International Relations

The Eurozone crisis has had crucial social implications for the member states and citizens of the European Union turning the financial and economic crisis into a social crisis. The divergences between the core and the periphery countries, the Northern and Southern member states in the general sense, have notably increased during the crisis period bringing the risk of the emergence of social frontiers within the EU. Although the debates in Europe have focused on further integration as a solution to the crisis, it would be  questionable  how  to  achieve  this  in  a  Union  marked  by  social  frontiers  in  case  of unmanageable  divergences.  The  social  indicators  deteriorating  particularly  in  the  so-called periphery countries pose significant challenges for the attainment of the goals of a socially inclusive and cohesive Europe. Furthermore the social impact of the crisis on the European  Union  citizens  leads  to  growing  pessimism  and  decreasing  trust  in  both  the national political institutions and the European Union bearing the risk of undermining the credibility  and  legitimacy  of  the  European  project.  Hence,  in  order  to  restore  the confidence  and  promote  further  integration,  the  European  Union  needs  to  use  its  full capacity to solve problem of growing social divergences in the process of recovery from the crisis.
http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/109950969/social-impact-eurozone-crisis-european-integration-emerging-social-frontiers-european-union

Bu calismada, Turk diasporasinin Turk vatandasligina sahip olmasinin iki acidan onemli oldugu vurgulanmaktadir. Ilk olarak, Turkiye’nin diaspora politikalari baglaminda, Turk diasporasinin oznelerinin (vatandas, soydas, akraba topluluk, vb.) icerisinde yurt disinda yasayan Turk vatandaslarinin, Turk vatandasligi statusunun etkisiyle Turkiye’de bircok hakka sahip oldugu gorulmektedir. Bu durum, Turkiye Cumhuriyeti Anayasasi’nda (m.66) yapilan Turk taniminin Turk vatandasligi ile iliskilendirilmesinin de dogal bir sonucudur. Ikinci olarak ise Turk vatandasligi, ozellikle Avrupa Birligi (AB) uyesi devletlerde yasayan Turkler icin Turkiye-AB ortaklik hukuku baglaminda onemli yasal haklar getirmektedir. Bu noktada, Avrupa Birligi Adalet Divani’nin (ABAD) calisma kapsaminda incelenen kararlari da bu haklara iliskin onemli bir yasal zemin olusturmaktadir. Calisma, uc arastirma yontemi uzerinden kurgulanmistir. Ilk olarak, Turkiye’nin Turk diasporasina iliskin politikalari cozumlenmistir. B...

This paper focuses on the diaspora engagement policy of Türkiye, which affects the lives of more than 6.5 million Turkish citizens and their descendants. The main research question raised in this paper is "What has changed in the Turkish diaspora engagement policy since 2010 with the establishment of the Presidency for Turks Abroad and Related Communities (YTB)?" Following an analysis of the diaspora engagement policy of Türkiye in the socioeconomic , political-legal and socio-cultural spheres, it is concluded that since 2010, in order to maintain a connection with the transnational diaspora, long-distance nationalism has emerged as a prominent factor. The novelty of the policy lies in its redefinition of the target groups, the features of the diaspora, and the policy goals, actors, tools and stakeholders. Türkiye has begun to target the reintegration of post-migrant generations with Türkiye in the socio-cultural sphere through new policy tools, and the long-distance nationalist perspective of its diaspora engagement policy has thus led to the transformation of Türkiye into a "transnational nation-state".

