Comfort, Security and safety are very important factors to consider during design of a modern ho... more Comfort, Security and safety are very important factors to consider during design of a modern house. In fact, automated houses (smart houses) have great impact in maintaining healthy lifestyle and minimize energy usages. Maintaining all house processes in preciseness, accurately, and repeatedly manner are very crucial to achieve our goal. Human comforts and safety require monitoring each sub-dynamic system that is in a daily routine and during 24-hours. As an example of common domestic controlled processes are watering garden, opening/closing doors, lighting, firealarms, safety-alarms, and air-condition. Without automation these processes that will require a responsible person to accomplish each task in a reputable schedule- time. The fact is that rarely one has time to do all of his/her house work or maybe another case where a disable resident needs help to maintain these mentioned processes. This research paper covers an available and easy way for everyone to automate his/her hou...
The SSDPE method is a robust parameter estimation technique which minimizes the error. Modeling ... more The SSDPE method is a robust parameter estimation technique which minimizes the error. Modeling inverse heat transfer is estimating values of parameters of a mathematical model from measured data. A governing differential equation, its boundary and initial conditions are used to derive the solution, and then the solution is coupled with an efficient parameter estimation algorithm to search for the unknown thermal parameters. The SSDPE technique was developed to couple with a Green’s function solution of a biological system to estimate three unknown parameters [1]. A Green’s function solution is combined from superimposing all finite effects caused by the applied forcing function; such as, step-, ramp-, or pulsedfunction. The common nonlinear least squares techniques are hard or impossible to couple with this kind of nonlinear discontinued solution. The preciseness of a parameter estimation technique can be measured from its ability to minimize the random noise effect on the estimat...
The SSDPE method is a robust parameter estimation technique which minimizes the error. Modeling i... more The SSDPE method is a robust parameter estimation technique which minimizes the error. Modeling inverse heat transfer is estimating values of parameters of a mathematical model from measured data. A governing differential equation, its boundary and initial conditions are used to derive the solution, and then the solution is coupled with an efficient parameter estimation algorithm to search for the unknown thermal parameters. The SSDPE technique was developed to couple with a Green's function solution of a biological system to estimate three unknown parameters [1]. A Green's function solution is combined from superimposing all finite effects caused by the applied forcing function; such as, step-, ramp-, or pulsedfunction. The common nonlinear least squares techniques are hard or impossible to couple with this kind of nonlinear discontinued solution. The preciseness of a parameter estimation technique can be measured from its ability to minimize the random noise effect on the estimated results. Therefore, the SSDPE is compared with two known methods. The three techniques are investigated with different levels of random noise added on top of the simulated measured data. This paper validates the ability of the SSDPE to estimate parameters by testing the method versus the Gauss-Newton, and the Levenberg Marquardt estimation techniques.
Thermal measurements are collection of data which are either heat flux or temperature data. Therm... more Thermal measurements are collection of data which are either heat flux or temperature data. Thermal measurements have been used in detecting distribution of heat transfer through the boundary of a thermal system; as an example, the case of modeling burn depth, or skin cancer, etc., where damaged tissue suffers dysfunction perfusion process. Damaged tissue causes blood perfusion either to increase (inflammation process) or decease (burns). In this study, an investigation was carried out to develop an optimal modeling method to simulate heat transfer through a compartment of non-perfused and perfused layers. The first model was one-Layer compartment (thermal resistance model), in which the effect of thermal capacitance of the nonperfused layer was not counted for. The second model was two-layer compartment (perfused and non-perfused layers), in which the effect of thermal capacitance of non-perfused layer was included. For the one-layer compartment model, a numerical solution was developed based on finite difference method to describe heat transfer through a perfused layer. This one-layer compartment finite difference solution has perfusion effect and without thermal capacitance effect. The nonperfused layer was represented in the one-layer FD-solution explicitly as thermal resistance. For the two-layer compartment model, another finite difference solution was used to describe the two layers along with the thermal capacitance effect. The results of this investigation demonstrate that by modeling with thermal resistance of a non-perfused layer, the complexity in handling two-layers is going to be reduced, and the estimated parameters of both models was close.
