Muon-based facilities offer unique potential to provide capabilities at both the Intensity Fronti... more Muon-based facilities offer unique potential to provide capabilities at both the Intensity Frontier with Neutrino Factories and the Energy Frontier with Muon Colliders. They rely on a novel technology with challenging parameters, for which the feasibility is currently being evaluated by the Muon Accelerator Program (MAP). A realistic scenario for a complementary series of staged facilities with increasing complexity and significant physics potential at each stage has been developed. It takes advantage of and leverages the capabilities already planned for Fermilab, especially the strategy for long-term improvement of the accelerator complex being initiated with the Proton Improvement Plan (PIP-II) and the Long Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF). Each stage is designed to provide an R&D platform to validate the technologies required for subsequent stages. The rationale and sequence of the staging process and the critical issues to be addressed at each stage, are presented.
Muon ionization cooling provides the only practical solution to preparing the low-emittance muon ... more Muon ionization cooling provides the only practical solution to preparing the low-emittance muon beams suitable for a neutrino factory or a muon collider. The Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment (MICE) thus represents a strategic R&D project for neutrino physics. MICE is under development at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (UK). It comprises a dedicated muon beam line able to generate a range of input emittance and momentum values, with time-of-flight and Cherenkov detectors to ensure a pure muon beam. A first measurement of emittance will be performed in the upstream magnetic spectrometer with a scintillating-fiber tracker. A cooling cell will then follow, alternating energy loss in liquid-hydrogen absorbers and RF acceleration. A second spectrometer, identical to the first, and a second muon identification system provide a measurement of the outgoing emittance. In the 2010 run, completed in August, the beam and most detectors were fully commissioned. Results from this run will be presented. The plan for measurements of emittance and emittance reduction (cooling) that will follow in 2011 and beyond will also be reported. On behalf of the Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment collaboration.
In the Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment (MICE), muons are cooled by passing through material, t... more In the Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment (MICE), muons are cooled by passing through material, then through RF cavities to compensate for the energy loss; which reduces the transverse emittance. It is planned to demonstrate longitudinal emittance reduction via emittance exchange in MICE by using a solid wedge absorber in Step IV. Based on the outcome of previous studies, the shape and material of the wedge were chosen. We address here fur-ther simulation efforts for the absorber of choice as well as engineering considerations in connection with the absorber support design.
In the Neutrino Factory and Muon Collider, muons are produced by firing high energy protons onto ... more In the Neutrino Factory and Muon Collider, muons are produced by firing high energy protons onto a target to produce pions. The pions decay to muons which are then accelerated. This method of pion production results in significant background from protons and electrons, which may result in heat deposition on superconducting materials and activation of the machine preventing manual handling. In this paper we discuss the design of a secondary particle handling system. The system comprises a solenoidal chicane that filters high momentum particles, followed by a proton absorber that reduces the energy of all particles, resulting in the rejection of low energy protons that pass through the solenoid chicane. We detail the design and optimization of the system and its integration with the rest of the muon front end.
Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science, 2014
ABSTRACT This article reviews the current status of the nuSTORM facility and shows how it can be ... more ABSTRACT This article reviews the current status of the nuSTORM facility and shows how it can be utilized to perform the next step on the path toward the realization of a μ+μ− collider. This review includes the physics motivation behind nuSTORM, a detailed description of the facility and the neutrino beams it can produce, and a summary of the short-baseline neutrino oscillation physics program that can be carried out at the facility. The basic idea for nuSTORM (the production of neutrino beams from the decay of muons in a racetrack-like decay ring) was discussed in the literature more than 30 years ago in the context of searching for noninteracting (sterile) neutrinos. However, only in the past 5 years has the concept been fully developed, motivated in large part by the facility’s unmatched reach in addressing the evolving data on oscillations involving sterile neutrinos. Finally, this article reviews the basics of the μ+μ− collider concept and describes how nu STORM provides a platform to test advanced concepts for six-dimensional muon ionization cooling.Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science Volume 65 is October 19, 2015. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/catalog/pubdates.aspx for revised estimates.
