIH SUMBER RADIOAKTIF DALAM PERUBATAN
ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB

Jenis Sinar Beta Boleh dikesan oleh Tiub GM// kurang bahaya
(Type of ray) berbanding gama
(Can be detected by GM Tube)// less dangerous
compared to gamma )
Separuh hayat Pendek Tidak berada lama dalam badan pesakit
(Half life) (Short) (Does not stay longer in the patients body)
Kuasa Penembusan Tinggi Boleh tembusi
(Penetration power) (High) (Able to penetrate)
Keadaan jirim Cecair Dapat mengalir melalui salur darah /mudah
(State of matter) (Liquid) diserap
(Can flow through blood vessel/ easy to absorb)
Jenis Pengesan Tiub Gm Boleh kesan sinaran dengan mudah / mudah
(Type of detector) (GM tube) dibawa
(Can detect radiation easily/ portable)
11. MENGESAN KETEBALAN KERTAS
ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB

Keadaan jirim Pepejal Mudah untuk uruskan/ tidak tumpah
(State of matter)
Jenis Pengesan Tiub GM Boleh kesan sinar beta β
(Type of detector) (GM tube)
Separuh hayat sumber Lama Tahan lama/ tidak perlu tambah
Sinaran Radioaktif dari Beta, β Boleh dikesan oleh tiub GM / boleh tembusi kertas
sumber
Kedudukan sumber dan Sumber Sumber mengeluarkan sinaran dan di kesan oleh
Pengesan diatas/bawah alat pengesan dibawah/atas
dan
Pengesan
dibawah/atas

12. REAKTOR NUKLEAR (NUCLEAR REACTOR)
ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB

Bahan api yang digunakan Uranium Menghasikkan tindakbalas pembelahan lebih
(Fuel used) mudah
(Produce fision reaction easily)
Separuh hayat bahan Lama Tahan lama
(Half life of the source) (Long) (Lasting)
Keadaan Jirim Pepejal Mudah diuruskan
(State of matter) (Solid) (Easy to handle)
Moderator Grafit Memperlahankan gerakan neutron
(Graphite) (Slow down the motion of neutrons)
Rod pengawal Boron / Serap neutron
(Control Rod) Cadmium (Absorb the neutron)

Question 1:
Explain how the forces between molecules cause the elasticity.
Question 2:
When the spring is compressed, its length decreases and returns back
to its original length after compression force is removed due to elasticity
property of a material.
Based on the forces between atoms, explain why the spring is elastic.
*Two different questions, but ask the same concept

HEAT
Temperature Heat
Suhu Haba
Definition Degree of hotness of a body A form of energy
Definisi Darjah kepanasan sesuatu objek Suatu bentuk tenaga
S.I Unit Kelvin ( K) Joule ( J)
Unit S.I
Type of quantity Base Quantity Derived Quantity
Jenis kuantiti Kuantiti asas Kuantiti terbitan
Measuring instrument Thermometer Joulemeter
Alat pengukuran Termometer
Thermal equilibrium is a condition where two objects in contact has the same temperature
and with net flow of heat is zero.
Keseimbangan terma adalah keadaan di mana dua objek yang bersentuhan mempunyai suhu yang
sama dan dengan aliran haba bersih adalah sifar.
When achieving thermal equilibrium:

- A and B has same temperature
- There is still a flow of heat between
A and B
- No net flow of heat between A and
B
Apabila mencapai keseimbangan terma:

- A dan B mempunyai suhu yang sama
- Masih ada aliran haba di antara A dan
B
- tiada aliran bersih haba antara A dan B
Examples of situations involving thermal equilibrium

Contoh situasi yang melibatkan keseimbangan terma
Put a wet towel on the forehead of a fever patient.

Measuring body temperature
Meletakkan tuala basah di atas dahi
Mengukur suhu badan pesakit
pesakit demam panas.

Liquid-In-Glass Thermometer
Termometer Cecair-Dalam-Kaca
1. Easy to be seen or opaque liquid

Mudah dilihat atau cecair berwarna legap
2. Expands uniformly when heated
Mengembang dengan seragam apabila dipanaskan
Liquid properties used in liquid-in-
3. Not attached to the glass wall
glass thermometers Tidak melekat pada dinding kaca
Ciri-ciri cecair yang digunakan dalam
4. Good heat conductor
termometer cecair-dalam-kaca
Konduktor haba yang baik
5. High boiling point and low frozen point.
Takat didih tinggi dan takat beku rendah.
• The bulb contains a fixed mass of liquid

Bebuli mengandungi jisim cecair tetap
• The volume of the liquid increases when it
absorbs heat
How does liquid-in-glass thermometer Jumlah cecair bertambah apabila ia menyerap
work? haba
Bagaimana termometer cecair-dalam- • The liquid expands and rises in the capillary
kaca berfungsi? tube
Cecair mengembang dan naik dalam tiub kapilari
• Therefore the length of the liquid column in the
capillary tube indicates the magnitude of the
temperature
Oleh itu panjang lajur cecair dalam tiub kapilari
menunjukkan nilai suhu
Lq = Length of mercury at θ point

Panjang merkuri pada titik θ
L0 = Length of mercury at ice point

Panjang merkuri pada takat beku
L100 = Length of mercuri at steam point

Panjang mercuri pada titik didih

Characteristic Reason
Ciri-ciri Sebab
Bulb : Thin glass wall Heat transfer to
Bebuli: Dinding kaca mercury faster
nipis Pemindahan haba ke
merkuri lebih cepat
How to increase the sensitivity of
liquid-in- glass thermometer?
Bagaimana untuk meningkatkan Bulb : large To increase the rate of
Bebuli: besar expansion of mercury
sensitiviti termometer cecair dalam
Untuk meningkatkan
kaca? kadar pengembangan
merkuri
Glass tube: Strong Not easy to break

Tiub kaca: kuat Tidak mudah untuk
pecah
• When a thermometer is inserted in hot water

Thermometer working principle based Apabila termometer dimasukkan dalam air panas
on principle of thermal equilibrium • Heat flowing from hot water to thermometer
Prinsip kerja termometer berdasarkan Haba mengalir daripada air panas ke termometer
prinsip keseimbangan terma • Upon balance transfer rate terms net heat is
zero
Apabila berlaku keseimbangan terma kadar
pemindahan haba bersih adalah sifar
• Thermometer temperature is the same as the
hot water temperature.
Suhu termometer adalah sama dengan suhu air
panas
• By the thermometer reading when it is hot
water temperature
Oleh iu bacaan termometer ketika itu adalah
merupakan suhu air panas

Application of specific heat capacity
Aplikasi muatan haba tentu
Copper base / Tapak kuprum

- specific heat capacity low compare to
aluminum
muatan haba tentu rendah berbanding aluminum
- heats up very quickly
pemanasan cepat
Handle / Pemegang
- poor heat conductor (plastic handle/wooden
handle)
Konduktor haba yang lemah (pemegang plastik/
pemegang kayu)
Cooking pot
Periuk memasak - absorption of heat slower
penyerapan haba lebih perlahan
• Land has a smaller specific heat capacity than

Sea breeze sea
Bayu laut Darat mempunyai muatan haba yang lebih kecil
daripada laut
• Faster increase in temperature, land is warmer
than the sea
Peningkatan suhu yang lebih tinggi, darat
lebih panas daripada laut
• Air above the land is heated up and rises
Udara dari darat dipanaskan dan bergerak ke atas
• Cooler air from the sea moves to the land
Udara sejuk dari laut bergerak ke arah darat
• At night, heat is lost from the land and sea

Land breeze Pada waktu malam, haba hilang dari darat dan laut
Bayu darat • Sea has a larger specific heat capacity so sea is
warmer than land
Laut mempunyai muatan haba tentu yang lebih
besar, laut lebih panas daripada darat
• Warmer air above the sea rises
Udara panas naik ke atas permukaan laut
• Cooler air from the land moves towards the sea
Udara sejuk dari darat bergerak ke arah laut

Heating curve for water
Lengkung pemanasan air
Solid. Change in temperature only from A to B.