Comfort, Security and safety are very important factors to consider during design of a modern hou... more Comfort, Security and safety are very important factors to consider during design of a modern house. In fact, automated houses (smart houses) have great impact in maintaining healthy lifestyle and minimize energy usages. Maintaining all house processes in preciseness, accurately, and repeatedly manner are very crucial to achieve our goal. Human comforts and safety require monitoring each sub-dynamic system that is in a daily routine and during 24hours. As an example of common domestic controlled processes are watering garden, opening/closing doors, lighting, fire-alarms, safety-alarms, and air-condition. Without automation these processes that will require a responsible person to accomplish each task in a reputable schedule-time. The fact is that rarely one has time to do all of his/her house work or maybe another case where a disable resident needs help to maintain these mentioned processes. This research paper covers an available and easy way for everyone to automate his/her house using an affordable technique which makes use of small microcontroller called Arduino. The development of smart house, which can automatically open/close doors, watering garden, maintain security (alarm from dangerous), lighting during dark-time, controlling air-condition and display the results in an LCD screen. Feedback signals from each of the mentioned five close-loop control system are collected by the corresponding sensing methods. Soil-wetness, Ultrasonic-distance, Photocells, electronic thermometer are used as feedback measurement instruments, which were used to control each of the home-process. All the controlling processes and steps were coded and uploaded to Arduino-UNO.
Security and safety are very important in many institutions where the entrance gate need to be co... more Security and safety are very important in many institutions where the entrance gate need to be controlled very carefully and maybe during 24 hours. Preciseness, Accuracy, and repeatability in handling such process are very crucial, since a sudden terror attacks can be eliminated only by having a responsible person to control these gate. Since controlling this process with human eye is associated with low response-speed and high-maintaining-costs, therefore an automation process of the gate will make an excellent improvement in the response-speed and in lowering maintaining-costs. This research paper covers the process of developing an automatically controlled parking gate, which can open/close automatically a gate based on the availability of parking lots, and display number of available parking lots in an LCD screen. Distance measurement instrument has been used to detect an existence of predetermined object's size (size of a car) in front of the gate. Distance measurements are collected using an ultrasonic transducer. All the controlling process and steps are coded and uploaded to Arduino-UNO. The Algorithm (logic) of the automated process has been described briefly in this paper. The feedback responses from an ultrasonic transducer are used to control entry/exit servos, which opens/closes two gates (closed-loop control system).
A new thermal method for detecting burn severity or monitoring burn wound healing is presented. T... more A new thermal method for detecting burn severity or monitoring burn wound healing is presented. The thermal measurement method avoids the need for introducing any substance or radiation to monitor blood perfusion or detect the depth of burnt tissue. The method of predicting and monitoring burns was tested experimentally by implementing four different burn severities on two pigs and monitoring the burns over five days. Averaged estimated thermal resistance and blood perfusion values were used to detect burn depth from thermal measurements. A damage function was introduced to illustrate those burns which cause third degree burns. The 20 and 75-second burns were quantified as third degree burns. The laboratory measured non-perfused layers calibrates very well with the estimated burn depth from the perfusion-thermal resistance probe. This paper has demonstrated the ability of perfusion-thermal resistance probe to characterize burn severity.
A new mathematical model has been developed along with a new parameter estimation routine using s... more A new mathematical model has been developed along with a new parameter estimation routine using surface temperature and heat flux measurements to estimate blood perfusion and thermal resistance in living tissue. Dynamic thermal measurements collected at the surface of the sensor before and after imposing a dynamic thermal cooling event are used with the model to estimate the blood perfusion, thermal resistance and core temperature. The Green’s function based analytical solution does not require calculation of the whole tissue temperature distribution, which was not the case for the previous models. The result from the new model was proved to have better and more consistent results than previous models. The new model was validated to solve one of the unsolved biomedical problems which is the ability of detecting burn severity. The method was tested with a phantom perfusion system. The results matched known blood perfusion and thermal resistance values. The method was also tested with...
