Organoid

Organoid adalah versi miniatur sederhana dari sebuah organ, yang diproduksi di laboratorium dan memiliki bentuk tiga dimensi dan anatomi yang mirip organ sungguhan. Organoid dibuat dari satu atau sejumlah sel dari suatu jaringan, dari sel punca embrionik atau dari sel induk pluripoten diinduksi (iPS), yang dapat dengan spontan membentuk susunan tiga dimensi karena kapasitas sel-sel tersebut membelah diri serta melakukan diferensiasi. Teknologi penumbuhan organoid telah mengalami banyak kemajuan sejak awal 2010an dan disebut majalah The Scientist sebagai salah satu kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan terbesar pada tahun 2013.^[1] Organoid digunakan para ilmuwan untuk meneliti penyakit dan pengobatannya di laboratorium.

Jenis-jenis organoid

Banyak struktur organ telah berhasil diminaturkan menjadi organoid.^[2]

Organoid otak

Organoid otak adalah organoid yang menyerupai otak yang ditumbuhkan di laboratorium. Organoid otak dibuat dengan menggunakan sel punca pluripoten manusia dalam sebuah bioreaktor rotasional tiga dimensi dan tumbuh dalam beberapa bulan.

Organoid saluran pencernaan

Dalam saluran pencernaan, organoid yang telah dibuat di antaranya organoid usus yang dibuat langsung dari sel punca pluripoten,^[2]^[3] serta organoid lambung.^[4]

Organoid lidah

Organoid lidah telah dibuat menggunakan protein sel punca epitelium yang mengekspresikan BMI1 dalam kultur tiga dimensi melalui manipulasi EGF, WNT, and TGF-β.^[5] Kultur rganoid ini tidak memiliki sel reseptor rasa, karena sel tersebut tidak berasal dari sel punca epitelium yang mengekspresikan BMI1.^[5] Namun, organoid lidah dengan indra pengecap telah dibuat dengan menggunakan sel punca LGR5+ atau CD44+.^[6]

Lainnya

Organoid kelenjar tiroid^[7]
Organoid timus^[8]
Organoid hati^[9]
Organoid pankreas^[10]
Organoid epitelium^[3]^[11]
Organoid paru-paru^[12]
Organoid ginjal^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]
Gastruloid (Organoid embrionik)^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20]
Organoid jantung^[21] - Pada 2018 sebuah organoid jantung dapat berdetak dan merespons stimulus dengan berdetak lebih cepat atau lambat^[22]
Organoid retina ^[23]