AB
Pepejal. Perubahan suhu hanya dari A ke B.
Solid + Liquid. Change in physical state only from B to C.
No change in temperature.
Why? Because the heat supply is used to break the bond between
molecules in ice so that it becomes liquid and therefore no change in
BC temperature.
Pepejal + Cecair. Perubahan dalam keadaan fizikal hanya dari B ke C.
Tiada perubahan suhu.
Mengapa? Kerana bekalan haba digunakan untuk memecahkan ikatan di
antara molekul dalam ais supaya ia menjadi cair dan oleh itu tiada
perubahan suhu.
Liquid. Change in temperature only from C to D.
CD Cecair. Perubahan suhu hanya dari C hingga D.
Liquid + gas. Change in physical state only from D to E.

No change in temperature.
Why? Because the heat supply is used to break the bond between
molecules in liquid so that it becomes gas and therefore no change in
DE temperature.
Cecair + gas. Perubahan dalam keadaan fizikal hanya dari D ke E.
Tiada perubahan suhu.
Mengapa? Kerana bekalan haba digunakan untuk memecahkan ikatan antara
molekul dalam cecair supaya ia menjadi gas dan oleh itu tiada perubahan
suhu.
Gas. Change in temperature only from E to F.
EF Gas. Perubahan suhu hanya dari E ke F.

Cooling curve for water
Lengkung penyejukan air

Boyle’s law for a fixed mass of gas, the pressure of gas is inversely
Hukum Boyle proportional to its volume when the temperature of gas is kept
constant.
untuk jisim gas yang tetap, tekanan gas berkadar songsang dengan
P1 V1 = P2 V2 isipadu apabila suhu gas adalah malar.
Graph
Graf
Charles’ law
Hukum Charles
for a fixed mass of gas, the volume of gas is directly
proportional to its absolute temperature when the pressure of
!" !$ gas is kept constant.
=# untuk jisim gas tetap, isipadu gas adalah berkadar terus dengan suhu
mutlak apabila tekanan gas adalah malar.
#" $ T = (θ ºC + 273) K
Graph
Graf
Relationship between the Volume and Temperature by extrapolation graph

Hubungan antara Isippadu dan Suhu melalui ekstrapolasi graf

The temperature – 273ºC is the lowest possible temperature and is known as the absolute zero of
temperature.
Suhu - 273ºC adalah suhu terendah dan dikenali sebagai sifar mutlak suhu.

The absolute zero of temperature – 273ºC is equivalent to 0K.
Sifar mutlak suhu - 273ºC bersamaan dengan 0K.
Pressure law for a fixed mass of gas, the pressure of gas is directly
Hukum Tekanan proportional to its temperature when the volume of gas is kept
constant.
%" %$ untuk jisim gas yang tetap, tekanan gas adalah berkadar terus
=#
dengan suhunya apabila isipadu gas adalah malar.
#" $
T = (θ ºC + 273) K
Graph
Graf
It is also found that at – 273ºC, the pressure becomes zero.

Ia juga mendapati bahawa pada - 273ºC, tekanan menjadi sifar.

WORKING PRINCIPLE OF INSTRUMENT
HYDROMETER
• Used to measure relative density of liquids

• Lead shots = to weight it down // enable the hydrometer floats vertically in the liquid
• Lesser density = larger volume of liquid displaced (hydrometer is submerged)
• Higher density = lower volume of liquid displaced (hydrometer floats)

BUNSEN BURNER

MANOMETER & BAROMETER
• A device for measuring atmospheric pressure
• to measure gas pressure

VACUUM CLEANER
Explain how the vacuum cleaner is able to remove dust from the floor.
Answer:
• Fan blows air out from vent
• Low pressure inside vacuum cleaner
• High pressure outside vacuum cleaner
• Different in pressure result sucking force
DROPPER
Using the knowledge of atmospheric pressure, explain how the liquid in the bottle can be sucked into the
dropper tube.
Answer:
• Press the dropper
• Air inside the dropper is forced out
• Pressure inside the dropper decreases
• Atmospheric pressure pushes the liquid into the dropper tube

PRESSURE IN A CAPILLARY TUBE
Pgas = Patm + r gh Pgas = Patm Pgas = Patm - r gh
Pgas = gas pressure in the capillary tube (Pa or N m-2)

Patm = atmospheric pressure (Pa or N m-2)
h = length of the captured mercury (m)
ρ = density of mercury (kg m-3)
g = gravitational field strength (N kg-1)

EXPLAIN HOW THE CHAIR CAN BE LIFT UP?
Explain how the handle is used to lift the load to its maximum
height and state how the load is lowered without using the
handle.

LIGHT
MIRROR + LENSES

MIRROR
LENSES

APPLICATION OF LENS
CHARACTERISTICS MICROSCOPE TELESCOPE
DIAGRAM
P# so f$ P$ so f#
fo (objective lens) To produce bigger image To produce a higher

magnification
fe (eyepiece lens) f# f$
D > fo + fe D = fo + fe
D (normal To produce bigger image from To produce sharp & bright

adjustment) the eyepiece // to increase the image
magnification
f < u < 2f Infinity (oo)

u (object distance)
(RIM) (RID)
First image RIM RID (at f)
Final image VIM VIM (oo)

MICROSCOPE
TELESCOPE

SIMPLE CAMERA
Lens To focus a sharp image onto the film

Film To record the image
Diaphragm To adjust the size of aperture (control the brightness of the image)
Shutter To open and shut the camera (film is exposed only for a short time)

(Understanding question)
1. Diagram 1 shows a convex lens is used to produce fire. The convex lens is aimed towards
hot sun rays. A piece of paper is placed under the convex lens.
Diagram 1
Explain why the paper burns.
- The rays of the hot sun are parallel / from infinity

- The rays will converge to a focal point after passing through the lens.
- Light / energy will be focused.
- Light turns to heat and produce flame.
2. Explain why the diamond is sparkling when the ray of light pass through.
- A diamond has a very high refractive index.

- Its critical angle is small.
- The facets of a diamond are cut so that angle of incidence greater than the critical angle.
- Total internal reflection cause the diamond to sparkle.
3. Explain how to use a concave mirror to heat up water in a container using solar energy.
- parallel light ray hit the concave mirror

- reflection occur
- all the light ray will converge to a focal point
- Light / energy will be focused
- Light turns to heat and produce
4. Explain how you would estimate the focal length of a convex lens in your school laboratory.
- The convex lens is aimed/focused to a distant object (infinity)

- The screen is adjusted until a sharp image is formed on the screen
- The distance between the screen and the lens is measured
- Focal length = distance between the screen and the lens
5. Diagram 2 a ray of light directed perpendicularly at a side of the semicircular glass block.
The ray passes through the glass block to a point O before leaving the glass block. The
angle of incidence in the glass block is 30°.

Diagram 2
Explain how total internal reflection occurs in Diagram 2?
- Increase the angle of incidence, i then angle of refraction, r will also increase
- Keep on increasing the angle of incidence until angle of refraction is 90°
- The angle of incidence is called critical angle
- Increase the angle of incidence more than the critical angle, the ray will be reflected.
6. Diagram 3 shows a stainless steel spoon. When you look at the spoon, you will see an
upright and virtual image of your face on one side of the curved surfaces but an inverted
image on the other side.
Diagram 3
Draw a ray diagram to explain how one side of the curved surface of the spoon form an
upright, virtual and diminished image?