A new thermal perfusion probe operates by imposing a thermal event on the tissue surface and dire... more A new thermal perfusion probe operates by imposing a thermal event on the tissue surface and directly measuring the temperature and heat flux response of the tissue with a small sensor. The thermal event is created by convectively cooling the surface with a small group of impinging jets using room temperature air. The hypothesis of this research is that this sensor can be used to provide practical burn characterization of depth and severity by determining the thickness of nonperfused tissue. To demonstrate this capability the measurement system was tested with a phantom tissue that simulates the blood perfusion of tissue. Different thicknesses of plastic were used at the surface to mimic layers of dead tissue. A mathematical model developed by Alkhwaji et al. (2012, "New Mathematical Model to Estimate Tissue Blood Perfusion, Thermal Contact Resistance and Core Temperature," ASME J. Biomech. Eng., 134, p. 081004) is used to determine the effective values of blood perfusion, core temperature, and thermal resistance from the thermal measurements. The analytical solutions of the Pennes bioheat equation using the Green's function method is coupled with an efficient parameter estimation procedure to minimize the error between measured and analytical heat flux. Seven different thicknesses of plastic were used along with three different flow rates of perfusate to simulate burned skin of the phantom perfusion system. The resulting values of thermal resistance are a combination of the plastic resistance and thermal contact resistance between the sensor and plastic surface. Even with the uncertainty of sensor placement on the surface, the complete set of thermal resistance measurements correlate well with the layer thickness. The values are also nearly independent of the flow rate of the perfusate, which shows that the parameter estimation can successfully separate these two parameters. These results with simulated burns show the value of this minimally invasive technique to measure the thickness of nonperfused layers. This will encourage further work with this method on actual tissue burns.
Comfort, Security and safety are very important factors to consider during design of a modern ho... more Comfort, Security and safety are very important factors to consider during design of a modern house. In fact, automated houses (smart houses) have great impact in maintaining healthy lifestyle and minimize energy usages. Maintaining all house processes in preciseness, accurately, and repeatedly manner are very crucial to achieve our goal. Human comforts and safety require monitoring each sub-dynamic system that is in a daily routine and during 24-hours. As an example of common domestic controlled processes are watering garden, opening/closing doors, lighting, firealarms, safety-alarms, and air-condition. Without automation these processes that will require a responsible person to accomplish each task in a reputable schedule- time. The fact is that rarely one has time to do all of his/her house work or maybe another case where a disable resident needs help to maintain these mentioned processes. This research paper covers an available and easy way for everyone to automate his/her hou...
The SSDPE method is a robust parameter estimation technique which minimizes the error. Modeling ... more The SSDPE method is a robust parameter estimation technique which minimizes the error. Modeling inverse heat transfer is estimating values of parameters of a mathematical model from measured data. A governing differential equation, its boundary and initial conditions are used to derive the solution, and then the solution is coupled with an efficient parameter estimation algorithm to search for the unknown thermal parameters. The SSDPE technique was developed to couple with a Green’s function solution of a biological system to estimate three unknown parameters [1]. A Green’s function solution is combined from superimposing all finite effects caused by the applied forcing function; such as, step-, ramp-, or pulsedfunction. The common nonlinear least squares techniques are hard or impossible to couple with this kind of nonlinear discontinued solution. The preciseness of a parameter estimation technique can be measured from its ability to minimize the random noise effect on the estimat...
