Pemerkosaan genosidal
| Bagian dari seri tentang |
| Genosida |
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| Isu |
| Genosida pribumi |
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Kolonisasi Amerika oleh bangsa Eropa
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| Genosida Soviet |
| Holokaus Nazi dan genosida (1941–1945) |
| Perang Dingin |
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| Genosida kontemporer |
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| Topik terkait |
| Kategori |
Pemerkosaan genosidal adalah tindakan sebuah kelompok yang melakukan tindak pemerkosaan massal pada masa perang terhadap pihak yang mereka anggap sebagai musuh sebagai bagian dari kampanye genosidal.[1] Pada Perang Pembebasan Bangladesh,[2][3][4][5] Perang Yugoslavia, Genosida Rwanda,[3][6] Perang Sudara Irak dan Genosida Rohingya di Myanmar, pemerkosaan massal telah menjadi bagian integral dari konflik-konflik tersebut yang membawa konsep pemerkosaan genosidal ke kancah internasional.[7] Meskipun pemerkosaan perang telah berulang kali terjadi dalam konflik sepanjang sejarah, peristiwa tersebut biasanya dipandang sebagai produk konflik, dan bukan bagian integral dari kebijakan militer.[8]
Kekerasan terhadap wanita pada masa Pemisahan india juga dikutip sebagai contoh pemerkosaan genosidal.[9]
Catatan kaki
[sunting | sunting sumber]Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Totten & Bartrop 2007, hlm. 159–160.
- ^ Sharlach 2000, hlm. 92–93.
- ^ a b Sajjad 2012, hlm. 225.
- ^ Ghadbian 2002, hlm. 111.
- ^ Mookherjee 2012, hlm. 68.
- ^ Sharlach 2000, hlm. 90.
- ^ Miller 2009, hlm. 53.
- ^ Fisher 1996, hlm. 91–133.
- ^ R. Brass, Paul (2003). "The partition of India and retributive genocide in the Punjab, 1946–47: means, methods, and purposes". Journal of Genocide Research. 5: 71–101. doi:10.1080/14623520305657.
Daftar pustaka
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Allen, Beverly (1996). Rape Warfare: The Hidden Genocide in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia
. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0816628186. - Bisaz, Corsin (2012). The Concept of Group Rights in International Law: Groups as Contested Right-Holders, Subjects and Legal Persons. Martinus Nijhoff. ISBN 978-9004228702.
- Brownmiller, Susan (1975). Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-449-90820-4.
- Card, Claudia (2008). "The Paradox of Genocidal Rape Aimed at Enforced Pregnancy". The Southern Journal of Philosophy. S1 (46): 176–189. doi:10.1111/j.2041-6962.2008.tb00162.x.
- De Brouwer, Anne-Marie (2010). "Introduction". Dalam Anne-Marie De Brouwer, Sandra Ka Hon Chu. The Men Who Killed Me: Rwandan Survivors of Sexual Violence. Douglas & McIntyre. ISBN 978-1553653103.
- Eftekhari, Shiva (2004). Rwanda, Struggling to Survive: Barriers to Justice for Rape Victims in Rwanda. Human Rights Watch.
- Fielding, Leila (2012). Female Génocidaires: What was the Nature and Motivations for Hutu Female. GRIN Verlag. ISBN 978-3656324409.
- Fisher, Siobhán K. (1996). "Occupation of the Womb: Forced Impregnation as Genocide". Duke Law Journal. 46 (1): 91–133. doi:10.2307/1372967. JSTOR 1372967.
- Joeden-Forgey, Elisa Von (2010). "Gender and Genocide". Dalam Donald Bloxham, A. Dirk Moses. The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199232116.
- Jones, Adam (2006). Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415353847.
- Leaning, Jennifer; Bartels, Susan; Mowafi, Hani (2009). "Sexual Violence during War and Forced Migration". Dalam Susan Forbes Martin, John Tirman. Women, Migration, and Conflict: Breaking a Deadly Cycle. Springer. hlm. 173–199. ISBN 978-9048128242.
- Miller, Sarah Clark (2009). "Atrocity, Harm, and resistance". Dalam Andrea Veltman, Kathryn Norlock. Evil, Political Violence, and Forgiveness: Essays in Honor of Claudia Card. Lexington. hlm. 53–76. ISBN 978-0739136508.
- MacKinnon, Catherine A. (2006). "Genocide Rape Is Different Than War Rape". Center on Law & Globalization.
- Poloni-Staudinger, Lori; Ortbals, Candice D. (2012). "Rape as a Weapon of War and Genocide". Terrorism and Violent Conflict: Women's Agency, Leadership, and Responses. Springer. ISBN 978-1461456407.
- Rothe, Dawn (2009). State Criminality: The Crime of All Crimes. Lexington. ISBN 978-0739126721.
- Russell-Brown, Sherrie L. (2003). "Rape as an Act of Genocide". Berkeley Journal of International Law. 21 (2).
- Sajjad, Tazreena (2012). "The Post-Genocidal Period and its Impact on Women". Dalam Samuel Totten. Plight and Fate of Women During and Following Genocide (edisi ke-Reprint). Transaction. hlm. 219–248. ISBN 978-1412847599.
- Sharlach, Lisa (2000). "Rape as Genocide: Bangladesh, the Former Yugoslavia, and Rwanda". New Political Science. 1 (22): 89–102. doi:10.1080/713687893.
- Smith, Roger W. (2013). "Genocide and the Politics of Rape". Dalam Joyce Apsel, Ernesto Verdeja. Genocide Matters: Ongoing Issues and Emerging Perspectives. Routledge. hlm. 82–105. ISBN 978-0415814966.
- Smith-Spark, Laura (8 December 2004). "How did rape become a weapon of war?". British Broadcasting Corporation. Diakses tanggal 29 December 2013.
- Totten, Samuel; Bartrop, Paul R. (2007). Dictionary of Genocide. Greenwood. ISBN 978-0313329678.
- Vetlesen, Arne Johan (2005). Evil and Human Agency: Understanding Collective Evildoing. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521673570.