7. On a very hot day, vehicle drivers often see images which look like pools of water on a road
surface. This phenomenon is known as a mirage.
(i) Explain how a mirage is formed.
The layer of air nearer the road warmer

The density of air decreases nearer to the road surface
The light travels from denser area to less dense area
The light refracted away from the normal
When the angle of incidence exceed the critical angle, total internal reflection occurs
(ii) Can a mirage be formed in very cold places like the Artic?
YES

Progressive waves
WAVE Stationary wave
Gelombang progresif Gelombang pegun
the wave where the wave profile moves the wave in which the wave profile does not travel
with time with time
gelombang di mana profil gelombang bergerak gelombang di mana profil gelombang tidak merambat
dengan masa dengan masa
Example: Example:
Contoh: Contoh:
• Transverse waves Resulting waves in musical instruments
Gelombang melintang Gelombang yang terhasil di dalam alat-alat muzik
• Longitudinal waves.
Gelombang membujur
WAVE
GELOMBANG
transferring energy from one location to another which is produced by an oscillating or vibration motion
memindahkan tenaga dari satu lokasi ke lokasi lain yang dihasilkan oleh gerakan berayun atau getaran
TRANSVERSE WAVE LONGITUDINAL WAVE
Gelombang melintang Gelombang membujur
Pattern of
wave
produced
Bentuk
gelombang
yang
dihasilkan
The vibration of the particle in the medium The vibration of the particle in the medium is
is perpendicular to the direction of the parallel to the direction of the propagation of the
Direction of
propagation of the wave wave
vibration
Getaran zarah dalam medium yang Getaran zarah dalam medium yang selari dengan arah
Arah gerakan
berserenjang (900) dengan arah perambatan perambatan gelombang
gelombang
Water wave, Light wave and Sound wave
Example Electromagnetic wave *need a medium (air, liquid, solid) to propagate
Gelombang air, gelombang cahaya dan Gelombang bunyi
Contoh
gelombang elektromagnet *memerlukan medium (udara, cecair dan pepejal)
untuk merambat
Distance between two successive crest or Distance between two successive compression or
Wavelength trough rarefaction
Panjang Jarak di antara dua puncak atau palung yang Jarak di antara dua mampatan atau regangan yang
gelombang berturut-turut. berturut-turut.

PHYSICAL
MEANING SI UNIT SYMBOL
QUANTITY
The maximum displacement from its equilibrium position.
Amplitude Amplitude relates to loudness in sound and brightness in
meter a
light.
Period The time taken for an oscillation to complete one cycle.

1 Second T
T=
f
Frequency The number of waves produced in one second.
1 Hertz f
f =
T
Wavelength
The distance between two successive crests or two

successive troughs.
Meter l
The distance between two successive compressions or

two successive rarefactions in a sound wave.
Speed of wave
v = fl ms-1 v

DISPLACEMENT-DISTANCE GRAPH
DISPLACEMENT-TIME GRAPH
1
To find frequency, f =
T

The decrease in the amplitude of an oscillating system when its energy is drained out
as heat energy.
The amplitude of an oscillating system will gradually decrease and become zero when
the oscillation stops.
Penurunan dalam amplitud sistem berayun apabila tenaganya dialirkan sebagai tenaga
haba.
Amplitud sistem berayun akan beransur-ansur berkurangan dan menjadi sifar apabila
ayunan berhenti.
Damping
Pelembapan
Resonance occurs when a system is made to oscillate at a frequency equivalent to its

natural frequency by an external force.
The resonating system oscillates at its maximum amplitude.
Resonans berlaku apabila sistem yang dibuat untuk berayun pada frekuensi yang bersamaan
dengan frekuensi semula jadi oleh kuasa luar.
Sistem bergema berayun pada amplitud maksimum.
Resonance
Resonans
Resonance happens when,

Resonans berlaku apabila,
Driver frequency = Natural frequency

Frekuensi pemandu = Frekuensi Asli
Same length means same natural frequency

Panjang yang sama bermakna frekuensi semula jadi yang sama

Characteristics of the REFLECTION of waves:
Physical Quantity INCIDENCE REFLECTED

WAVE WAVE
Frequency Unchanged (come from the same
source; water wave)
Speed Unchanged
Wavelength Unchanged
Direction of Propagation Changed
Characteristics of the REFRACTION of waves:
Physical Quantity SHALLOW AREA DEEP AREA

Frequency Unchanged (come from the same source; water wave)
Velocity Decrease Increase
Wavelength Decrease Increase
Direction of Propagation Bends towards the normal line Bends away the normal line
Characteristics of the DIFFRACTION of waves:

Physical Quantity Condition (diffracted waves)
Frequency Unchanged (come from the same source; water wave)
Speed Unchanged
Wavelength Unchanged
Amplitude (Energy) Decrease
LOUDNESS PITCH
Loudness increase, amplitude (energy) increase Frequency increase, pitch increase

Frequency increase, period decrease

EXPERIMENT TO STUDY THE INTERFERENCE OF WATER WAVE
λ = ax
D
λ = wavelength of water waves
a = distance between two dippers
x = distance between two consecutive antinodal line or nodal line
D = distance between dippers and screen

Interference of Light Waves Interference of Sound Waves
ax
l=
D
The wavelength of monochromatic light can be found The wavelength of sound wave can be found by the
by the formula: formula:
a = distance between two slits

x = distance between two consecutive bright fringe or a = distance between two loudspeakers
dark fringe x = distance between two consecutive loud sound or soft
D = distance between slits and screen sound
D = distance between loudspeakers and where the
sound heard
When constructive occurs there will be a bright fringe. When constructive occurs there will be a loud sound.
When destructive occurs there will be a dark fringe. When destructive occurs there will be a soft sound.
What happens to x, when a double-slit with a bigger What happens to x, when a higher frequency is used?
separation is used?
x will decrease
λ= a x¯ higher frequency, lower wavelength

D x will decrease
λ ¯= a x ¯
What happens to x, when a red laser pen is replaced
by yellow laser pen?
x will decrease
D
ʎ yellow < ʎ red
λ ¯= a x ¯
D
State the relationship between wavelength and x. State the relationship between frequency and
ʎ decrease, x decrease wavelength.
higher frequency, lower wavelength

The electric and magnetic field vibrate perpendicular to
each other and to the direction of propagation.
Medan elektrik dan magnet bergetar serenjang antara satu sama
lain dengan arah perambatan.
TYPE OF EM WAVE
SOURCE APPLICATION
JENIS GELOMBANG
SUMBER APLIKASI
ELEKTROMAGNET
Radio waves Electrical oscillating circuit - Telecommunications
Gelombang Radio Litar pemancar elektrik Telekomunikasi
l = 10-1 - 105 m - Broadcasting : tv and radio transmission
Menghantar maklumat radio dan televisyen
Microwave Oscillating electrical charge in - Satellite transmissions
Gelombang Mikro a microwave transmitter komunikasi satelit
l = 10-3 – 10-1 m Pemancar gelombang mikro - Radar
Digunakan dalam radar
- Cooking
pemasakan makanan dengan ketuhar
gelombang mikro
Infrared Hot bodies, the sun and fires - Night vision
Sinar Inframerah Jasad panas dan sinaran Penglihatan malam
l = 10 – 10 m
-6 -3 matahari - Thermal imaging and physiotherapy
lampu inframerah digunakan dalam
fisioterapi
- Remote controls
Alat kawalan
Visible light The sun, hot objects, light - Sight
Cahaya nampak bulbs, fluorescent tubes Penglihatan
l = 10 m-7 Api, jasad panas yang membara, - Photosynthesis in plants
tiub nyahcas dan sinaran proses fotosintesis
matahari - Photography
Fotografi
Ultraviolet radiation Very hot objects, the sun, - Identification of counterfeit notes
Sinar Ultraungu mercury vapor lamps Untuk mengesan wang kertas palsu
l = 10 – 10 m
-9 -7 Tiub discas dan jasad yang - Sentrilisation to destroy germs
sangat panas untuk pensterilan
X-ray x-ray tubes - Radiotherapy
Sinar- X Tiub sinar-X Radioterapi
l = 10-11 – 10-9 m - Detection of cracks in building
structures
Mencari retakan dalam paip logam
Gamma rays Radioactive subtances - Cancer treatment
Sinar Gamma Bahan radioaktif Merawat kanser
l = 10-14 – 10-10 m - Sterilisation of equipment
Pensterilan
- Pest control in agriculture
Kawalan perosak dalam pertanian