Referensi

^ Grens K (December 24, 2013). "2013's Big Advances in Science". The Scientist. Diakses tanggal 26 December 2013.
^ ^a ^b Lancaster MA, Knoblich JA (July 2014). "Organogenesis in a dish: modeling development and disease using organoid technologies". Science. 345 (6194): 1247125. doi:10.1126/science.1247125. PMID 25035496.
^ ^a ^b Sato T, Vries RG, Snippert HJ, van de Wetering M, Barker N, Stange DE, et al. (May 2009). "Single Lgr5 stem cells build crypt-villus structures in vitro without a mesenchymal niche". Nature. 459 (7244): 262–5. Bibcode:2009Natur.459..262S. doi:10.1038/nature07935. PMID 19329995.
^ McCracken KW, Catá EM, Crawford CM, Sinagoga KL, Schumacher M, Rockich BE, et al. (December 2014). "Modelling human development and disease in pluripotent stem-cell-derived gastric organoids". Nature. 516 (7531): 400–4. Bibcode:2014Natur.516..400M. doi:10.1038/nature13863. PMC 4270898 . PMID 25363776.
^ ^a ^b Hisha, H., Tanaka, T., Kanno, S., Tokuyama, Y., Komai, Y., Ohe, S., . . . Ueno, H. (2013). Establishment of a Novel Lingual Organoid Culture System: Generation of Organoids Having Mature Keratinized Epithelium from Adult Epithelial Stem Cells. Scientific Reports, 3. doi:10.1038/srep03224
^ Aihara E, Mahe MM, Schumacher MA, Matthis AL, Feng R, Ren W, et al. (November 2015). "Characterization of stem/progenitor cell cycle using murine circumvallate papilla taste bud organoid". Scientific Reports. 5: 17185. Bibcode:2015NatSR...517185A. doi:10.1038/srep17185. PMC 4665766 . PMID 26597788.
^ Martin A, Barbesino G, Davies TF (1999). "T-cell receptors and autoimmune thyroid disease--signposts for T-cell-antigen driven diseases". International Reviews of Immunology. 18 (1-2): 111–40. doi:10.3109/08830189909043021. PMID 10614741.
^ Bredenkamp N, Ulyanchenko S, O'Neill KE, Manley NR, Vaidya HJ, Blackburn CC (September 2014). "An organized and functional thymus generated from FOXN1-reprogrammed fibroblasts". Nature Cell Biology. 16 (9): 902–8. doi:10.1038/ncb3023. PMC 4153409 . PMID 25150981.
^ Huch M, Gehart H, van Boxtel R, Hamer K, Blokzijl F, Verstegen MM, et al. (January 2015). "Long-term culture of genome-stable bipotent stem cells from adult human liver". Cell. 160 (1-2): 299–312. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.11.050. PMC 4313365 . PMID 25533785.
^ Huch M, Bonfanti P, Boj SF, Sato T, Loomans CJ, van de Wetering M, et al. (October 2013). "Unlimited in vitro expansion of adult bi-potent pancreas progenitors through the Lgr5/R-spondin axis". The EMBO Journal. 32 (20): 2708–21. doi:10.1038/emboj.2013.204. PMC 3801438 . PMID 24045232.
^ Barker N, van Es JH, Kuipers J, Kujala P, van den Born M, Cozijnsen M, et al. (October 2007). "Identification of stem cells in small intestine and colon by marker gene Lgr5". Nature. 449 (7165): 1003–7. Bibcode:2007Natur.449.1003B. doi:10.1038/nature06196. PMID 17934449.
^ Lee JH, Bhang DH, Beede A, Huang TL, Stripp BR, Bloch KD, et al. (January 2014). "Lung stem cell differentiation in mice directed by endothelial cells via a BMP4-NFATc1-thrombospondin-1 axis". Cell. 156 (3): 440–55. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.12.039. PMC 3951122 . PMID 24485453.
^ Unbekandt M, Davies JA (March 2010). "Dissociation of embryonic kidneys followed by reaggregation allows the formation of renal tissues". Kidney International. 77 (5): 407–16. doi:10.1038/ki.2009.482. PMID 20016472.
^ Takasato M, Er PX, Chiu HS, Maier B, Baillie GJ, Ferguson C, et al. (October 2015). "Kidney organoids from human iPS cells contain multiple lineages and model human nephrogenesis". Nature. 526 (7574): 564–8. Bibcode:2015Natur.526..564T. doi:10.1038/nature15695. PMID 26444236.
^ Freedman BS, Brooks CR, Lam AQ, Fu H, Morizane R, Agrawal V, et al. (October 2015). "Modelling kidney disease with CRISPR-mutant kidney organoids derived from human pluripotent epiblast spheroids". Nature Communications. 6: 8715. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6E8715F. doi:10.1038/ncomms9715. PMC 4620584 . PMID 26493500.
^ Morizane R, Lam AQ, Freedman BS, Kishi S, Valerius MT, Bonventre JV (November 2015). "Nephron organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells model kidney development and injury". Nature Biotechnology. 33 (11): 1193–200. doi:10.1038/nbt.3392. PMC 4747858 . PMID 26458176.
^ van den Brink SC, Baillie-Johnson P, Balayo T, Hadjantonakis AK, Nowotschin S, Turner DA, et al. (November 2014). "Symmetry breaking, germ layer specification and axial organisation in aggregates of mouse embryonic stem cells". Development. 141 (22): 4231–42. doi:10.1242/dev.113001. PMC 4302915 . PMID 25371360.
^ Turner DA, Baillie-Johnson P, Martinez Arias A (February 2016). "Organoids and the genetically encoded self-assembly of embryonic stem cells". BioEssays. 38 (2): 181–91. doi:10.1002/bies.201500111. PMC 4737349 . PMID 26666846.
^ Turner DA, Girgin M, Alonso-Crisostomo L, Trivedi V, Baillie-Johnson P, Glodowski CR, et al. (November 2017). "Anteroposterior polarity and elongation in the absence of extra-embryonic tissues and of spatially localised signalling in gastruloids: mammalian embryonic organoids". Development. 144 (21): 3894–3906. doi:10.1242/dev.150391. PMC 5702072 . PMID 28951435.
^ Beccari L, Moris N, Girgin M, Turner DA, Baillie-Johnson P, Cossy AC, et al. (October 2018). "Multi-axial self-organization properties of mouse embryonic stem cells into gastruloids". Nature (dalam bahasa Inggris). 562 (7726): 272–276. Bibcode:2018Natur.562..272B. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0578-0. PMID 30283134.
^ Lee EJ, Kim DE, Azeloglu EU, Costa KD (February 2008). "Engineered cardiac organoid chambers: toward a functional biological model ventricle". Tissue Engineering. Part A. 14 (2): 215–25. doi:10.1089/tea.2007.0351. PMID 18333774.
^ Molteni M (2018-06-27). "These Beating Mini-Hearts Could Save Big Bucks—And Maybe Lives". WIRED. Diakses tanggal 2018-06-30.
^ Wiley LA, Burnight ER, DeLuca AP, Anfinson KR, Cranston CM, Kaalberg EE, et al. (July 2016). "cGMP production of patient-specific iPSCs and photoreceptor precursor cells to treat retinal degenerative blindness". Scientific Reports. 6: 30742. Bibcode:2016NatSR...630742W. doi:10.1038/srep30742. PMC 4965859 . PMID 27471043.