The SSDPE method is a robust parameter estimation technique which minimizes the error. Modeling i... more The SSDPE method is a robust parameter estimation technique which minimizes the error. Modeling inverse heat transfer is estimating values of parameters of a mathematical model from measured data. A governing differential equation, its boundary and initial conditions are used to derive the solution, and then the solution is coupled with an efficient parameter estimation algorithm to search for the unknown thermal parameters. The SSDPE technique was developed to couple with a Green's function solution of a biological system to estimate three unknown parameters [1]. A Green's function solution is combined from superimposing all finite effects caused by the applied forcing function; such as, step-, ramp-, or pulsedfunction. The common nonlinear least squares techniques are hard or impossible to couple with this kind of nonlinear discontinued solution. The preciseness of a parameter estimation technique can be measured from its ability to minimize the random noise effect on the estimated results. Therefore, the SSDPE is compared with two known methods. The three techniques are investigated with different levels of random noise added on top of the simulated measured data. This paper validates the ability of the SSDPE to estimate parameters by testing the method versus the Gauss-Newton, and the Levenberg Marquardt estimation techniques.
Thermal measurements are collection of data which are either heat flux or temperature data. Therm... more Thermal measurements are collection of data which are either heat flux or temperature data. Thermal measurements have been used in detecting distribution of heat transfer through the boundary of a thermal system; as an example, the case of modeling burn depth, or skin cancer, etc., where damaged tissue suffers dysfunction perfusion process. Damaged tissue causes blood perfusion either to increase (inflammation process) or decease (burns). In this study, an investigation was carried out to develop an optimal modeling method to simulate heat transfer through a compartment of non-perfused and perfused layers. The first model was one-Layer compartment (thermal resistance model), in which the effect of thermal capacitance of the nonperfused layer was not counted for. The second model was two-layer compartment (perfused and non-perfused layers), in which the effect of thermal capacitance of non-perfused layer was included. For the one-layer compartment model, a numerical solution was developed based on finite difference method to describe heat transfer through a perfused layer. This one-layer compartment finite difference solution has perfusion effect and without thermal capacitance effect. The nonperfused layer was represented in the one-layer FD-solution explicitly as thermal resistance. For the two-layer compartment model, another finite difference solution was used to describe the two layers along with the thermal capacitance effect. The results of this investigation demonstrate that by modeling with thermal resistance of a non-perfused layer, the complexity in handling two-layers is going to be reduced, and the estimated parameters of both models was close.
Comfort, Security and safety are very important factors to consider during design of a modern hou... more Comfort, Security and safety are very important factors to consider during design of a modern house. In fact, automated houses (smart houses) have great impact in maintaining healthy lifestyle and minimize energy usages. Maintaining all house processes in preciseness, accurately, and repeatedly manner are very crucial to achieve our goal. Human comforts and safety require monitoring each sub-dynamic system that is in a daily routine and during 24hours. As an example of common domestic controlled processes are watering garden, opening/closing doors, lighting, fire-alarms, safety-alarms, and air-condition. Without automation these processes that will require a responsible person to accomplish each task in a reputable schedule-time. The fact is that rarely one has time to do all of his/her house work or maybe another case where a disable resident needs help to maintain these mentioned processes. This research paper covers an available and easy way for everyone to automate his/her house using an affordable technique which makes use of small microcontroller called Arduino. The development of smart house, which can automatically open/close doors, watering garden, maintain security (alarm from dangerous), lighting during dark-time, controlling air-condition and display the results in an LCD screen. Feedback signals from each of the mentioned five close-loop control system are collected by the corresponding sensing methods. Soil-wetness, Ultrasonic-distance, Photocells, electronic thermometer are used as feedback measurement instruments, which were used to control each of the home-process. All the controlling processes and steps were coded and uploaded to Arduino-UNO.