ELECTRICITY
CHARGE SITUATION OBSERVATION
Repel each other
or
Like charge
Attract each other
Unlike charge
A neutral object is attracted by both

positive charge and negative charge
or
Neutral object
OHMIC CONDUCTOR NON-OHMIC CONDUCTOR

conductors which obey Ohm’s Law conductors which do not obey Ohm’s Law
E.g., a light bulb whose resistance increases over time due

to temperature increase
(heating effect of current)
Gradient is constant (resistance is constant) Gradient is increase (resistance increase)

CHARACTERISTIC ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
Similarities Have same unit (Volt)
Can be measured by Voltmeter
Definition Work done by a source in driving 1 C Work done in moving 1 C charge
charge in a complete circuit from 1 point in an electric field to
another point
Symbol V
E
Electrical diagram
Circuit diagram
Voltmeter reading 1.5 V (EMF) Less than 1.5 V (potential difference)

Current No current flow Current flow
(opened circuit) (closed circuit)
Condition of the Does not light up Light up
bulb
Transmission of Chemical energy ® Electrical energy Electrical energy ® Heat energy
energy

UNDERSTANDING & CONCEPT
1. Explain why it is more dangerous to touch the live wire of a mains supply, rather than the
neutral wire.
SBP • Our bodies are at earth potential (0 V)
2007 • If we touch the live wire, there will be a large potential difference (p.d) the live wire and our
body.
• A large current flow through it, probably fatal.
• The neutral wire stays at earth potential (0 V), roughly at the same potential as our bodies.
• If we touch the neutral wire, there is no p.d. across us and so no current flows.
2. Diagram 11.1 shows a graph of potential difference against current for two materials, Y and
Z. One of the materials will be chosen as filament in a bulb.
MELAKA
2008
Diagram 11.1
Based on the graph in Diagram11.1, compare the resistance of materials Y and Z.

Choose the more suitable material to use as a filament of the bulb. Explain your choice.
• the resistance of metal Z is constant // The resistance of metal Y is increasing

• The suitable material to be used as filament of the bulb is metal Y
• resistance increases as the temperature increases
• the higher the resistance the brighter the bulb.
3. Explain why the bulb connected to two dry cells lights up brighter than one bulb connected to
one dry cell. Explain.
SBP • The two dry cells are connected in parallel
2008 • The effective e.m.f. remains the same
• The effective internal resistance of the two cells is smaller
• A larger current will flow through the bulb to make it brighter

4. Diagram 11.1 shows a rheostat. Rheostat is a common device used in the laboratory.
MELAKA
2009
Diagram 11.1
Explain the working principle of the rheostat.
• Current flows through a coil of conductor in the rheostat

• The length of wire through which by changing the position of the slider
• When the position of the slider changed, the resistance of the rheostat (Resistance) in the
circuit change
• As the result, the current in the circuit change
5. Diagram 12.1 shows a ping pong ball coated with thin metal foil placed between a pair of
parallel metal disc. When the E.H.T is switched on, an electric field is formed in between the
metal disc.
T’GANU
2009
Diagram 12.1
Explain what will happen to the ping pong ball when it is brought to touch the metal disc
connected to positive terminal of EHT?
• Charges on the disc neutralize the negative charges on the ping pong ball
• Likes charges on the disc and the ball repelled each other
• The ball attracted by the positively charged disc
• The ball oscillates between the two plates

6. Diagram 10.5 shows two types of plug for the electric kettle that can be connected to the electric
supply. Diagram 10.5(a) uses two pin plug, while Diagram 10.5(b) uses a three pin plug with
KELANTAN an earth wire.
2010
Diagram 10.5
Explain why a three pin plug is more suitable compared with a two pin plug.
• Two pin plug has no earth wire // three pin plug has earth wire
• using 2 pin plug, if there is leakage of current it will also flow through the metal body // using
3 pin plug if there is leakage of current it will flow to the ground
• The person who touches the metal body will experiences electric shock // using 3 pin plug,
the current will be earthed
• using 2 pin is not safe to the consumer // Using 3 pin plug is more safer to the consumer
7. Explain the advantages of parallel circuit in a house wiring system.
PAHANG • A parallel circuit can run several devices using the full voltage of the supply.
2010 • If one device fails, the others will continue running normally
• If the device shorts, the other devices will receive no voltage, preventing overload damage.
• A failure of one component does not lead to the failure of the other components.
• More components may be added in parallel without the need for more voltage.
• Each electrical appliance in the circuit has its own switch.
8. Batteries with internal resistance connected in series and in parallel as shown in Diagram 10.3
will affect the brightness of the bulbs. Explain why.
SBP
2014
Diagram 10.3

• Bulb is brighter using 4 batteries in parallel.
• 4 batteries in parallel has the same emf as 2 batteries in series.
• Internal resistance for batteries in parallel is less
• Current flow is higher when 4 batteries are connected parallel.
9. Diagram 12.1 shows a new packet of batteries with information about its characteristics.
MRSM
2016
Diagram 12.1
With the aid of a circuit diagram and a graph, explain how internal resistance of a battery can
be determined.
• All apparatus are connected correctly

• all apparatus are correct
• correct graph
• The internal resistance is determine from the gradient of the graph.

10. Diagram 12.3 shows the graph of the relationship between the potential difference and the
current of a constantan wire and a filament bulb.
GERIK
2018
Diagram 12.3
Describe the graph of the potential difference graph against current for constantan wire and
filament bulb. In your description, explain in terms of resistance and temperature.
• Filament bulbs: Gradient graph increases

• resistance increases when temperature increases
• Constantans wire: gradient constant
• temperatures increases resistance constant

ELECTRONIC
MAIN PART COMPONENT FUNCTION

Filament When a current passes through the filament, the filament becomes
hot and heats up the cathode.
Cathode Emits electrons when it is hot.
Control Grid à Control the number of electrons hitting the fluorescent screen.
Electron
à Control the brightness of the spot on the screen.
gun
Focusing Anode To focus the electrons onto the screen
Accelerating Anode To accelerate the electrons to high speed.
Deflecting Y-Plates To deflect the electron beam vertically.
system X-Plates To deflect the electron beam horizontally
Fluorescent Glass surface coated To convert the kinetic energy of the electrons to heat and light
screen with a fluorescent energy when the electrons hit the screen.
material

Graph and calculation involving CRO
Waveform by CRO
y-input Time base is off Time base is on
No input
Dry cell
(d.c current)
a.c power supply

(from voltage
regulator)
EXAMPLE:
Diagram 3 shows a trace on an oscilloscope for an a.c. source. The y-gain is set to 1.5 V cm-1 and the time
base is 2 ms cm-1.
Diagram 3

(a) Calculate the Vp, Vpp and Vrms.
Peak voltage Peak-to-peak voltage Root mean square voltage

Vp Vpp Vrms
Vp = 1.5Vcm-1 × 2divs Vpp = 1.5Vcm-1 × 4divs !&
Vrms =
= 3.0 V = 6.0 V √(
).+
=
√(
= 2.12 V
(b) Calculate the time taken for one waveform.
Time for one wave, T = 2 ms cm-1 × 4 divs
= 8 ms
= 8 × 10-3 s
(c) Calculate the frequency, f of the a.c source.

, ,
Frequency, f = # = (.×,+01)
= 125 Hz
(d) Sketch the trace that will be displayed if the setting are changed to
(i) 1 V cm-1 and 2 ms cm-1
(ii) 1 V cm-1 and 1 ms cm-1
(iii) 3 V cm-1 and 2 ms cm-1

(iv) 3 V cm-1 and 1 ms cm-1
(v) 1.5 V cm-1 and 4 ms cm-1

N-Type AND P-Type SEMICONDUCTOR
CHARACTERISTIC P-Type SEMICONDUCTOR N-Type SEMICONDUCTOR
Doping Material TRIVALENT: PENTAVALENT:
Aluminum, Boron, Indium and Gallium Antimony, Arsenic and Phosphorus

(BAGI) (APA)
Role of doping
Atom receiver Atom donor
material
Majority Charge
Holes Free electrons
Carrier
Minority Charge
Free electrons Holes
Carrier
SEMICONDUCTOR DIODE

FORWARD BIAS REVERSE BIAS
• The cell voltage greater than the junction • The cell voltage is lower than the junction
voltage. voltage.
• The depletion layer is narrow, and the • The depletion layer is wide, and the
resistance of diode decreases. resistance of diode increases.
• Hence a large current flows through the • Hence only a very small current (leakage
diode. current) flows through the diode.
• Bulb light up. • Bulb not light up.

