Books by Marina Kurysheva
GRAPHOSPHAERA: Письмо и письменные практики / Отв. ред. М. А. Курышева. М., 2023. Т. 3, № 2.
This issue is dedicated to the centenary of the famous scholar at Byzantine studies Alexander Pet... more This issue is dedicated to the centenary of the famous scholar at Byzantine studies Alexander Petrovich Kazhdan (03.09.1922–29.05.1997), who was a researcher at the Institute of World History of the Russian Academy of Sciences until his emigration. The issue contains 15 works reflecting the main interests of the scholar – historiography and hagiography of Byzantium, Armenia and Russia; written and ritualreligious practices of the Byzantines; Greek and Armenian manuscripts; artefacts of Eastern Christian culture. Special mention should be made of the memoirs of the leading specialists at Byzantine studies Simon D. Franklin and Mikhail V. Bibikov about their mentor and senior colleague. The chronology of the works covers a wide period from the 6th to the 16th century, i. e. the history of the Byzantine (East Roman) Empire and its cultural heritage of the Byzance après Byzance period. The issue will be of interest and use not only to specialists in Byzantine history, but also to researchers dealing with late antique and medieval literary and writing practices.
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// Фонкич Б. Л. Византийский маюскул VIII–IX вв.: К вопросу о датировке рукописей / Отв. ред. М.А. Курышева. М., 2020 / Fonkich B. L. Byzantine Majuscule of the 8th–9th Centuries: On the Question of Dating of Manuscripts. Moscow, 2020., 2020
This chapter of the collective monograph about different types of Majuscule Script (Palestinian, ... more This chapter of the collective monograph about different types of Majuscule Script (Palestinian, Biblical, and Non-Palestinian or Capital) deals with two majuscule manuscripts of the 8th–9th centuries, wrote in Non-Palestinian or Capital Sloping Ductus. The first one is the famous Paris manuscript ‘Μαθηματικὴ Σύνταξις’ of Claudius Ptolemy (Paris. gr. 2389) and the second one is the ‘Christian Topography’ by Cosmas Indicopleustes (Vat. gr. 699). Both manuscripts were written in the middle – second part of the 8th century in Constantinople. Both manuscripts had no original system of diacritical signs. The first one, Paris. gr. 2389, was written by two scribes, belonged to the same school of calligraphy, wrote in the same sloping majuscule ductus and worked on this complex manuscript of Ptolomey’s rare treatise in close cooperation with one another, apparently in the same scriptorium. The second one, Vat. gr. 699, was written by three scribes, belonged to the same school of calligraphy and apparently to the same scriptorium. The article proclaims the new methodological approach to the complex problem of dating of early Byzantine Greek manuscripts, based on formal criteria, which can give new reliable chronology of Majuscule codices.
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Papers by Marina Kurysheva
Отрада страстно желающей достичь истины. Сборник статей ко дню рождения Ирины Геннадиевны Коноваловой. М.: ГАУГН Пресс, 2024. С. 88–91.
The paper analyses an Arabic record of donation in Codex Sinait. gr. 417. The author of this reco... more The paper analyses an Arabic record of donation in Codex Sinait. gr. 417. The author of this record is identified as Sinai Bishop Joachim II, who ruled St Catherine’s Monastery of Mount Sinai from 1451 to 1459. The manuscript is written in the bouletée style, i.e., it belongs to the period of the early Macedonian Renaissance. Thus, the manuscript Sinait. gr. 417 was created in Constantinople or in some other major center of Byzantine book production in the early 10th century, and deposited in the monastery of St Catherine on Sinai in the mid-15th century.
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Graphosphaera. 2023. Т. 3. № 2. С. 261–286.
The paper focuses on the attribution of two unique artefacts – a Greek manuscript and a funerary ... more The paper focuses on the attribution of two unique artefacts – a Greek manuscript and a funerary reliquary – associated with the du Bellay brothers. The Greek manuscript of the 16th century Grech. 150, stored in the Russian State Library (Moscow), written by the wonderful calligrapher Angelos Vergikios, contains the commissioner’s coat of arms in the headpiece. This is the coat of arms of the noble Anjou family du Bellay, which allows us to unequivocally believe that the manuscript was commissioned by one of the four brothers du Bellay – Guillaume, Jean, Marten, or Rene. The analysis of the brothers’ personal coats of arms with various additional attributes suggests that the manuscript belonged to either Guillaume or Rene. In the first case, the manuscript RGB. Grech. 150 would be datable to 1535–1541, in the second case, to 1535–1536. In 2019, during an archaeological study of La chapelle Notre Dame du Chevet de la cathédrale du Mans, a unique heart-shaped reliquary was found. It can be almost unambiguously attributed to Bishop Le Mans Rene du Bellay, who died in 1546 and bequeathed to place his heart just in this chapel of “musical angels”.