The function of the Neutrino Factory front end is to reduce the energy spread and size of the muo... more The function of the Neutrino Factory front end is to reduce the energy spread and size of the muon beam to a manageable level that will allow reasonable throughput to subsequent system components. Since the Neutrino Factory is a tertiary machine (protons to pions to muons), there is an issue of large background from the pion-producing target. The implications of energy deposition in the front end lattice for the Neutrino Factory are addressed. Several approaches to mitigating the effect are proposed and discussed, including proton absorbers, chicanes, beam collimation, and shielding.
In the Muon Ionisation Cooling Experiment (MICE), muons are cooled by ionisation cooling. Muons a... more In the Muon Ionisation Cooling Experiment (MICE), muons are cooled by ionisation cooling. Muons are passed through material, reducing the total momentum of the beam. This results in a decrease in transverse emittance and a slight increase in longitudinal emittance, but overall reduction of 6d beam emittance. In emittance exchange, a dispersive beam is passed through wedge-shaped absorbers. Muons with higher energy pass through more material, resulting in a reduction in longitudinal emittance as well as transverse emittance. We consider the cooling performance of different wedge materials and geometries and propose a set of measurements that would be made in MICE.We outline the resources these measurements would require and detail some constraints that guide the choice of wedge parameters.
The two cooling channels based on the RFOFO ring concept are considered and simulated. One of the... more The two cooling channels based on the RFOFO ring concept are considered and simulated. One of them is the RFOFO helix, also known as the Guggenheim. The helical shape of the channel resolves the injection and extraction issues as well as the absorber overheating issue. The issue of the RF breakdown in the magnetic field is addressed in the so-called open cavity cooling channel lattice with magnetic coils in the irises of the RF cavities. The details of the tracking studies of both channels are presented and compared to the performance of the original RFOFO cooling ring design. Comment: To be published in the proceedings of DPF-2009, Detroit, MI, July 2009, eConf C090726
Muon-based facilities offer unique potential to provide capabilities at both the Intensity Fronti... more Muon-based facilities offer unique potential to provide capabilities at both the Intensity Frontier with Neutrino Factories and the Energy Frontier with Muon Colliders. They rely on a novel technology with challenging parameters, for which the feasibility is currently being evaluated by the Muon Accelerator Program (MAP). A realistic scenario for a complementary series of staged facilities with increasing complexity and significant physics potential at each stage has been developed. It takes advantage of and leverages the capabilities already planned for Fermilab, especially the strategy for long-term improvement of the accelerator complex being initiated with the Proton Improvement Plan (PIP-II) and the Long Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF). Each stage is designed to provide an R&D platform to validate the technologies required for subsequent stages. The rationale and sequence of the staging process and the critical issues to be addressed at each stage, are presented.
Muon ionization cooling provides the only practical solution to preparing the low-emittance muon ... more Muon ionization cooling provides the only practical solution to preparing the low-emittance muon beams suitable for a neutrino factory or a muon collider. The Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment (MICE) thus represents a strategic R&D project for neutrino physics. MICE is under development at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (UK). It comprises a dedicated muon beam line able to generate a range of input emittance and momentum values, with time-of-flight and Cherenkov detectors to ensure a pure muon beam. A first measurement of emittance will be performed in the upstream magnetic spectrometer with a scintillating-fiber tracker. A cooling cell will then follow, alternating energy loss in liquid-hydrogen absorbers and RF acceleration. A second spectrometer, identical to the first, and a second muon identification system provide a measurement of the outgoing emittance. In the 2010 run, completed in August, the beam and most detectors were fully commissioned. Results from this run will be presented. The plan for measurements of emittance and emittance reduction (cooling) that will follow in 2011 and beyond will also be reported. On behalf of the Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment collaboration.