Ø HALF-WAVE RECTIFICATION
• The current will only flow in the first half-cycle when the diode in forward bias.
• The current is blocked in the second half-cycle when the diode is in reverse bias.
Ø FULL-WAVE RECTIFICATION
• In the first half, the current flows from P → B → D → Q.

• In the second half, the current flows from Q → C → A → P.
Ø THE USES OF CAPASITOR

1. When the current pass through the resistor and capacitor, the capacitor is charged and stores
energy.
2. When there is no current pass through the resistor and capacitor, the capacitor discharge and
the energy from it is used to produce voltage across the resistor.
3. As a result it produces a smooth dc output.

Transistor as an automatic switch
Diagram 13
Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) has a very low resistance when exposed to sunlight but very high
resistance when at nighttime.
Again to remember:
High resistance® Cause high potential difference
The arrangement of R1 resistor and LDR along AB is used as potential divider of the voltage.
3" 563
Voltage at R1 = (3 4563) × 12 V and Voltage at LDR = (3 4563) × 12 V
" "
Function of base resistor is to control the base current.
Function of transistor in this circuit is as an automatic switch.
Þ Explain the working principle of transistor circuit in daylight.
1st: In daylight, the LDR has very low resistance as exposed to sunlight.
2nd: Low resistance of LDR will cause a smaller share of battery voltage across it.
3rd: This low voltage across the base-emitter does not switch the transistor on.
4th: Therefore, the transistor circuit is not complete and the lamp does not light up.
Þ Explain the working principle of transistor circuit in nightime.
1st: In nightime, the LDR has very high resistance as the surrounding is dark.
2nd: High resistance of LDR will cause a high share of battery voltage across it.
3rd: This high voltage across the LDR will drive a base current through the
transistor and switch it on.
4th: Therefore, the transistor circuit is complete and the lamp lights up.

Transistor as current amplifier
X Loudspeaker
40 kΩ
C P
R Capacitor
B 6 V dc
Microphone Y Q
E
10 kΩ
S Z
Diagram 14
1st: The microphone is to convert the sound energy into electrical energy. This
electrical energy will be sent to capacity.
nd
2 : The capacitor will block the steady current and allow the a.c current to pass
through it.
rd
3 : The small a.c current will pass to the base of transistor will cause a big
amplification to the output current.
Here, the transistor is act as current amplifier.
4th: The loudspeaker now converts the electrical signal back to sound energy again.

THE USES OF TRANSISTOR
LIGHT CONTROLLED SWITCH

Logic gates are the decision makers in electronic systems.
They are called gates because they can have many inputs to a device but only give a single
output.
BOOLEAN
GATES SYMBOL TRUTH TABLE
EXPRESSION
INPUT OUTPUT
A B X
AND 0 0 0
gate X= A•B 0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
INPUT OUTPUT
A B X
OR X= A +B 0 0 0
0 1 1
gate
1 0 1
1 1 1
INPUT OUTPUT
A X
0 1
NOT 1 0
NOT gate is different from
gate
other logic gate as it has only X= A
one input with one output.
INPUT OUTPUT
A B X
0 0 1
NAND
0 1 1
gate X= A • B 1 0 1
1 1 0
NOR INPUT OUTPUT

gate A B X
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
X= A + B 1 1 0

INPUT OUTPUT
A B X
0 0 0
X-OR X= A ÅB 0 1 1
gate 1 0 1
1 1 0
INPUT OUTPUT
A B X
X= A ÅB 0 0 1
X-NOR 0 1 0
gate 1 0 0
1 1 1
Electric circuit which represents the logic gates
Logic Gate Electric circuit
AND Gate
Both inputs must be closed to complete the circuit
OR Gate
Either one switch or both are closed will complete the circuit

NOT Gate
Input 1 is closed will cause the bulb to switch off. Input 1 acts as current jumper
NAND Gate
Both inputs closed will switch of the bulb.

(Current jumper occurs when both the inputs are closed)
NOR Gate
Either one or both inputs closed will switch off the bulb

Radioactivity
Ø CHARACTERISTICS OF THE THREE TYPES OF RADIOACTIVE EMISSIONS
Radioactive
Alpha particles Beta particles Gamma rays
emissions
Symbol
4
2 a 0
-1 b g
Positive charged , helium Electron Neutral electromagnet ray
Nature
nucleus He
+2 electric charges -1 electric charge 0
Charge
(1/20 ) x the speed of light, cc 3 % - 99 % of the speed of Speed of light
Speed
light , c
For a particular source, all α For a particular source β- Nil
Energy particle are emitted with the particle emitted have various
same KE KE
In an electric Bends to negative plate Bends to positive plate Does not bend , showing
field that it is neutral
Bends a little showing that it has Bend a lot showing that it Does not bend showing
a big mass. Direction of the has a small mass. Direction that it is neutral.
In magnetic field
bend indicates that it is positively of the bend indicates that it
charges is positively charged
Ionising power Strongest Intermediate Weakest
Penetrating Low Intermediate High
power
A thin sheet of paper A few millimeters of A few centimeters of lead
Stopped by
aluminium or concrete
A few centimetres A few metres A few hundred metres
Range in air
Ø RADIOACTIVE DETECTORS
DECTECTOR RADIACTIVE EMISSION

Alpha particles Beta particles Gamma rays
Photographic Films √ √
Gold Leaf Electroscopes √ √
Cloud Chambers √ √ √
Geiger – Muller Tube (G.M Tube) √ √ √

Ø CHANGES IN THE PROTON NUMBER AND NUCLEON NUMBER IN
RADIOACTIVE DECAY
ALPHA DECAY BETA DECAY GAMMA EMISSION
EQUATION A
Z X ® ZA--42Y + 24 He A
Z X ® Z +A1Y + -10e A
Z X ® ZA X + g
Po ® 206
82 Pb + 2 He Pa ® 239
92 U + -1 e 82 Pb + 2 He + g
Po ® 206
210 4 239 0 210 4
84 91 84
EXAMPLE U ® 234 Co ® 2760Co + g
90Th + 2 He C ® 147 N + -10 e
238 4 14 60
92 6 27
Radioisotopes is unstable isotopes which emit radioactive rays // unstable isotopes which decay
which emit radioactive rays
APPLICATIONS OF RADIOISOTOPES:
RADIOISOTOPE
USE IN USES
SOURCE
1. Sodium iodide - to treat an overactive thyroid gland
and thyroid cancer
2. Sodium-24 - to detect the position of blood clot

MEDICINE
3. Phosphorus - to detect and treat brain tumor
4. Cobalt-60 - to destroy cancer cell

- to sterilize medical equipment
1. Sodium-24 - to detect leakage of underground pipes
- neutralize static charge in

INDUSTRIES
2. Polonium-210 photographic plates and other
material
Nitrogen-15 & Phosphorus-32 - as tracer in the study of the effectiveness of

AGRICULTURE
fertilizers
Carbon-14 - to determine the age of artifacts
ARCHEOLOGY (carbon dating)

NUCLEAR FUSION NUCLEAR FISSION
A process the combining of two lighter A process of splitting a heavier nucleus into two
nuclei to form a heavier nucleus, releasing lighter nuclei and emitting several neutron and
DEFINITION
a vast amount of energy during the energy.
process.
Light nuclei at high speeds and very high Moving particles, e.g. neutrons, hit and break up
PROCESS THAT
temperature overcome the repulsion force heavy nucleus and produce enough neutrons to
TAKES PLACE
and fuse to form a single nucleus break up other nuclei (chain reaction)
CAN THE RATE
OF REACTION BE Difficult to control Can be control
CONTROLLED?
EXAMPLES Fusion is the process that powers the Sun Fission is the process in a nuclear reactor
EQUATION
2
1 H + 13H ® 24He + 10n
DIAGRAM
Chain Reactions is a self – sustaining reaction in which the products of a reaction can initiate another
similar reaction.