[1] Grens K (December 24, 2013). "2013's Big Advances in Science". The Scientist. Diakses tanggal 26 December 2013.

[Lancaster,_M._A._2014-2] Lancaster MA, Knoblich JA (July 2014). "Organogenesis in a dish: modeling development and disease using organoid technologies". Science. 345 (6194): 1247125. doi:10.1126/science.1247125. PMID 25035496.

[pmid19329995-3] Sato T, Vries RG, Snippert HJ, van de Wetering M, Barker N, Stange DE, et al. (May 2009). "Single Lgr5 stem cells build crypt-villus structures in vitro without a mesenchymal niche". Nature. 459 (7244): 262–5. Bibcode:2009Natur.459..262S. doi:10.1038/nature07935. PMID 19329995.

[Mccracken,_K._W._2014-4] McCracken KW, Catá EM, Crawford CM, Sinagoga KL, Schumacher M, Rockich BE, et al. (December 2014). "Modelling human development and disease in pluripotent stem-cell-derived gastric organoids". Nature. 516 (7531): 400–4. Bibcode:2014Natur.516..400M. doi:10.1038/nature13863. PMC 4270898 . PMID 25363776.

[Hisha,_H._2013-5] Hisha, H., Tanaka, T., Kanno, S., Tokuyama, Y., Komai, Y., Ohe, S., . . . Ueno, H. (2013). Establishment of a Novel Lingual Organoid Culture System: Generation of Organoids Having Mature Keratinized Epithelium from Adult Epithelial Stem Cells. Scientific Reports, 3. doi:10.1038/srep03224

[Aihara,_E._2015-6] Aihara E, Mahe MM, Schumacher MA, Matthis AL, Feng R, Ren W, et al. (November 2015). "Characterization of stem/progenitor cell cycle using murine circumvallate papilla taste bud organoid". Scientific Reports. 5: 17185. Bibcode:2015NatSR...517185A. doi:10.1038/srep17185. PMC 4665766 . PMID 26597788.

[pmid10614741-7] Martin A, Barbesino G, Davies TF (1999). "T-cell receptors and autoimmune thyroid disease--signposts for T-cell-antigen driven diseases". International Reviews of Immunology. 18 (1-2): 111–40. doi:10.3109/08830189909043021. PMID 10614741.

[8] Bredenkamp N, Ulyanchenko S, O'Neill KE, Manley NR, Vaidya HJ, Blackburn CC (September 2014). "An organized and functional thymus generated from FOXN1-reprogrammed fibroblasts". Nature Cell Biology. 16 (9): 902–8. doi:10.1038/ncb3023. PMC 4153409 . PMID 25150981.

[pmid25533785-9] Huch M, Gehart H, van Boxtel R, Hamer K, Blokzijl F, Verstegen MM, et al. (January 2015). "Long-term culture of genome-stable bipotent stem cells from adult human liver". Cell. 160 (1-2): 299–312. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.11.050. PMC 4313365 . PMID 25533785.

[pmid24045232-10] Huch M, Bonfanti P, Boj SF, Sato T, Loomans CJ, van de Wetering M, et al. (October 2013). "Unlimited in vitro expansion of adult bi-potent pancreas progenitors through the Lgr5/R-spondin axis". The EMBO Journal. 32 (20): 2708–21. doi:10.1038/emboj.2013.204. PMC 3801438 . PMID 24045232.