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// Монфокон: Исследования по палеографии, кодикологии и дипломатике. Вып. 8. М., 2022. C. 220–233.
The paper offers a new date of a Greek parchment illuminated manuscript from the Lavra of St. Ath... more The paper offers a new date of a Greek parchment illuminated manuscript from the Lavra of St. Athanasius on Mount Athos: Mt. Athos, Lavra A 15 (Eustratiades 15) – the Four Gospels with prologues by St. Irenaeus of Lyon and catenae, with four miniatures of the Evangelists and three additional “arches” for the tables of canons. In the special literature this manuscript was dated differently: from the 9th to the 10th century, and even from the 14th century. The first part of the paper deals with the paleography of the manuscript. It is concluded that three scribes worked on this manuscript. The minuscule (main text) and majuscule (scholia in the margins) handwritings of these three scribes and the decoration of the manuscript (headpieces and initials) belong to the first half of the 10th century – to the era of the Byzantine emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus. The second part of the pare presents a study of inset miniatures with images of the four Evangelists. The miniatures have been dated in the literature to the beginning of the 14th century. However, we believe that they are works of Comnenian art of high artistic level, that is, they date to the beginning of the 12th century.
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Graphosphaera. 2021. Т. 1. С. 159–168.
The paper proposes a new dating of the codex Paris. gr. 1788: the beginning of the 14th century. ... more The paper proposes a new dating of the codex Paris. gr. 1788: the beginning of the 14th century. Also, the author argues that the manuscript was created in Constantinople. Accordingly, the variant of the famous list of the tombs of Byzantine emperors placed in the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople, which is contained in this manuscript, has the same dating – the beginning of the 14th century. Therefore, the list was compiled when the Church of Saint Apostles still stood and was actively used not only for church services, but also for councils and church meetings, and so, the list of the tombs was a practically used document.
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Dísablót. Сборник статей коллег и учеников к юбилею Е.А. Мельниковой. М., 2021. С. 329–337.
The author suggests paleographical, codicological, art historical, and historical arguments for t... more The author suggests paleographical, codicological, art historical, and historical arguments for the attribution of the famous purple codex Neapol. gr. 2* (ex Vindob. Suppl. gr. 12) to Emperor Basil I the Macedonian (867–886). The book reflects the final stage of the tradition of making luxurious purple majuscule codices with gold and silver letters, which originated in the Late Antiquity. The use of archaic majuscule letters in this manuscript of the second half of the 9th century (the period of the expansion of minuscule) has an obvious explanation in Emperor Basil’s low level of education.
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Электронный научно-образовательный журнал «История». 2020. T. 11. Выпуск 9 (95) [Электронный ресурс]. Доступ для зарегистрированных пользователей. URL: https://history.jes.su/s207987840012320-1-1/ (дата обращения: 30.10.2020).
The article is concerned to the paleography and codicology of two collections of polemiological w... more The article is concerned to the paleography and codicology of two collections of polemiological works of Vat.gr.1164 and Paris.gr.2442 & Barb.gr.276 written in Perlschrift. The collections are identical in composition of Ancient and Byzantine texts. According to their paleographic characteristics, both codices should be dated the second half of the 10th century. The three scribes of these two manuscripts worked in the writing style of the famous Constantinople scribe of the middle of the 10th century monk Ephraim. The perfect codicology of manuscripts and the “businesslike” but refined design, including complicated illustrations, finally confirm their Constantinople elitist origin. Judging by the content of the manuscripts, they were created in the Palace library in Constantinople, where there was every opportunity to compile such a collection, which included rare ancient texts and the most modern for the middle of the 10th century Byzantine tactics. The dating of the final work in both collections the treatise De velitatione bellica of the autumn — winter of 969 allows determining the date of the work on manuscripts to this time. It is possible that the manuscripts were commissioned by Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas and his brothers Leo and Constantine.