ADVANTAGES OF USING DISADVANTAGES OF USING
NUCLEAR FISSION NUCLEAR FISSION
§ Nuclear power costs about the same as coal, so § The initial cost to design and build a nuclear
it is not expensive. power station is very high.
§ It does not produce smoke or carbon dioxide. § There is always a risk of accidents. If a chain
It does not contribute to the greenhouse effect. reaction goes out of control, explosion or leakage
It produces less waste than fossil fuels. or large amounts of radioactive substance may
§ It produces huge amounts of energy from small happen.
amounts of fuel. § Used fuel rods are very hot and highly radioactive
§ Nuclear power stations need less fuel than with very long half-lives.
stations which use fossil fuels. § Expensive procedures are required to cool down
§ Vast reserves of nuclear fuel in the world. the rods and store them.
§ Safety procedures in the administration of § The hot water discharged from the nuclear power
nuclear reactors are very advanced and safe. stations can cause thermal pollution.
§ Produces useful radioisotopes as by-products § People who work in the nuclear power station and
that can be used in industry, medicine, those living nearby may be exposed to excessive
agriculture and research. radiation.
A NUCLEAR REACTOR
PART OF REACTOR FUNCTION

It produces tremendous amount of energy through nuclear fission.
The nuclei are split by neutrons in a controlled chain reaction,
URANIUM FUEL RODS
releasing a large amount of energy. The energy released heats up the
cold gas that passes through the reactor core.
Acts as a moderator to slow down the fast neutrons produced by the
GRAPHITE
fission.
MODERATOR
Slower neutrons are more readily captured by the uranium nuclei.
The boron control rods absorb neutrons. It can control the rate of
BORON OR CADMIUM
fission reaction. When rods are lowered into the reactor core to absorb
CONTROL ROD
some of the neutrons, the rate of the fission reaction reduced.
CONCRETE SHIELD Prevents leakage of radiation from the reactor core.
Take away the heat from the nuclear reactor. Substances with high
COOLANT
specific heat capacity such as water and carbon dioxide are used.
HEAT EXCHANGER Heat energy from the very hot gas is used to boil the water into steam
TURBINES The turbines are rotated by the flow of steam under high pressure
COIL AND The coils are rotated by the turbines. Electricity is generated by
MAGNET electromagnetic induction.

REALISING THE IMPORTANCE OF PROPER MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE
SUBSTANCES
Ø Somatic effect appears in the person exposed to radiation. The seriousness of

the damage depends on the dose of radiation received.
SOMATIC EFFECT
Ø Fatigue, nausea, hair loss, radiation burns, cataracts, Blood disorder
(leukaemia), organ failure, death.
Ø Genetic effect affects the reproductive cells and can lead to defective offspring in
the future generations of the exposed person.
GENETIC EFFECT
Ø Birth defects, congenital defects, premature death, chromosome abnormalities,
cancer in later life.
Safety precautions needed in the handling of radioactive substances:
Ø Read and follow the advice and instructions marked on radioactive sources, equipment and work
manuals.
Ø Gloves must be worn any time an unsealed source is being used or whenever contamination is
likely to occur.
Ø Laboratory coats, long pants, and closed-toe footwear should be worn.
Ø Eating, drinking, applying cosmetic or storing food is prohibited.
Ø All work surfaces and storage areas should be covered with absorbent material to contain
radioactive material contamination.
Ø When using radioactive liquids, plastic or metal trays (stainless steel washes easily) should be
utilized to contain potential spills.
Ø Radioactive material, especially liquids, should be kept in unbreakable containers whenever
possible. If glass is used, a secondary container is necessary.
Ø Before eating or drinking, wash hands and forearms thoroughly.
Ø Stronger radioactive sources should be handled with robotic control systems behind steel,
concrete, lead or thick glass panels.
Ø Radiation badges containing photographic film should be worn to monitor exposure to radiation.
The film is regularly developed. The darkness of the film shows the level of exposure to radiation.

QUESTION:
X, Y and Z are three different radioactive substances.
X emits only α-particles, Y emits only β-particles and Z emits only γ-rays.
You are required to carry out investigation to identify the types of radiation by using
Geiger-Muller tube.
- Draw a diagram to show how you carry out the investigation.

- Describe the procedures and explain how you arrived at the conclusion
ANSWER:
PROCEDURES
• Observed the reading on the scale without an absorber
• Put a piece of paper, aluminium and lead between the source and the
detector in turns
• For each kind absorber, record the reading on the rate meter
• Carry out the same procedure for the three substances
• α radiation will be stopped by all three kinds of absorber
• β radiation will be stopped by aluminium and lead
• γ will be stopped by lead only

QUESTION:
Sketch activity against time graph to show the decay of a radioactive substance.
Explain how the half-life is determined.
ANSWER:
N = Amount of radioisotope particles after nth half-life
No = Initial amount of radioisotope particles
NUCLEAR REACTOR

ANALISIS PHYSICS PAPER 3 (SPM)
SECTION A SECTION B
TAHUN
NO. 1 NO. 2 NO. 3 NO. 4
F=ma PRESSURE
SIMPLE F ELECTROMAGNETISM
2008 (acceleration +
PENDULUM P= (force)
height) A
ELECTROMAGNETIC
VOLUME INTERFERENCE INDUCTION
2009 HOOKE’S LAW
(buoyant force) OF WATER WAVE (current + no. of pin
attracted)
ELECTROMAGNETIC
F=ma
MEASUREMENT INTERFERENCE INDUCTION
2010 (acceleration +
(Vernier callipers) OF LIGHT WAVE (no. of turns + no. of pin
mass)
attracted)
BUOYANT
LENS INTERFERENCE OF
2011 FORCE PRESSURE LAW
(u and v) WATER WAVE
(weight)
BUOYANT
INTERFERENCE ELECTRICITY
2012 FORCE BOYLE’S LAW
OF LIGHT WAVE (R + diameter)
MEASUREMENT PRESSURE IN
REFRACTION
2013 (micrometre SNELL’S LAW LIQUID
(water wave)
screw gauge) (depth)
BUOYANT ELECTROMAGNETISM
2014 OHM’S LAW HOOKE’S LAW
FORCE (force)
REFRACTION
LENS ELECTRICITY
2015 (real + apparent INERTIA
(u and v) (R + diameter)
depth)
ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION
2016 HOOKE’S LAW TRANSFORMER BOYLE’S LAW
(no. of turns + no. of pin
attracted)
FACTOR
PRESSURE IN
EFFECTS
2017 LIQUID HOOKE’S LAW POWER & CURRENT
RESISTANCE
(density)
(R & I)
STRENGTH OF
INERTIA
2 ELECTROMAGNET
2018 (spring=mass + v against h CHARLES’ LAW
(no. of turns + no. of pin
period)
attracted)
2019 Seriously soalannya mudah !!!! ;)

PRECAUTION STEPS FOR
INVESTIGATIVE EXPERIMENTS
TYPE OF
NO. EXPERIMENT PRECAUTIONS THAT CAN BE TAKEN
INVOLVING
1 a. Do the experiment in a dark room to get clear and sharp image
b. Lens, screen and object must be in line and of same level
LIGHT c. Make sure our eyes perpendicular to the reading of meter
rule to avoid parallax error
2 a. Make sure the spring is not loaded beyond the elastic limit
(spring return to original length when load is taken off)
SPRING b. Make sure our eyes perpendicular to the reading of meter
rule to avoid parallax error
3 a. Make sure all the connections are correctly and tightly

b. Switch off the circuit after taking the reading to avoid over
ELECTRIC / heating of the wires (resistance increase)
ELECTRONIC c. Make sure our eyes perpendicular to the reading of
ammeter / voltmeter to avoid parallax error
4 a. Stirred the liquid constantly, so the temperature rises evenly

b. Aluminium block must be wrapped with insulating material to
prevent heat lost
c. Thermometer bulb should be smeared with oil to give better
HEAT
thermal contact with the block
d. Make sure our eyes perpendicular to the reading of
thermometer to avoid parallax error
5 Measuring Make sure our eyes perpendicular to the reading of

instrument such as ......................... (instrument) to avoid parallax error
ammeter, voltmeter,
meter rule etc.