Security and safety are very important in many institutions where the entrance gate need to be co... more Security and safety are very important in many institutions where the entrance gate need to be controlled very carefully and maybe during 24 hours. Preciseness, Accuracy, and repeatability in handling such process are very crucial, since a sudden terror attacks can be eliminated only by having a responsible person to control these gate. Since controlling this process with human eye is associated with low response-speed and high-maintaining-costs, therefore an automation process of the gate will make an excellent improvement in the response-speed and in lowering maintaining-costs. This research paper covers the process of developing an automatically controlled parking gate, which can open/close automatically a gate based on the availability of parking lots, and display number of available parking lots in an LCD screen. Distance measurement instrument has been used to detect an existence of predetermined object's size (size of a car) in front of the gate. Distance measurements are collected using an ultrasonic transducer. All the controlling process and steps are coded and uploaded to Arduino-UNO. The Algorithm (logic) of the automated process has been described briefly in this paper. The feedback responses from an ultrasonic transducer are used to control entry/exit servos, which opens/closes two gates (closed-loop control system).
A new thermal method for detecting burn severity or monitoring burn wound healing is presented. T... more A new thermal method for detecting burn severity or monitoring burn wound healing is presented. The thermal measurement method avoids the need for introducing any substance or radiation to monitor blood perfusion or detect the depth of burnt tissue. The method of predicting and monitoring burns was tested experimentally by implementing four different burn severities on two pigs and monitoring the burns over five days. Averaged estimated thermal resistance and blood perfusion values were used to detect burn depth from thermal measurements. A damage function was introduced to illustrate those burns which cause third degree burns. The 20 and 75-second burns were quantified as third degree burns. The laboratory measured non-perfused layers calibrates very well with the estimated burn depth from the perfusion-thermal resistance probe. This paper has demonstrated the ability of perfusion-thermal resistance probe to characterize burn severity.
A new mathematical model has been developed along with a new parameter estimation routine using s... more A new mathematical model has been developed along with a new parameter estimation routine using surface temperature and heat flux measurements to estimate blood perfusion and thermal resistance in living tissue. Dynamic thermal measurements collected at the surface of the sensor before and after imposing a dynamic thermal cooling event are used with the model to estimate the blood perfusion, thermal resistance and core temperature. The Green’s function based analytical solution does not require calculation of the whole tissue temperature distribution, which was not the case for the previous models. The result from the new model was proved to have better and more consistent results than previous models. The new model was validated to solve one of the unsolved biomedical problems which is the ability of detecting burn severity. The method was tested with a phantom perfusion system. The results matched known blood perfusion and thermal resistance values. The method was also tested with...
A new thermal perfusion probe operates by imposing a thermal event on the tissue surface and dire... more A new thermal perfusion probe operates by imposing a thermal event on the tissue surface and directly measuring the temperature and heat flux response of the tissue with a small sensor. The thermal event is created by convectively cooling the surface with a small group of impinging jets using room temperature air. The hypothesis of this research is that this sensor can be used to provide practical burn characterization of depth and severity by determining the thickness of nonperfused tissue. To demonstrate this capability the measurement system was tested with a phantom tissue that simulates the blood perfusion of tissue. Different thicknesses of plastic were used at the surface to mimic layers of dead tissue. A mathematical model developed by Alkhwaji et al. (2012, "New Mathematical Model to Estimate Tissue Blood Perfusion, Thermal Contact Resistance and Core Temperature," ASME J. Biomech. Eng., 134, p. 081004) is used to determine the effective values of blood perfusion, core temperature, and thermal resistance from the thermal measurements. The analytical solutions of the Pennes bioheat equation using the Green's function method is coupled with an efficient parameter estimation procedure to minimize the error between measured and analytical heat flux. Seven different thicknesses of plastic were used along with three different flow rates of perfusate to simulate burned skin of the phantom perfusion system. The resulting values of thermal resistance are a combination of the plastic resistance and thermal contact resistance between the sensor and plastic surface. Even with the uncertainty of sensor placement on the surface, the complete set of thermal resistance measurements correlate well with the layer thickness. The values are also nearly independent of the flow rate of the perfusate, which shows that the parameter estimation can successfully separate these two parameters. These results with simulated burns show the value of this minimally invasive technique to measure the thickness of nonperfused layers. This will encourage further work with this method on actual tissue burns.
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