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Вестник Пермского университета. История. № 1. М., 2020. С. 110–114.
The article discusses several successive small groups of Byzantine intellectuals of the 10th cent... more The article discusses several successive small groups of Byzantine intellectuals of the 10th century: “Anonymous Professor” and his students, which included the famous scribe Monk Ephraim and a circle of scribes focusing on the monk Ephraim, two of them, calligrapher Basil and the priest John, are known to us by name. Separately, it is worthy to pay attention to the “descendant” of the Monk Ephraim “ὁ ἀπόγονος”, who wrote the ‘Perlschrift’ manuscript in the second half of the 11th century and who remembered his famous predecessor. It is a unique for Byzantium of the 10th – 11th centuries case of tracing the continuity of the “schools” of writing and other intellectual activities. It is mostly important, that the process of emergence of the all-Byzantine capital style ‘Perlschrift’ of the second half of the 10th – 11th centuries from the Monk Ephraim’s handwriting, which was traced by paleographers according to formal criteria, receives a human dimension of the transmission of tradition from teacher to student (or descendant) within three or four generations of scribes.
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Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya 4. Istoriya. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya [Science Journal of Volgograd State University. History. Area Studies. International Relations], 2019, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 121–128. (in Russian).
The article is devoted to the identification of the donor of the famous illuminated codex, which ... more The article is devoted to the identification of the donor of the famous illuminated codex, which received the name “Niketas Bible” in historiography. The name of the donor Niketas, and his position as a ‘koitonites’ are known from the epigram in this manuscript. Until now, researchers cannot come to a decision about the date of the “Niketas Bible” and hesitate about the identification of its owner to one of the Niketas of the 10th century known to us. Dating to the 960s – 970s has until now been considered the most reasonable. However, all the arguments related to the paleography and the decoration of this manuscript are quite random and don’t make it possible to narrow down its dating on reasonable grounds. In the historiography there was no coherent research of the biographies of those men named Niketas, who could potentially be identified with the eponymous owner of this luxurious manuscript. On the basis of the prosopographical and historical-cultural analysis, we proposed a new identification of the owner of the manuscript and restored his ‘cursus honorum’, which allows us to obtain a new “narrow” date for ordering the codex of the “Niketas Bible” and identify another manuscript that belonged to him. The only ‘koitonites’ Niketas, which would satisfy all the indirect indications of the personality of the donor of “Niketas Bible”, is the protospatharios and ‘koitonites’ Niketas. He was the addressee of one of the letters of Metropolitan of Nicaea Theodore. All the surviving letters of Metropolitan Theodore fit into the period from 956 to 959, and it is precisely this time period that his letter to ‘koitonites’ Niketas should be dated to. It turns out that the codex of “Niketas Bible” is associated with a person who is mentioned in the sources between 956 and 959. There is a solid ‘terminus ante quem’ to limit the residence of ‘koitonites’ Niketas in this position at the court. After the death of Emperor Constantine VII in November 959, his son Romanus II removed all of the courtiers that worked under his father from his posts. Obviously, Niketas had to lose his position along with all the other courtiers. It is possible to identify ‘koitonites’ Niketas with patrician, protospatharios, and droungarios of the fleet Niketas. Courtier Niketas is known as the donor of “Niketas Bible”, while the droungarios Niketas is known as a person who wrote the Paris. gr. 497 manuscript. The Paris. gr. 497 manuscript was written by him when he was in captivity in Africa; after his returning to Constantinople in 968 he decorated this manuscript and in 970 donated it to the church of St. George in Cyprus. ‘Koitonites’ Niketas ordered the manuscript of “Niketas Bible” in the second half of the 950s, ‘terminus ante quem’ – November of 959, or the very beginning of 960. Courtier Niketas is most likely the same person as patrician Niketas. The life story of the eunuch Niketas, the courtier, the commander and the bibliophile, is quite typical for the close circle of Emperor Constantine VII’s and Basil Lecapenos the Nothos.
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Вестник древней истории. 79/2 (2019). P. 335–342.