PAPER 3 [SECTION B]
PLANNING EXPERIMENT
INFERENCE RV depends on MV
HYPOTHESIS MV increase, RV increase

OR
MV increase, RV decrease
AIM To investigate the relationship between ……….MV……….. and
……….RV…………….
VARIABLES MV :
RV :
FV :
LIST OF
APPARATUS
ARRANGEMENT OF
APPARATUS
PROCEDURE
1. How to control manipulated variable?
2. How to control responding variable?
3. How to repeat experiment?
TABULATE DATA
MV RV
ANALYSING DATA
RV
MV

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
INERTIA:
Time taken for one complete oscillation
// Period
PRESSURE IN LIQUID:
Different height in manometer
VOLUME OF GAS:
Length of mercury or sulfuric acid //
Length of trapped air
STRENGTH OF ELECTROMAGNET:
Number of pins attracted
SPEED OF ROTATION:
Height of magnet bar released
BRIGHTER:
Current flow
MAGNETIC FORCE:
Distance of copper rod move

Experiment based on instrument:
NO. INSTRUMENTS EXPERIMENT
1. Pendulum Simple pendulum
2. Hacksaw blade Inertia
3. Slotted weight, spring Hooke’s law
4. Ticker tape F=ma
5. Thistle funnel Pressure in liquid
6. Marble, lead shot, measuring cylinder Buoyant force
7. Eureka can Buoyant force
8. Syringe Boyle's law
9. Round bottom flask, bourdon gauge Pressure law
10. Sulphuric acid Charles' law
11. Beaker, pin real + apparent depth
12. Glass block, ray box refraction of light
13. Mirror, ray box reflection of light
14. Speakers, sound generator Interference of sound
15. Pins, solenoid strength of electromagnet

PAPER 3 [SECTION B]
EXAMPLE 1
Diagram 1.1 shows a diver is diving in swimming pool.

Diagram 1.2 shows the same diver is diving in sea water.
He dives at the same depth, but he feels his ear sick when he diving in the sea water.
Diagram 1.1 Diagram 1.2
EXAMPLE 2
Diagram 1.1 and Diagram 1.2 show the conditions of identical metal boxes which are used to cover
a camera, tied to a big catfish in a river water and to a small shark in the sea water.
The metal box tied to the small shark is more crumple.
With the use of apparatus such as a thistle funnel, measuring cylinder and other apparatus,
describe one experiment to investigate the hypothesis stated above.

TECHNIQUE IN ANSWERING P3 SECTION B
CAUSE EFFECT
CLUE EXPERIMENT
(MV) (RV)
1. Swimming pool (river water) &
sea water
2. Different density (ear sick // box
Density
Pressure
(different height
PRESSURE
crumple)
3. Pressure increase
in manometer) IN LIQUID
4. Same depth
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
PRESSURE IN LIQUID:
Different height in manometer
INFERENCE Pressure in liquid depends on density

(refer the simulation or situation given in the question)
HYPHOTESIS Density increase, different height in manometer increase.
AIM To investigate the relationship between density and different height in

manometer
VARIABLES MV : density
RV : different height in manometer
CV : depth of liquid

FORMAT WRITING P3 SECTION B
Experiment : DEPTH & PRESSURE IN LIQUID
From the diagram above, state the procedure of the experiment which is the method of controlling
the manipulated variable , method of measuring the responding variable and repeat the experiment.
At least 2 statement
• Method how to control MV in this experiment
• Initial value must be stated
• Measuring instrument need to be stated
MV
1. Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram above.
PROCEDURE
2. The thistle funnel is lowered into the salt water with density 0.5 gcm-3 at
a depth 5.0 cm.
At least 2 statement
• Describe on how to measure RV
• Measuring instrument need to be stated
RV • State the formula if necessary
3. Observed and measure the different level, h at manometer through

meter rule.
State at least 4 other value with correct units for MV
Repeat 4. The experiment is repeated by lowered the thistle funnel at different density
which are 1.0 gcm-3, 1.5 gcm-3, 2.0 gcm-3 and 2.5 gcm-3.

DATA TABULATION: REFER TO THE FOLLOWING TABLE
The way to tabulate the data.
Density, (gcm-3) Different level, h (cm)

0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
DATA ANALYSIS : REFER GRAPH

The way to analyse the data.

EXAMPLE 3
Diagram 3.1 shows a bicycle’s dynamo which has a magnet and a coil of insulated copper wire. The
output of the dynamo is connected to a bicycle lamp. The lamp will light up when the cylindrical magnet
is rotated by turning the wheel. Diagram 3.2 shows 3the light gets brighter when the wheel turns faster.
CAUSE EFFECT
CLUE EXPERIMENT
(MV) (RV)
1. Dynamo
(electromagnetic induction)
2. Wheel turns faster, light gets
brighter Height of
Induced ELECTROMAGNETIC
3. Turns faster (increase in magnet bar
Current INDUCTION
rotation) " height of magnet bar release
release
4. Brighter " current

DICTIONARY F4

DICTIONARY F5
F5 - CHAPTER 1 – WAVES
TERMS DEFINITION / MEANING FORMULA

Wave A travelling disturbance from a vibrating or oscillating source
which carries energy along with it in the direction of the
propagation
Vibration / A uniform to –and-fro motion of an object / particle from a
oscillation vibrating source
Transverse wave A wave in which the particles of the medium oscillate in the
direction perpendicular to the direction in which the wave
moves
(eg: water, light, all EM waves)
Longitudinal wave A wave in which the particles of the medium oscillate in the
direction parallel to the direction in which the wave moves
(eg: sound)
Wavefront An imaginary line that joins all identical points on a wave
One complete The to-and-fro motion of an object / particle from one
oscillation particular point
Amplitude, a The maximum displacement from the mean position of a
(SI unit : m) wave
Period, T The time taken to complete one oscillation 1

(SI unit :s) T=
f
Frequency, f The number of complete oscillations made in 1 second 1
(SI unit : Hz) f =
T
Wavelength, λ The horizontal distance between two successive equivalent λ=v/f
points on a wave v=fλ
Damping Energy loss from an oscillating system to the surrounding in
the form of heat energy
Natural frequency The frequency in which an oscillating system
vibrates when no external force is applied
Resonance The phenomena in which an oscillating system is driven at
its natural frequency by a periodic force. Maximum energy
transfer occurs to the system and it oscillates at a large
amplitude
Reflection of The phenomena when all or part of the wave return after
waves they encounter an obstacle known as reflector
Refraction of The phenomena in which there is a change of direction of
waves propagation due to a change of speed when water waves
travel one area to another of different depths
Diffraction of The phenomena that refers to the spreading out of waves
waves when they move through a gap or round an obstacle
Interference of The phenomena in which two sets of coherent waves meet

waves / combine
Coherent waves Waves which maintain a constant phase difference,

amplitude and frequency
Principle of The combined wave forms of two or more interfering waves
Superposition waves is given by the sum of the displacement of the
individual wave at each point of the medium

