Asụsụ Gbe

Templeeti:Infobox language family

Asụsụ Gbe (nke a na-akpọ ) mejupụtara ụyọkọ nke ihe dị ka asụsụ iri abụọ yiri ya na-agbasa n'ebe dị n'etiti ọwụwa anyanwụ Ghana na ọdịda anyanwụ Naịjirịa.^[1] Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ Gbe dị n'etiti nde anọ na asatọ. Asụsụ Gbe a na-asụkarị bụ Ewe (nde atọ na asụ ya na Ghana na Togo), Fon sochiri ya (1.7 nde, ọkachasị na Benin). A na-etinye asụsụ Gbe nya a na-alaka Kwa nke asụsụ Niger Congo, mana n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, a na-ahazi ya dị ka asụsụ Volta Niger. Ha gụnyere ụyọkọ asụsụ ise: Ewe, Fon, Aja, Gen (Mina), na PhlaʹPherá.

Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị Gbe si n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ bịa ebe obibi ha ugbu a n'ọtụtụ njem n'etiti narị afọ nke iri na nke iri na ise. Otú ọ dị, a na-eche na ụfọdụ n'ime ndị Phlaá bụ ndị mbụ bi n'ógbè ahụ bụ ndị gwakọtara ha na ndị mbịarambịa Gbe na ndị Gen nwere ike isi na ndị Ga-Adangbe na Ghana. Na ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na asatọ, e mere ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ Gbe ohu ma kpọga ha n'Ụwa Ọhụrụ: ekwere na asụsụ Gbe rụrụ ọrụ ụfọdụ na mmalite nke ọtụtụ asụsụ Caribbean creole, ọkachasị Haitian Creole.

N'ihe dị ka 1840, ndị ozi ala ọzọ German malitere nyocha asụsụ n'asụsụ Gbe. Na ọkara mbụ nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ, onye Africa Diedrich Hermann Westermann bụ otu n'ime ndị na-enye aka na ọmụmụ nke Gbe. H.B. Capo bipụtara n'ime nkewa mbụ nke asụsụ Gbe na 1988, nke phonology na-esote na 1991. Asụsụ ndị Gbe bụ ụda olu, asụsụ ndị na-ekewapụ onwe ha na usoro okwu bụ isi bụ isiokwu.

Asụsụ

Ọdịdị ala na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ

Osimiri Volta dị na Ghana na Osimiri Weme dị na Benin gbara mpaghara asụsụ Gbe n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ. Ókè ugwu dị n'etiti 6 na 8 degrees latitude na ókè ndịda bụ ụsọ oké osimiri Atlantic. Asụsụ Kwa ndị ọzọ gbara mpaghara ahụ gburugburu, ma e wezụga n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ, ebe a na-asụ Yorùbá. N'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, a na-asụ asụsụ GañoDangme, Guang na Akan. N'ebe ugwu, Adele, Aguna, Akpafu, Lolobi, na Yorùbá gbara ya gburugburu.

Atụmatụ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ Gbe dịgasị iche iche. Capo (1988) na-enye atụmatụ dị ala nke nde anọ, ebe SIL's Ethnologue (15th mbipụta, 2005) na-enye nde asatọ. Asụsụ nile nke Gbe a na-asụkarị bụ Ewe (Ghana na Togo) na Fon (Benin, ọwụwa anyanwụ Togo) na nde anọ na nde atọ na-asụ ya, n'otu n'otu. Ewe bụ asụsụ agụmakwụkwọ maka ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na mahadum dị na Ghana, a na-ejikwa ya na agụmakwụkwọ na-abụghị nke gọọmentị na Togo. Na Benin, Aja (740,000 ndị na-asụ ya) na Fon bụ abụọ n'ime asụsụ mba isii gọọmentị họọrọ maka agụmakwụkwọ nke ndị okenye na 1992.

Nchịkọta

Greenberg, na-esote Westermann (1952), debere asụsụ Gbe n'ezinụlọ Kwa nke asụsụ NigerCongo.^[2] Ogogo alaka Kwa agbanweela site n'afọ ruo n'afọ, Roger Blench tinyere asụsụ Gbe na alaka VoltaʹNiger na asụsụ ndị bụbu East Kwa n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ha.

Gbe bụ asụsụ na-aga n'ihu. Dabere na nyocha ntụnyere, Capo (1988) kewara ya ụyọkọ ise, nke ọ bụla nwere ọtụtụ asụsụ ndị a na-aghọta. Ókèala dị n'etiti ụyọkọ ndị ahụ abụghị mgbe niile ka ọ dị iche. ụyọkọ ise ahụ bụ:^[3]

Aha	Aha ndị ọzọ	Ndị ọkà okwu	Asụsụ ụfọdụ	Ógbè
Ewe	N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị n'ebe ahụ	ihe dị ka 3,600,000	Anlo, Kpando, Ho, Fodome	ọkara ala nke Ghana n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Osimiri Volta; ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Togo
Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa	Gẽ, Mina, Gɛn gbe	ihe dị ka 400,000	[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]	Ọdọ Mmiri Togo, gburugburu Anexo
Aja	Aja gbe, Adja	ihe dị ka 500,000	Dogbo, Sikpi	Togo, mpaghara Benin, n'ime ala n'akụkụ Osimiri Mono
Fon	Akụkọ ọdịbendị	ihe dị ka 1,700,000	Gun, Kpase, Agbome, Maxi	ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Togo, Benin n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Osimiri Weme na n'akụkụ osimiri
Philaz Pherá	Fla, Offra, Xwla gbe	ihe dị ka 400,000	Alada, Toli, Ayizo	Togo na Benin n'ụsọ oké osimiri na gburugburu Ọdọ Mmiri Ahémé