The manuscript Paris. gr. 2389 is the oldest parchment codex of the Almagest by Claudius Ptolemy.... more The manuscript Paris. gr. 2389 is the oldest parchment codex of the Almagest by Claudius Ptolemy. The manuscript was written in the sloping uncial of Constantinopolitan origin by two scribes of the same school of calligraphy in a Byzantine scriptorium. The codex is reliably localized in Constantinople. Since the original diacritics are completely absent in this majuscule manuscript, its production should be attributed to the second half of the eighth century, to the period before the appearance of diacritical signs at the turn of the eighth and ninth centuries.
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Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya 4, Istoriya. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya [Science Journal of Volgograd State University. History. Area Studies. International Relations] (in Russian), 2018
The article considers a fairly common practice of compiling the codices of the original letters a... more The article considers a fairly common practice of compiling the codices of the original letters and other charters in Byzantium. Until now, this phenomenon in the history of the Greek book was completely unobserved. Methods. The methodological basis of the investigation is a combination of epistolography, text critics, prosopography, palaeography, and codicology. Analysis. The article investigates the codicology and the composition of a unique collection of the 16 th century compiled by the well-known intellectual and publisher David Hoeschel of the letters of the Greek scholar Maximos Margunios. This extant example of the " book of letters " provides a completely new approach to the study of the famous collection of letters of the so-called Anonymous Teacher of the first half of the 10 th century from the London manuscript British Library. Add. 36749. The study of this manuscript shows that this is either the original autograph of the Anonymous author himself, or its copy made by one of his students. The study of the manuscript and its historical context, in particular, make it possible to identify confidently one of the addressees of letters by the name of Ephraim with the famous scribe the monk Ephraim. In turn, all these observations make it possible to better understand one of the passages of the letter of courtier scholar Michael Psellos to his friend caesar Ioannes Doukas, in which Psellos writes that Ioannes makes a book out of his letters. Results. As a result, we have three examples of compiling a codex of letters as such: the earliest – the first half of the 10 th century, a short narrative passage of the second half of the 11 th century, and the 'ethnographic' example of the late 16 th century. Thanks to the really existing post-Byzantine manuscript, we can better understand the history of the manuscript of the first half of the 10 th century, and more accurately interpret the narrative of the 11 th century.
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Arseniy Sukchanov’ marginalia in the greek codices from the National Library of France and from the monastery of the Pantocrator at Mount Athos // Auxiliary Sciences of History. Vol. 2 / Ed. B.Fonkich. Moscow: IVI RAN, 2018.
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In the article I indentify the autograph of Nicephorus Gregoras according to the individual pecu... more In the article I indentify the autograph of Nicephorus Gregoras according to the individual peculiarities of his handwriting in the famous manuscript Paris. gr. 510. In this codex Gregoras made a duplication of an extinct poetic epigram.
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The article is a polemical response to the publication of 2015 by A.Yu. Vinogradov and M.I. Korob... more The article is a polemical response to the publication of 2015 by A.Yu. Vinogradov and M.I. Korobov “Gothic graffiti from the Mangup basilica” (Srednie veka. Vol. 76 (3–4). 2015. P. 57–75). Our article analyzes the principles of dating Greek graffiti on two stones, on which Gothic inscriptions were found. The article demonstrates that the Greek inscriptions, defined by A.Yu. Vinogradov as “minuscule” and dated on this terms the 9th – 11th centuries; in fact, are “cursive” and can be dated from the 4th to the 15th century. Also, the article confutes A.Yu. Vinogradov’s attempts to date the “uncial” inscription, because it is based on single paleographic evidence, which in fact cannot be a dating feature. The attempts of paleographic dating of graffiti by A.Yu. Vinogradov, proposed by him in the “Inscriptiones antiquae Orae Septentrionalis Ponti Euxini graecae et latinae” (IOSPE), were methodologically and pragmatically not substantiated. Thereby, the narrow date of Greek inscriptions in the article by A.Yu. Vinogradov and M.I. Korobov is erroneous, and this fact deprives us of the possibility of the narrow dating of Gothic graffiti.