Constructive The combination / superposition of two coherent waves in
interference which the vertical displacements of the two waves are in the
same direction
Destructive The combination / superposition of two coherent waves in

interference which a positive displacement of a wave meets a negative
displacement of another wave and the combined amplitude
becomes zero
Audio waves Sound waves generated between 20 Hz and 20 kHz and can
be heard by normal human ears
Infrasound Sound with frequency below 20 Hz
Ultrasound Sound with frequency above 20 kHz
Electromagnetic Consists of a group of waves with similar natures and are
spectrum arranged in increasing frequencies and decreasing
wavelengths
Electromagnetic Waves which consist of a joint electric and magnetic fields
waves which oscillate perpendicular to each other

F5 - CHAPTER 2 – ELECTRICITY

Electric current The rate of charge flow in a circuit Q
I=
t
1 ampere The electric current that flows through a conductor if 1 A = C s -1
coulomb of charge flows through the conductor in 1 second
Electric field A region in which an electric charge experiences an electric
force
Potential The work done or the energy that would be required to move E
difference 1 C of charge from one point to another in a circuit V=
Q
1 volt The work done to move 1C of charge between two points is V = J C -1
1J
Resistance The ratio of potential difference across a conductor to the V
electric current flowing through the conductor R=
I
Ohm’s Law The electric current passing through an ohmic conductor is V = IR
directly proportional to the potential difference between its
end provided that the temperature and other physical
properties of the conductor are constant
Series circuit All the components are connected one after another in a
single path
Parallel circuit All the components are connected with their corresponding
ends joined together at common points to form separate and
parallel paths
Electromotive The work done by a source ( dry cell / battery) in driving a E = I (R + r)
force (emf) unit charge around a complete circuit
E = V + Ir
Internal The resistance against the moving charge due to the E -V
resistance, r electrolyte in the cell / battery r=
I
Electrical power The rate of electrical energy dissipated or transferred W
P=
t

F5 - CHAPTER 3 – ELECTROMAGNETISME

Electromagnet A temporary magnet made by winding a coil of insulated
wire round a soft iron core
A temporary magnet when current flow through a
conductor
Magnetic field A region round a current – carrying conductor in which a
magnetic force acts
A region where magnetic material experience force
Catapult field The resultant magnetic field due to the combination of
the magnetic field due to the current in the conductor and
the external magnetic field
Electromagnetic The setting up of an electromotive force in a conductor
induction due to a change in the magnetix flux caused by the
relative motion of the conductor and a magnetic field. The
induced emf will cause induced current to flow
Production of indueced current when there is a change in
magnetic field / flux magnet
Lenz’s Law The direction of the induced current in such that the
change producing it will be opposed
Faraday’s Law The magnitude of the induced emf is directly
proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux or the
rate of cutting of the magnetic flux
Direct current A current that flows in one direction only in a circuit and
the magnitude of the current maybe constant or changes
with time
Alternating current A current which flows to and fro in two opposite directions
in a circuit and it changes its direction periodically
Transformer A device which works on the principle of electromagnetic Np Ns
induction which steps up or steps down alternating =
current voltages
Vp Vs
Step-up transformer A transformer where the number of turns in the secondary
coil is greater than the number of turns in the primary coil,
the voltage across the secondary coil is greater than the
voltage across the primary coil
Step-down A transformer where the number of turns in the secondary

transformer coil is less than the number of turns in the primary coil,
the voltage across the secondary coil is less than the
voltage across the primary coil
Ideal transformer A transformer in which the output power is equal to the Pout = Pin
input power and there is no energy loss during the
process of transforming the voltage Vs I s = V p I p
Eddy current The current induced in the soft iron core due to the
changing magnetic field produced by the alternating
current in the coils
National Grid A network system of cables which connects all the power
Network stations and substations in the country to the consumers
in a closed network to transmit electricity

F5 - CHAPTER 4 – ELECTRONIC

Thermionic emission The process of emission of electrons from the surface of
a heated metal
Cathode ray The stream of electrons which moves from cathode to
anode at high speed across a vacuum
Semiconductor A material which can conduct electricity better than
insulator, but not as well as conductor
Doping A process of adding a certain amount of specific
impurities called dopants to a semiconductor to increase
its conductivity
n-type Semiconductor obtained when pentavalent atoms which
semiconductor are doped into the intrinsic semiconductor contribute
extra electrons. Free electrons become the majority
charge carrier and the holes become the minority carrier
p-type Semiconductor obtained when trivalent atoms which are
semiconductor doped into the intrinsic semiconductor contribute extra
holes. Free electrons become the minority charge carrier
and the holes become the majority charge carrier
p-n junction Formed when pieces of n-type and p-type
semiconductors are fused together
semiconductor diode An electronic device made from a p-n junction that allows
current to flow in one direction only but blocks it in the
opposite direction
Forward bias The connection in which the p-type (anode) of the diode
is connected to the positive terminal of a battery and the
n-type (cathode) is connected to the negative terminal of
the battery
Reverse bias The connection in which the p-type (anode) of the diode
is connected to the negative terminal of a battery and the
n-type (cathode) is connected to the positive terminal of
the battery
Rectifier An electrical device that converts alternating current to
direct current
Half-wave A process where only half of every cycle of an
rectification alternating current is made to flow in one direction only.
Full-wave A process where both halves of every cycle of an

rectification alternating current is made to flow in the same direction
Transistor An electronic device which has three terminals labelled

base, collector and emitter, made by coalescing (fusing)
the n-type and p-type semiconductors
Logic gates A switching circuit made up of a combination of transistor
switches which has one or more inputs but only one
output
Truth table A record of all the possible combinations of inputs and the
corresponding outputs for a particular logic circuit

F5 - CHAPTER 5 – RADIOACTIVITY

Proton number, Z The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
Nucleon number, A The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
of an atom
Isotopes Atoms of an element which have the same proton number
but different nucleon number
Radioactivity The spontaneous disintegration of an unstable nucleus
accompanied by the emission of an energetic particle or
a
photon (or radioactive emission)
Radioactive decay The process in which an unstable nucleus changes into a
more
stable nucleus by emitting radiation
Radiation The energy given out by an unstable nucleus in the form
of
energetic particles or photon
Ionising effect The production of charged particles called ions when the
energetic particle or photon passes through a medium, it
can
knock electrons out of the atoms and molecules of the
medium.
Half-life The time taken for the number of the undecayed nuclei in
the
sample to be reduced to half of its original number
Radioisotopes Unstable nuclei of an element which have the same
number of
protons but different number of neutrons which decay and
give
out radioactive emissions
Atomic mass unit 1
(amu or u) of the mass of the carbon-12 atom
12
Nuclear fission The process of splitting a heavy nucleus into two
lighter nuclei
which releases emormous amount of energy
Chain reaction Self-sustaining reaction in which the products of a
reaction can
initiate another similar reaction
Nuclear fusion The process of combining two lighter nuclei to form a
heavier
nucleus which releases enormous amount of energy
Einstein’s Principle Mass and energy are not conserved separately and can E = mc2
be
exchanged one for the other by using this equation : E =
mc 2
where
E = energy released(J),
m = mass defect(kg)
c = speed of light (3x108 ms -1)
YOU GET WHAT YOU

WORK FOR
NOT
WHAT YOU
WISH FOR
Keep moving forward with the great momentum

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TOPIK YANG PERLU DIFOKUS

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2. PAKAIAN MENYELAM (DIVERS SUIT)

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9. SPOILER KERETA LUMBA

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11. TERMOMETER KLINIKAL

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13. MIKROSKOP MAJMUK

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Using suitable concepts of physics, suggest

Instrument size of scale/cm Consistency Accuracy Zero error

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(i) from extreme heat

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You are required to give some suggestions on how to

You are required to give some suggestions to improve

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Soft inner liner : absorb energy

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16. Diagram 4 shows a spring of the suspension system in an ordinary motorcycle.

Using the suitable physics concepts, you are required to

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3. GELOMBANG ELEKTROMAGNET UNTUK SISTEM PENYIARAN SATELIT

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5. ELEMEN PEMANAS DALAM CEREK ELEKTRIK (HEATING ELEMENT IN ELECTRIC HEATER)

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Prinsip Kerja Sebuah Transformer:

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