Toleransi nol
Toleransi nol (bahasa Inggris: zero tolerance) adalah sebuah kebijakan yang memberikan hukuman ketat bagi para pelanggar suatu aturan, dengan tujuan menyingkirkan para pelanggar tanpa pandang bulu.[1][2][3]
Kebijakan toleransi nol dipelajari dalam kriminologi dan umum dalam sistem kebijakan formal dan informal di seluruh dunia. Kebijakan tersebut juga muncul dalam keadaan informal dimana terdapat penyimpangan seksual atau penyalahgunaan Internet di lingkungan tempat kerja dan pendidikan. Pada 2014, inkarkerasi massal di Amerika Serikat berdasarkan pada tawaran-tawaran kecil timbul akibat pemakaian toleransi nol di sekolah dan masyarakat.[4][5]
Sedikit bukti mendukung keefektifan yang diklaim dari kebijakan toleransi nol.[6] Satu masalah terkait adalah bahwa terdapat beberapa alasan besar kenapa orang enggan untuk berintervensi, atau melaporkan perilaku yang mereka anggap tak dapat diterima atau melanggar hukum. Kebijakan toleransi nol setidaknya dilakukan untuk sedikit alasan.[7]
Catatan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ zero tolerance, n. (under zero, n.). The Oxford English Dictionary, Second Edition 1989. Retrieved 10 November 2009 from oed.com website. [1]
- ^ zero tolerance. (n.d.). The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Retrieved 10 November 2009, from Dictionary.com website. [2]
- ^ "Zero Tolerance - Cambridge English Dictionary". Cambridge Dictionaries Online. Cambridge University. Diakses tanggal 3 June 2016.
- ^ Ben-Moshe, L., Chapman, C. & Carey, A.C. (2014). Disability Incarcerated: Imprisonment and Disability in the United States and Canada. NY, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
- ^ Ervelles, N. (2014). Crippin' Jim Crow: Disability, Dis-location, and the School to Prison Pipeline. In: Carey, A., Ben-Moshe, L., & Chapman, C., Disability Incarcerated: Imprisonment and Disability in the United States and Canada. NY, NY: Palgrave MacMillan.
- ^ Rowe and Bendersky, 2002
- ^ "Dealing with—or Reporting—"Unacceptable" Behavior - with additional thoughts about the Bystander Effect" © 2009 Mary Rowe MIT, Linda Wilcox HMS, Howard Gadlin NIH, JIOA, vol 2, no 1, p52.
Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Bowling, B. (1999) The rise and fall of New York murder: zero tolerance or crack's decline? vol. 39, no. 4 (1999): 531-554.
- Cox, S. & J. Wade. (1998). The Criminal Justice Network: An Introduction. New York: McGraw-Hill.
- Dennis, Norman; Erdos, George (2005) Cultures and Crimes, cap. 13 Dealing with Diversity: Libertarianism and Multiculturalism pp. 169–183 ISBN 1-903386-38-1
- Eck, John E.; Maguire, Edward R. (2000) Have Changes in Policing Reduced Violent Crime?, pp. 207–265 in The Crime Drop in America[pranala nonaktif permanen], edited by Alfred Blumstein and Joel Wallman. Cambridge University Press, New York, 2000.
- Fagan, Jeffrey; Franklin Zimring et June Kim, Declining Homicide in New York City: A Tale of Two Trends, Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 88-4, été 1998, pp. 1277–1324.
- Marshall, Jayne (1999) Zero Tolerance Policing Diarsipkan 2016-05-28 di Wayback Machine.. South Australia Office of Crime, Issue 9 March 1999.
- Robinson, M. (2002). Justice Blind? Ideals and Realities of American Criminal Justice. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
- Rowe, Mary and Corinne Bendersky, "Workplace Justice, Zero Tolerance and Zero Barriers: Getting People to Come Forward in Conflict Management Systems," in Negotiations and Change, From the Workplace to Society, Thomas Kochan and Richard Locke (editors), Cornell University Press, 2002.(http://web.mit.edu/ombud/publications/index.html, # 18).
- Sherman, L., D.; Gottfredson, D; MacKenzie, J; Eck, P; Reuter & Bushway, S. (1997). "Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn't, What's Promising." [3]
- Snider, Laureen. (2004) "Zero Tolerance Reversed: Constituting the Non-Culpable Subject in Walkerton" in What is a Crime? Defining Criminal Conduct in Contemporary Canadian Society. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, and Montreal: Laval University Press (French translation), 2004: 155-84.
- Tonello, Fabrizio (2007) Così negli Usa è fallita la Tolleranza zero [eng.: So Zero Tolerance failed in the US] published by il manifesto 31 August 2007, p. 5 [4] Diarsipkan 2013-02-20 di Archive.is [5] [6] (Italia)
- Wacquant, Loïc (1999) Penal ’common sense’ comes to Europe - US exports zero tolerance [7] April 1999 Le Monde Diplomatique. (original French version, ita version)
- Wacquant, Loïc (November 1999) Prisons of Poverty
- Wacquant, Loïc (2002) Sur quelques contes sécuritaires venus d’Amérique - Les impasses d’un modèle répressif (Prancis) May 2002 Le Monde Diplomatique. (ita version)
- Wilson, James Q.; Kelling, George L. "Broken Windows: The police and neighborhood safety" (PDF). The Atlantic Monthly, March 1982. Diakses tanggal 2007-09-03. [8]
Pranala luar
[sunting | sunting sumber]- http://www.overcriminalized.com Diarsipkan 2013-11-01 di Wayback Machine. Legislative Update Summeries and case studies covering Zero Tolerance laws and policies.