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Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya 4, Istoriya. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya [Science Journal of Volgograd State University. History. Area Studies. International Relations], (in Russian)., 2017
The paper offers new arguments for the more exact dating – autumn-winter of 963 – of the manuscri... more The paper offers new arguments for the more exact dating – autumn-winter of 963 – of the manuscript of the treatise De cerimoniis aulae byzantinae (Leipzig, Univ. Bibl. Rep. I 17). At the end of the list of the tombs of the emperors in the Mausoleum of Constantine the Great in the Church of the Holy Apostles, included in this compilation treatise, the scribe missed three empty lines. The last emperor in the list of buried emperors is Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus; there is no sarcophagus of his son Roman II, known from the later lists of tombs. The list ends with a mention of the "small sarcophagus"; and there is no indication, whether there was someone buried there. Judging by the chronicles of Yahya of Antioch and Leo Deacon, as well as The Brief History by Michael Psellos, since the death of Emperor Roman II there was a constant danger of the liquidation of his children – Basil, Constantine and Anna. Apparently, this small coffin was prepared for them, and the scribe of the codex left a place to finish the final distribution of the last representatives of the imperial house in the mausoleum. However, all the children saved their lives, and three blank lines in the manuscript were never filled. Consequently, the manuscript was already completed after August 16, 963, and it is unlikely that the work on it was completed much later than the autumn-winter of 963.
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The paper presents the interpretation of the Turkish marginalia on the famous Greek manuscript Bn... more The paper presents the interpretation of the Turkish marginalia on the famous Greek manuscript BnF, Grec 923 “Sacra Parallela”. This marginalia is a price label “100 akçe”, which was written in the second half of the XVth century after the conquest of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks in 1453. This means that until this moment the Sacra Parallela manuscript was kept in Constantinople, and after that it was bought for money in someone’s private library and after some time was got at Mount Athos.
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In this paper I present the investigation of five Greek manuscripts of the 9th–11th century, whic... more In this paper I present the investigation of five Greek manuscripts of the 9th–11th century, which were collected and deposited at the monastery of St. Catherine by the person named Ṣā‛id bn Dānīl bn Bišr. These manuscripts were marked by his Arabic record, presumably dating back to the 12th century. Thus, we have a trace of the private library of the 12th century, owned by the Arabic-speaking collector of “antique” Greek manuscripts. In the paper the dating and localization of all five Greek codes were clarified. In addition, the study of the majuscule fragment NE MG 25 and the Arabic record on it allows us to make substantial amendment to the reconstruction of the ancient stage of the manuscript tradition of works of Gregory of Nazianzus: establishing the existence in the 9th century Byzantium a two-volume edition of Nazianzus’ Homilies.
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Books by Marina Kurysheva
Papers by Marina Kurysheva
The paper deals with the situation in Byzantine studies in Russia between 1920s and 1940s. It clarifi es facts of life of Mstislav Antoninovich (Antonovich) Shangin (1896–1942), who was a disciple of the prominent world-famous scholar Fyodor Uspenskiy. Shangin was a versatile scholar, a historian of Byzantium and a gifted paleographer. The author discovered documents in the Archives of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow and in the Archives of the Khersones National Park in Sevastopol which add substantially to our knowledge of Shangin’s scholarly and organizational activities during a period in Soviet history that was so hard for science.
- Military campaigns, strategies and tactics
- Philosophy of Medieval war in Byzantium and the Mediterranean
- Psychological Warfare Techniques
- Combat arms (lances, swords, sabers, maces, hammers, knives, axes)
- Bows and crossbows
- Turkic bows
- Byzantine and Islamic great crossbows
- Military equipment (helmets, lamellar armors
- Warhorses and their equipment
- Mercenaries in armies
- Rus’ and Varangians
- Byzantine warriors
- Bulgarian warriors
- Arab warriors
- Crusader warriors
- Seljuk warriors
- Mongol warriors
- Mamluk warriors
- Man-powered mangonels
- Man-powered beam-sling mangonel
- Engines to shoot large arrows
- Ballistic machines
- Assault devices
- Stone-throwing counter-weight mangonel (or trebuchet)
- Mangonel balls
- Greek Fire projecting siphons
- Incendiary rockets
- Ceramic Grenades
- Hand cannons
- Early Cannons
- Siege Weapons
- Mobile sheds to protect men
- Byzantine Military Manuals
- Arab Military Manuals
- Latin Military Manuals
- Siege Illustrations in Manuscripts
- Arms in literature (epic poems and romances)
- Depictions of warriors, sieges and combats in art
- Illustrations of arms and combats in the Romance of Varqa ve Gülşah