In the Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment (MICE), muons are cooled by passing through material, t... more In the Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment (MICE), muons are cooled by passing through material, then through RF cavities to compensate for the energy loss; which reduces the transverse emittance. It is planned to demonstrate longitudinal emittance reduction via emittance exchange in MICE by using a solid wedge absorber in Step IV. Based on the outcome of previous studies, the shape and material of the wedge were chosen. We address here fur-ther simulation efforts for the absorber of choice as well as engineering considerations in connection with the absorber support design.
In the Neutrino Factory and Muon Collider, muons are produced by firing high energy protons onto ... more In the Neutrino Factory and Muon Collider, muons are produced by firing high energy protons onto a target to produce pions. The pions decay to muons which are then accelerated. This method of pion production results in significant background from protons and electrons, which may result in heat deposition on superconducting materials and activation of the machine preventing manual handling. In this paper we discuss the design of a secondary particle handling system. The system comprises a solenoidal chicane that filters high momentum particles, followed by a proton absorber that reduces the energy of all particles, resulting in the rejection of low energy protons that pass through the solenoid chicane. We detail the design and optimization of the system and its integration with the rest of the muon front end.
Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science, 2014
ABSTRACT This article reviews the current status of the nuSTORM facility and shows how it can be ... more ABSTRACT This article reviews the current status of the nuSTORM facility and shows how it can be utilized to perform the next step on the path toward the realization of a μ+μ− collider. This review includes the physics motivation behind nuSTORM, a detailed description of the facility and the neutrino beams it can produce, and a summary of the short-baseline neutrino oscillation physics program that can be carried out at the facility. The basic idea for nuSTORM (the production of neutrino beams from the decay of muons in a racetrack-like decay ring) was discussed in the literature more than 30 years ago in the context of searching for noninteracting (sterile) neutrinos. However, only in the past 5 years has the concept been fully developed, motivated in large part by the facility’s unmatched reach in addressing the evolving data on oscillations involving sterile neutrinos. Finally, this article reviews the basics of the μ+μ− collider concept and describes how nu STORM provides a platform to test advanced concepts for six-dimensional muon ionization cooling.Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science Volume 65 is October 19, 2015. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/catalog/pubdates.aspx for revised estimates.
The function of the Neutrino Factory front end is to reduce the energy spread and size of the muo... more The function of the Neutrino Factory front end is to reduce the energy spread and size of the muon beam to a manageable level that will allow reasonable throughput to subsequent system components. Since the Neutrino Factory is a tertiary machine (protons to pions to muons), there is an issue of large background from the pion-producing target. The implications of energy deposition in the front end lattice for the Neutrino Factory are addressed. Several approaches to mitigating the effect are proposed and discussed, including proton absorbers, chicanes, beam collimation, and shielding.
In the Muon Ionisation Cooling Experiment (MICE), muons are cooled by ionisation cooling. Muons a... more In the Muon Ionisation Cooling Experiment (MICE), muons are cooled by ionisation cooling. Muons are passed through material, reducing the total momentum of the beam. This results in a decrease in transverse emittance and a slight increase in longitudinal emittance, but overall reduction of 6d beam emittance. In emittance exchange, a dispersive beam is passed through wedge-shaped absorbers. Muons with higher energy pass through more material, resulting in a reduction in longitudinal emittance as well as transverse emittance. We consider the cooling performance of different wedge materials and geometries and propose a set of measurements that would be made in MICE.We outline the resources these measurements would require and detail some constraints that guide the choice of wedge parameters.
The two cooling channels based on the RFOFO ring concept are considered and simulated. One of the... more The two cooling channels based on the RFOFO ring concept are considered and simulated. One of them is the RFOFO helix, also known as the Guggenheim. The helical shape of the channel resolves the injection and extraction issues as well as the absorber overheating issue. The issue of the RF breakdown in the magnetic field is addressed in the so-called open cavity cooling channel lattice with magnetic coils in the irises of the RF cavities. The details of the tracking studies of both channels are presented and compared to the performance of the original RFOFO cooling ring design. Comment: To be published in the proceedings of DPF-2009, Detroit, MI, July 2009, eConf C090726
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Papers by Pavel Snopok