Bu makalenin amacı, sosyal politika konusu olan
göçmen entegrasyonunu Hollanda üzerinden incelemek
ve göçmen politikalarının zaman içindeki değişimini
açıklamaktır. Hollanda entegrasyon politikaları
hakkında, 1970’lerden bu yana yapısal ve sosyokültürel
boyutlarda ikincil kaynaklar ve Hollanda
entegrasyon raporları çerçevesinde değerlendirme
yapılmaktadır. 1970’lerde göçmenlerin kalıcılığını
fark etmeyen Hollanda devleti, anadillerini, dini ve
kültürel aidiyetlerini muhafaza etmelerini sağlamaya
dönük politika benimsemiştir. 1980’lerde izlenen ve
“çokkültürcü” olarak tanımlanan Etnik Azınlık Politikası,
göçmen entegrasyonuna grup odaklı yaklaşmış;
konuyu sosyal politika altında değerlendirmiştir.
1990’larda bu yaklaşım, devlete getirdiği ekonomik
yük gerekçesiyle terk edilmiştir. Göçmenden sosyoekonomik
alanda toplumsal hayata ve kurumlara
bireysel katılım beklenmiştir. Göçmen entegrasyonunda
sosyal politikalardan istihdam politikalarına değişim
başlamıştır. 2000’lerde göçmen politikalarında güvenlik
eksenli bakış açısı benimsenmiştir. İslam ve Müslüman
göçmenler, Hollanda toplumuna ve değerlerine tehdit
olarak görülmüş, entegrasyonda kültürel asimilasyon
beklentisi yansıtılmıştır. Makale, Hollanda göçmen
entegrasyon politikalarında zaman içerisinde çok
kültürcülükten asimilasyonist bakış açısına, gruptan
birey odaklı yaklaşıma, hak ve fırsattan sorumluluk
ve ödev temelli anlayışa, refah devleti politikalarından
istihdam politikası perspektifine ve liberal politikalardan
neoliberal paternalistik politikalara değişim yaşandığını
savunmaktadır.
ABSTRACT
This article aims to analyse the immigrant integration
as a subject of social policy through the Dutch case
and highlight the shift in immigrant policies in time.
Dutch immigrant integration policies since 1970s
have been assessed under the structural and sociocultural
dimensions with the employment of secondary
sources and Dutch integration reports. The Netherlands
embraced a policy for fostering the maintanence of
their mother tongue, religious and cultural belongings
during 1970s. The Ethnic Minorities Policy of 1980s,
labeled as multiculturalist, reflected group focused
approach to immigrant integration. This perspective
was abandoned during 1990s due to its economic
burden. Participation in the socio-economic sphere
of life and to the Dutch institutions at the individual
level was the main expectation in this period. Since
2000s immigrant integration policies embraced security
focused perspective. Islam and Muslim immigrants
were perceived as threat to Dutch society and values.
The expectation of cultural assimilation in immigrant
integration was reflected in policy. The article argues
that Dutch immigrant integration policies have shifted
from multiculturalist to assimilationist approach, from
group to individual focus, from rights and opportunities
to responsibilities and duties based understanding, from
welfare state policy to workfare policy perspective and
from liberal to neoliberal paternalistic policies.

Bu çalışma, göçmenlerin ulusötesi hayatları ile sosyal güvenlik alanındaki hakları arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektedir. Bu ilişki, Hollanda sosyal güvenlik sistemi ve birinci nesil Türklerin ulusötesi hayatları bağlamında yasalar, politika belgeler ile Hollanda mahkemelerinin ve Avrupa Birliği Adalet Divanı’nın kararları üzerinden ele alınmaktadır. Hollanda’da göçmen entegrasyonunda refah devleti politikalarından neo-liberal politikalara dönüşüm ile sosyal güvenlik mevzuatında da değişiklikler olmuştur. Bu değişikliklerin Hollanda’da yaşayan göçmenlerin ulusötesi yaşamlarına etkisi kaçınılmazdır. Makale dört bölümden oluşmaktadır. İlk bölümde göçmenlerin ulusötesiciliği ile geri-dönüş göçünün kavramsal ve kuramsal çerçevesi aktarılmaktadır. İkinci olarak Türkiye’den Hollanda’ya göç, Türklerin durumu ve geri dönüş göçü eğilimleri ortaya konmaktadır. Üçüncü bölümde ise Hollanda’daki sosyal güvenlik mevzuatı, Hollanda yasaları ve uygulamaları bağlamında ele alınmakta ve birinci nesil Türklerin ulusötesi yaşamlarına etkisi incelenmektedir. Son bölümde ise Hollanda’da yaşayan birinci nesil Türklerin, sosyal güvenlik yardımlarının transferine getirilen kısıtlamalara karşı verdikleri hukuk mücadelesi ve mahkeme kararları tartışılmaktadır. Makalede, Hollanda’daki birinci nesil Türklerin ulusötesi yaşam pratiklerine ilişkin Hollanda’nın sosyal güvenlik politikaları bağlamında çelişkili davrandığı sonucuna varılmıştır. Hollanda bir taraftan istihdama katılmayan birinci nesil Türkleri geri dönmeye teşvik ederken, diğer taraftan sosyal yardımların transferine kısıtlamalar getirerek geri dönüşü cazip olmaktadır.