[pmid17934449-11] Barker N, van Es JH, Kuipers J, Kujala P, van den Born M, Cozijnsen M, et al. (October 2007). "Identification of stem cells in small intestine and colon by marker gene Lgr5". Nature. 449 (7165): 1003–7. Bibcode:2007Natur.449.1003B. doi:10.1038/nature06196. PMID 17934449.

[12] Lee JH, Bhang DH, Beede A, Huang TL, Stripp BR, Bloch KD, et al. (January 2014). "Lung stem cell differentiation in mice directed by endothelial cells via a BMP4-NFATc1-thrombospondin-1 axis". Cell. 156 (3): 440–55. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.12.039. PMC 3951122 . PMID 24485453.

[sciencedirect.com-13] Unbekandt M, Davies JA (March 2010). "Dissociation of embryonic kidneys followed by reaggregation allows the formation of renal tissues". Kidney International. 77 (5): 407–16. doi:10.1038/ki.2009.482. PMID 20016472.

[14] Takasato M, Er PX, Chiu HS, Maier B, Baillie GJ, Ferguson C, et al. (October 2015). "Kidney organoids from human iPS cells contain multiple lineages and model human nephrogenesis". Nature. 526 (7574): 564–8. Bibcode:2015Natur.526..564T. doi:10.1038/nature15695. PMID 26444236.

[ReferenceA-15] Freedman BS, Brooks CR, Lam AQ, Fu H, Morizane R, Agrawal V, et al. (October 2015). "Modelling kidney disease with CRISPR-mutant kidney organoids derived from human pluripotent epiblast spheroids". Nature Communications. 6: 8715. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6E8715F. doi:10.1038/ncomms9715. PMC 4620584 . PMID 26493500.

[16] Morizane R, Lam AQ, Freedman BS, Kishi S, Valerius MT, Bonventre JV (November 2015). "Nephron organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells model kidney development and injury". Nature Biotechnology. 33 (11): 1193–200. doi:10.1038/nbt.3392. PMC 4747858 . PMID 26458176.

[17] van den Brink SC, Baillie-Johnson P, Balayo T, Hadjantonakis AK, Nowotschin S, Turner DA, et al. (November 2014). "Symmetry breaking, germ layer specification and axial organisation in aggregates of mouse embryonic stem cells". Development. 141 (22): 4231–42. doi:10.1242/dev.113001. PMC 4302915 . PMID 25371360.

[18] Turner DA, Baillie-Johnson P, Martinez Arias A (February 2016). "Organoids and the genetically encoded self-assembly of embryonic stem cells". BioEssays. 38 (2): 181–91. doi:10.1002/bies.201500111. PMC 4737349 . PMID 26666846.

[19] Turner DA, Girgin M, Alonso-Crisostomo L, Trivedi V, Baillie-Johnson P, Glodowski CR, et al. (November 2017). "Anteroposterior polarity and elongation in the absence of extra-embryonic tissues and of spatially localised signalling in gastruloids: mammalian embryonic organoids". Development. 144 (21): 3894–3906. doi:10.1242/dev.150391. PMC 5702072 . PMID 28951435.

[:0-20] Beccari L, Moris N, Girgin M, Turner DA, Baillie-Johnson P, Cossy AC, et al. (October 2018). "Multi-axial self-organization properties of mouse embryonic stem cells into gastruloids". Nature (dalam bahasa Inggris). 562 (7726): 272–276. Bibcode:2018Natur.562..272B. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0578-0. PMID 30283134.

[21] Lee EJ, Kim DE, Azeloglu EU, Costa KD (February 2008). "Engineered cardiac organoid chambers: toward a functional biological model ventricle". Tissue Engineering. Part A. 14 (2): 215–25. doi:10.1089/tea.2007.0351. PMID 18333774.

[22] Molteni M (2018-06-27). "These Beating Mini-Hearts Could Save Big Bucks—And Maybe Lives". WIRED. Diakses tanggal 2018-06-30.

[23] Wiley LA, Burnight ER, DeLuca AP, Anfinson KR, Cranston CM, Kaalberg EE, et al. (July 2016). "cGMP production of patient-specific iPSCs and photoreceptor precursor cells to treat retinal degenerative blindness". Scientific Reports. 6: 30742. Bibcode:2016NatSR...630742W. doi:10.1038/srep30742. PMC 4965859 . PMID 27471043.

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