Asụsụ Gbe nwere otu akụkụ nke dị n'ọtụtụ asụsụ nke ọdọ mmiri Volta, usoro ngwaa. Nke a pụtara na enwere ike ijikọta ngwaa abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa n'otu ahịrịokwu, na-ekerịta otu isiokwu ahụ, na-enweghị akara njikọ, na-akpata ihe ọ pụtara nke na-egosipụta akụkụ na-esote ma ọ bụ n'otu oge nke omume nke ngwaa.

Ihe edeturu na edensibịa

↑ The Templeeti:Angbr is a voiced labial–velar stop, common in many West African languages.
↑ Greenberg (1966), The Languages of Africa.
↑ Sources: for the classification, Capo (1991) & Aboh (2004); for speaker numbers, Ethnologue, 15th edition.

Edensibịa

Aboh, O. Enoch (2004) The Morphosyntax of Complement-Head Sequences (Clause Structure and Word Order Patterns in Kwa) New York wdg: Oxford University Press.
Amenumey, D.E.K. (2002) Akụkọ banyere Ewe. E nwetara ya na May 11, 2005.
Ansre, Gilbert (1961) Ọdịdị ụda nke Ewe. MA Thesis, Kennedy School of Missions nke Hartford Seminary Foundation.
Ameka, Felix Kofi (2001) 'Ewe'. Na Garry na Rubino (ed.), Eziokwu Banyere Asụsụ Ụwa: An Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages, Past and Present, 207ː213. New York/Dublin: Ụlọ ọrụ H.W. Wilson.
Blench, Roger (2006) Archaeology, Language, and the African Past. AltaMira Press.
Capo, Hounkpati B.C. (1981) 'Nasality in Gbe: A Synchronic Interpretation' Studies in African Linguistics, 12, 1, 1ń43.
Capo, Hounkpati B.C. (1988) Renaissance du Gbe: Echiche dị oke egwu na nke na-ewuli elu banyere EVE, FON, GEN, AJA, GUN, wdg. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag.
Capo, Hounkpati B.C. (1991) A Comparative Phonology of Gbe, Publications in African Languages and Linguistics, 14. Berlin/New York: Foris Publications & Garome, Benin: Labo Gbe (Int).
Cust, Robert Needham (1883) Asụsụ nke oge a nke Africa.
Duthie, A.S. & Vlaardingerbroek, R.K. (1981) Bibliography of Gbe ː mbipụta na asụsụ Basel: Basler Afrika Bibliographien.
Greenberg, Joseph H. (1966) The Languages of Africa (2nd ed. na mgbakwunye na mgbazi). Bloomington: Mahadum Indiana.
Greene, Sandra E. (2002) Ebe Nsọ: The Colonial Encounter. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-21517-X (n'ịntanetị)
Henrici, Ernst (1891) Lehrbuch der Ephe-Sprache (Ewe) Anlo-, Anecho- und Dahome-Mundart (mit Glossar und einer Karte der Sklavenküste). Stuttgart/Berlin: W. Spemann. (270 p.)
Labouret, Henir and Paul Rivet (1929) Alaeze nke Arda na Oziọma ya na narị afọ nke iri na asaa. Paris: Institut d'Ethnologie.
Lefebvre, Claire (1985) 'Relexification in creole genesis revisited: the case of Haitian Creole'. Na Muysken & Smith (ed.) Substrate na Universals na Creole Genesis. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Kluge, Angela (2000) 'Asụsụ Gbe dị iche iche nke West Africa bụ nyocha nke okwu na ụtọ asụsụ'. [akwụkwọ edemede MA a na-ebipụtaghị, Mahadum Wales, Mahaduma Cardiff].
Kluge, Angela (2005) 'A synchronic lexical study of Gbe language varieties: The effects of different similarity judgment criteria' Linguistic Discovery 3, 1, 22X53.
Kluge, Angela (2006) 'Nnyocha nke njirimara ụtọ asụsụ nke e nwetara n'etiti ụdị asụsụ Gbe nke West Africa' Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 27, 1, 53ş86.
Pasch, Helma (1995) Kurzgrammatik nke Ewe Köln: Köppe.
Stewart, John M. (1989) 'Kwa'. Na: Bendor-Samuel & Hartell (ed.Asụsụ Niger-Congo. Lanham, MD: The University Press of America.
Westermann, Diedrich Hermann (1930) A Study of the Ewe Language London: Oxford University Press.

[1] The Templeeti:Angbr is a voiced labial–velar stop, common in many West African languages.

[2] Greenberg (1966), The Languages of Africa.

[3] Sources: for the classification, Capo (1991) & Aboh (2004); for speaker numbers, Ethnologue, 15th edition.

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