Structured Abstract
Since the beginning of 1990s, transnationalism has been introduced as “a new analytic framework for understanding migration” (Schiller vd. 1992). It has come to the agenda of diaspora studies later and focused on the migrants transnational practices and identities (Faist 2010). The
social security schemes of the countries of destination and exportability of benefits have received limited attention in the context of transnationalism.
Transfer of social benefits draw the attention of the intergovernmental organisations with the increase in international labour migration. It has been considered as the performance indicators of the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (Hagen-Zanker vd. 2017). The social
benefits whose transfer is on the agenda have been limited with the contributory ones and the rest mainly based on territoriality principle. Therefore, non-contributory benefits which supplements the benefits up to minimum subsistence level have been excluded from the transfer scheme (Holzmann ve Wels 2020: 66). Recently, the issue has started to be discussed in the European Union (EU) and with the coordination of social security in the EU, the rights of third country nationals (TCNs) have tried
to be regulated (Guild vd. 2013). Although the limitations to the export of some social benefits targets not only TCNs, but also EU citizens and citizens of EU member states who has never used their right to free movement, TCNs, more specifically Turkish immigrants in the context of this study have been influenced most.
The change in the transfer of social benefit have an inevitable influence on the return decision of immigrants and reshape their transnational practices (Kunuroğlu vd. 2018: 424). Although the
feeling of belonging to Turkey is important in the decision of return migration of Turkish immigrants, the transfer of their social security rights is vital to bring the return discussion on their agenda. The
number and content of the researches which focus on the return migration in relation with the social security dimension is limited. This study aims to discuss the relation between return decision of the
immigrants and transfer of their social security rights by focusing on the first generation Turkish immigrants in the Netherlands. The social security perspective of the Netherlands which has introduced in 2000 had influenced the lives of Turkish immigrants since the transfer of social benefits has been restricted. The issue of export of social benefits has been also brought to not only Dutch courts but also European Court of Justice (ECJ) in the contest of first generation Turks residing in
the Netherlands and/or Turks residing in Turkey and subject to Dutch social security. Limitations have been elaborated in the context of Turkey-EU association law and Bilateral Social Security Agreement between Turkey and the Netherlands. The analysis in this article mainly stems from statistic of Turks in the Netherlands, national and international regulations and case law. The article consists of four main parts. The first part
elaborates the conceptual and theoretical framework by focusing on the transnational lives and return migration in relation with the social security. The second part points the migration from Turkey to the Netherlands since 1960s by highlighting their transfer from guest worker to citizens and
now returnees after retirement. The transnational lives of Turks have been discussed in the third part with a specific focus on the influence of the restrictions introduced to the social security scheme of the Netherlands since 2000s. In this regard, the dilemma between “should I stay or should I return” with the introduction of restrictions to the periods spent out of the Netherlands has been highlighted. The last part highlights the legal battle of Turks in the Netherlands for obtaining their transnational rights back in the context of the transfer of their social benefits.
It has been concluded that the introduction of the restrictive regulations in the context of social security are important elements which limits the transnational lives of first generation Turks in the Netherlands. When the rights derived from Turkish citizenship at the case law have taken into
consideration, it is argued that the more durable and strong transnational ties, networks and practices of Turkish immigrants are inevitable

An important issue which trials against journalists and at the end of these  trails increasing arrested journalists are very common in Turkey. At the same time, censorship is implemented by government. The government wants these censorship become permanent and censorship’s procedures which applies by government is very important. First of all Turkey’s Criminal Code and Turkey’s Anti-Terror Law’s aim is protect the homeland and play an important role about constraint of journalists and sharp approach about media. Our study, which aims to contribute to get through the democracy violation under the circumstances of international law by the context of European Convention of Human Rights.